Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

State of the art perturb and observe MPPT algorithms based wind energy
conversion systems: A technology review
Hossam H.H. Mousa *, Abdel-Raheem Youssef , Essam E.M. Mohamed
Department of Electrical Engineering, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: To cope with the stochastic wind nature, it is essential to harvest the maximum power by the wind energy
P&O conversion system (WECS). Therefore, this article presents an overview of the general WECS configurations, in
MPPT terms of WTs and generator topologies. To optimize the extraction of wind energy, several maximum power point
WECS
tracking (MPPT) algorithms are applied. This article offers a concise review of the state of the art MPPT algo­
MPP
rithms with critical analysis to improve the ability to choose the appropriate algorithm for a specific application.
According to a decent variety of review articles, they can be classified into four categories: indirect power
controller (IPC), direct power controller (DPC), hybrid, and smart algorithms, each category has its merits and
demerits. Among them, the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm has been widely applied, over the past decade,
to the WECS configuration owing to its various features. Consequently, this article intends to provide a
comprehensive review of the most recent research topics of P&O algorithms. The P&O algorithms can be clas­
sified in terms of the generated step-sizes and tracking strategy. From the generated step-sizes point of view, it
involves fixed, variable, adaptive, and hybrid step-size categories. However, these classes don’t demonstrate the
P&O algorithms operating policy and their performance assessment. So, the tracking strategy classifies them into
conventional and modified algorithms categories. The conventional algorithms are subdivided into fixed and
adjustable step-sizes algorithms. While, the modified P&O algorithms are subdivided to dividing power curve,
utilizing a generic objective function, integrating the optimization techniques and hybrid methods. Corre­
sponding to the comprehensive analysis, it is envisioned that the P&O algorithms can be developed in future
directions to accomplish more robust MPPT algorithms, effective dynamic performance, and reduced WECS
arrangement. Finally, this review article is proposed to offer an appropriate reference for research trends in P&O
MPPT algorithms.

Moreover, it is forecasted to grow to around 840.9 GW in 2020 [6,7].

1. Introduction
Due to the fact of increasing energy demand over the world, the
usage of renewable energy sources (RESs) is expanded to get over the
associated problems of fossil fuel such as high cost, rapid depletion, and
greenhouse effect [1–3]. Recently, the RESs have been widely utilized
owing to their environment friendly and availability. Among them, wind
energy is considered as promising energy, which is scheduled to take
apart 20% of global energy demand by 2030 [4,5]. Fig. 1 represents the
global increasing installed wind power capacity from 2001 to 2022. It is
observed that the cumulative wind power capacity reached 596.6 GW in
2018, which covers over 5% of the world’s electricity demand. By the
end of 2019, the overall global wind capacity reached 650,8 GW.
1.1. Wind generation system
Owing to the rapid growth of industrial knowledge, advanced con­
trol strategies are utilized on the wind energy conversion system (WECS)
[8]. In WECS, the wind turbine (WT) adapts the kinetic wind energy into
mechanical energy, which in turn transformed into electrical energy. As
the electrical energy is not equipped for grid integration, several con­
verter topologies are implemented to entirely control the machine-side
converter (MSC) and the grid-side converter (GSC) [9–11]. Thus, the
general control of WECS is operated to achieve the power grid re­
quirements during different wind speeds, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
The wind energy reliability is extremely depending upon the climatic

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: H.Herzallah@eng.svu.edu.eg, Hossam.Herzallah7@gmail.com (H.H.H. Mousa), A.yousaf@eng.svu.edu.eg (A.-R. Youssef), Essam.mohamed@
eng.svu.edu.eg (E.E.M. Mohamed).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106598
Received 22 May 2020; Received in revised form 21 September 2020; Accepted 19 October 2020
Available online 3 November 2020
0142-0615/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H.H.H. Mousa et al. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598

Nomenclature SMC Sliding mode controller

TLBO Teaching–Learning–Based Optimization
Abbreviations TSR Tip Speed Ratio
ACO Ant Colony Optimization UG Utility grid
CPO Conventional P&O Algorithm VAWT Vertical axis wind turbine
CS Cuckoo Search VSWT Variable Speed Wind Turbine
DFIG Doubly Fed Induction Generator WECS Wind Energy Conversion System
DPC Direct Power Controller WRBFN Wilcoxon radial basis function network
FLC Fuzzy Logic Controller WSE Wind Speed Estimation
FRT Fault Ride Through WT Wind turbine
FSWT Fixed Speed Wind Turbine
FTC Fault-Tolerant Capability List of symbols
GSC Grid Side Converter Vcutin Cut-in wind speed
HAWT Horizontal axis wind turbine Vcutout Cut-out wind speed
HCS Hill Climbing Search Te Electromagnetic torque
INC Incremental Conductance β0 Initial pitch angle
IPC Indirect power controller Pm Mechanical Power
MPP Maximum Power Point Tm Mechanical torque
MPSO Modified particle swarm optimization Cp opt Optimal power coefficient
MPPT Maximum power point tracking λopt Optimal tip speed ratio
MSC Machine Side Converter Pwind Outcome Kinetic Wind Energy
MVPO Multivariable P&O β Pitch angle
NN Neural Network Cp Power coefficient
ORB Optimum Relation-Based Prated Rated Mechanical Power
OT Optimal Torque ωrated Rated rotor speed
P&O Perturb and Observe Vrated Rated wind speed
PMSG Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators βref Reference pitch angle
PSF Power Signal Feedback ωref /ωopt Reference rotor speed
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization λ Tip speed ratio
RES Renewable energy source ωm Turbine rotor angular speed
SCIG Squirrel Cage Induction Generator Vwind Wind speed (m/s)
SG Synchronous Generators

variations and unpredictable wind speed characteristic. Therefore, it is
mandatory to study wind nature and to specify its operating regions for
efficient grid integration depending on the measured speed [9,10].
Hence, WTs can be operated to extract the available wind power for a
definite range of wind speeds, which are limited by cut-in (Vcutin ) and
cut-out (Vcutout ) speeds, as depicted in Fig. 3. In which, the operating
regions of WT can be summarized as follows:
▪ Regions 1 and 4: The WT should be stopped and disconnected
from the utility grid (UG) for safety concerns.
▪ Region 2: In the middle region, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) techniques are utilized to harvest the
maximum wind power.
▪ Region 3: The generated power is bounded to the rated power
using the pitch angle control to lessen the mechanical stresses
on the WT blades at the high wind speeds.

Fig. 1. Global installed wind power capacity [5].

2
H.H.H. Mousa et al. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598

Thus, this article focuses on Region 2 in which the MPPT algorithms

are required.
Owing to the WT orientation, it is classified into two types Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4

horizontal-axis WT (HAWT) and vertical-axis WT (VAWT) systems [12].

The axis of rotation of the VAWT is perpendicular to the ground, with its

equipment assembled near the foundation base. Despite the VAWT’s
spread in many research trends starting from 1980, it has several limi­
tations related to the different arrangements such as “Blade lift forces”
and low generation capacity [13,14]. Due to its improved aerodynamic
performance, low cost, and balanced drive-train loading, the HAWT
with three blades configuration is more prevalent in modern industrial
WTs [15]. Along with the wind speed nature, the WT is designed to
operate as the fixed-speed WT (FSWT) and the variable-speed WT
(VSWT) [11,16]. There are serious problems facing FSWTs such as
restricted operating speed range, large mechanical stress, and multiple-
stage gearbox necessity. On the other hand, the VSWTs are yielded to
overcome the abovementioned drawbacks [17]. According to wind na­
ture, the VSWT can be operated to harvest the maximum power at each
wind speed, so the WT mechanical stress is reduced with limited power
fluctuations [4,11,18,19]. Furthermore, the rotor speed can be contin­
uously altered corresponding to instantaneous wind speed variations in
order to preserve the ratio of the rotor speed to the wind speed constant.
Unless the constant ratio, the extracted wind power will be minimized
[9,10]. A literature review with a comparative analysis of the direct-
drive and geared WT applications is discussed in [10,20,21].
To cope with VSWT configuration, several types of electrical gener­
ators are implemented. One of the simple, reliable, and low-fee solutions
is the squirrel-cage induction generators (SCIGs) utilized for fixed or
variable-speed WECS applications [22]. However, they still suffer from
restricted fault ride-through (FRT) ability, reactive power loading on the
UG, and large mechanical stress [23,24]. Alternatively, the doubly-fed
induction generators (DFIGs) and the synchronous generators (SGs)
are widely employed on the WECS applications [25–27]. The DFIGs with
partial-scale power converters are still an economical choice, although
they require multiple-stage gearbox and excitation current [18,28–31].
Nowadays, researchers are more attentive to implement permanent
magnet SGs (PMSGs) owing to their features such as increased effi­
ciency, reliability, FRT ability, and power density with the amended
performance [10,32–34]. Moreover, DC excitation current and gear­
boxes are eliminated, and the operating wind speed range is expanded
[35,36,10,16]. Several articles review different generators and power
converters for WECS applications in [16–18,37–44]. Now, the usage of
multi-phase PMSGs has been extended due to diminished phase current,
Mechanical Power
Wind Speed
Fig. 3. WT operating regions [57].
large power density with low torque ripples, and amended fault-tolerant
capability (FTC) [45–47]. Some sorts occupy, for instance, the dual-
three phase [48–51], and the six-phase PMSGs [52–54], that contain
the complicated structure of controllers besides excessive-fee of fre­
quency converters. Thus, the five-phase PMSGs are extremely used for
small-scale [55,56] or large-scale [57] WECSs. Hence, several multi-
phase PMSGs are developed for WECSs, as listed in [58–60].
Several control strategies are applied to both MSC and GSC, which
directly affects the overall performance of WECS [61–63]. Therefore,
several researchers develop new control strategies that are characterized
by their simplicity, reliability, and high dynamic performance under
steady-state and transient conditions [64–66]. By integrating the MPPT
algorithms into the WECS, the applied control systems are also influ­
enced. So all of the advanced control systems should have the capability
to treat with “ intolerable disturbances” under the operation of the
MPPT algorithms [67–70]. Several articles review minutely the
advanced control systems and their most important characteristics based
on WECS [14,71–73].
1.2. Overview of MPPT algorithms
MPPT algorithms are widely applicable in PV systems and other RESs
in the same way of the WECS, considering the estimation of several
control variables such as optimal power, voltage, or duty cycle, which
are the most difficult challenges, as surveyed in [74–79]. Consequently,

Fig. 2. General configuration of a grid-tied WECS.

3
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
this article will mainly focus on the research trend of the MPPT algo­
rithms based on WECS.
At the purpose of achieving the optimal necessities, including
maximum power extraction, MPPT algorithms are essential to install
[80]. Therefore, MPPT algorithms can be categorized generally into two
major groups; the indirect power controller (IPC) and the direct power
controller (DPC) [11,81]. While the IPC enlarges the output power via
regulating the mechanical power (Pm) according to pre-stored data of
power-speed curves, the DPC algorithms analyze the alteration of output
electrical power to track the maximum power point (MPP). Further,
several other MPPT algorithms are utilized by applying artificial intel­
ligence controllers which are seldom applied in industrial applications
[82]. Among the MPPT algorithms, the perturb and observe (P&O) al­
gorithms, also known as hill climbing search (HCS), are extensively
utilized to adjust control variables during wind speed fluctuations. The
P&O algorithm is an effective sensorless mathematical optimization
technique for the MPP search that gives a well-defined tracking process
among control variables. Recently, several researchers choose the
research trend of P&O algorithm, among the different MPPT algorithms,
to enhance the captured wind power techniques based on the WECS for
the following features:
• Sensorless algorithm
• Low system complexity and cost
• No prior knowledge of system parameters and memory requirements
• No parameter sensitivity
• Online updating
1.3. Article’s contribution
From the previous section, several published articles review the
various categories of the MPPT algorithms with an in-depth explanation
of their features in [9,11,43,44,83–85]. It is observed that MPPT algo­
rithms based WECS are classified into nine groups according to the dy­
namic performance and the necessity of the measurement devices [85].
Also, the MPPT algorithms are classified and supported by simulation
results according to the existence of the mechanical sensors [9]. Other
articles track the developments of WECS technologies with a compre­
hensive review of converter topologies, control strategies, MPPT algo­
rithms, and grid interconnection issues [10,14,86,87]. Depending on the
various features of the MPPT algorithms and performance judgment for
choosing the appropriate ones for any WECS applications, different
MPPT algorithms are classified with a comprehensive performance
discussion in terms of complexity, convergence speed, efficiency, me­
chanical sensors; …etc. [11]. In [76,88], common MPPT algorithms that
are used for PV and wind applications for hybrid power generation are
deliberated in detail. According to the available review articles, they
turned out to be concentrated on tracking the latest developments of
MPPT algorithms based on the WECS, as general. The authors also
investigated the increased usage trend of the P&O algorithms among
researchers due to their various features over the past decade. Therefore,
it is essential to review, classify, and present recent developments on
P&O algorithms in an inclusive form. To the best of the authors’
knowledge, articles that focus on the state-of-the-art P&O algorithms for
wind energy systems are rare. In this article, the authors propose to
concisely review and analyze the latest developments of MPPT algo­
rithms in general. In addation to the recent evolutions on MPP tracking
strategy of the P&O algorithms. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion
of implemented P&O algorithms is provided by highlighting their merits
and demerits. The main article contributions can be summarized as,
• Present an overview of general WECS configurations, especially
horizontal-axis WTs.
• Review different categories of MPPT algorithms with their latest
developments for wind generation systems.
4
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
• Track the latest developments of P&O algorithms with a compre­
hensive study.
• Discuss milestone challenges and future trends of the P&O MPPT
algorithm.
The rest of the article is organized as section 2, presents outlines of
WT characteristics. A survey of implemented MPPT algorithms is clas­
sified and discussed in section 3. While the main article contribution of
recent innovations in P&O algorithms with their categories and evalu­
ations are given in section 4. Comparison and deliberation of deliberated
articles are offered in section 5. Along with future revolutions of the
P&O algorithms are highlighted in section 6. Finally, a brief conclusion
is exhibited.
2. Wind turbine characteristics.
The WT aerodynamic modeling is extensively deliberated in
[89–91]. Generally, the captured mechanical power (Pm ) for each
operating region is generalized in the following equation [1],
⎧
0, Vwind ≤ Vcutin
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( )
⎨ Prated Vwind − Vcutin , Vcutin ≤ Vwind ≤ Vrated
⎪
⎪
⎪
Pm = Vrated − Vcutin (1)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ Prated , Vrated ≤ Vwind ≤ Vcutout
⎪
⎪
⎩
0, Vcutout ≤ Vwind
From the Eq. (1), the output of mechanical power is generated only
in Regions 2 and 3. In Regions 2, the WT blades have fully faced the wind
with hunting the maximum power under the wind speed change from
Vcutin to Vrated . Accordingly, different MPPT techniques are utilized to
continuously adjust the rotor speed corresponding to the operating wind
speed until reaching the optimal operating conditions [10]. Here, the
MPP is itemized through optimum amplitudes of tip speed ratio (λopt )
and power coefficient (Cp opt ) that approach 8.1 and 0.48, correspond­
ingly as seen in Fig. 4(a).
To treat with the mechanical stresses of the WT blades at high wind
speed, the pitch angle controllers are implemented in Region 3, which
enormously vary the attack angle of the WT blades. In order to avoid WT
smash, particularly in unpredicted wind gusts, as realized in Fig. 4(b).
Both mechanical power and rotor speed (ωm ) are being restricted to their
rated values. Hence, the reference pitch angle (βref ) is continuously
adapted as stated by the coming mathematical statement [92,93],
⎧
β0 = 0, 0 < ωm < ωrated
⎨
βref = (2)
⎩ Δβ (ωm − ωrated ) + β0 , ωm > ωrated
Δωm
It is evident that the degree of the pitch angle is regulated according
to the operating region as follows [93]:
• Under Vrated , zero pitch angle is used.
• Above rated wind speed, the variance detection of both output power
and wind speed aids the pitch control system adapt the pitch-angle of
WT blades.
3. MPPT algorithms
As mentioned previously, the MPPT algorithms can be classified into
IPC and DPC groups, as depicted in Fig. 5 [43,95,96]. Moreover, other
advanced techniques based on artificial intelligence MPPT algorithms
are considered [4].
“In the context of MPPT algorithms, IPC control schemes involve the
tip speed ratio (TSR) [97], the optimal torque (OT) [98], and the power
signal feedback (PSF) algorithms [99]. Conversely, the DPC algorithms
are employed to achieve the pre-established optimum relationship,
which include the P&O [100], incremental conductance (INC) [101],
and optimum relation-based (ORB) MPPT algorithms [9].” ([94])
In this section, a brief review of various MPPT algorithms is
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
Fig. 4. WT characteristics [94].
Fig. 5. Classification of MPPT algorithms.
discussed.
3.1. IPC based MPPT algorithm
3.1.1. TSR MPPT algorithm
The TSR algorithm is implemented to regulate the optimal rotor
speed under different environmental conditions due to its simplicity and
rapid response [102–104]. Hence, the TSR algorithm specifies the
optimal power extraction depending on the measured wind and rotor
speeds, and system parameters in order to generate the optimal rotor
speed (ωref ) as depicted in Fig. 6(a) [105–107]. According to the ac­
quired wind speed technique, there are two main approaches based on
mechanical sensors or the wind speed estimation [57].
• TSR algorithms based on the mechanical sensors
5
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
In which several anemometers are installed surrounding the swept
area of WT with 5–10% accuracy for measuring the effective wind speed
[108]. Therefore, the overall reliability and efficiency are reduced with
high initial and maintenance costs.
• TSR algorithm based on the wind speed estimation
To conquer the anemometer drawbacks, researchers utilize accurate
wind speed estimation (WSE) algorithms [95,109]. WSE algorithms
exhibit an accurate calculation of the operating wind speed; however,
the estimated accuracy determines the tracking effectiveness and energy
harvesting. Among WSE methods, which are studied in [108], the
polynomial methods based are simple, fast, and accurate techniques
[110]. Moreover, other WSE algorithms are utilized depending on the
WECS mathematical modeling or intelligent adaptive controllers
[104,111–115].
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
ωm
λ opt ωref
+ Controller
R
(a)TSR algorithm
Power To Utility
converter Grid
ωm
- MSC
× + Controller
(b) OT algorithm
Fig. 6. IPC based MPPT algorithm.
3.1.2. OT MPPT algorithm
In the OT algorithm, the generator torque is regulated according to
the optimal torque curve at different wind speeds, as depicted in Fig. 6
(b) [11,104,105]. The optimal WT constant determines the MPPT effi­
ciency. Therefore, it requires an experimental validation to specify
[43,102,116]. Although the simplicity and rapid tracking with high ef­
ficiency, the OT algorithm depends on the prior-knowledge of WT
characteristics and climate conditions [117,118].
3.1.3. PSF MPPT algorithm
In contrast to the OT algorithm, the PSF depends on optimal power
(Popt
m ) lookup tables are experimentally realized or by simulation tests on
each WT [11,103]. In [95,119], the sensorless PSF algorithms are
implemented to estimate Poptm as a relation of the dc-link change along
with the current wind speed. By detecting the optimal power curve and
measured electrical power, ωref is efficiently estimated [120]. Both OT
and PSF algorithms have the same drawbacks during the MPP tracking
under low wind speeds for large-inertia WT although, they are robust
and cost-effective algorithms. The control scheme of the PSF algorithm
is portrayed in Fig. 6(c).
3.2. DPC based MPPT algorithm
3.2.1. P&O MPPT algorithm
The P&O algorithm is applied to perturb various control variables
such as rotor speed or dc-link voltage and observe their influence on the
WECS. To hunt the MPP, the conventional P&O (CPO) MPPT algorithm
extensively amends the produced power along with the generator speed
till the slope of the P-ω curve becomes zero. Hence, the CPO algorithm
requires neither prior-knowledge of WT parameters nor anemometers
[9,121]. CPO algorithm agitates the control variables with a precise
step-size and detects the achievement of the goal function until the MPP
place is obtained. If the effective power point is located on the MPP left
side (ΔPω > 0), the incremental step-size of control variable is used to­
wards the MPP. Else, the perturbing direction is reversed as shown in
Fig. 7(a). As well, Fig. 7(b) depicts the flow chart of the CPO algorithm
[10,11]. Without performing a well-defined relation between the
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
Power To Utility
converter Grid
- MSC
Power To Utility
converter Grid
ωm
- MSC
+ Controller
ωm
(c) PSF algorithm
perturbation step-size and the current wind speed, the failure on MPP
tracking appears under wind speed instabilities, as demonstrated in
Fig. 7(c). So, the main challenge is an accurate selection of the required
step-size, which is instantaneously associated with the WT behavior,
such as the settling time and the oscillations around the MPP. By using
the large step-size, settling time is boosted; nevertheless, the oscillations
are increased, which has the worst effect on the large-scale machines
[122]. On the other hand, the usage of the small step-size minimizes
steady-state oscillations but, this also decreases the convergence speed
and raises the power loss. From here, researchers implement new
modified P&O algorithms to avoid these limitations as lengthy discussed
in section 4. Lastly, the P&O control scheme is represented in Fig. 8(a)
3.2.2. INC MPPT algorithm
As a result of eradicating the necessity of mechanical sensors and
prior-knowledge of WT characteristics, the INC algorithm increases the
overall WECS efficiency and reliability [123,124]. Here, the output
power can be regulated by detecting the variations on both dc-link
voltage (vdc ) and current as depicted in Fig. 8(b) [125]. In which, the
MPP tracking and the perturbation directions are specified by only
observing the rectifier output power and calculating the power variation
slope similar to the P&O algorithm. By varying the perturbation step-
sizes of vdc , the adaptive INC algorithms enhance the overall dynamic
performance of the WECS and convergence speed; however, the range of
step-sizes is limited and depends on the generator parameters. Other
articles apply the adaptive INC algorithm to predict the appropriate
perturbation step-size, adjust the perturbation direction, and track the
MPP [126–130].
3.2.3. ORB MPPT algorithm
The ORB algorithm bases mainly on the pre-obtained optimum re­
lations [10,11,95,121,131–136]; for instance, the power versus rotor
speed [137,138], the power versus electromagnetic torque [119,139],
the power versus rectified dc-link voltage [95] and the dc-link voltage
and current [132]. It offers rapid response and simple operation without
anemometers in comparison to other algorithms. Therefore it was
extensively implemented in commercial WECSs [28,135]. However, it
6
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
∆ =
∆ >
(a) Operation concept
Fig. 7. CPO algorithm.
requires numerous memory space for storing the pre-obtained optimum
curve relations, which is essentially related to the WECS configuration
[121,140]. The control scheme of the ORB algorithm is presented in
Fig. 8(c)
3.3. Hybrid MPPT algorithms
The principle of hybrid MPPT algorithms is mainly based on merging
various features of different MPPT algorithms to reduce the limitations
of individual MPPT algorithms [18,141,142]. In [133,143], the ORB is
combined with the self-tuning P&O algorithm, which has two modes to
track the MPP efficiently. Also, the OT, PSF, and INC algorithms can be
merged with the CPO algorithm to overcome the associated drawbacks
of the CPO algorithm especially, the wrong directionality during rapid
wind speed fluctuations [81,121,128,144].
3.4. Smart MPPT algorithms
Further, several other MPPT algorithms are utilized by applying
intelligent controllers, for instance, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC), the
neural network (NN), and other soft computing MPPT algorithms
[145,146].
“Moreover, other MPPTs based on meta-heuristic-optimization al­
gorithms, such as Genetic Algorithm, Cuckoo Search (CS), Particle
7
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
MPP
∆ <
Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and
Teaching–Learning–Based Optimization (TLBO), are considered to avoid
the restrictions of traditional MPPT algorithms [147–151].” ([152])
Nowadays, soft computing algorithms are a vital solution for WECS
applications as they don’t require any WECS mathematical parameters
[104,141]. However, their optimal response of control variables is not
precisely accurate. So, many adaptive algorithms without using me­
chanical sensors are designed to treat with system uncertainty for
optimal conditions, as discussed in [43,153,154]. Moreover, the multi­
variable P&O (MVPO) MPPT algorithm is more efficient for tracking the
MPP in wind farms [11].
3.4.1. Fuzzy logic controller MPPT algorithms
To adopt quick response and low oscillations around the MPP, the
FLCs are utilized for the MPPT algorithms without accurate WECS
mathematical modeling. But they still require the designer’s best-
knowledge in specifying the suitable surface error, levels of member­
ship functions, and choosing the rule-base layer with considerable
memory space necessity [11,155–157]. Several articles have proposed
different strategies of FLC based on MPPT algorithms, as deliberated in
[118,158–163].
3.4.2. Neural network MPPT algorithms
Owing to the development of soft computing algorithms, the NN
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
Fig. 8. DPC based MPPT algorithm.
algorithms are widely extended for MPPT applications like the FLCs
[164]. Generally, the NN construction contains three layers; input,
hidden, and output layers, with variations on node number according to
the user judgment [165]. NN algorithms regulate the optimal condition
of different control variables along with the inputs and appropriate
weights of layers [11]. Many researchers applied the NN algorithms on
their proposed MPPT algorithms, as discussed in [111,166–169]. In
[165,170], the literature review survey the NN algorithm applications
based on the MPPT approaches.
3.4.3. Sensorless algorithms
By applying sensorless MPPT approaches, the necessity of mechan­
ical sensors and prior-knowledge of WT characteristics are eliminated
[83,136,162,171]. In the case of wind speed measurement, many re­
searchers propose new sensorless MPPT algorithms to estimate accurate
wind speed, as discussed in [140,172–174]. In the conventional MPPT
algorithms, it is also essential to obtain ωref or torque control variables
using mechanical sensors [10,18,175–180] so, various position-speed
estimation techniques are used as discussed in [43,83]. Without prior-
knowledge of WT characteristics, the recent MPPT algorithms based
on the intelligent controllers, for example, FLC and other artificial
neural network controllers, are installed as proposed in
[18,156,181,182].
3.4.4. Multivariable perturb and observe MPPT algorithm
In a large wind farm, the MVPO algorithm is employed to enlarge the
generated power with a reduction in the number of components
[131,183]. The modified P&O algorithm is implemented to instanta­
neously optimize currents of all generators in the wind farm by per­
turbing individual generator current until power is increased, observing
the influence on the other generators, and iteratively performing the
procedure covering all wind farm generators [11,184].
3.5. Critical analysis
To highlight various features of the above-mentioned MPPT
8
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
algorithms, Table 1 summarizes a comprehensive evaluation among
them in terms of complexity, convergence speed, etc. The critical MPPT
algorithm target is to enlarge the generated power by accurate MPP
tracking with rapid response and low fluctuations. Recently, the
implementation of the MPPT algorithms comes upon several challenges
and obstacles. In this section, a comparative study which plays a vital
role in choosing a suitable MPPT algorithm for any WECS applications.
In the case of IPC MPPT algorithms, the captured mechanical wind
power is maximized under different environmental conditions. The TSR
algorithm ensures fast-tracking speed without any power fluctuations in
addition to its simplicity and good dynamic performance without using
extra requirements. However, it is essential to install the anemometers
to evaluate wind speed that raises the overall cost for practical opera­
tion. It is also difficult to specify the effective wind speed near the WT
blades; therefore, the WSE algorithms can be used. Other researchers
develop various techniques to estimate the real wind speed concerning
other control variables, for instance, generator speed or current. But
they still suffer from limitations on hunting the accurate MPP as previ­
ously discussed. Both OT and PSF algorithms adopt simple construction
with considerable dynamic response and cost; however, they require
prior-knowledge of WECS mathematical modeling, particularly the
torque constant and optimal power curves, which can be experimentally
appraised. Further, they don’t reflect the instantaneous wind speed
because WT inertia has a bad influence on the tacking speed under high
wind speed fluctuations.
In the view of DPC MPPT algorithms such as CPO, INC, and ORB
algorithms, they are characterized as sensorless, simple, reliable, and
robust with low memory necessity techniques. However, they still
exhibit low convergence speed with considerable oscillations, which are
not satisfactory under rapid wind speed fluctuations. Although the CPO
algorithm is an efficient technique to regulate control variables
regardless of specific WT parameters, selecting the perturbation step-
sizes is a challenging task. This affects MPP tracking and the overall
dynamic performance in transients and causes severe mechanical vi­
brations. These restrictions can be overcome by establishing modified
P&O algorithms. Both INC and ORB algorithms provide better tracking
H.H.H. Mousa et al. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598

speed than the CPO algorithm, but they still suffer from oscillations

moderate

moderate
around the MPP that have a terrible effect on power efficiency. The ORB

Depends
Depends

Depends
Depends

Depends

Depends
Depends
Medium
algorithm is extensively used for wind applications; however, the

Good
other
implementation cost is high. By using hybrid algorithms, the drawbacks
of individual MPPT algorithm can be eliminated for achieving fast-
tracking speed with higher efficiency. But the system complexity is

moderate
required
MVPO

determined by the participated algorithms on a hybrid algorithm.

Good
High
Slow

Low
Not
Yes

Yes
No
No

No
For smart MPPT algorithms, soft computing algorithms can optimize
the optimal circumstances for wind power extraction with high effi­

Very good
ciency, but prior-knowledge of parameters is required, and the
Sensorless

moderate
Depends

Depends
required
Medium

complexity is increased. In addition to the optimal response of control,

High

Low
Not

Yes variables are not precisely accurate. Hence, the adaptive algorithms are
No

No
designed to treat system uncertainty and handle the optimal power. In
Smart MPPT algorithms

wind farm installation, it is recommended to apply the MVPO algorithm,

Depends

Depends
required
Medium
-based

which reduces the cost of current sensors. Recent modified P&O algo­
good
High

High

High
Very
Yes

Yes
NN

No

rithms take into account these features to develop new techniques that
enhance the overall WECS performance with limited shortcomings as
Depends

Depends
required
Medium

deliberated in the following section.

Fuzzy

good
High

High

High
Very
Yes

Yes
No

4. Recent developments of P&O MPPT algorithms

As previously discussed, the P&O algorithm is widely utilized for

Hybrid MPPT

Not required

harvesting maximum wind power. It is considered as a simple mathe­

algorithms

Very high
moderate
Depends

Depends
Medium

matical optimization technique based on perturbing anticipated control

Good
Fast

variables with specified steps and observing the convergence of the

No
No

No

controlled objective function. The P&O algorithm is generally classified

as a DPC algorithm; however, it can be considered as an IPC algorithm
Not required
Recent P&O

under definite specifications. If the voltage or duty cycle perturbation is

typically no
Very good

Very high
Moderate
Depends,
Depends

Depends

applied, it can be treated as a DPC algorithm where the output electrical

power is maximized. Otherwise, the P&O algorithm is designed as IPC
Fast
Yes

Yes
No

algorithms if the rotor speed perturbation is used to maximize the output

mechanical power [11]. To survey the latest developments on the
moderate

moderate

implementation of the P&O algorithm based on the WECS because of its

required
Medium
Simple

great importance, this article discusses in detail all related published

High
ORB

Not

Yes

Yes
No

No

No

articles in this area.

moderate

moderate

4.1. Classifications of P&O algorithms

required
DPC MPPT algorithms

Simple
Slow

Low
INC

Not
Yes

Yes
No
No

No

To wholly evaluate the operation of P&O algorithms, it can be

divided into two main groups depending on the nature of generated
moderate

moderate

step-sizes or tracking strategy.

required
Simple
Slow
CPO

Low
Not
Yes

Yes
No
No

No

4.1.1. Based generated step-size type

By analyzing the nature of generated step-sizes for perturbing the
Comparison of various MPPT algorithms characteristics [9–11,85,93,180].

moderate

moderate

moderate
required

control variables, the step-sizes can be classified as follows,

Simple
Fast
PSF

Yes
Yes

Yes
No

No

▪ Fixed step-sizes: in which the control variable is perturbed with

a fixed step-size during the tracking process.
Moderate-
moderate

moderate

▪ Variable step-sizes: hence the variable amplitudes of the step-

required
Simple
IPC MPPT algorithms

sizes are used. Each step-size is applied for the specific region
high
Fast

Yes
OT

No

No
No

No

on the main power curve.

▪ Adaptive step-sizes: the perturbation step-size is based on a
Very high

Very high

general objective function by which it is adeptly changed at

moderate
required
Simple

each operating point.

Fast
TSR

Not

Yes

Yes
No

No

No

▪ Hybrid step-sizes: the algorithm can combine two types of

generated step-sizes during the MPP tracking.
Performance under varying
MPPT algorithm features

For a complete representation of the step-size operation, Fig. 9 gives

Memory requirement

Parameter sensitivity

neat sketches for each type. Moreover, an overview of the generated

Convergence speed

Wind speed sensor

Oscillation at MPP

step-size classification with features and shortcomings of each type is

Prior knowledge

Online updating
wind conditions

discussed in Table 2.
Complexity

Efficiency

4.1.2. Based on tracking strategy

Cost

To reflect the actual tracking process, it is essential to highlight

Table 1

another classification depending on the tracking strategy as depicted in

Sr.

10
11
1
2
3
4

5
6
7

8
9

Fig. 10. Moreover, an informative literature review is deliberated in

9
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
MPP
(a) Fixed step-sizes
MPP
(c) Adaptive step-sizes
Fig. 9. P&O algorithm classification based generated step-size type.
Table 3, which surveys the related publications with various strategies of
the P&O algorithm based WECS. It involves several criteria such as
generator type, control variable, efficiency, generated step-size classi­
fication, the implemented algorithm inputs, the verified method, and
brief analysis.
4.2. Conventional P&O algorithms
Based on the tracking procedures, the conventional P&O algorithms
may be grouped into two sorts based on the perturbation step-size of the
target control variable.
4.2.1. Fixed based perturbation step-sizes
Consequently, the CPO algorithm applies the fixed step-sizes, which
has small or large values, for the entire tracking process. That causes
several shortcomings, as previously discussed in section 3.2.1. Several
articles compare the CPO algorithm among other MPPT algorithms to
confirm the effectiveness of its tracking conceptional
[103,163,261,262]. The CPO algorithm can be implemented depending
on disturbing the generator speed in fixed step-sizes then analyzing the
mechanical power reflection. Therefore, mechanical sensors are
required, such as speed sensors [185,190,192,199] or torque sensors
[194] that raise the implementation cost and lessens the WECS reli­
ability. Other researchers eradicate the usage of various mechanical
sensors by perturbing the electric control variables, for instance, the
inverter input voltage[196], duty cycle [189,191], load resistance
[188], and the current [224] to continuously observe the output elec­
trical power and to accomplish the goal function. Henceforth, the choice
of the perturbation step- size is a challenging task that depends on the
designer’s judgment and experience on the implemented WECS perfor­
mance. The utilized capacitance of the dc-link capacitor is another
drawback that faces the CPO algorithm implementation and reduces the
convergence speed. Moreover, the CPO algorithm has no definite
10
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
MPP
(b) Variable step-sizes
MPP
(d) Hybrid step-sizes
function between the power variations and the operating wind speed to
regulate the perturbation step-sizes continuously.
4.2.2. Adjustable based perturbation step-sizes
To obey the MPP trajectory, several strategies are proposed to
enhance the CPO algorithm operation by generating adjustable step-
sizes, which can be variable or adaptive based on the power variation
evaluation. In [193], the double step-sizes are implemented with lower
and upper limits for perturbing the converter duty cycle. Other algo­
rithms adjust the step-size in each perturbation direction with specified
values [35,197] or using the optimum relations [35]. To shorten the
MPP trajectory, the initial optimum rotor speed is calculated, then a
small step-size is stated [200]. Other algorithms use variable step-sizes
to rapid the convergence speed depending on the constant step-size
[210,212]. To adapt the generated step-sizes of different control vari­
ables X(n), simple methods are reviewed in Table 4 in which a goal
function (gn) is applied according to several constants and conditions
(an), as investigated in Fig. 11. Although both variable and adaptive
step-sizes improve the tracking speed, these techniques still maintain the
same CPO algorithm limitations.
4.3. Modified P&O algorithms
Recently, modified P&O algorithms are extensively implemented as
a replacement for the CPO algorithm. In this section, several researchers
propose advanced P&O algorithms by modifying the tracking strategy.
To survey the general conception of the modified P&O algorithms, the
authors have been grouped them into main categories based on dividing
the power curve, utilizing a generic objective function, integrating the
optimization techniques, and hybrid methods.
4.3.1. Dividing power curve strategy
By separating the power curve into several regions, the step-size in
H.H.H. Mousa et al. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598

Table 2
A summary of P&O algorithms based generated step-size type.
Type of generated Articles Remarks
step-sizes

Fixed step-sizes [35,96,185–200] Require more attention in specifying the perturbation step-size and still maintain considerable oscillation levels
around the MPP.
Variable step-sizes [57,122,144,158,162,180,198,201–218] The oscillation levels and rising tracking time are controlled. However, the choosing of step-sizes is a complex
task. Moreover, the strategy of procurement the step-sizes may add more complexity to the P&O algorithm.
Adaptive step-sizes [94,121,131,135,145,152,178,219–259] The step-sizes are altered based on a definite objective function by accurately clarifying the relations among
various control variables and the operating wind speed. However, the objective function may depend on several
constants that should accurately be tuned by complex competition analysis.
Hybrid step-sizes [91,260] Multiple types of step-sizes are generated; the shortcomings of individual type can be eliminated. But the
operation order and activation require an accurate design in addition to imposed complexity.

each region can be controlled. The modified P&O algorithms ensure to
operate with variable, adaptive, or hybrid step-sizes based on the divi­
sion strategy of the power curve and the number of specified operating
regions. Hence, the power curve division policy can be established by
using a synthesized curve, ratio, or relations, as summarized in Table 5.
Moreover, Fig. 12 depicts the tracking operation as a flow chart in which
Sk and Rk are declared as the synthesized curve/ ratio, and region
margins, respectively.
4.3.1.1. Synthesized curve. The synthesized curve can be integrated to
split the main power-speed curve into several regions depending on the
relations and interactions points between both curves, which need ac­
curate declaration. In [122,152,201,206], the synthesized curve (Vw ΔΔPωmm )
is implemented with using anemometer produced four operating regions
each has its own step-size. Moreover, these algorithms can operate not
only variable step-sizes but also the adaptive step-sizes, which are ob­
tained by multiplying the variable step-sizes by specific adaptive ratio
without using an anemometer [201]. Besides necessitating for me­
chanical sensors, these strategies have few numbers of operating re­
gions, which causes noticeable transient overshoot as regions with large
step-sizes are triggered through abrupt wind speed fluctuations. To
overcome these limitations, the number of operating regions is increased
with adaptive step-sizes and region boundaries by using the adjustable
synthesized curve (K.Vw ΔΔPωmm ) [152].
4.3.1.2. Synthesized ratio. Owing to the clear definition of WT charac­
teristics, the synthesized ratio can be specified to reduce the conse­
quential complexity of synthesized curve usage by observing the
variation of output power, rotor speed, or both of them. In [57,207], the
optimal power is estimated to obtain the synthesized ratio. Through
observing the power variations, both step-sizes and region margins can
be altered by comparing this ratio by other specified constants. On the
other hand, the modular regions P&O algorithms can be applied using
variable step-sizes and fixed margins of each operating region by eval­
uating the rotor speed error [208]. To enhance the dynamic tracking
response, another algorithm is realized employing hybrid step-sizes and
adaptive margins of each operating region [91].
4.3.1.3. Synthesized relations. These strategies state general relations,
based on the observation of control variables, for instance, output
power, voltage, current, or perturbation step-sizes, to split the main
power curve into several operating regions. In [209], the power varia­
tion with specified limits is realized to regulate the rotor speed. In
[213,214], a lookup table is replaced by definite conditions. Two control
modes with intermediate variables have been verified in [260]. More­
over, other strategies use three control modes in [234,236] that are
related to wind speed detection and pre-defined tolerance. By observing
the rotor speed [180], output power, and current variations [162], the
duty cycle perturbation is varied with specific amplitudes and controlled
limits. Another algorithm applies four conditions to improve the MPP
tracking at each wind speed [257].
4.3.2. Generic objective function
Although the usage incremental on the power curve division strategy
for fast MPP tracking, it suffers from the system complexity and fine-
tuning of various parameters. Consequently, other strategies using
generic functions are realized for enhancing the performance of CPO
algorithms. In [144], an intelligent memory is utilized as a lookup table
for fast convergence speed. Whereas, other strategies perturb the dc-link
current with adaptive step-sizes based on an objective function associ­
ated with the rotor speed error [222,226]. Through establishing several

Fig. 10. P&O algorithm classification-based tracking strategy.

11
 Table 3

H.H.H. Mousa et al.

Summary of related publications of P&O algorithms.
Article Year WECS configuration Generated step-size Inputs Software/Validation tool Analysis
classification
GeneratorParameters Speed / voltage Efficiency
/duty cycle %
Controller

Conventional P&O algorithms

Buehring et al. [187] 1981 PMSG ____ ____ Fixed Mechanical power Simulation software This paper investigates the principle concepts of the
and rotor speed Experimental CPO algorithm with fixed-step sizes which uses in
[185,189–191,195,196,198,199]. It can be integrated
with a sensible memory [192], use an indication from
the mechanical torque instead of the mechanical power
[194] or load resistance [188]. The CPO performance is
compared with other MPPT algorithms
[103,163,261,262,265,266].
Datta et al. [220] 2003 3 kW Wound rotor IG PI ____ Adaptive Mechanical power DSP(TMS320F240) Another approach treats with the variation ratio of
and rotor speed mechanical power and generates the required step-size
depending on a pre-defined constant, which is
designated judiciously—similarly, the algorithm
proposed by [219].
Koutroulis et al. [223] 2006 Three-phase output Control unit ≅ 94% Adaptive DC voltage and DC Experimental Instead of using the fixed-step-size duty -cycle
current perturbation using governor limits in [193], this
algorithm applies an adaptive ratio that automatically
modifies the step-size—similarly, the algorithm
proposed by [224,248].
M. Kesraoui et al. 2011 PMSG PI ____ Adaptive DC voltage and DC MATLAB/ Simulink The variation of adaptive step-sizes mainly depends on
[131] current the power variation slope concerning the dc voltage.
The slow response to sustain the optimal conditions is
observed. Other algorithms similarly deal with the same
12

strategy concept in [225,230].

Niassati et al. [210] 2012 Switchedreluctance Linear controller ____ Variable Mechanical power MATLAB/ Simulink An iterative strategy is applied in which a large step-size
generator and rotor speed is utilized until reaching the MPP and then using a half
step-size at each time being in the reverse direction.
Therefore, the large step-size is gradually decreased by

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
half until the slope is zero. Another algorithm applies a
modification in perturbation step-size calculations
[212].
Jinbo et al. [241] 2014 180 W BrushlessDC MPPT algorithm ____ Fixed Generator power, Simulation software An adaptive ratio is used to perturb the reference
Motor Adaptive DC voltage and voltage for accurate MPP tracking, and a fixed-step is
wind speed. operated when the net power becomes negative. The
overall dynamic performance still suffers from slow
response. Besides, specifying the fixed step-size requires
proper tuning.
Linus et al. [35] 2015 1 kW PMSG PI 83% Fixed Wind speed and MATLAB/ Simulink An improved in convergence speed and MPPT accuracy
rotor speed by using large and small step-sizes at forward and
reverse directions, respectively. The step-sizes are
altered along with the relations between the optimal
rotor speed and the wind speed. Another algorithm uses
different step-size in each perturbation direction [197].
Meghni et al. [247] 2015 10 kW PMSG PI ≅ 100% Adaptive Mechanical power MATLAB/ Simulink Another adaptive ratio is used to vary the step-sizes,
and rotor speed which still depends on the system parameters. On the
other hand, the influence of the rotor inertia energy is
still questionable.
Uddin et al. [249] 2015 3.73 kW (5 hp) IPMSG PI 87% Adaptive Estimated generator MATLAB/ Simulink Both estimated generator power and rotor speed are
85% power and rotor dSPACE DS1104 applied as inputs to normalize the generator speed and
speed ensure obtaining the maximum power. The step-sizes
are varied according to the K factor, which is described
(continued on next page)
 Table 3 (continued )

H.H.H. Mousa et al.

Article Year WECS configuration Generated step-size Inputs Software/Validation tool Analysis
classification
GeneratorParameters Speed / voltage Efficiency
/duty cycle %
Controller

with the general equation. However, the accurate

specification or solution to find the K factor is required.
Heshmatian et al. 2019 5.2 kW PMSG PI ____ Fixed Mechanical torque MATLAB/ Simulink This approach shortens the tracking prosses by
[200] and rotor speed specifying the initial optimal rotor speed near the
accurate MPP through the estimated wind speed then
uses small step-size for low oscillations. However, the
initial step-sizes should be tuned.
Mousa et al. [258] 2019 1.5 MW, Five-phase PI 91% Adaptive Rotor speed MATLAB/ Simulink By using the same concept of the CPO algorithm, this
PMSG strategy mainly depends on multiplying the fixed step-
sizes by an adaptive ratio specified by observing the
rotor speed error. It offers simplicity with improving in
convergence speed and considerable oscillations.
However, it still requires prior knowledge initial step
size. Another researcher applies an adaptive ratio
depending on power variations as a modification in the
CPO algorithm [256].
Modified P&O Algorithms based dividing power curve strategy
Gao et al. [209] 2009 50 kW PMSG PI ____ Variable Mechanical power MATLAB/ Simulink A strategy relates to the power perturbation, which
and rotor speed depends mainly on the lookup table and pre-defined
limits for regulating the rotor speed. Another strategy
relates to the power perturbation with several rolling
conditions [213,214].
Agarwal et al. [260] 2010 15 kW SCIG MPPT algorithm ____ Hybrid Rotor speed MATLAB/ Simulink This strategy applies two control stages, the first one
1 kW SCIG DSP (TMS320F2812) applies large step-sizes for fast-tracking speed until
13

being near the MPP in which the second stage is applied.

The rotor speed perturbation depends on the prior
knowledge of intermediate variable and mechanical
power, which is not offered in most WECSs. The
operation condition when the mechanical power equals

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
the output electrical power is still questionable. Other
algorithms apply three modes, which depended on pre-
defined tolerance amplitude to detect the change of
wind speed and respond rapidly [234,236].
Fathabadi [180] 2016 1 kW PMSG MPPT algorithm 98.04% Variable Wind speed and LTspice IV software This algorithm splits the P-ω curve into four regions in
Generator current Experimental each perturbation direction with prior-specified duty
/Microcontroller cycle step-sizes by evaluation of the rotor speed error
MC68HC11A8 via an anemometer. The algorithm adopts a fast-
tracking response (18 msec) and good dynamic
performance; however, the influence of high rotor
inertia on this algorithm is not examined.
Fathabadi [162] 98.5% DC voltage and DC This algorithm depends on the observation of the
current rectifier power and current variations without using
mechanical sensors. However, limited step-sizes are
used which need more accurate choice under different
wind speed circumstances.
Youssef et al. [206] 2019 1.5 MW, PMSG PI 90% Variable Wind speed and MATLAB/ Simulink A suggested curve splits the main P-ω curve into four
rotor speed regions by using the wind speed sensor. Although both
system efficiency and oscillation level are enhanced, it
uses limited operating regions with pre-defined step-
sizes which hardly to choose. Other researchers applied
the same algorithm in their works [122,201,218].
Mousa et al. [152] 2019 1.5 MW, Five-phase PI 91.1% Adaptive Rotor speed MATLAB/ Simulink Full adaptive step-sizes and margins of modular
PMSG operating regions are attained by aiding of several
(continued on next page)
 Table 3 (continued )

H.H.H. Mousa et al.

Article Year WECS configuration Generated step-size Inputs Software/Validation tool Analysis
classification
GeneratorParameters Speed / voltage Efficiency
/duty cycle %
Controller

suggested curves and adaptive ratio. But it offers a little

complexity.
Ramadan et al. [208] 2019 1.5 MW, PMSG PI 90.5% Variable Rotor speed MATLAB/ Simulink Another approach exhibits modular operating regions
with pre-specified step-sizes and margins by applying a
suggested ratio depending on the rotor speed error.
Mousa et al. [57] 2019 1.5 MW, Five-phase PI 91.2% Variable Rotor speed MATLAB/ Simulink This strategy is based on isolating the main P-ω curve
PMSG into modular regions by using the synthesized ratio,
which is related to the estimated optimal power. The
overall dynamic system is enhanced though. The
margins of operating regions and their step-sizes should
be accurately specified. In [207], the different step-sizes
in each direction are used.
Karabacak [257] 2019 5 kW PMSG Higher order SMC 95.49%. Adaptive Generator voltage Experimental An advanced inertial power-based P&O algorithm uses
and current with four circumstances for each operating wind speed. The
rotor speed variety of four circumstances under operational wind
speed profile makes the system more complex in
addition to the WT inertia constant is required.
Mousa et al. [91] 2020 1.5 MW, Five-phase PI 91.14% Hybrid Rotor speed MATLAB/ Simulink By observing the rotor speed error, several regions
PMSG operate with variable step-sizes and the rest regions use
the adaptive step-sizes with altered region margins. This
combination produces fast-tracking speed while the
operating power points are far from the MPP and low
oscillations near the MPP. However, pre-specified step-
sizes are still minor downsides.
14

Modified P&O Algorithms based generic objective function

Wang et al. [144] 2004 15 and 10 kW PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Variable Generator voltage, MATLAB/ Simulink By using an intelligent memory as a lookup table for the
PMSG current and power Experimental maximum power conditions, the fast-sensorless
/Microcontroller algorithm is implemented with consideration of the WT
inertia. Besides, depending on system parameters, this

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
algorithm can’t be applied with a variable pitch
controller without a unique specification of the optimal
curve.
Duan et al. [222] 2006 300 W PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Adaptive DC voltage and DC DSP TMS320LF2407 The current perturbation relates to an objective function
current that depends on the rotor speed error. That gives a
better dynamic response without mechanical sensor
usage. Another algorithm similarly deals with the same
strategy concept in [226].
Hui et al. [205] 2008 PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Variable Generator voltage, PSIM© software An improved P&O algorithm is used with the aid of two
current, and wind suggested control loops, modification detection loop,
and rotor speeds and operation point alteration loop. Although its
effectiveness, it needs an initial startup constant and
anemometer.
Hong et al. [228] 2009 PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Adaptive DC voltage and DC MATLAB/ Simulink The step-sizes are adeptly varied using the gradient
current approximation concept. Inappropriately, the MPP is
slow tracking at high wind speed with increased
mechanical stress.
González et al. [229] 2010 PMSG PI ____ Adaptive Generator power PSIM© software To reduce the WT mechanical stress and inertia impact,
the ramp signal slope is used to generate adaptive step-
sizes which should be accurately evaluated. Another
algorithm has less sensitive to the system parameters is
implemented [237].
Kazmi et al. [227,232] 2008 PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Adaptive FPGA An intelligent algorithm applies three operation modes
2011 to adeptly vary the step-sizes with a vital solution of the
(continued on next page)
 Table 3 (continued )

H.H.H. Mousa et al.

Article Year WECS configuration Generated step-size Inputs Software/Validation tool Analysis
classification
GeneratorParameters Speed / voltage Efficiency
/duty cycle %
Controller

Estimated wind wrong tracking problem. Similarly, it is a self-tuning

speed and rotor algorithm for system parameters. Another algorithm
speed similarly deals with the same strategy concept in [238].
Another sensorless algorithm uses two modes according
to the wind speed rate by specifying the dc-link voltage
slope and current perturbation direction [135].
I. Kortabarria et al. 2014 10 kW PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Adaptive Rotor speed and DSP TMS320F2812 An intelligent algorithm is applied for optimum
[242] position angle relationship search and tracking the MPP of large inertia
WTs. However, the prior-knowledge of system
parameters and slow response are big limitations.
Daili et al. [145,244] 2015 6.4 kW PMSG dSPACE ____ Adaptive DC voltage, DC dSPACE DS1005 This algorithm utilizes two approaches to deal with
current and rotor normal and abrupt wind speed fluctuations. The normal
speed mode uses the small step-sizes to hunt the MPP during
slow wind speeds with low alternations. At sudden wind
speed variations, the predictive model auto-regulates
the step-size in relation to the power variations. Then, it
yields the normal mode near the MPP. However, it
requires WT characteristics to specify the reference
electromagnetic torque. Another algorithm similarly
deals with the same strategy concept in [239].
Putri et al. [254] 2017 0.6 kW PMSG MPPT algorithm 93.87% Adaptive DC voltage and DC PSIM© software A sensorless adaptive P&O algorithm is implemented by
0.5 kW PMSG current Arduino Mega 2560 detecting the rectifier power variations and preceding
the duty cycle. The tacking speed is improved, but
various assumptions are required that decrease the
15

overall efficiency.
Uddin et al. [259] 2019 2.5 MW DFIG PI ____ Adaptive Wind speed and MATLAB/ Simulink This algorithm uses specified functions and assumptions
DFIG small prototype rotor speed dSPACE DS1104 and requires anemometer and WT parameters to track
the MPP, which increases the system complicity.
Another algorithm similarly deals with the same

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
strategy concept in [253].
Chen et al. [255] 2019 2 MW PMSG Linear controller ____ Adaptive Generator voltage, MATLAB/ Simulink Depending on the theoretical analysis in [221], the
250 W PMSG Generator current dSPACE DS1104 high-gain perturbation observer MPPT algorithm is
and rotor speed applied to enhance the overall efficiency as responded
to the system nonlinearities, parameter uncertainties,
and peripheral conflicts of the WECS.
Youssef et al. [94] 2020 1.5 MW, Five-phase PI 91.45% Adaptive Rotor speed MATLAB/ Simulink A self-adaptive algorithm with a concentrated search
PMSG area based on a novel optimal hypothetical circle is
proposed.
Modified P&O Algorithms based optimization techniques
Min Lin et al. [231] 2010 750 W PMSG PI ____ Adaptive DC voltage and DC dSPACETMS320C32 To cope with system uncertainties and mechanical
FLC current sensor requirements, an optimization technique based
WRBFN with on a Wilcoxon radial basis function network is applied
MPSO to the CPO algorithm. However, it is mandatory to use
additional intelligent memory. Another algorithm is
used a radial basis function network with MPSO for
torque observer in [178].
Elnaggar et al. [240] 2014 1.5 MW, DFIG Linear controller ____ Adaptive Generator power FAST A two-level MPPT algorithm is designed to obtain
and rotor speed maximum power. The upper level implements an
improved line search optimization algorithm to specify
the setpoint of wind speed. Then, the role of the lower
level comes to activate the predictive controller for
accurately tracking the setpoint.
Li et al. [243] 2014 MPPT algorithm ____ Adaptive MATLAB/ Simulink
(continued on next page)
 Table 3 (continued )

H.H.H. Mousa et al.

Article Year WECS configuration Generated step-size Inputs Software/Validation tool Analysis
classification
GeneratorParameters Speed / voltage Efficiency
/duty cycle %
Controller

10 MW wind Mechanical power Another seeking strategy for optimizing the optimal
aerodynamic system and rotor speed tracking conditions bases on a modified P&O algorithm
with lookup-table.
Lan et al. [252] 2016 2 MW, DFIG PI ____ Adaptive Electrical power MATLAB/ Simulink The variable step-size P&O algorithm is improved by
and rotor speed inserting a control loop to modify the searching step-
size adaptively.
Nagarajan [264] 2018 ___ The principal concept of the iterative predictive P&O
algorithm is extending to optimize the PID control
parameters. Another research applied a modified P&O
algorithm as a signal compensator [263].
Modified P&O Algorithms based hybrid approaches
Xia et al. [121] 2011 10 kW PMSG PI ____ Adaptive DC voltage and DC MATLAB/ Simulink An advanced P&O algorithm is applied with two control
2.5 kW PMSG current DSP Tri-core1796B modes to attain the optimal relations between dc-link
voltage and current, then the ORB is activated. Several
constants should be accurately selected.
M. Narayana et al 2012 PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Variable DC voltage, DC dSPACE DS1103 To overcome the necessities of pre-calculated system
[158] current, and rotor parameters, an adaptive filter together with FLC
speed algorithms are united with the P&O algorithm to sustain
the optimal power extraction for small WECS. The fuzzy
rules need an accurate design that offers moderate
system complexity. Another algorithm uses the same
strategy in [215].
Mahdi et al. [235] 2012 0.5 kW PMSG dSPACE ____ Adaptive DC voltage, DC dSPACE DS1104 Although its simplicity and accuracy, it is essential to
current, and rotor estimate the optimal generator speed using the TSR
16

speed observer in [233] for calculating the rotor speed error.

Moreover, the duty cycle perturbation of the dc-link
voltage still has some downsides.
Zhu et al. [96] 2012 5.5 kW PMSG MPPT algorithm ____ Fixed Mechanical power Turbsim The optimum current given MPPT control is performed
and rotor speed dSPACE DS1103 using a combination of both PSF and P&O algorithms.

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
The P&O algorithm plays a vital rule in obtaining the
Kopt parameter. Other algorithms use the same strategy
in [246,250,251].
Lalouni et al. [245] 2015 2 kW PMSG PI 99.95% Adaptive Wind speed and MATLAB/ Simulink Consists of a combination of OT and P&O algorithms.
rotor speed The OT specifies the Kopt parameter to solve the wrong
tracking directionally at higher wind speed. It permits to
generate adaptive step-sizes depending on the power
variations. However, it needs anemometers and various
assumptions.
A. Harrag et al. [217] 2017 3 MW DFIG Speed controller ____ Variable Mechanical power MATLAB/ Simulink A variable step-size fuzzy algorithm is used depending
and rotor speed on the same strategy of the P&O algorithm. It selects the
required step-size by estimating the power and speed
variations. Other algorithms similarly deal with the
same strategy concept in [198,204,211].
Azzouz et al. [202] 2019 3 MW DFIG SMC ____ Variable Mechanical power MATLAB/ Simulink In this strategy, the NN algorithm is combined with the
and rotor speed P&O algorithm for harvesting the maximum wind
power.
Dida et al. [203,216] 2019 1.5 MW DFIG PI ____ Variable Mechanical power MATLAB/ Simulink This strategy combines the FLC approach to familiarize
and rotor speed the step-size and the P&O algorithm along with the
operating power point.
Meghni et al. [186] 2020 6 kW PMSG Second order SMC 94.52% Fixed Mechanical power MATLAB/ Simulink A hybrid control system of the MSC involves the second-
and rotor speed order SMC, modified P&O algorithm, and energy
storage to improve the CPO algorithm operation.
H.H.H. Mousa et al. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598

Table 4
Conventional P&O algorithms based adaptive step-sizes.
Articles Perturbation control variable The control function of adaptive step-size generation
( )
Raza et al. [227] and Kazmi et al [232] Duty cycle perturbation d(k +1) = d(k) + α ωm − ωref
Koutroulis et al.[223] and Hua et al. [230] ΔP(k)
d(k +1) = d(k) + α
ΔD(k)
Raza et al. [225] d(k +1) = d(k) + dstep .sign[Δd(k) ].sign[ΔP(k) ]
Neammanee et al. [224] Current perturbation ΔP(k)
iref (k +1) = iref (k) + α
Δω(k)
Kesraoui et al. [131] Voltage perturbation ΔP(k)
Vref (k +1) = Vref (k) +
ΔSlope(k)
Jinbo et al.[241] Vref (k +1) = Vref (k) + ε.ΔP(k +1).ΔV(k +1)
Li et al. [212] and Yaoqin et al. [219] Rotor speed perturbation ΔPm (k)
ωm (k +1) = ωm (k) + KMPPT
[ Δωm (k)]
Datta et al. [220] ωm (k +1) = ωm (k) + sign Δωref (k) sign[ΔP(k + 1) ]|Kt .ΔP(k + 1) |
Meghni et al. [247] ωm (k +1) = ωm (k) + K.sign[ΔP(k).Δωm (k) ]
Uddin et al. [249] ωm (k +1) = ωm (k) + K.sign[ΔPe (k) ]
Abdou et al. [256] and Mousa et al. [258] ωm (k +1) = ωm (k) + D.Δωm

detecting the wind speed change, other strategies employ three oper­
Initialization ating modes for soft MPP tracking in view of the self-tuning of dynamic
constants [227,232,239]. In[253,254,259], adaptive P&O algorithms
are recognized using many assumptions for duty cycle or rotor speed
perturbation. Other algorithms can estimate the system nonlinearity and
Control variables rapid response for sudden disturbances [221,255]. The abovementioned
algorithms require accurate design and declaration of the controlled
Calculate the power variations
objective function to guarantee good dynamic performance and fast
MPP tracking. Therefore, another self-adaptive algorithm based on an
optimal hypothetical circle strategy is investigated [94].

4.3.3. Optimization techniques

No Yes According to the spread of optimization techniques in PV applica­
tions, many authors have applied them as MPP search tools. Several
articles apply the Wilcoxon radial basis function network to optimize the
process of the CPO algorithm [178,231]. Another strategy is recognized
Perturb: Perturb: to optimize the line search for optimal operating conditions [240].
)
) Moreover, it can be unified with a lookup table or intelligent memories
[243]. Another method is used to familiarize the perturbation step-sizes
under system uncertainty and unexpected conflicts [252]. Besides, PID
controllers have been optimized for the operation of the P&O algorithms
[263,264].

4.3.4. Hybrid approaches

Control variables Hybrid schemes are intended for creating highly effective tracking
algorithms that combine various features of different MPPT algorithms.
TSR observers are applied to estimate the optimal rotor speed. Hence an
Return
Return approximate concentrated MPP search area is specified [233,235]. To
enhance the tracking process, the OT algorithm [245], PSF algorithm
Fig. 11. Conventional P&O algorithms based on adaptive step-sizes. [96,246,251], and the ORB [121] algorithms are combined with the
CPO algorithm. Moreover, intelligent controller techniques, such as the
FLC [158,203,215,216] and the NN [217], are also used to adapt the
Table 5
Modified P&O algorithms based on dividing the power curve strategy. perturbation step-sizes of the CPO algorithm. Other intelligent algo­
rithms only applied the same tracking strategy of the P&O algorithm in
Articles Synthesized curve/ Region Number of
ratio (Sk) margins (Rk) operating regions
[198,204,211,217]. Another technique involves the second-order SMC,
modified P&O algorithm, and energy storage to improve the CPO al­
[122,201,206,218] Constant Four regions
Vw
ΔPm (k)
gorithm operation [186].
Δωm (k)
[152] ΔPm (k) Adaptive Modular regions
K.Vw
⃒ Δω⃒m (k) 4.3.5. Comparative study and discussion
[57,207] ⃒ΔPc (k) ⃒ Constant Modular regions
⃒ ⃒ To highlight the various features of the above-mentioned P&O al­
⃒ Pc (k) ⃒
⃒ ⃒
[208] ⃒Δωc (k) ⃒
⃒ ⃒ Constant Modular regions gorithms, Table 6 develops a comprehensive assessment in terms of
complexity, convergence speed, etc. It is evident from the literature that
⃒ ⃒
⃒ ωopt (k) ⃒
[91] ⃒Δωc (k) ⃒ Adaptive Modular regions
the fixed step-size CPO algorithm has a bad influence on the WT dy­
⃒ ⃒
⃒ ω (k) ⃒
opt
namic performance, particularly under sudden wind speed changes. By
adjusting the perturbation step-sizes, the overall dynamic performance
control modes based on the gradient approximation concept or the ramp
is improved, but they still preserve some of the CPO algorithm conflicts.
signal slope, the perturbation step-sizes can be adaptively varied with
To adapt the tracking strategy, several modifications are inserted into
considering the WT inertia [135,145,205,228,229,239,242,244]. Via

17
H.H.H. Mousa et al. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598

Initialization

Calculate the power variations

No Yes

No Yes Yes No

Perturb: Perturb:
No Yes ) ) Yes No

Perturb: Perturb:
No Yes ) ) Yes No

Perturb: Perturb: Perturb: Perturb:

) ) ) )

Control variables

Return

Fig. 12. Flow chart of modified P&O algorithms based on dividing the power curve strategy.

Table 6
Comparative study among P&O algorithms.
Sr. P&O algorithm features Conventional P&O algorithms Modified P&O algorithms

Fixed step-sizes Adjustable step-sizes Dividing the Generic objective Optimization Hybrid
power curve function techniques approaches
Variable adaptive

1 Complexity Simple Simple Simple Extra Moderate Extra Moderate

2 Convergence speed Depends on Fast Fast Fast Fast Medium Fast
step-size
3 Oscillation at MPP Yes Yes Depends, Depends Depends Depends Depends,
typically no typically no
4 Prior knowledge Not required Required Required Depends Required Depends Not required
5 Memory requirement No Depends Depends No Yes Yes Depends
6 Wind speed sensor NO Depends Depends Depends Depends No Depends,
typically no
7 Performance under varying Moderate Good Good Very good Good Good Very good
wind conditions
8 Cost Moderate Moderate Moderate High Moderate High Moderate
9 Parameter sensitivity No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Depends,
typically no
10 Online updating Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
11 Efficiency Low Moderate High Very high High Moderate High

the CPO algorithm. Through dividing the main power curve, the
tracking speed is amended with low fluctuations around the peak also,
system reliability and efficiency are enhanced. However, they offer extra
arrangements that increase system complexity. By establishing generic
objective functions, the system complexity is reduced, but prior
knowledge is still required. Although their good performances under
varied circumstances, the generic objective functions necessitate an
accurate definition and deal with system nonlinearities. Therefore, the
optimization techniques are applied for best-adjusting system non­
linearities and adapted the perturbation step-sizes. Alternatively, hybrid
approaches among the P&O algorithm and other MPPT algorithms are
widely used according to their combined features.
5. Technology trends and future scope
As a result of the random wind probability distribution, wind energy
should be maximized via MPPT algorithms under rapid wind speed
fluctuations. Recent research trends in power converter topologies,
control strategies, and MPPT control algorithms based WECS, have been
discussed in details in Ref. [9–11,85,93,180]. According to its good
features, the P&O algorithm is extensively utilized. So, several de­
velopments on the P&O algorithm have been added to overcome the

18
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
(a) MPPT trends based on generated step-size types
(b) Trends in the classification of tracking strategy
Fig. 13. Recent trends in P&O algorithm based WECSs.
traditional complications and to make it more reliable and convenient
for MPP tracking applications. As far as P&O algorithms will become a
great significance soon, hence their research trends and future scope
should be investigated. Fig. 13 depicts the applicable statistics of P&O
algorithm trends. According to the generated step-sizes, 48% percentage
of researchers prefer to use adaptive types of P&O algorithms, as shown
in Fig. 13 (a). In the second rank, the variable step-sizes contribute 31%
percentage of the published P&O algorithms compared to the fixed step-
sizes, which gain a 19% percentage. To combine the fast-tracking speed
and low tracking fluctuations, the hybrid type (2% percentage) presents
a promising choice for future investigation. Furthermore, Fig. 13 (b)
surveys another statistic related to the P&O algorithm classification-
based tracking strategy. It is observed that the fixed-step size CPO al­
gorithm has a 14.1% percentage, while the adjustable step-size type has
increased to 16.5% percentage to reduce CPO algorithm drawbacks with
maintaining ease of application. In contrast, the modified P&O algo­
rithms have efficient methodical approaches for future implantation.
The usage of the generic objective function and the hybrid technique
strategies have the same range, 21.2% percentage. Although extra
complexity, the dividing power curve strategy has been extended to
18.8% percentage recently. After a great expansion of artificial tech­
niques for the MPPT algorithms-based PV system, it spreads slowly to be
applicable in WECS, reaching 8.2% percentage. Also, future research
topics of the P&O algorithms based on published techniques are
considered. Moreover, it is observed that the usage of the generic
19
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
objective function strategy with hybrid step-sizes is a promising research
field. From this article, it can be concluded that the intensive field of
future research on P&O algorithms will mainly deal with the
• Extended the use of modified P&O algorithms with optimization
techniques, especially the power curve division strategy.
• Extended use of hybrid step-sizes techniques.
• Usage of artificial intelligence methods to optimize the generated
step-sizes.
• Apply WSE algorithms to evaluate both optimal power and optimal
rotor speed in each wind speed to state a well- defined tracking
relationship with wind speed nature.
• Develop new strategies to concentrate the search area of the MPP
that ensures fast-tracking speed with definite direction and MPP
location.
• Apply simple methods to divide the power curve with the adaptive
margins of each operating region.
• Declaration of general goal function considers WT characteristics
and tracking strategy for optimal operation.
6. Conclusion
To maximize the generated wind power regardless of the random
nature of wind, it is critical to install the appropriate MPPT algorithm. In
this article, an overview of grid-tied WECS configurations is clarified in
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
terms of WTs and generator topologies. Moreover, a comprehensive
review with a critical analysis of numerous MPPT algorithms is inves­
tigated, which makes it possible to choose the best MPPT algorithm for a
specific application. The P&O algorithms are classified into four cate­
gories: IPC, DPC, hybrid, and smart algorithms; each category has its
merits and demerits. It is concluded that, over the past decade, there is
an increasing trend of P&O algorithm usage among researchers due to its
various features. Therefore, this article intends to provide a compre­
hensive review of the utmost current P&O algorithms. The classification
of P&O algorithms is based on the approaches of the generated step-sizes
and tracking strategy. According to the approach of the generated step-
sizes, they can be fixed, variable, adaptive or hybrid step-sizes. How­
ever, this classification doesn’t reflect on how the P&O algorithms work
and their performance assessment. So, the classification based on the
tracking strategy is better, which divides the P&O algorithms into con­
ventional with fixed and adjustable step-sizes, and modified categories.
Furthermore, the modified P&O algorithms involve main groups of
different control strategies, for instance, dividing the power curve,
generic objective functions, optimization techniques, and hybrid algo­
rithms followed by a comparative study. Similarly, future research
topics of the P&O algorithms based on published techniques are
considered. It is observed that the usage of the generic objective function
strategy with hybrid step-sizes is a promising research field. To sum up,
it is intended that the P&O algorithms can be established in future ap­
plications to accomplish a more robust MPPT algorithm with effective
dynamic performance with WECS arrangement reduction.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Hossam H.H. Mousa: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing -
original draft, Visualization, Writing - review & editing. Abdel-Raheem
Youssef: Writing - review & editing, Supervision. Essam E.M.
Mohamed: Writing - review & editing, Supervision
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr Abdelfatah Ali, Department of
Electrical Engineering, South Valley University, Egypt for his comments
on the revision process that greatly improved the manuscript. The au­
thors also thank their colleagues, who provided insight and expertise
that greatly assisted the research.
References
[1] Akbari M-A, Aghaei J, Barani M. Convex probabilistic allocation of wind
generation in smart distribution networks. IET Renew Power Gener 2017;11(9):
1211–8.
[2] Kaldellis J, Apostolou D. Life cycle energy and carbon footprint of offshore wind
energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart. Renewable Energy 2017;108:
72–84.
[3] Nguyen TH, Al Hosani K, Al Sayari N. Grid integration improvement for single-
phase inverters of small wind turbines under distorted voltage conditions. Int J
Electr Power Energy Syst 2017;87:144–53.
[4] Hossain MM, Ali MH. Future research directions for the wind turbine generator
system. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;49:481–9.
[5] Aliyu AK, Modu B, Tan CW. A review of renewable energy development in Africa:
A focus in South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2018;81:
2502–18.
[6] Projected global cumulative wind power capacity from 2017 to 2022. Available:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/185551/global-wind-market-forecast-by-
cumulative-capacity-since-2010/.
[7] Global Total Installed Capacity. Available: https://library.wwindea.org/global-
statitistics-1980/.
20
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
[8] Mousa HH, Youssef AR, Mohamed EE. Optimal power extraction control schemes
for five-phase PMSG based wind generation systems. Eng Sci Technol, Int J 2020;
23(1):144–55.
[9] Abdullah MA, Yatim A, Tan CW, Saidur R. A review of maximum power point
tracking algorithms for wind energy systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012;16
(5):3220–7.
[10] Tripathi S, Tiwari A, Singh D. Grid-integrated permanent magnet synchronous
generator based wind energy conversion systems: A technology review. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 2015;51:1288–305.
[11] Kumar D, Chatterjee K. A review of conventional and advanced MPPT algorithms
for wind energy systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;55:957–70.
[12] Mittal R, Sandhu K, Jain D. An overview of some important issues related to wind
energy conversion system (WECS). International Journal of Environmental
science and development 2010;1(4):351.
[13] Bhutta MMA, Hayat N, Farooq AU, Ali Z, Jamil SR, Hussain Z. Vertical axis wind
turbine–A review of various configurations and design techniques. Renewable
Sustainable Energy Rev 2012;16(4):1926–39.
[14] Njiri JG, Söffker DJR. State-of-the-art in wind turbine control: Trends and
challenges. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2016;60:377–93.
[15] Pao LY, Johnson KE. Control of wind turbines. IEEE Control Syst Mag 2011;31(2):
44–62.
[16] Duran MJ, Barrero F, Pozo-Ruz A, Guzman F, Fernandez J, Guzman H.
Understanding power electronics and electrical machines in multidisciplinary
wind energy conversion system courses. IEEE Trans Educ 2012;56(2):174–82.
[17] Cheng M, Zhu Y. The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and
technologies: A review. Energy Convers Manage 2014;88:332–47.
[18] Singh M, Chandra A. Application of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference
system for sensorless control of PMSG-based wind turbine with nonlinear-load-
compensation capabilities. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2010;26(1):165–75.
[19] Orlando NA, Liserre M, Mastromauro RA, Dell’Aquila A. A survey of control
issues in PMSG-based small wind-turbine systems. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 2013;9(3):
1211–21.
[20] Polinder H, Van der Pijl FF, De Vilder G-J, Tavner PJ. Comparison of direct-drive
and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. IEEE Trans Energy Convers
2006;21(3):725–33.
[21] E. A. Masmoudi, Z. Zhu, and J. Hu, Electrical machines and power-electronic
systems for high-power wind energy generation applications, COMPEL-The
international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and
electronic engineering, 2013.
[22] Egea-Alvarez A, Junyent-Ferre A, Bergas-Jané J, Bianchi FD, Gomis-Bellmunt O.
Control of a wind turbine cluster based on squirrel cage induction generators
connected to a single VSC power converter. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;
61:523–30.
[23] Wang Z, Yuwen B, Lang Y, Cheng M. Improvement of operating performance for
the wind farm with a novel CSC-type wind turbine-SMES hybrid system. IEEE
Trans Power Delivery 2013;28(2):693–703.
[24] Zribi M, Alrifai M, Rayan M. Sliding Mode Control of a Variable-Speed Wind
Energy Conversion System Using a Squirrel Cage Induction Generator. Energies
2017;10(5):604.
[25] Falehi A, Rafiee M. Enhancement of DFIG-Wind Turbine’s LVRT Capability Using
Novel DVR Based Odd-Nary Cascaded Asymmetric Multi-Level Inverter.
Engineering science and technology, an international journal 2017;20(3):805–24.
[26] M. S. Saeed and E. E. Mohamed, Partitioned stator doubly-fed brushless
reluctance machine for wind generating systems, in Power Systems Conference
(MEPCON), 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East, 2017, pp. 864-869: IEEE.
[27] Abolvafaei M, Ganjefar S. Maximum power extraction from fractional order
doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines using homotopy singular
perturbation method. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2020;119:105889.
[28] Chen Z, Guerrero JM, Blaabjerg F. A review of the state of the art of power
electronics for wind turbines. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2009;24(8):1859–75.
[29] Rajaei A, Mohamadian M, Varjani AY. Vienna-rectifier-based direct torque
control of PMSG for wind energy application. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2012;60
(7):2919–29.
[30] Taib N, Metidji B, Rekioua T. Performance and efficiency control enhancement of
wind power generation system based on DFIG using three-level sparse matrix
converter. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;53:287–96.
[31] Azizi AH, Rahimi M. Dynamic performance analysis, stability margin
improvement and transfer power capability enhancement in DFIG based wind
turbines at weak ac grid conditions. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2018;99:
434–46.
[32] Uehara A, et al. A coordinated control method to smooth wind power fluctuations
of a PMSG-based WECS. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2011;26(2):550–8.
[33] Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Qiao W, Qu L. A space-vector-modulated sensorless direct-
torque control for direct-drive PMSG wind turbines. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2014;50
(4):2331–41.
[34] Xie D, Lu Y, Sun J, Gu C. Small signal stability analysis for different types of
PMSGs connected to the grid. Renewable Energy 2017;106:149–64.
[35] Linus RM, Damodharan P. Maximum power point tracking method using a
modified perturb and observe algorithm for grid connected wind energy
conversion systems. IET Renew Power Gener 2015;9(6):682–9.
[36] Bonfiglio A, Delfino F, Gonzalez-Longatt F, Procopio R. Steady-state assessments
of PMSGs in wind generating units. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2017;90:
87–93.
[37] Li H, Chen Z. Overview of different wind generator systems and their
comparisons. IET Renew Power Gener 2008;2(2):123–38.
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
[38] Chakraborty S, Kramer B, Kroposki B. A review of power electronics interfaces for
distributed energy systems towards achieving low-cost modular design. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 2009;13(9):2323–35.
[39] Blaabjerg F, Liserre M, Ma K. Power electronics converters for wind turbine
systems. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2011;48(2):708–19.
[40] Iglesias RL, Arantegui RL, Alonso MA. Power electronics evolution in wind
turbines—A market-based analysis. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15(9):
4982–93.
[41] Chakraborty A. Advancements in power electronics and drives in interface with
growing renewable energy resources. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15(4):
1816–27.
[42] Alnasir Z, Kazerani M. An analytical literature review of stand-alone wind energy
conversion systems from generator viewpoint. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;
28:597–615.
[43] Zhao Y, Wei C, Zhang Z, Qiao W. A review on position/speed sensorless control
for permanent-magnet synchronous machine-based wind energy conversion
systems. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics
2013;1(4):203–16.
[44] Islam MR, Guo Y, Zhu J. A review of offshore wind turbine nacelle: technical
challenges, and research and developmental trends. Renew Sustain Energy Rev
2014;33:161–76.
[45] Hossam HH Mousa, Abdel-Raheem Youssef, & Essam EM Mohamed. (2019).
Comparative Study of Fault-Tolerant Capability Performance for Three and Five-
Phase PMSMs. Journal of Control and Instrumentation Engineering E-issn: 2582-
3000, 5(3), 39–54. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3564272.
[46] H. A. Toliyat, M. M. Rahimian, and T. Lipo, dq modeling of five phase
synchronous reluctance machines including third harmonic of air-gap MMF, in
Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1991., Conference Record of the
1991 IEEE, 1991, pp. 231-237: IEEE.
[47] Levi E, Bojoi R, Profumo F, Toliyat H, Williamson S. Multiphase induction motor
drives–a technology status review. IET Electr Power Appl 2007;1(4):489–516.
[48] C. A. Reusser, S. Kouro, and R. Cardenas, Dual three-phase PMSG based wind
energy conversion system using 9-switch dual converter, in Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015 IEEE, 2015, pp. 1021-1022: IEEE.
[49] Y. Gao, G. Yao, and L. Zhou, Current decoupling control under asymmetrical
open-circuit faults of dual three-phase PMSG, 2019.
[50] Xu J, Odavic M, Zhu Z, Wu Z. In: A Vector Selection Based Common Mode Voltage
Reduction Strategy for Dual Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind
Power Generators Considering Harmonic Suppression. IEEE; 2019. p. 1043–9.
[51] Yichang G, Gang Y, Lidan Z, Nan J. In: Control strategy for four phase open faults
of dual three-phase PMSG. IEEE; 2019. p. 1876–81.
[52] I. Abdelsalam, G. Adam, D. Holliday, and B. Williams, Assessment of a wind
energy conversion system based on a six-phase permanent magnet synchronous
generator with a twelve-pulse PWM current source converter, in ECCE Asia
Downunder (ECCE Asia), 2013 IEEE, 2013, pp. 849-854: IEEE.
[53] Gonçalves PF, Cruz SM, Mendes AM. Design of a six-phase asymmetrical
permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind energy applications. The
Journal of Engineering 2019;2019(17):4532–6.
[54] Zhou S, Rong F, Sun W, Huang S, Wu Q. AC/AC grid connection of six-phase wind
power generator based on enneagon MMC converter. Int J Electr Power Energy
Syst 2020;118:105810.
[55] Youssef A-R, Sayed MA, Abdel-Wahab M. MPPT Control Technique for Direct-
Drive Five-Phase PMSG Wind Turbines with Wind Speed Estimation variations
2015;vol. 21:22.
[56] Rhaili S, Abbou A, Ziouh A, Elidrissi R. In: Comparative study between PI and
FUZZY logic controller in vector controlled five-phase PMSG based variable-speed
wind turbine, in Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-
POWERENG). IEEE; 2018. p. 1–6.
[57] Mousa HH, Youssef A-R, Mohamed EE. Variable step size P&O MPPT algorithm
for optimal power extraction of multi-phase PMSG based wind generation system.
Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2019;108:218–31.
[58] Rong F, Sun W, Zhou S, Huang S. Series-connected single-phase MMC for multi-
phase PMSG with DC grid. IET Power Electron 2019;12(9):2179–88.
[59] Y. Gang, G. Yichang, Z. Lidan, L. Dongdong, and L. Xing, “Multi-Phase Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator Variable Speed Constant Frequency Offshore
Wind System Based on Modular Multilevel Converter,” in 2019 IEEE Innovative
Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia), 2019, pp. 2127-2132: IEEE.
[60] Rao Z, Zhang Z, Huang S, Long Z, Wu G. Characteristics and Current Harmonic
Control of N* Three-Phase PMSG for HVDC Transmission Based on MMC.
Energies 2020;13(1):178.
[61] Errami Y, Ouassaid M, Maaroufi M. A performance comparison of a nonlinear and
a linear control for grid connected PMSG wind energy conversion system. Int J
Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;68:180–94.
[62] Jadhav HT, Roy R. A comprehensive review on the grid integration of doubly fed
induction generator. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;49:8–18.
[63] Watil A, El Magri A, Raihani A, Lajouad R, Giri F. Multi-objective output feedback
control strategy for a variable speed wind energy conversion system. Int J Electr
Power Energy Syst 2020;121:106081.
[64] Rahimi M. Modeling, control and stability analysis of grid connected PMSG based
wind turbine assisted with diode rectifier and boost converter. Int J Electr Power
Energy Syst 2017;93:84–96.
[65] Li P, Hu W, Hu R, Chen Z. Imbalance fault detection based on the integrated
analysis strategy for variable-speed wind turbines. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
2020;116:105570.
21
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
[66] Baloch MH, Wang J, Kaloi GS. Stability and nonlinear controller analysis of wind
energy conversion system with random wind speed. Int J Electr Power Energy
Syst 2016;79:75–83.
[67] Hu L, Xue F, Qin Z, Shi J, Qiao W, Yang W, et al. Sliding mode extremum seeking
control based on improved invasive weed optimization for MPPT in wind energy
conversion system. Appl Energy 2019;248:567–75.
[68] Karabacak M. A new perturb and observe based higher order sliding mode MPPT
control of wind turbines eliminating the rotor inertial effect. Renewable Energy
2019;133:807–27.
[69] Wu A, Zhao B, Mao J, Wu B, Yu F. Adaptive active fault-tolerant MPPT control for
wind power generation system under partial loss of actuator effectiveness. Int J
Electr Power Energy Syst 2019;105:660–70.
[70] Dursun EH, Kulaksiz AA. Second-order sliding mode voltage-regulator for
improving MPPT efficiency of PMSG-based WECS. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
2020;121:106149.
[71] Athari H, Niroomand M, Ataei M. Review and classification of control systems in
grid-tied inverters. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2017;72:1167–76.
[72] Tripathi S, Tiwari A, Singh DJR. Grid-integrated permanent magnet synchronous
generator based wind energy conversion systems: A technology review.
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2015;51:1288–305.
[73] Das S, Subudhi B. A Two-Degree-of-Freedom Internal Model-Based Active
Disturbance Rejection Controller for a Wind Energy Conversion System. IEEE J
Emerging Sel Top Power Electron 2019;8(3):2664–71.
[74] Bendib B, Belmili H, Krim F. A survey of the most used MPPT methods:
Conventional and advanced algorithms applied for photovoltaic systems.
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2015;45:637–48.
[75] Seyedmahmoudian M, Horan B, Soon TK, Rahmani R, Oo AMT, Mekhilef S, et al.
State of the art artificial intelligence-based MPPT techniques for mitigating
partial shading effects on PV systems–A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy
Rev 2016;64:435–55.
[76] Ram JP, Rajasekar N, Miyatake MJR. Design and overview of maximum power
point tracking techniques in wind and solar photovoltaic systems: A review.
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2017;73:1138–59.
[77] da Rocha, Sampaio LP, da Silva. Comparative analysis of MPPT algorithms based
on Bat algorithm for PV systems under partial shading condition. Sustainable
Energy Technol Assess 2020;40:100761.
[78] Mao M, Cui L, Zhang Q, Guo K, Zhou L, Huang H. Classification and
summarization of solar photovoltaic MPPT techniques: A review based on
traditional and intelligent control strategies. Energy Rep 2020;6:1312–27.
[79] B. Subudhi and R. J. I. t. o. S. E. Pradhan, A comparative study on maximum
power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic power systems, IEEE
transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 89-98, 2012.
[80] J. Wang et al., Maximum power point tracking control for a doubly fed induction
generator wind energy conversion system based on multivariable adaptive super-
twisting approach, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
vol. 124, p. 106347.
[81] Kazmi SMR, Goto H, Guo H-J, Ichinokura O. A novel algorithm for fast and
efficient speed-sensorless maximum power point tracking in wind energy
conversion systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2010;58(1):29–36.
[82] Shamshirband S, et al. Sensorless estimation of wind speed by adaptive neuro-
fuzzy methodology. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;62:490–5.
[83] Brahmi J, Krichen L, Ouali A. A comparative study between three sensorless
control strategies for PMSG in wind energy conversion system. Appl Energy 2009;
86(9):1565–73.
[84] S. M. R. Kazmi, H. Goto, H.-J. Guo, and O. Ichinokura, Review and critical
analysis of the research papers published till date on maximum power point
tracking in wind energy conversion system, in 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion
Congress and Exposition, 2010, pp. 4075-4082: IEEE.
[85] Musunuri S, Ginn H. Comprehensive review of wind energy maximum power
extraction algorithms. In: in 2011 IEEE power and energy society general
meeting. IEEE; 2011. p. 1–8.
[86] Cheng M, Zhu Y. The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and
technologies: A review. Energy Convers Manage 2014;88:332–47.
[87] Tiwari R, Babu NRJR. Recent developments of control strategies for wind energy
conversion system. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2016;66:268–85.
[88] Hong CM, Chen CH. Intelligent control of a grid-connected wind-photovoltaic
hybrid power systems. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;55:554–61.
[89] Shehata E. A comparative study of current control schemes for a direct-driven
PMSG wind energy generation system. Electr Power Syst Res 2017;143:197–205.
[90] Yang B, et al. Passivity-based sliding-mode control design for optimal power
extraction of a PMSG based variable speed wind turbine. Renewable Energy 2018;
119:577–89.
[91] Mousa HH, Youssef A-R, Mohamed EE. Hybrid and adaptive sectors P&O MPPT
algorithm based wind generation system. Renewable Energy 2020;145:1412–29.
[92] Njiri JG, Söffker D. State-of-the-art in wind turbine control: Trends and
challenges. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;60:377–93.
[93] Tiwari R, Babu NR. Recent developments of control strategies for wind energy
conversion system. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;66:268–85.
[94] Youssef A-R, Mousa HH, Mohamed EE. Development of self-adaptive P&O MPPT
algorithm for wind generation systems with concentrated search area. Renewable
Energy 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.050.
[95] Tan K, Islam S. Optimum control strategies in energy conversion of PMSG wind
turbine system without mechanical sensors. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2004;19
(2):392–9.
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
[96] Zhu Y, Cheng M, Hua W, Wang W. A novel maximum power point tracking
control for permanent magnet direct drive wind energy conversion systems.
Energies 2012;5(5):1398–412.
[97] Castelló J, Espí JM, García-Gil R. Development details and performance
assessment of a wind turbine emulator. Renewable Energy 2016;86:848–57.
[98] Ghaffari A, Krstic M, Seshagiri S. Power optimization and control in wind energy
conversion systems using extremum seeking. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol
2014;22(5):1684–95.
[99] Taveiros F, Barros L, Costa F. Back-to-back converter state-feedback control of
DFIG (doubly-fed induction generator)-based wind turbines. Energy 2015;89:
896–906.
[100] Lahfaoui B, Zouggar S, Mohammed B, Elhafyani ML. Real Time Study of P&O
MPPT Control for Small Wind PMSG Turbine Systems Using Arduino
Microcontroller. Energy Procedia 2017;111:1000–9.
[101] Mei Q, Shan M, Liu L, Guerrero JM. A novel improved variable step-size
incremental-resistance MPPT method for PV systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron
2011;58(6):2427–34.
[102] Camblong H, de Alegria IM, Rodriguez M, Abad G. Experimental evaluation of
wind turbines maximum power point tracking controllers. Energy Convers
Manage 2006;47(18–19):2846–58.
[103] Thongam JS, Ouhrouche M. MPPT control methods in wind energy conversion
systems. Fundamental and advanced topics in wind power 2011;1:339–60.
[104] Ganjefar S, Ghassemi AA, Ahmadi MM. Improving efficiency of two-type
maximum power point tracking methods of tip-speed ratio and optimum torque in
wind turbine system using a quantum neural network. Energy 2014;67:444–53.
[105] Nasiri M, Milimonfared J, Fathi S. Modeling, analysis and comparison of TSR and
OTC methods for MPPT and power smoothing in permanent magnet synchronous
generator-based wind turbines. Energy Convers Manage 2014;86:892–900.
[106] Errami Y, Ouassaid M, Maaroufi M. Optimal power control strategy of maximizing
wind energy tracking and different operating conditions for permanent magnet
synchronous generator wind farm. Energy Procedia 2015;74:477–90.
[107] Parker CM, Leftwich MC. The effect of tip speed ratio on a vertical axis wind
turbine at high Reynolds numbers. Exp Fluids 2016;57(5):74.
[108] Jena D, Rajendran S. A review of estimation of effective wind speed based control
of wind turbines. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;43:1046–62.
[109] De Kooning JD, Gevaert L, Van de Vyver J, Vandoorn TL, Vandevelde L. In: Online
estimation of the power coefficient versus tip-speed ratio curve of wind turbines.
IEEE; 2013. p. 1792–7.
[110] Saravanakumar R, Jena D. Validation of an integral sliding mode control for
optimal control of a three blade variable speed variable pitch wind turbine. Int J
Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;69:421–9.
[111] Jaramillo-Lopez F, Kenne G, Lamnabhi-Lagarrigue F. A novel online training
neural network-based algorithm for wind speed estimation and adaptive control
of PMSG wind turbine system for maximum power extraction. Renewable Energy
2016;86:38–48.
[112] Song D, Yang J, Cai Z, Dong M, Su M, Wang Y. Wind estimation with a non-
standard extended Kalman filter and its application on maximum power
extraction for variable speed wind turbines. Appl Energy 2017;190:670–85.
[113] Song D, et al. Maximum power extraction for wind turbines through a novel yaw
control solution using predicted wind directions. Energy Convers Manage 2018;
157:587–99.
[114] S. Lawan, W. Abidin, and T. Masri, “Implementation of a topographic artificial
neural network wind speed prediction model for assessing onshore wind power
potential in Sibu, Sarawak,” The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space
Science, 2019.
[115] R. Sitharthan, M. Karthikeyan, D. S. Sundar, and S. Rajasekaran, “Adaptive hybrid
intelligent MPPT controller to approximate effectual wind speed and optimal
rotor speed of variable speed wind turbine,” ISA transactions, 2019.
[116] Zhang X, Zhang Y, Hao S, Wu L, Wei W. An improved maximum power point
tracking method based on decreasing torque gain for large scale wind turbines at
low wind sites. Electr Power Syst Res 2019;176:105942.
[117] Oh K-Y, Park J-Y, Lee J-S, Lee J. Implementation of a torque and a collective pitch
controller in a wind turbine simulator to characterize the dynamics at three
control regions. Renewable Energy 2015;79:150–60.
[118] Liu J, Meng H, Hu Y, Lin Z, Wang W. A novel MPPT method for enhancing energy
conversion efficiency taking power smoothing into account. Energy Convers
Manage 2015;101:738–48.
[119] Morimoto S, Nakayama H, Sanada M, Takeda Y. Sensorless output maximization
control for variable-speed wind generation system using IPMSG. IEEE Trans Ind
Appl 2005;41(1):60–7.
[120] Mirecki A, Roboam X, Richardeau F. Comparative study of maximum power
strategy in wind turbines. IEEE Int Symp Ind Electron 2004;vol. 2:993–8.
[121] Xia Y, Ahmed KH, Williams BW. A new maximum power point tracking technique
for permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind energy conversion
system. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2011;26(12):3609–20.
[122] Mousa HH, Youssef A-R, Mohamed EE. Modified P&O MPPT algorithm for
optimal power extraction of five-phase PMSG based wind generation system. SN
Applied Sciences 2019;1(8):838.
[123] Houssamo I, Locment F, Sechilariu M. Experimental analysis of impact of MPPT
methods on energy efficiency for photovoltaic power systems. Int J Electr Power
Energy Syst 2013;46:98–107.
22
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
[124] Bendib B, Belmili H, Krim F. A survey of the most used MPPT methods:
Conventional and advanced algorithms applied for photovoltaic systems. Renew
Sustain Energy Rev 2015;45:637–48.
[125] Mirbagheri SZ, Mekhilef S, Mirhassani SM. MPPT with Inc., Cond method using
conventional interleaved boost converter. Energy Procedia 2013;42:24–32.
[126] Hosseini SH, Farakhor A, Haghighian SK. In: Novel algorithm of maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) for variable speed PMSG wind generation systems through
model predictive control. IEEE; 2013. p. 243–7.
[127] Punitha K, Devaraj D, Sakthivel S. Artificial neural network based modified
incremental conductance algorithm for maximum power point tracking in
photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions. Energy 2013;62:330–40.
[128] Masood B, Siddique MS, Asif RM, Zia-ul-Haq M. In: Maximum power point
tracking using hybrid perturb & observe and incremental conductance
techniques. IEEE; 2014. p. 354–9.
[129] Yu KN, Liao CK. Applying novel fractional order incremental conductance
algorithm to design and study the maximum power tracking of small wind power
systems. J Appl Res Technol 2015;13(2):238–44.
[130] Zammit D, Staines CS, Micallef A, Apap M, Licari J. Incremental current based
MPPT for a PMSG micro wind turbine in a grid-connected DC microgrid. Energy
Procedia 2017;142:2284–94.
[131] Kesraoui M, Korichi N, Belkadi A. Maximum power point tracker of wind energy
conversion system. Renewable Energy 2011;36(10):2655–62.
[132] Zhang H-B, Fletcher J, Greeves N, Finney SJ, Williams BW. One-power-point
operation for variable speed wind/tidal stream turbines with synchronous
generators. IET Renew Power Gener 2011;5(1):99–108.
[133] Xia Y, Ahmed KH, Williams BW. Wind turbine power coefficient analysis of a new
maximum power point tracking technique. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2012;60(3):
1122–32.
[134] Carrillo C, Montaño AO, Cidrás J, Díaz-Dorado E. Review of power curve
modelling for wind turbines. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;21:572–81.
[135] Dalala ZM, Zahid ZU, Yu W, Cho Y, Lai J-SJ. Design and analysis of an MPPT
technique for small-scale wind energy conversion systems. IEEE Trans Energy
Convers 2013;28(3):756–67.
[136] Urtasun A, Sanchis P, San Martín I, López J, Marroyo L. Modeling of small wind
turbines based on PMSG with diode bridge for sensorless maximum power
tracking. Renewable Energy 2013;55:138–49.
[137] K. Amei, Y. Takayasu, T. Ohji, and M. Sakui, “A maximum power control of wind
generator system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator and a boost
chopper circuit,” in Proceedings of the Power Conversion Conference-Osaka 2002
(Cat. No. 02TH8579), 2002, vol. 3, pp. 1447-1452: IEEE.
[138] Chinchilla M, Arnaltes S, Burgos JC. Control of permanent-magnet generators
applied to variable-speed wind-energy systems connected to the grid. IEEE Trans
Energy Convers 2006;21(1):130–5.
[139] Pan C-T, Juan Y-L. A novel sensorless MPPT controller for a high-efficiency
microscale wind power generation system. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2009;25
(1):207–16.
[140] Li H, Shi K, McLaren P. Neural-network-based sensorless maximum wind energy
capture with compensated power coefficient. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2005;41(6):
1548–56.
[141] Yurdusev M, Ata R, Çetin N. Assessment of optimum tip speed ratio in wind
turbines using artificial neural networks. Energy 2006;31(12):2153–61.
[142] Azzouz M, Elshafei A-L, Emara H. Evaluation of fuzzy-based maximum power-
tracking in wind energy conversion systems. IET Renew Power Gener 2011;5(6):
422–30.
[143] Abdullah M, Yatim A, Tan C. In: An online optimum-relation-based maximum
power point tracking algorithm for wind energy conversion system. IEEE; 2014.
p. 1–6.
[144] Wang Q, Chang L. An intelligent maximum power extraction algorithm for
inverter-based variable speed wind turbine systems. IEEE Trans Power Electron
2004;19(5):1242–9.
[145] Daili Y, Gaubert J-P, Rahmani L. Implementation of a new maximum power point
tracking control strategy for small wind energy conversion systems without
mechanical sensors. Energy Convers Manage 2015;97:298–306.
[146] Yan R, Saha TK. A new tool to estimate maximum wind power penetration level:
In perspective of frequency response adequacy. Appl Energy 2015;154:209–20.
[147] Rezk H, Fathy A, Abdelaziz AY. A comparison of different global MPPT techniques
based on meta-heuristic algorithms for photovoltaic system subjected to partial
shading conditions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017;74:377–86.
[148] Yang B, Zhang X, Yu T, Shu H, Fang Z. Grouped grey wolf optimizer for maximum
power point tracking of doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbine.
Energy Convers Manage 2017;133:427–43.
[149] Mokhtari Y, Rekioua D. High performance of maximum power point tracking
using ant colony algorithm in wind turbine. Renewable Energy 2018;126:
1055–63.
[150] Hu L, et al. Sliding mode extremum seeking control based on improved invasive
weed optimization for MPPT in wind energy conversion system. Appl Energy
2019;248:567–75.
[151] Qais MH, Hasanien HM, Alghuwainem S. Enhanced whale optimization algorithm
for maximum power point tracking of variable-speed wind generators. Appl Soft
Comput 2020;86:105937.
[152] Mousa HH, Youssef A-R, Mohamed EE. Adaptive P&O MPPT algorithm based
wind generation system using realistic wind fluctuations. Int J Electr Power
Energy Syst 2019;112:294–308.
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
[153] Mullane A, Lightbody G, Yacamini R, Grimes S. Adaptive control of variable speed
wind turbines. Rev. Energ. Ren.: Power Engineering 2001:101–10.
[154] Hui JC, Bakhshai A, Jain PK. A sensorless adaptive maximum power point
extraction method with voltage feedback control for small wind turbines in off-
grid applications. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power
Electronics 2015;3(3):817–28.
[155] Galdi V, Piccolo A, Siano P. Designing an adaptive fuzzy controller for maximum
wind energy extraction. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2008;23(2):559–69.
[156] J. Hui, A. Bakhshai, and P. K. Jain, “An adaptive approximation method for
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in wind energy systems,” in 2011 IEEE
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2011, pp. 2664-2669: IEEE.
[157] Viveiros C, Melício R, Igreja JM, Mendes VMF. Supervisory control of a variable
speed wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator. Energy Rep 2015;1:
89–95.
[158] Narayana M, Putrus G, Jovanovic M, Leung PS, McDonald S. Generic maximum
power point tracking controller for small-scale wind turbines. Renewable Energy
2012;44:72–9.
[159] Eltamaly AM, Farh HM. Maximum power extraction from wind energy system
based on fuzzy logic control. Electr Power Syst Res 2013;97:144–50.
[160] Belmokhtar K, Doumbia ML, Agbossou K. Novel fuzzy logic based sensorless
maximum power point tracking strategy for wind turbine systems driven DFIG
(doubly-fed induction generator). Energy 2014;76:679–93.
[161] Yin X-X, Lin Y-G, Li W, Gu Y-J, Liu H-W, Lei P-F. A novel fuzzy integral sliding
mode current control strategy for maximizing wind power extraction and
eliminating voltage harmonics. Energy 2015;85:677–86.
[162] Fathabadi H. Novel high efficient speed sensorless controller for maximum power
extraction from wind energy conversion systems. Energy Convers Manage 2016;
123:392–401.
[163] Yaakoubi A, Amhaimar L, Attari K, Harrak M, Halaoui M, Asselman A. Non-linear
and intelligent maximum power point tracking strategies for small size wind
turbines: Performance analysis and comparison. Energy Rep 2019;5:545–54.
[164] Medjber A, Guessoum A, Belmili H, Mellit A. New neural network and fuzzy logic
controllers to monitor maximum power for wind energy conversion system.
Energy 2016;106:137–46.
[165] R. Ata, “RETRACTED: Artificial neural networks applications in wind energy
systems: a review,” ed: Elsevier, 2015.
[166] Hong C-M, Ou T-C, Lu K-H. Development of intelligent MPPT (maximum power
point tracking) control for a grid-connected hybrid power generation system.
Energy 2013;50:270–9.
[167] Assareh E, Biglari M. A novel approach to capture the maximum power from
variable speed wind turbines using PI controller, RBF neural network and GSA
evolutionary algorithm. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;51:1023–37.
[168] Saad NH, El-Sattar AA, Metally ME. Artificial neural controller for torque ripple
control and maximum power extraction for wind system driven by switched
reluctance generator. Ain Shams Eng J 2018;9(4):2255–64.
[169] Yin X, Jiang Z, Pan L. Recurrent neural network based adaptive integral sliding
mode power maximization control for wind power systems. Renewable Energy
2020;145:1149–57.
[170] Messalti S, Harrag A, Loukriz A. A new variable step size neural networks MPPT
controller: Review, simulation and hardware implementation. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 2017;68:221–33.
[171] Dursun EH, Koyuncu H, Kulaksiz AA. A novel unified maximum power extraction
framework for PMSG based WECS using chaotic particle swarm optimization
derivatives. Eng Sci Technol Int J 2020.
[172] Thongam J, Bouchard P, Beguenane R, Okou A, Merabet A. In: Control of variable
speed wind energy conversion system using a wind speed sensorless optimum
speed MPPT control method. IEEE; 2011. p. 855–60.
[173] Aubrée R, Auger F, Macé M, Loron L. Design of an efficient small wind-energy
conversion system with an adaptive sensorless MPPT strategy. Renewable Energy
2016;86:280–91.
[174] Phan D-C, Yamamoto S. Rotor speed control of doubly fed induction generator
wind turbines using adaptive maximum power point tracking. Energy 2016;111:
377–88.
[175] Senjyu T, et al. Sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind
generation system with squirrel cage induction generator. Renewable Energy
2009;34(4):994–9.
[176] Jeong HG, Seung RH, Lee KB. An improved maximum power point tracking
method for wind power systems. Energies 2012;5(5):1339–54.
[177] W. Qiao, “Intelligent mechanical sensorless MPPT control for wind energy
systems,” in 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, pp. 1-8:
IEEE.
[178] Hong C-M, Chen C-H, Tu C-S. Maximum power point tracking-based control
algorithm for PMSG wind generation system without mechanical sensors. Energy
Convers Manage 2013;69:58–67.
[179] Al-Ghossini H, Locment F, Sechilariu M, Gagneur L, Forgez C. Adaptive-tuning of
extended Kalman filter used for small scale wind generator control. Renewable
Energy 2016;85:1237–45.
[180] Fathabadi H. Maximum mechanical power extraction from wind turbines using
novel proposed high accuracy single-sensor-based maximum power point tracking
technique. Energy 2016;113:1219–30.
23
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
[181] Liu P, Yang W-T, Yang C-E, Hsu C-L. Sensorless wind energy conversion system
maximum power point tracking using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy cerebellar model
articulation control. Appl Soft Comput 2015;29:450–60.
[182] Rezaei MM. A nonlinear maximum power point tracking technique for DFIG-
based wind energy conversion systems. Engineering science and technology, an
international journal 2018;21(5):901–8.
[183] C. Ramos-Paja, A. Saavedra-Montes, and E. Arango, “Maximum power point
tracking in wind farms by means of a multivariable algorithm,” in 2012 Workshop
on Engineering Applications, 2012, pp. 1-6: IEEE.
[184] Merabet A, Islam MA, Beguenane R, Trzynadlowski A. Multivariable control
algorithm for laboratory experiments in wind energy conversion. Renewable
Energy 2015;83:162–70.
[185] M. Billela, S. Abdallahb, A. Yassinec, and D. Djaleld, “Maximum power extraction
(SMC, P&O) from wind energy system based on reliable control.”.
[186] B. Meghni, M. Ouada, and S. Saad, “A novel improved variable-step-size P&O
MPPT method and effective supervisory controller to extend optimal energy
management in hybrid wind turbine,” Electrical Engineering, pp. 1-16.
[187] I. Buehring and L. Freris, “Control policies for wind-energy conversion systems,”
in IEE Proceedings C (Generation, Transmission and Distribution), 1981, vol. 128,
pp. 253-261: IET.
[188] Tanaka T, Toumiya T, Suzuki T. Output control by hill-climbing method for a
small scale wind power generating system. Renewable Energy 1997;12(4):
387–400.
[189] N. Yamamura, M. Ishida, and T. Hori, “A simple wind power generating system
with permanent magnet type synchronous generator,” in Proceedings of the IEEE
1999 International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems. PEDS’99
(Cat. No. 99TH8475), 1999, vol. 2, pp. 849-854: IEEE.
[190] R. Esmaili, L. Xu, and D. Nichols, “A new control method of permanent magnet
generator for maximum power tracking in wind turbine application,” in IEEE
Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005, 2005, pp. 2090-2095: IEEE.
[191] T. Tafticht, K. Agbossou, and A. Cheriti, “DC bus control of variable speed wind
turbine using a buck-boost converter,” in 2006 IEEE Power Engineering Society
General Meeting, 2006, p. 5 pp.: IEEE.
[192] Hui J, Bakhshai A. A fast and effective control algorithm for maximum power
point tracking in wind energy systems. in the proceedings of the 2008 World
Wind Energy Conference. 2008.
[193] M. Molina and P. Mercado, “A new control strategy of variable speed wind
turbine generator for three-phase grid-connected applications,” in 2008 IEEE/PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America, 2008,
pp. 1-8: IEEE.
[194] Shen B, Mwinyiwiwa B, Zhang Y, Ooi B-T. Sensorless maximum power point
tracking of wind by DFIG using rotor position phase lock loop (PLL). IEEE Trans
Power Electron 2009;24(4):942–51.
[195] Soetedjo A, Lomi A, Mulayanto WP. In: Modeling of wind energy system with
MPPT control. IEEE; 2011. p. 1–6.
[196] Wang H, Nayar C, Su J, Ding M. Control and interfacing of a grid-connected small-
scale wind turbine generator. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2011;26(2):428–34.
[197] Du X, Yin H. In: MPPT control strategy of DFIG-based wind turbines using double
steps hill climb searching algorithm. IEEE; 2015. p. 1910–4.
[198] A. El Yaakoubi, K. Attari, A. Asselman, and A. Djebli, “Novel power capture
optimization based sensorless maximum power point tracking strategy and
internal model controller for wind turbines systems driven SCIG,” Frontiers in
Energy, pp. 1-15, 2017.
[199] Mezzai N, Rekioua D, Rekioua T. In: Control of Wind Energy Conversion System
based on PMSG. IEEE; 2017. p. 1–6.
[200] S. Heshmatian, D. A. KHABURI, M. Khosravi, and A. Kazemi, “A control scheme
for maximizing the delivered power to the load in a standalone wind energy
conversion system,” Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2998-3014, 2019.
[201] Abdou Essam H, Abdel-Raheem Youssef, Salah Kamel, Mohamed M Aly. Sensor
Less Proposed Multi Sector Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Tracking for
1.5 MW Based on DFIG. J Control Instrum Eng (e-issn: 2582-3000) 2020;6(1):
1–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3607516.
[202] S. Azzouz, S. Messalti, and A. Harrag, “A Novel Hybrid MPPT Controller Using
(P&O)-neural Networks for Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on DFIG A Novel
Hybrid MPPT Controller Using (P&O)-neural Networks for Variable Speed Wind
Turbine Based on DFIG.”.
[203] A. Dida and D. B. Attous, “Adaptive P&O Control for MPPT Algorithm in DFIG
System using Fuzzy Logic Controller.”.
[204] Mozafarpoor-Khoshrodi S-H, Shahgholian G. Improvement of perturb and observe
method for maximum power point tracking in wind energy conversion system
using fuzzy controller. Energy Equipment and Systems 2016;4(2):111–22.
[205] J. Hui and A. Bakhshai, “A new adaptive control algorithm for maximum power
point tracking for wind energy conversion systems,” in 2008 IEEE Power
Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008, pp. 4003-4007: IEEE.
[206] Youssef A-R, Ali AI, Saeed MS, Mohamed EE. Advanced multi-sector P&O
maximum power point tracking technique for wind energy conversion system. Int
J Electr Power Energy Syst 2019;107:89–97.
[207] M. H. HH, A.-R. Youssef, and M. E. EM, “Improved Perturb and Observe MPPT
Algorithm of Multi-Phase PMSG Based Wind Energy Conversion System,” in 2019
21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2019, pp.
97-102: IEEE.
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
[208] Ramadan H, Youssef A-R, Mousa HH, Mohamed EE. An efficient variable-step
P&O maximum power point tracking technique for grid-connected wind energy
conversion system. SN Applied Sciences 2019;1(12):1658.
[209] Gao J, Lu J, Huang K, Zhang Y, Huang S. A novel variable step hill-climb search
algorithm used for direct driven PMSG. In: 2009 International Conference on
Energy and Environment Technology. vol. 1; 2009. p. 511–4.
[210] N. Niassati, M. Mohseni, H. Amiri, K. Seyedtabaei, and A. Hajihosseinlu, “A new
maximum power point tracking technique for wind power conversion systems,” in
2012 15th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (EPE/
PEMC), 2012, pp. DS2d. 8-1-DS2d. 8-6: IEEE.
[211] Y. Q. Dong and W. Wang, “Variable step perturbation MPPT method based on
fuzzy control for wind power generation system,” in Applied Mechanics and
Materials, 2013, vol. 367, pp. 393-396: Trans Tech Publ.
[212] Li H, Li Q, Jiang X, Ruan Y, Huang W. The Application of Improved Hill-Climb
Search Algorithm in Wind Power Generation. IFAC Proceedings Volumes 2013;46
(20):263–7.
[213] Nateghi AR, Karegar HK, Bagheri S. Maximum power point tracking of permanent
magnet wind turbines equipped with direct matrix converter. J Renewable
Sustainable Energy 2014;6(5):053123.
[214] Nayanar V, Kumaresan N, Gounden NA. A single-sensor-based MPPT controller
for wind-driven induction generators supplying DC microgrid. IEEE Trans Power
Electron 2015;31(2):1161–72.
[215] Lee J, Kim Y-S. Sensorless fuzzy-logic-based maximum power point tracking
control for a small-scale wind power generation systems with a switched-mode
rectifier. IET Renew Power Gener 2016;10(2):194–202.
[216] Dida A, Attous DB. Adaptive hill-climb searching method for MPPT algorithm
based DFIG system using fuzzy logic controller. International Journal of System
Assurance Engineering and Management 2017;8(1):424–34.
[217] Harrag A, Messalti S. A variable step size fuzzy MPPT controller improving energy
conversion of variable speed DFIG wind turbine. Revue des Energies
Renouvelables 2017;20(2):295–308.
[218] Ali MM, Youssef AR, Ali AS, Abdel-Jaber G. Variable step size PO MPPT algorithm
using model reference adaptive control for optimal power extraction.
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2020;30(1):e12151.
[219] J. Yaoqin, Y. Zhongqing, and C. Binggang, “A new maximum power point
tracking control scheme for wind generation,” in Power System Technology,
2002. Proceedings. PowerCon 2002. International Conference on, 2002, vol. 1,
pp. 144-148: IEEE.
[220] Datta R, Ranganathan V. A method of tracking the peak power points for a
variable speed wind energy conversion system. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2003;
18(1):163–8.
[221] Jiang L, Wu QH, Wen J. Decentralized nonlinear adaptive control for
multimachine power systems via high-gain perturbation observer. IEEE Trans
Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 2004;51(10):2052–9.
[222] R.-Y. Duan, C.-Y. Lin, and R.-J. Wai, “Maximum-power-extraction algorithm for
grid-connected PMSG wind generation system,” in IECON 2006-32nd Annual
Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics, 2006, pp. 4248-4253: IEEE.
[223] Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K. Design of a maximum power tracking system for
wind-energy-conversion applications. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2006;53(2):
486–94.
[224] B. Neammanee, S. Sirisumranukul, and S. Chatratana, “Control performance
analysis of feedforward and maximum peak power tracking for small-and
medium-sized fixed pitch wind turbines,” in 2006 9th International Conference
on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision, 2006, pp. 1-7: IEEE.
[225] Raza KSM, Goto H, Guo H-J, Ichinokura O. In: Maximum power point tracking
control and voltage regulation of a DC grid-tied wind energy conversion system
based on a novel permanent magnet reluctance generator. IEEE; 2007. p. 1533–8.
[226] Wai R, Lin C, Chang Y. Novel maximum-power-extraction algorithm for PMSG
wind generation system. IET Electr Power Appl 2007;1(2):275–83.
[227] Raza KSM, Goto H, Guo H-J, Ichinokura O. In: A novel algorithm for fast and
efficient maximum power point tracking of wind energy conversion systems.
IEEE; 2008. p. 1–6.
[228] Hong Y-Y, Lu S-D, Chiou C-S. MPPT for PM wind generator using gradient
approximation. Energy Convers Manage 2009;50(1):82–9.
[229] González L, Figueres E, Garcerá G, Carranza O. Maximum-power-point tracking
with reduced mechanical stress applied to wind-energy-conversion-systems. Appl
Energy 2010;87(7):2304–12.
[230] Hua AC-C, Cheng BC-H. In: Design and implementation of power converters for
wind energy conversion system. ASIA-: IEEE; 2010. p. 323–8.
[231] Lin W-M, Hong C-M. Intelligent approach to maximum power point tracking
control strategy for variable-speed wind turbine generation system. Energy 2010;
35(6):2440–7.
[232] Kazmi SMR, Goto H, Guo H-J, Ichinokura O. A novel algorithm for fast and
efficient speed-sensorless maximum power point tracking in wind energy
conversion systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2011;58(1):29–36.
[233] A. Mahdi, W. Tang, and Q. Wu, “Estimation of tip speed ratio using an adaptive
perturbation and observation method for wind turbine generator systems,” 2011.
[234] L. He, Y. Li, and R. Harley, “Novel adaptive power control of a Direct-drive PM
wind generation system in a micro grid,” in 2012 IEEE Power Electronics and
Machines in Wind Applications, 2012, pp. 1-8: IEEE.
[235] A. Mahdi, W. Tang, and Q. Wu, “Novel perturbation and observation algorithms
for variable-speed wind turbine generator systems,” in Power and Energy Society
General Meeting, 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 1-8: IEEE.
24
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
[236] He L, Li Y, Harley RG. Adaptive multi-mode power control of a direct-drive PM
wind generation system in a microgrid. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected
Topics in Power Electronics 2013;1(4):217–25.
[237] Kim K-H, Van TL, Lee D-C, Song S-H, Kim E-H. Maximum output power tracking
control in variable-speed wind turbine systems considering rotor inertial power.
IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2013;60(8):3207–17.
[238] Wang P, Liu F, Song Y. In: A novel maximum power point tracking control method
in wind turbine application. IEEE; 2013. p. 7569–74.
[239] P. Wang, F. Liu, and Y. Song, “A novel maximum power point tracking control
method in wind turbine application,” in Control Conference (CCC), 2013 32nd
Chinese, 2013, pp. 7569-7574: IEEE.
[240] Elnaggar M, Fattah HA, Elshafei AL. Maximum power tracking in WECS (Wind
energy conversion systems) via numerical and stochastic approaches. Energy
2014;74:651–61.
[241] M. Jinbo, G. C. Junior, F. A. Farret, D. L. Hoss, and M. C. Moreira, “Fixed and
adaptive step HCC algorithms for MPPT of the cylinders of Magnus wind
turbines,” 2014.
[242] Kortabarria I, Andreu J, de Alegría IM, Jiménez J, Gárate JI, Robles E. A novel
adaptative maximum power point tracking algorithm for small wind turbines.
Renewable Energy 2014;63:785–96.
[243] P. Li, D. y. Li, L. Wang, W. c. Cai, and Y. d. Song, “Maximum power point tracking
for wind power systems with an improved control and extremum seeking
strategy,” International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 24, no. 5,
pp. 623-637, 2014.
[244] Daili Y, Gaubert J-P, Rahmani L. New control strategy for fast-efficient maximum
power point tracking without mechanical sensors applied to small wind energy
conversion system. J Renewable Sustainable Energy 2015;7(4):043102.
[245] Lalouni S, Rekioua D, Idjdarene K, Tounzi A. Maximum power point tracking
based hybrid hill-climb search method applied to wind energy conversion system.
Electr Power Compon Syst 2015;43(8–10):1028–38.
[246] L. Li, B. Han, Y. Ren, J. Brindley, and L. Jiang, “An improved hybrid hill climb
searching control for MPPT of wind power generation systems under fast varying
wind speed,” 2015.
[247] B. Meghni, N. M’sirdi, A. Saadoun, and N. M’Sirdi, “A novel maximum power
tracking by VSAS approach for permanent magnet direct drive WECS,” 2015.
[248] Patil S, Prasad R. In: Design and development of MPPT algorithm for high
efficient DC-DC converter for solar energy system connected to grid. IEEE; 2015.
p. 228–33.
[249] Uddin MN, Patel N. Maximum power point tracking control of IPMSG
incorporating loss minimization and speed sensorless schemes for wind energy
system. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2015;52(2):1902–12.
[250] Hussain J, Mishra MK. Adaptive maximum power point tracking control
algorithm for wind energy conversion systems. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2016;
31(2):697–705.
[251] Chen J, Lin T, Wen C, Song Y. Design of a unified power controller for variable-
speed fixed-pitch wind energy conversion system. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 2016;
63(8):4899–908.
[252] Lan F, Tao L, Li J, Yao Z. In: An improved variable step hill-climbing searching
algorithm for tracking maximum power point of wind power system. IEEE; 2016.
p. 1–6.
[253] Amin IK, Uddin MN. In: MPPT based efficiently controlled DFIG for wind energy
conversion system. IEEE; 2017. p. 1–6.
[254] Putri RI, Pujiantara M, Priyadi A, Ise T, Purnomo MH. Maximum power extraction
improvement using sensorless controller based on adaptive perturb and observe
algorithm for PMSG wind turbine application. IET Electr Power Appl 2017;12(4):
455–62.
[255] Chen J, Yao W, Zhang C-K, Ren Y, Jiang L. Design of robust MPPT controller for
grid-connected PMSG-Based wind turbine via perturbation observation based
nonlinear adaptive control. Renewable Energy 2019;134:478–95.
[256] A.-R. Y. Essam.H.Abdou, Salah Kamel, Mohamed M. Aly, “An Efficient
Perturbation and Observation of Maximum Power Point Tracking in Wind energy
Conversion System based DFIG,” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 1682-1688, 2019.
[257] Karabacak M. A new perturb and observe based higher order sliding mode MPPT
control of wind turbines eliminating the rotor inertial effect. Renewable Energy
2019;133:807–27.
[258] Mousa HH, Youssef AR, Mohamed EE. Study of robust adaptive step-sizes P&O
MPPT algorithm for high-inertia WT with direct-driven multiphase PMSG.
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2019:e12090.
[259] M. N. Uddin and I. K. Amin, “Adaptive Step Size Based Hill-Climb Search
Algorithm for MPPT Control of DFIG-WECS With Reduced Power Fluctuation and
Improved Tracking Performance,” Electric Power Components and Systems, pp.
1-15, 2019.
[260] Agarwal V, Aggarwal RK, Patidar P, Patki C. A novel scheme for rapid tracking of
maximum power point in wind energy generation systems. IEEE Trans Energy
Convers 2010;25(1):228–36.
[261] Patsios C, Chaniotis A, Rotas M, Kladas A. In: A comparison of maximum-power-
point tracking control techniques for low-power variable-speed wind generators.
IEEE; 2009. p. 1–6.
[262] Shankareppagol LM, Hampannavar S, Doadamani SN. In: Performance Analysis of
P&O and INC MPPT for WECS. IEEE; 2018. p. 1–8.
H.H.H. Mousa et al.
[263] Abdulelah A, Soh AC, Abdullah N, Hassan M, Noor SM. In: Simulated real time
controller using modified hill climbing algorithm on fixed wing airplane. IEEE;
2015. p. 1–5.
[264] K. Nagarajan, “A Predictive Hill Climbing Algorithm for Real Valued multi-
Variable Optimization Problem like PID Tuning,” International Journal of
Machine Learning and Computing, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018.
[265] Singh B, Tiwari S, Goel P. In: Variable Step HCS Based Sensorless Control of Wind
Driven DFIG for Autonomous Operation. IEEE; 2018. p. 504–9.
[266] Heydari M, Smedley K. In: Comparison of maximum power point tracking
methods for medium to high power wind energy systems. IEEE; 2015. p. 184–9.
Hossam H.H. Mousa was born in Qena, Egypt, in 1994. He
received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Power and
Machines Engineering from South Valley University, Qena,
Egypt, in 2017 and 2020, respectively. In 2018, he joined the
Department of Electrical Engineering at the faculty of Engi­
neering, South Valley University, as a Teaching Assistant.
Currently, he works as an Assistant Lecturer there. His research
interests include electrical power engineering and MPPT
techniques for renewable energy systems.
25
International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 126 (2021) 106598
Abdelraheem Youssef Abdallah was born in Qena, Egypt, in
1984. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degree in Electrical En­
gineering from Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt, in 2005 and
2011, respectively. He received the Ph.D. degree in of Electrical
Engineering from Ismailia Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal
University, Egypt in 2017. Currently, he is an Assistant Pro­
fessor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt. His
research activities include optimization of power systems and
integration renewable energy resources into utility grid.
Essam E.M. Mohamed was born in Qena, Egypt, in 1974. He
received the BSc and the MSc degrees in electrical power and
machines engineering from Faculty of Energy Engineering,
Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt, in 1997 and 2003 respec­
tively. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, the United Kingdom
in 2011. In 1999, he joined the Department of Electrical Engi­
neering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Aswan University,
Aswan, Egypt. Since 2013, he has been with the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley
University, Qena, Egypt. His research interests include power
electronics, electrical machines design and control, electric
drives, and renewable energy systems. Dr. Mohamed is a
member of the IEEE and founder and manager of the South
Valley University IEEE student branch.