Analytical Chemistry (Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistry)

Midterm: week 10

SOLUTIONS

Calculating Concentrations Calculating Molarity

1) 4.0g NaOH x 1mole NaOH = 0.10MNaOH
Measuring Concentrations 40.0 g NaOH
Concentration - The amount of solute in a solution 2) 500. mL x 1 L = 0.500 L
Standard Solution – one strength which have known amounts 1000 mL
of solute and solvent in a given quantity of solution. 3. 0.10 mole NaOH = 0.20 M NaOH
e.g. Normal Saline Solution: 0.85% NaCL 0.500 L
Qualitative Description
1. Dilute or Weak PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2•6 H2O in enough water to
-solutions of relatively low concentration make 250 mL of solution. Calculate the Molarity.
2. Concentrated or Strong
-solutions of relatively high concentration
Quantitative Description
Molarity(M): moles solute / Liter solution
Molality* (m) - moles solute / Kg solvent
Normality (N) – equivalent weight solute
Liter solution
Mole Fraction(xA) - moles solute / total moles solution

% Concentration

USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M
solution?
moles = M•V

MOLARITY
Molarity (in units of mol/L, molar, or M) or molar concentration
-denotes the number of moles of a given substance per liter of
solution.
-A capital letter M is used to abbreviate the units of mol/L.
A KOH solution with a volume of 400 mL contains 2 mole KOH.
What is the molarity of the solution?
M = 2 mole KOH = 5 M
0.4 L
A glucose solution with a volume of 2.0 L contains 72 g
glucose (C6H12O6). If glucose has a molar mass of 180.
g/mole, what is the molarity of the glucose solution?
72 g x 1 mole x 1 = 0.20 M
180. g 2.0 L
Stomach acid is a 0.10 M HCl solution. How many moles of
HCl are in 1500 mL of stomach acid solution?
1500 mL x 1 L = 1.5 L
Molarity Calculation 1000 mL
-NaOH is used to open stopped sinks, to treat cellulose in the
making of nylon, and to remove potato peels commercially. 1.5 L x 0.10 mole HCl = 0.15 mole HCl
-If 4.0 g NaOH are used to make 500. mL of NaOH solution, 1L
what is the molarity (M) of the solution?
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Analytical Chemistry (Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistry)
Midterm: week 10

How many grams of KCl are present in 2.5 L of 0.50 M KCl? 25.0 g of NaCl is dissolved in 5000. mL of water. Find the
2.5 L x 0.50 mole x 74.6 g KCl = 93 g KCl molality (m) of the resulting solution.
1L 1 mole KCl
How many milliliters of stomach acid, which is 0.10 M HCl,
contain 0.15 mole HCl?
0.15 mole HCl x 1 L solution x 1000 mL
0.10 mole HCl 1L
= 1500 mL HCl
How many grams of NaOH are required to prepare 400. mL of
3.0 M NaOH solution?
400. mL x 1 L = 0.400 L
1000 mL
0.400 L x 3.0 mole NaOH x 40.0 g NaOH 1 L 1 mole NaOH Calculate the molality when 75.0 grams of MgCl2 is dissolved
= 48 g NaOH in 500.0 g of solvent.

MOLALITY
-Molality (mol/kg, molal, or m) denotes the number of moles of
solute per kilogram of solvent (not solution).
-The term molal solution is used as a shorthand for a "one
molal solution", i.e. a solution which contains one mole of the
solute per 1000 grams of the solvent. 100.0 grams of sucrose (C12H22O11, mol. wt. = 342.3 g/mol)
is dissolved in 1.50 L of water. What is the molality?

Determining Molal Concentration

Determine the molality of 3000 grams of solution
containing 37.3 grams of Potassium Chloride KCl.
1. Convert grams KCl to moles KCl using the molecular weight
of KCl
37.3 grams KCl X 1 mole KCl / 74.6 grams KCl 49.8 grams of KI is dissolved in 1.00 kg of solvent. What is the
=0.5 mole KCl molality?
2. Determine the grams of pure solvent from the given grams
of solution and solute
Total g = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent 3000 grams =
37.3 + grams of pure solvent 3000-37.3 = grams of pure
solvent =2962.7 g
Convert grams of solvent to kilograms
2962.7 grams solvent X 1 kg / 1000 grams How many grams of water must be used to dissolve 100 grams
= 2.9627 kg of Sucrose C12H22O11 to prepare a .2 molal solution?
Apply the definition for molality molality 1. Determine moles of Sucrose in 100 grams.
= moles of KCl / kilograms of solvent 100 grams C12H22O11 X 1 mole C12H22O11 / 342 grams =
= 0.5 / 2.9627 0.292 moles
= 0.169m 2. Determine kilograms of solvent water from given molal and
moles of solute
Dissolve 62.1 g (1.00 mol) of ethylene glycol in 250. g of H2O. molality = moles of Sucrose / kilograms of solvent
Calculate molality 0.2 = 0.292 / kg of water
kg of water = 0.292 / .2 = 1.46 kg of water
3.Convert kilograms into grams
What is the molality of a solution of 10 g NaOH in 500 g water? 1.46 kg X 1000grams / 1kg = 1460 grams H2O
Solution: How would you prepare 5000 grams of a .5 molal NaOH
10 g NaOH / (4 g NaOH / 1 mol NaOH) solution?
= 0.25 mol NaOH 1. Determine grams of water in 1000 grams solution. In 0.5
500 g water x 1 kg / 1000 g = 0.50 kg water molal, there is .5 mole NaOH in 1000 grams solvent
molality = 0.25 mol / 0.50 kg 0.5 mole NaOH X 40 grams / 1 mole = 20 grams NaOH
molality = 0.05 M / kg Total grams solution = grams of NaOH + grams of solvent
molality = 0.50 m 1000 g solution = 20 g + g solvent
g of solvent = 1000 - 20
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Analytical Chemistry (Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistry)
Midterm: week 10

= 980 g solvent per 1000 grams solution = 5 mol water

5000 g solution X 980 g water / 1000 g solution = 4900 g H2O 92 g glycerol = 92 g x 1 mol / 92 g
grams NaOH = Total grams of solution - grams of solvent = 1 mol glycerol
grams NaOH = 5000 - 4900 = 100 grams NaOH total mol = 5 + 1 = 6 mol

Mole Fraction (X) xwater = 5 mol / 6 mol = 0.833

molar fraction as a proportion of the total number of moles in x glycerol = 1 mol / 6 mol = 0.167
a solution. It's a good idea to check your math by making sure the mole
Mole fractions are dimensionless quantities. fractions add up to 1:
xwater + xglycerol = .833 + 0.167 = 1.000
How many grams of water must be used to dissolve 100 grams
of Sucrose C12H22O11 to prepare a .2 mole fraction of Sucrose
Determine the mole fraction of KCl in 3000 grams of aqueous in the solution?
solution containing 37.3 grams of Potassium Chloride KCl. 1. Determine moles of Sucrose in 100 grams.
1. Convert grams KCl to moles KCl using the molecular weight 100 grams C12H22O11 X 1 mole C12H22O11 / 342 grams = 0.292
of KCl moles
37.3 grams KCl X 1 mole KCl / 74.6 grams KCl 3. Determine mols of solvent water from given mole fraction
= 0.5 mole KCl and moles of solute
2. Determine the grams of pure solvent water from the given mole fraction = 0.2 = moles of Sucrose / mols Sucrose + mols
grams of solution and solute. water
Total grams = Mass of solute + Mass of water 3000g = 37.3 0.2 = 0.292 / 0.292 + x
+ grams of pure solvent H20 0.2 (0.292 + x) = .0584 + .2x = 0.292
3000 - 37.3 = grams of pure solvent x = (.292 - .0584)/ .2
3. Convert grams of solvent H2O to mols = 1.168 mols water
2962.7 grams water X 1 mol / 18.0 grams 3. Convert mols of water into grams
= 164.6 mols H2O 1.168 mols water X 18.0 grams water / 1 mol water = 21.0
4. Apply the definition for mole fraction grams water
mole fraction = moles of KCl / Total mols of KCl and water
= 0.5 / 0.5 + 164.6 NORMALITY (N)
= 0.5 / 165.1 Equivalent weight solute per liter of solution
= 0.00303 The definition of a gram equivalent varies depending on the
Determine the mole Fraction concentration of Glucose in a type of chemical reaction that is discussed - it can refer to
solution in which 320 grams of glucose C 6H12O6 are dissolved acids, bases, redox species, and ions that will precipitate.
in 4000 grams of water. Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction
320 grams C6H12O6 X 1 mole / 180 grams dependent.
= 2.0 moles Glucose
4000 grams water X 1 mol / 18.0 grams
= 222.2 mols water
Xglucose = moles Glucose / mols Glucose + mols water X glucose =
2.0 / 2.0 + 222.2 = 0.0089
How many grams MgCl2 will be needed to add to 1000 grams
of water to prepare a 0.1 mole fraction solution in MgCl2.
mols water = 1000g X 1 mol /18.0 grams
= 55.6 mols water
Mole fraction MgCl2 = 0.1 = x / x + 55.6
0.1 ( x + 55.6) = x
0.1x + 5.56 = x
5.56 = x - 0.1 x = 0.9x
x = 5.56 / 0.9 = 6.18 mols MgCl2
6.18 moles MgCl2 X 95.3 g MgCl2 / 1 mole
= 588.7 grams MgCl2 in 1000 g water
What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution Equivalent Weight
formed when 92 g glycerol is mixed with 90 g water?
(molecular weight water = 18; molecular weight of glycerol =
92)
90 g water = 90 g x 1 mol / 18 g

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Analytical Chemistry (Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistry)
Midterm: week 10

222 g/L /111 g/L = 2M

Molarity and Normality
-For Bronsted acids and bases, normality refers to how many
moles of H+ or OH- there are per liter.
-Thus, for hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) the normality is equal to the molarity.
-But for substances like sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or barium
hydroxide Ba(OH)2, the normality is twice the molarity.
-For a substances like phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and aluminum
hydroxide Al(OH)3, normality would be three times the molarity
and so forth.
Normality (N)
Problems involving normality are worked the same as
those involving molarity but the valence must be
considered:
1N HCL the MW= 36.5 the EW = 36.5 and 1N would be 36.5
g/L
1N H2SO4 the MW = 98 the EW = 49 and 1N would be 49 g/L
1N H3PO4 the MW = 98 the EW = 32.7 and 1N would be 32.7
g/L
Then the molarity times the valence equals the normality.
% Concentrations
Mass percentage/Mass fraction/Percent by weight
- denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a
percentage of the mass of the entire mixture.
- For instance: if a bottle contains 40 grams of ethanol
and 60 grams of water, then it contains 40% ethanol
by mass or 0.4 mass fraction ethanol.
Determine the percent composition by mass of a 100 g salt
solution which contains 20 g salt.
Solution:
20 g NaCl / 100 g solution x 100 = 20% NaCl solution
Determine the mass % of a solution made by dissolving 30
grams of NaOH in 300 ml of water(assume that the density of
water is 1 g/ml)?
Convert 300 ml water to grams of water using density
mass of water = Density X Volume
= 1 g/ml (300 ml)
= 300 grams water
Determine mass of solution
Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
= 30 + 300
= 330 Grams solution
Apply definition for mass percent and solve for mass %
mass % = mass of solute (100) / mass of solution
= 30 (100) / 330 = 9.1%

What is the normality of a 0.1381 M NaOH solution? How many grams of NaOH would be required to prepare 800
grams of a 40% by mass NaOH solution? How many grams of
water is required?
Apply the definition for mass percent and solve for mass of
solute
What is the normality of a 0.0521 M H3PO4 solution?
mass % = mass of NaOH (100) / mass of solution
mass of NaOH = (40) (800) / 100
= 320 grams NaOH required
You weigh out 80 g of NaOH pellets and dilute to 1 liter. What Determine the mass of water required
is the normality? Total mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of water
MW of NaOH = 40 mass of water = 800 - 320 = 480 grams of water
EW = 40 A solution contains 15 g Na 2CO3 and 235 g of H2O? What is
1N = 40 g/L the mass % of the solution?
80 g/L /40 g/L = 2N
What is the molarity?
MW = 40
1M = 40 g/L
80 g/L /40 g/L = 2M
You weighed out 222g of CaCl2 and diluted to 1 liter. What is
the normality?
EW = 111 /2 = 5.55 % Concentrations
1N = 55.5 g/L Mass-volume percentage/weight-volume percentage or
222 g/L /55.5 g/L = 4N percent weight per volume (% m/v or % w/v)
What is the molarity? - describes the mass of the solute in g per 100 mL of
1M = 111 g/L the resulting solution.

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Analytical Chemistry (Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistry)
Midterm: week 10
- Mass-volume percentage is often used for solutions
made from a solid solute dissolved in a liquid.
- For example, a 40% w/v sugar solution contains 40 g
of sugar per 100 mL of resulting solution.
3.5 g of CoCl2 is dissolved in 100mL solution, what is
concentration of the solution in % mass by volume?
How would you prepare 1000 ml of a 5% by volume Glycol
solution in water?
1. Determine volume of Glycol using definition of Volume
Percent
% Volume = volume of Glycol (100) / Volume of total solution
5 = Volume of Glycol (100) / 1000 ml solution
Volume of Glycol = (5) (1000) / 100 = 50 ml Glycol
2. Determine the volume of water to be added
Total vol of solution = vol of solute + vol of solvent
1000 = 50 + volume of water
Volume of water = 1000 - 50 = 950 ml water added
Volume-volume percentage (sometimes referred to as percent
volume per volume, % v/v) describes the volume of the solute
in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution.
This is most useful when a liquid - liquid solution is being
prepared, although it is used for mixtures of gases as well.
For example, a 40% v/v ethanol solution contains 40 mL
ethanol per 100 mL total volume.
Determine the volume of liquid Glycerine required to prepare
500 ml of a 20% by volume solution. What volume of water is
required?
Determine the volume of Glycerin from the definition of volume
%
% by volume = volume of solute (100) / volume of solution
volume of Glycerin = (20) (500) / 100
= 100 ml Glycerin required
Determine the volume of water
Total volume of solution = volume of Glycerin + volume of
water
Volume of water = 500 - 100 = 400 ml water required
Parts Per Notation
-used especially in to denote relative proportions in measured
quantities; particularly in low-value (high-ratio) proportions at
the parts-per-million (ppm), parts-per-billion (ppb), and parts-
per-trillion (ppt) level.
-Since parts-per notations are quantity-per-quantity measures,
they are known as dimensionless quantities; that is, they are
pure numbers with no associated units of measurement
-Parts-per notation is often used in the measure of dilutions
(concentrations) for instance, for measuring the relative
abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water.
-The expression "1 ppm" means a given property exists at a
relative proportion of one part per million parts examined, as
would occur if a water-borne pollutant was present at a
concentration of one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample
solution.
-One part per trillion (1 ppt) is a proportion equivalent to one
drop of water diluted into twenty Olympic-size swimming pools
Formal Concentration (F)
-measure of concentration similar to molarity.
used when solving chemical equilibrium problems. It is
calculated based on the formula weights of chemicals per liter
of solution.
-The difference between formal and molar concentrations is
that the formal concentration indicates moles of the original
chemical formula in solution, without regard for the species that
actually exist in solution. Molar concentration, on the other
hand, is the concentration of species in solution.
For example: if one dissolves sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in
a litre of water, the compound dissociates into the Na+ and
CO32- ions.
-Some of the CO32- reacts with the water to form HCO3- and
H2CO3. If the pH of the solution is low, there is practically no
Na2CO3 left in the solution.
-So, although we have added 1 mol of Na2CO3 to the solution,
it does not contain 1 M of that substance. (Rather, it contains a
molarity based on the other constituents of the solution.)
However, it was once said that such solutions contain 1 F of
Na2CO3.
Dilution
Reducing the concentration of a solution
The total number of solutes in the solution remains the same
after dilution, but the volume of the solution becomes greater,
resulting in a lower molarity, ppm, mg/L, or % concentration. 
-When a solution is diluted, solvent is added to lower its
concentration.
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Analytical Chemistry (Qualitative and Quantitative Chemistry)
Midterm: week 10

-The amount of solute remains constant before and after the So, to prepare the 1.2 M NaOH solution, you pour 65 mL of 5.5
dilution: M NaOH into your container and add water to get 300 mL final
moles BEFORE = moles AFTER volume.
C1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 Calculate the final concentration if 2.00 L of 3.00 M NaCl and
4.00 L of 1.50 M NaCl are mixed. Assume there is no volume
contraction upon mixing.
The approach here can be summarized in three steps:
1) calculate total moles
2) calculate total volume,
3) divide moles by volume to get molarity.
Solution:
1) calculate total moles
Here are the two mole calculations:
x = (3.00 mol/L) (2.00 L) = 6 moles
x = (1.50 mol/L) (4.00 L) = 6 moles
6 moles + 6 moles = 12 moles
2) calculate total volume
The total volume calculation is
2.00 + 4.00 = 6.00 L.
3) divide moles by volume to get molarity
M = 12 moles/6.00 L = 2M

-You dilute a solution whenever you add solvent to a solution.

Adding solvent results in a solution of lower concentration. You
can calculate the concentration of a solution following a dilution
by applying this equation:
CiVi = CfVf
-where C is the concentration, V is volume, and the subscripts i
and f refer to the initial and final values.

53.4 mL of a 1.50 M solution of NaCl is on hand, but you need

some 0.800 M solution. How many mL of 0.800 M can you
make?
Using the dilution equation, we write:
(1.50 mol/L) (53.4 mL) = (0.800 mol/L) (x)
Solving the equation gives an answer of 100. mL.
Notice that the volumes need not be converted to liters. Any
old volume measurement is fine, just so long as the same one
is used on each side.
100.0 mL of 2.500 M KBr solution is on hand. You need 0.5500
M. What is the final volume of solution which results?
Placing the proper values into the dilution equation gives:
(2.500 mol/L) (100.0 mL) = (0.5500 mol/L) (x)
x = 454.5454545 mL
Sometimes the problem might ask how much more water must
be added. In this last case, the answer is
454.5 - 100.0 = 354.5 mL.
How many milliliters of 5.5 M NaOH are needed to prepare 300
mL of 1.2 M NaOH?
Solution:
5.5 M x V1 = 1.2 M x 0.3 L
V1 = 1.2 M x 0.3 L / 5.5 M
V1 = 0.065 L
V1 = 65 mL