Assignment ELE8331 submit by 4th August, 2021

Q1 General
Consider Fig. Q1Gen shows a MW frequency or ALFC system comprises an interconnected power system of two-
area (a) non-reheat control area-1 & (b) reheat control area-2,shown in fig. Q9. The nominal values of the parameters are
given below
Determine
(i) The state space model
(ii) Find the response of each area base on table 1
(iii) The power system response without any controller & frequency bias setting.
(iv) The power system Continuous time domain response of interconnected power system with PI-controller of
Ki = 0.4 & frequency bias setting, Bi = 0.
(v) The power system Continuous time domain response of interconnected power system with PI-controller of
Ki = 0.4 & frequency bias setting, Bi = 0.425

-
PD 1
Governor - F1
+ K1
+ Kg 1
+ Kp

s
x9 1 sTg
x3 1  sTt x2 1 sTp x1
+ Turbine - Power System
B1 1
R 1

Non-reheat control area-1

Tie12 2 T 1 2
x8 s
Tie 21
a12 a12
x10
+ Governor
- F2
K + Kg 1 1  s K rT r
K p
 2 1  sTp
+ s -
1 sTg
x7 1  sTt 1  sTr
x5 x4
x6
Turbine -Power System
B1 1
R2 PD 2
Reheat control area-2

Fig. Q1Gen Load frequency of two area system

Numerical
S/N Notations Full name
value
1 i Subscript referring to area i (i=1,2) -
2 Pri Rating of i-th generator in MW 2000
3 Tt = Tg Turbine time constant(sec) 0.3 sec
4 Tsg Time constant speed governor in sec 0.08 sec
5 KP Gain of power system, 120
 6 , TP Time constant of power system, 20 sec
7 Kr, for Reheat coefficient 0.5
8 Tr time constant , respectively 10
9 T12 Synchronizing coefficient 0.545/2π
Governor speed regulation parameter in
10 Ri 1/2.4
Hz per p.u. MW
11 ∆Ptie Incremental change in tie-line power -

12 ∆Fi Incremental change infrequency deviation

-
13 ∆PDi Incremental change in tie-line power -
Incremental change in speed governor
14 ∆PCi
position
15 ∆Yei Incremental change in valve position -
Load frequency constant in p.u MW per
16 D
Hz (δPD/δf)
17 Bi Frequency bias constant 0.425
Nominal phase angle of voltages (δ12 = δ1
18 δ
– δ2)
19 Kii Integration time constant 0.4

Group A
Q1 (a) Write about load frequency mechanism.
(b) Give an important reason for voltage control
(c) What is the one distinct difference between P-f and Q-V  control?
Q2 (a) What is the use of secondary loop?
(b) What is the advantage of AVR loop over ALFC loop?
Q3 Consider an interconnected 50-Hz power system that contains four turbine-generator units rated 750 MW,
500 MW, 220 MW and 110 MW. The regulating constant of each unit is 0.05 per unit based on its own rating.
Each unit is operating on 75% of its own rating when the load is suddenly dropped by 250 MW. We shall
choose a common base of 500 MW and calculate the rise in frequency and drop in the mechanical power output
of each unit.
Q4 A generating unit has a simplified linearized AVR system as shown in the figure Q4. If R=0.03 sec

,G=0.8 sec, E=0.4 sec, A=0.07 sec, . KR=1, KE=1 and KG=0.9.
(a) Use the Routh-Hurwitz array to find the range of KA for control system stability
(b) If KA is set to 2/3 of the upper limit determined from 3.a, then estimate the steady-state step response
Q5 Consider three interconnected areas shown in figure Q5. The connected load at 60Hz is
20,000MW in Area 1, 30,000MW in Area 2, and 40,000MW in Area 3. Respectively in Area 1,
Area 2 and Area 3, the load varies 1%, 1.5% and 2% for every 1% change in frequency. Area 1 is
exporting 1,200MW, Area 2 is importing 1,500MW, and Area 3 is exporting 300MW. The speed
regulation, R, is 4% for all units. If the load in Area 3 decreases by 1000MW, and there are no
supplementary load frequency controls, determine:
a. the new steady-state system frequency
Area 1
Area 2

b. the new generation and load of each

area
Area 3

c. the new MW export or import of each area

Fig Q5

Q6 Given a two area system connected by a tie line with the following characteristics
provided in table 2:
Table 2
Area 1 Area 2
R = 0.015 R = 0.025
D = 0.85 D = 1.0
Base MVA = 500 Base MVA = 500

Table 2
A load change of 125MW occurs in area Frequency = 60 Hz in both areas.
 Calculate:

i. New steady state frequency.

ii. Change in intertie power flow
iii. Change in prime mover power
iv. Change in total area load due to frequency drop
v. Area control errors in area 1 (ACE 1) and area 2 (ACE 2) respectively
Q7 (a) What are the functions of security constraints optimal power flow?
(b) Explain the hardware components of SCADA with neat diagram and also mention the functions of it.
(c). Explain about power system security
(d) . What is EMS? What are its major functions in power system operation and control?

Group B
Q1. Write the two types of VAR generators.
(a) Give some observations of rotating VAR generators.
(b) What is tap changing transformers?
(c) Write the types of tap changing transformers.

Q2 The Primary Automatic Load Frequency control (ALFC) loop parameters for a control
area are:

Total rated capacity Pr = 2000 MW ; Normal operating load P0D = 1000 MW; Inertia
constant H = 5.0 sec. and Regulation = 2.0 Hz / p.u. MW
1
Where GH=represent the speed Governor and Hydraulic actuator GH (s )  and
1TH s

1 PT (s )
GT (s )   represent the turbine generator transfer function
1TT s PV (s )
For uncontrolled case, (i.e. for constant reference input) ΔPref = 0

(i) Determine the response of change of frequency to a step load change of constant
magnitude ΔPD = M,
 Figure Q2 Primary loop of ALFC Block diagram

(ii) What would the frequency drop be if the speed-governor loop were non-existent
or open? And hence find the dynamic response under this condition.
Hint: consider a time constant of 20 sec for Tp, and since the other two time constants
are of the order of 1 sec, we will perform an approximate analysis by setting TH = TT =0.

and the block diagram shown in Fig. 6 can be simplified as shown.

Q3 Consider a small system with two areas, say area 1 and area 2, whose area control errors are
ACE1=∆P12+B1∆ω and ACE2= -∆P12+B2∆ω. If B1 for area 1 is set to be smaller than its β1, i.e.
frequency bias factor. If area 2 experiences a 100MW increase in load, which of the five statements is
(are) correct, and why?

(i) Following that load increase, ACE1 becomes positive

(ii) AGC will decrease generation in area
(iii) ACE1 will always go back to zero
(iv) Following that load increase, ACE1 becomes negative
(v) AGC will increase generation in area 1
Q4 (a) Define system blackout problem.(b) What is meant by cascading outages?
(c) What is the function of system monitoring? (d) Define scada system.
(e )What are the states of power system? And (f) Define alert mode.
Q5 (a) Briefly explain how the variation of load affects the frequency of a power system.
(b) Two generators rated 300MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. The droop
characteristics of their governors are 3% and 5% respectively. From no-load to full-load.
Assuming that the generators are operating at 60Hz at no – load, how would a load of
 500MW be shared between them? Assume free governor operation, repeat the problem if
both the governors have a drop of 4%.
(c) Briefly explain load frequency control problem in a multi area power system.
Q6 For the power system shown in figure Q6B compute B-coefficients in pu using a 100
MVA base.
Given:

Figure Q6B

I 1   4  j  pu ;I 2   3.2  j 0.8  pu
I 3   7.2  j 1.8  pu ;I 4   2  j 0.5  pu

Z 1   0.02  j 0.08  pu ; Z 2   0.02  j 0.08  pu

Z 3   0.01 j 0.04  pu ; Z 4   0.01 j 0.04  pu
Q7 For the network shown in figure 2, assume that the three meters have the following characteristics as
shown in table 3.

BUS1 BUS 3 Per Unit Reactances

70 MW
(100 MVA base)
100 MW
X12 = 0.2; X13 = 0.4; X23 = 0.25

TABLE 3

30MW Full Scale Accuracy

10MW Meter
(MW) (MW)
M23
M12 100 ±4
M13 100 ±4
M23 100 ±4
BUS 2
Figure Q7

Calculate

(a) The best estimate for the phase angles θ1and θ2 given the above data using bus 3 as
reference bus.
(b) Measurement of residual

Q8Two uncontrolled areas 1 and 2 are connected by a tie-line. System parameters are:
Area 1 Rated capacity 5000 MW R = 2.5 Hz / p.u. MW D = 0.02 p.u. MW / Hz
Area 2 Rated capacity 2000 MW R = 2 Hz / p.u. MW D = 0.05 p.u. MW / Hz
Taking 5000 MW as the base, find the steady state frequency change and the change in tie-line
power flow from area 1 to 2 when
i) 20 MW load increase takes place in area 1.
ii) 20 MW load increase takes place in area 2.
iii) 10 MW load increase takes place in areas 1 and 2.
iv) 20 MW load decease takes place in area 1.