Ecological Crisis
§ # of years which an individual at a given age can
Population and Demography
• landmass = PH and NZ are almost equal
• Population = NZ = 4.7M; PH = Many
• Discrepancy in population causes different conditions, lifestyles. everyday
livin
• Demography
o Study of population dynamics --> change over time
o Study of the size, structure, and distribution of populations, and
how populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration,
and ageing
• Important concepts
§ Birth rate = Live rate = Babies born at least a year
§ Crude birth rate = annual number of live birth rate per
thousand of people
§ Not all women can give birth because a lot of
reasons
§ 70% live births per 1k people in a year
§ General fertility rate for women =
§ Annual # of live births per 1000 women of child
bearing
§ essential to determine the condition of women in
a certain settings because they are the ones that
give birth
§ Give birth at certain age
§ Tells us about a lot about a country = way of
service, health, governmont
§ crude death rate = annual number of deaths per 1000
people
§ Infant mortality rate
§ Annual # of deaths of children less than 1 year
old per thousand live births
§ How many infants born alive and die before they
turn 1
§ Shows how important pre and post natal
healthcare in a country
§ When a child is born, child is risked to a lot of
risks in the environment
§ This gives rise to the importance of post natal
care
§ essential to determine the capacity of the country
to provide for the countrys survival in the long
run
§ Expectation of life
expect to live at present mortality levels
§ Total fertility rate = the number of live births per woman
completing her reproductive life
§ Fertility rate can change by choice = tubal
ligation, pills, ++
§ The gross reproduction rate
§ the number of daughters who would be born to a
woman completing her reproductive life at
current age-specific fertility rates
• Not enough people in the future, not enough people work for the country
• The younger the generation, the lower the life expectancy is
• Women will longer than in men in current generation
Population
• a collection o people or organisms of a particular species living in a given
geographic area
• Population dynamics, size, age, and structure, mortality, reproductive
behaviour, and growth of a population are studied
• You can filter people by age range
• Population density
o a measure of the number of people or organisms per unit of area.
Variants may express the population per unit of habitable,
inhabited, productive (or potentially productive), or cultivated area.
o A particular area of land is said to have a carrying capacity,
representing the maximum population which it can support
• Malthusian catastrophe
o Carrying capacity applies to human population, unchecked
population growth can result to this catastrophe
o How earth keeps its population on check
§ Natural - earthquakes, calamities,
§ Man made - war, crimes, genocide
Human Migration
• Movements of groups of people from one locality to another
• Different types
o Diurnal migration - Daily commuting
o Seasonal human migration - related to agriculture
o Permanent migration - immigration/emigration
o Local, Regional, rural to urban, international
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Demographic Transition Overpopulation

1st stage • Environment can only provide food, resources, space to a certain number of
people
• High birth rate; High death rate • Indicates a scenario in which the population of a living species exceeds the
• Many children, many will not survive carrying capacity of its ecological niche
• Hygiene • People who believe that there is already overpopulated
• Population is stable growth because of balance o Climate change make us believe that it is indeed true
• Resources goes numerically while population goes exponentially. So food
2nd stagr (start of industrial rev) production pace cannot cope up with population pace. This is called
malthusian pace.
• Advancement in technology particularly medicine • Effects
o If current agricultural production is distributed evenly, it would be
• Slowly death rate decreased, but families did not realized this so birth rate is
sufficient for everyone living
still high
o However, natural growth will result to unsustainable levels of
population growth which will directly result in famines and
3rd stage deforestation and indirectly pandemic disease and war

• Families realized that children are not dying young because of continuous Malthusian Catastrophe
advancement in medicine
• There's no need for them to have many kids so • Malthusianism
• Low birth rate; Low death rate o Population growth tends to be higher than food production increase
• Population continued to increasa o There is a limit to how fast a population can progress due to lack of
• STgae where BR started to go down expansion and resources
o Also known as "Malthusian check""Natural selection", "Earth
4th stage breeding out people so it can refresh"
o return to subsistence level conditions as a result of agricultural
• Low birth rate; low death rate production being eventually outsripped by growth in population
• This is where it reached its stable stage • Equally distributing people on earth is not possible because same areas are
not conducive to living

The demographic transition

Review points in video
• Philippines in the latter stage 3
• The more developed a country is, the more is their capabilities to develop
• Philippines is at a stable 1.7 annual population growth
programs, manage population
• Stable because as a developing country, we are dependent on labor so we
• One child policy in china
need people
o Disregrads right of woman to choose how many children they may
• The natural population growth in most developed countries has diminished
have
close to zero, without being held in check by famine or lack of resources, as
• The world's population is at the moment growing at a fast pace
people in developed nations have shows a tendency to have fewer children.
• The growth is more evident in some countries
• The fall in population growth has occured despite large rises in life
expectancy in these countries

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 • The process of demographic transition describes the different phases of o There are so many employment opportunities but the skills do not
growth, the last being situation where births balance death, leading to less or match
zero population growth § Program/field studied in college is not of demand
• Demographers have made connection between the stages of demographic § Ideally when done with K-12, one should be job ready but
transition and the socio economic and political circumstances of countries the skills they have are not yet sufficient
o Government policy, the capacity of a more developed country to • Population dynamics
produce cure, services allow its citizens to prolong their life o Lower fertility rate
expectancy o Fewer deaths
o Developing country: the younger the generation is, the lower the o Migration policies
life expectancy
o We are not yet advanced when it comes to life expectancy because
pollution, health practices, rice eating country The Philippines and Globalization: Where do we stand
• While the demographic picture has improved over time, and will continue to
do so, much remains to be done to improve the socio-economic and political • We are in stage 3 demographic transition
situation of countries in the earlier phases of demographic transition • Even if BR is down, Fertility rate remains high and grows exponentially.
o Population has a lot to do with socio economic status of a country
• Fertility rate is still threatening because population growth is increasing
• As a result, we remain a "young" population with high dependency ratios
relative to the working age population. Globally, we are disadvantaged
Some effects (+/-) of globalization on population
• Population of the Philippines remain young = Theres a huge portion of the
Philippines relying on the workforce that is a small portion of the Ph
• Health/nutrition • The working age population is not only relatively small, it also operates in a
o Globalization, ideally, should make us open to practices outside context of relatively low capital and low rates of investment. Our strong
o In philippines, we tend to be backwards in terms of medicine asset is our labor and we deploy to the extent that we have a negative net
o Rise in life expectancy migration rate. Female labor force rates is rising but not fast enough
o Disease prevention and control • Our resources (water, energy, agricultural lands, forests) are taxed
o Accessible health care
• Education & Literacy
o Sex education feels a awkward to talk about
Why do couples have children
o Use of contraceptives
o Increased enrolment
o Female in schools • Insurance that they will have children even if there is a high infant mortality
o Growth of human capital rate
• Urbanization • Cost of raising children is low. In fact, children may constitute a net gain
o The more people there are in a single space, the more complex it is whose income from work may offset costs of child bearing
to look for opportunities and it is more difficult for government to o The cost of raising will be cheaper, can pe paid of by working
provide services children
o Urban growth • Children as seen as guarantee of social and material assistance
o Expansion of opportunities • Cultural context demands children as an affirmation of family, gender
o Expansion of services fulfilment, generational continuation, an expression of religious principles,
• Economic life a vehicle for marital bonding
o Rise in female labor force o People will doubt masculinity if couple are married
o The increase of their participation, means that there are more o Women are always thought of barren
people looking for employment o Religiously, children completes a family
• Play catch up. Women start childbearing

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 o Growing trend: Women are now thinking twice about having Conclusion: Choice and constraints
children at an early age
• Ignorance of birth control - unavailability of contraceptives, inadequate • Meddle not on child conception but meddle on raising a child
medical and health services • The issues perhaps is not whether we should regulate fertility or focus on
development instead. Rather, how do we help couples make choices given
Some ways to lower demand the larger constraints that a continued high population growth rate will lead
us in this modern, global age?
• Decrease death rate so parents would not need insurance since babies will • We are aware of some of these constraints. Personal, social, economic,
not die young environmental, global
o Not worried about losing kids • But do people as a whole do not perceive these constraints. aThese are long-
• Increase the "relative cost" of child rearing term effects, not immediate ones
o Educate women, include them in labor force, provide opportunities • Appreciate what we discuss and apply it outside
like men
o So when they are in these positions, they think twice about having
children
o Opportunity that the women may lose if she bear children
o Make it difficult for a woman to choose child bearing or career
o Make child schooling compulsory
o Parents would think twice about having too many kids because it is
the law to send kids to school
• Set up mechanisms for social protection to reduce the need to support
parents in their old age
o Government set up programs that would take care of old people so
they would not depend on kids
• Give incentives for small family sizes
• Eliminate legal obstacles to birth control, actively support family

Summing up the evidence

1. Ferility is driven by motivation and desires

2. Contraception is a necessary technical instrument for controlling fertility
buts its availability - all factors
3. Policies directed t lower fertility must be "demand" oriented, trying to
influence the factors that determine the propensities, desires, and
motivations of couples
4. The precise mix of policies and strategies is a society's choice - if it is
serious about fertility decline

4
Weather Vs. Climate "Bad" greenhouse effect

Weather • Bad
o When it is through the natural process AND MAN-MADE
• Specific condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time PROCESSES by which the atmosphere traps some of the Sun's
energy, warming the earth enough to support and
ENDANGERING LIFE
Climate o Heat trapping of water vapor, CO2, methane and nitrous oxide
molecules.
• Average Pattern of weather for a particular region and time period § +CFCs, HFCs, PFCs
§ Chlorofluocarbons, Hydrofluorocarbons,
Perfluorocarbons
Global Warming Vs. Climate Change § Hexafluoride (HF6)
Global Warming • Naturally we need greenhouse gasses, but if it reaches detrimental
concentrations, it is detrimental to us and the environment
• Average increase in the Earth's temperature due to the buildup of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
• Excess energy trapped in earth causes GW Greenhouse gasses

Climate Change 1. Carbon Dioxide

• Change in climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that
alters the composition of the global atmosphere
The Science of Climate Change
o Burning of Fossil fuels (coal, oil) by power plants, industries, and
vehicles
2. Methane - human wastes
o Accounts for 20% of additional greenhouse gas effects
o Decomposition of garbage and agricultural waste materials
o Leaks in coal mining and natural gas production

1. Starts with the sun 3. Nitrous Oxide

o Major source of heat energy
o Sustains life and controls climate
o The earth can endure a particular amount of heat energy to sustain o Bacteria breakdown of nitrogen in soils and oceans
life o Use of nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides
2. Earth = Goldilock's planet o Biomass burning
o Greenhouse effect o Combustion of process vehicles
§ Plants are able to live through photosynthesis o Acid production
§ Oxygen as by products
§ Warmness of earth results to the feasibility of day to day
activities and climate systems (weather patterns, ** Greenhouse effect is not Global warming
evaportation, condensation, precipitation) ** Enhanced or aggravated greenhouse effect leads to global warming
o But...
§ The earth is heating up for the past few centuries. Gets Presence of Global warming
warmer and warmer
§ We want to increase temperature below 1 degree • Change of weather patterns
§ But temperature rises over a degree • Change of climate
• Change of lives
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 • Prevent rather than adapt
Carbon footprint • Human intervention to address anthopogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of all GHG, including ozone-depleting substances and
• The measure of the amount of greenhouse gases, measured in units of their substitute
Carbon Dioxide, produced by human activities o Mitigation startegies aim to reduce carbon emissions through
human interventions.
o These require use of technologies, clean energy resources, change
Impacts of Climate Change people's behavior, increasing older technology's efficiency
• Switching to low carbon energy sources
o Wind, Power, Solar, Geothermal, Hydroelectric, Nuclear
• Melting Glaciers o Advantages
o Rise of sea water level ---> The countries most at risk are Small § Air pollurion reduction
Island States § Energy security
• Weather Extremes o Challenges
o storms getting stronger § Capital cost
• Sea level rise § Financing
o Reduction of important coastal habitats and feeding areas § Public perception
o Decline of marine resources § Longstanding dependence of markets and institutions on
• Increased vulnerability of species to extinction fosssils
o Invasive species can adapt more than native species • Carbon Capture and storage
• Shift in distribution of plants and animals o Chemically capturing the carbon dioxide from the power station
o Southern latitude wwill become increasingly sensitive to drought and then piping it underground to be contained in the rock
stress which will impact tropical forests formation without leaking
• Changes in timing of biological events o Storing carbon dioxide in sealable drums and then placing it at the
o Changes in growth, flowering and reproduction for plants species, bottom of the ocean, existing oil fields, un-mineable coal seams,
insects amphibians, bird and reptiles have been recorded and underground salty aquifers
• Habitat Fragmentation • Geo-engineering
o Loss of habitat may cause some plant and animal species to survive o Deliberate intervention in the climate system with the aim of
and dominate some biological communities, while some species curbing global warming
will decline § Solar Radiation Management
• Change in population of migrant birds § Reflecting back Sun's rays away from the planet
• Change in growing seasons and productivity for agricultural crops back to space
• Coral Bleaching § Pumping sulphur aerosols: reflective properties
o Changing temperature in the ocean leads to coral bleaching like volcano ashes
o We only have 1% healthy coral in the philippines o Bio-energy carbon capture and storage: burning biomass and
o in asia = 9% piping the carbon dioxide into rocks
• Fish Kill
o Due to algal blooms Vulnerability
o Change in temperature speeds up evaporation which increases
salinity levels preferred by algae • The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with,
o Results to deprivation of oxygen adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and
• Pests extremes
o Pests and diseases spread in humid areas
1. Exposure - to climate and change
o a function of geography
Climate change mitigation
6
 o Coastal communities will have a higher exposure to sea level rise
and cyclone while communities in semi-areas may be most
exposed to drought
2. Sensitivity - to climate shocks and stresses
o The degree to which a given community or ecosystem is affected
by climatic stresses.
o Ex: a community dependent on rain-fed agriculture is much more
sensitive to changing rainfall patterns than one where mining is the
dominant livelihood
3. Adaptive Capacity
o The ability of a system (human or natural) to adjust to climate
change (including climate variability and extremes)) to moderate
potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope
with the consequences

Most vulnerable to climate change

1. Geography
o Equatorial countries = more intense storms, flooding and droughts
2. Poverty
o Poorly constructed homes + fewer resources + weaker health care
3. Women
o Less education and less mobility in their community
4. Ethnic minorities
o Left out of policy decisions

Climate Change adaptation

• Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected

climate stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial
opportunities

Healthy biodiversity = Resilient Communities = Continuous provision of basic

needs

• Ecosystems that are sustainably managed and protected continuously

provide basic needs to community

7
Sustainability
• The practice of maintaining processes of productivity indefinitely, whether
natural or man-made, by replacing the resources used with resources of
equal or greater value without degrading or endangering natural biotic
systems"
• The creation and maintenance of conditions under which humans and nature
can exist in productive, harmony, that permit fulfilling the social, economic,
and other requirements of present and future generations
• Intergenerational- even as young as you are, you should be part of the
efforts in protecting the future because it is your future
• Young people have behavior and action that adds up to the effects of the
future
Sustainable Development
• Keyword is maintenance
• In maintaining we should have the same amount of supply in a duration of
time
• In reality, resources is not maintained because of the increase of population
growth
• We should sustain and develop resources
• The concept of sustainable development was formally introduced through
the report released in 1987 in "Our Common Future", which was commonly
referred to as the BRUNDTLAND REPORT by the UN World Commission
on Environment and Development
• Development meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Enjoy the things we want to enjoy without the idea that you do not care
what will happen in the future
• Thinking the idea that we will not jeopardize the idea that future generation
can enjoy the same
Sustainable Development Aspects
1. Needs
o Needs of people living in extreme poverty
o The essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding
priority should be given
o If we continue to waste our resources, the poor is the continuously
o So much effort is given in producing food on one's plate and the
people who are producing the food, may not be enjoying the food
they produce. To consume what you took and finish food, is to
give value to the resources we have
2. The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social
organization on the environment's stability to meet present nd the future
needs
Sustainable development
• From this definition of integenerational framewordl, sustainability evolved
into stressing inclusivity in the attainment of environmentally sustainable
economic growth
• The EARTH CHARTER, outlining the building of just, sustainable, and
peaceful global society in the 21st century, was published in 1992 following
the UN Conference on Environment and Development, widely known as
Earth Summit
• Requirement of sustaibnable deve is inclusivity
o Younger generations have to be mindful because it's younger
generations who will live in the futre
o Your actions, no matter how little it is will have repercussiopn on
the state of the society in the future
Agenda 21
• Specifically mentions INFORMATION, INTEGRATION, and
PARTICIPATION, as key building blocks to help countries achieve
development
• Broad public participation --> attain sustainable development
• A collective decision of united Nations
• For us to reach sustainable development, action should not only be done by
government and mind our own business without affecting the environment
UN Millenium Goals
• During the UN MILLENNIUM SUMMIT
o Announced the adoption of the UN MILLENNIUM
DECLARATION --> global partnerships to primarily reduce
extreme poverty
• UN Millenium Development GOALS
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
• Achivements
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 0. The world met and exceeded its first MDG target, reducing the Trends and Challenges
number of people living in extreme poverty by more than half,
from 1.9billion to 836 million 1. Rising food prices and poverty
1. Although the world narrowly missed the MDG target, the 2. Population growth and urbanization
proportion of chronocally undernourished people in developing 3. Climate chang
ciuntries fell from around 23 percent in 1990 to under 13% today
2. The world met its education target, reducing the number of out-of-
school children of primary school age from 100m to 57
To sustain human existence, we should cosnider food security
3. Women worldwide is 41% of paid workers outside the agricultural
sector
4. Infant mortality rates declined in developing countries
5. New HIV infections dropped
6. Tuberculosis interventions saved
7. Over half of the population can now access piped drinking water
on premises
8. Official development assistance rose by
9. The resources developing countries diverted to pay off external
debts fell

Global Food Security and Citizenship

• You can give long enough with the absence of other resources but not food

Food Security

• Securing a sustaibale source of food for today's generation and the future
• The concern with food security is articulated in MDG's goal number
o 1, which states "Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger", and SDG
goal
o 2, which declares "No hunger".
• In general, the absence of food security is qualified by the presence of
hunger and malnourishment. But the issue is not confined in hunger and
malnourishment alone

Three paradigm shifts

1. Policy discourses veered away from restrictive notion of food availability

and supply
o Before people are malnourished becuause there is no supply
o but now there is food available but there are other socio economic
factors that makes it difficult for some to acquire food
2. Stressed the importance of livelihood security
3. A move away from the purely calorie-counting approach of food security