अभ्यास पत्र 8

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vH;kl 1
*dkmalyj vkSj LFkkuh; yksxksa dh igy ls cpk;k x;k rkykc* vkys[k dks /;kuiwoZd
i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

dksydkrk ds nene bykds dh ,d dkmalyj us lw[ks iM+ pqds rkykc dks cpkus ds fy, [kkl igy
dhA bykds ds izeksVlZ us nene ds csfn;kikjk bykds esa lw[k pqds rkykc ds Åij fcfYMax
cukus dk QSlyk dj fy;k FkkA fiNys ,d lky ls rkykc esa fcYdqy ikuh ugha FkkA bykds ds
fuoklh eaVw eaMy us crk;k] *izeksVlZ rkykc dks Hkjokdj ml ij ,d fcfYMax cuokuk pkgrs
FksA gekjs Dyc vkSj dkWyksuh desVh us bl ckjs esa dkmalyj xksik ik.Ms; dks crk;kA
okMZ u- 11 dh dkmalyj xksik us blh lky 11 Qjojh dks bl ckjs esa ckr djus ds fy, [kkl cSBd
Hkh dhA mlh ehfVax esa vkilh lgefr ls rkykc dk uohuhdj.k djus dk QSlyk fy;k x;kA*

dkmalyj xksik ik.Ms; us 1 yk[k 22 gtkj #i;s vius dkmalyj QaM ls fudkydj rkykc dk uohuhdj.k
djok;kA rkykc ds j[k&j[kko dh ftEesnkjh Dyc vkSj dkWyksuh desVh dks lkSaih xbZA
okMZ dkmalyj xksik us bykds esa jgus okys xjhc yksxksa ds fy, rkykc esa eNyh ikyu dh
O;oLFkk Hkh djokbZ gSA xksik viuh bl eqfge ds ckjs esa crkrh gS] ** izeksVlZ rkykc dks
Hkjokdj ml ij ,d fcfYMax cukuk pkgrs gSaA geus vkilh lg;ksx ds n~okjk mls fQj ls jsuksosV
dj fy;kA** xksik us crk;k fd fiNys lIrkg eNyh ikyu ds tfj, feyus okys Qk;ns dks 32 ifjokjksa
esa ck¡Vk x;kA ogha 26 t+:jrean Nk=ksa dh enn dh xbZA eNyh ikyu dh dekbZ esa ls ,d
fgLlk feyus ij [kq”K ,d cqtqxZ us dgk ] * dbZa ckj vthZ yxkus ds ckn Hkh o`n~/kksa dks
feyus okyk ykHk ugha feyk FkkA vc eSa eNyh ikyu ls feys iSls ls viuk bykt djok ldw¡xkA*
ogha d{kk 11 esa i<+us okys nhIru nkl us dgk ] * bl iSls dk iz;ksx eSa izkbosV V~;w”Ku ds
fy, dj Lkdw¡xkA* tYn gh ogk¡ ij fQf”Kax dh Hkh “kq#vkr dh tk ldsxh] ftlds fy, yksxksa dks
fVdV ysuk gksxkA blls gksus okyh dekbZ Hkh xjhcksa dks nh tk,xhA

Ik;kZoj.kfon~ lqHkk"k nRrk us dgk ]* Ik;kZoj.k larqyu ds fygkt ls ;g dkQh vPNk dne gSA
ljdkjksa dks Hkh bl rjg ds dne mBkus pkfg,A*

d- rkykc esa ,d lky ls ikuh u gksus dk vlj D;k gqvk\


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[k- 11 Qjojh dh ehfVax esa xksik us dkSu&lk QSlyk fy;k\


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x- xksik us rkykc ds uohuhdj.k djus ds fy, dkSu ls dne mBk,\


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?k- xjhc yksxksa ds fy, rkykc fdl izdkj ls vkenuh dk tfj;k cu x;k\

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NPS International School

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M- eNyh ikyu ds Qk;ns dks fdl izdkj ck¡Vk x;k\


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p- lqHkk"k nRrk ds vuqlkj ,sls dne D;ksa mBkus pkfg,\


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vH;kl 2
*igpku [kks jgk gS ;s “kgukbZ okyk xk¡o* ds ckjs esa Nis vkys[k dks /;ku ls if<,A iz”u
d ls > rd dk mRrj
nsus ds fy, muds uhps fn, x, vuqPNsnksa esa ls ¼v ls n½ esa ls lgh vuqPNsn pqudj mlds
lkeus ds dks"Bd esa
lgh dk fu”kku yxk,¡A

v- cnyrs vkfFkZd gkykr us Hkkjr ds dbZa fgLlks esa igpku dk ladV iSnk dj fn;k gSA
mRrjizns”k dk ea>koku xk¡o Hkh muesa gSA vxj vki dkuiqj ftys ds ea>koku xk¡o dh
xfy;ksa esa ?kwe jgsa gSa rks vkidks dkuksa esa “kgukbZ ds lqjhys Loj lqukbZ iM+saxs]
ysfdu vkidks blds fy, ,d txg [kM+s gksdj “kgukbZ oknu lquus dh vko”;drk ugha gSA vki
pyrs jfg,] gj ?kj ls vkidks ,d gh jkx lqukbZ iM+sxkA ,slk blfy, gS fd bl xk¡o esa yxHkx lHkh
yksx “kgukbZ oknd gSaA nwljh ckr ;s gj lqj le; ds fglkc ls ctkrs gSaA eryc izgj ds fglkc ls
jkx r; gSA nwljk jkx ctkuk ;gk¡ xyr le>k tkrk gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ budh Hkk"kk esa lksrs gq, jkx
dks txkuk xyr gksrk gSA blh ls iqjkuh dgkor gS & csoDr dh 'kgukbZ er ctk;k djksA

c- yksx Hkys gh 'kgukbZ oknu dk eryc flQ+Z Hkkjr jRu mLrkn fcfLeYykg [kku dks ekus
ysfdu dkuiqj ls yxHkx 27 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij ?kkVeiqj rglhy ds varxZr vkus okys ea>koku
xk¡o esa fiNyh nl ihf<+;ksa ls “kgukbZ oknd jg jgs gSaA gj ?kj esa “kgukbZ oknd gSa vxj
fdlh ds ;gk¡ ugha gSa rks lef>, mlus raxgkyh esa “kgukbZ mBkdj j[k nh gSA xk¡o ds fuoklh
tyhy] dYyu] xqYyu] uwj] uch ]lyhe vkSj lHkh ds uke ds vkxs ekLVj yxk gS] D;ksafd lc
“kgukbZ oknd gSa vkSj xk¡o dgykus yxk “kgukbZ okyksa dk xk¡o A ysfdu vc “kgukbZ ls
ifjokj pykuk eqf”dy gks pyk gSA cnyrs ifjos”k esa vc yksx “kgukbZ dh eksgd Loj /ofu ij /;ku
ugha nsrs gSaA laxhr vc rst+ gks pyk gS] ,sls esa “kgukbZ fiNM+ x;h gSA ea>koku ds dqN
“kgukbZ oknd Hkh vui<+ jg x, vkSj u, cksy ugha lh[k ik,A oSls buds ikl dkQh iqjkuh
fdrkcsa gSa ftuesa lqj fy[ks gq, gSaA u, fdlh Hkh cksy dk bl lqj dh fdrkc ls feyku t:jh gksrk
gSA ea>koku ds gh 'kgukbZ oknd fudydj fnYyh] okjk.klh y[kuÅ] egksck] jhok Xokfy;j rd
QSy x, gSaA “kdhy ekLVj crkrs gSa fd lc txg budh fj”rsnkfj;k¡ gSaA

l- iSlk u dek ikus dh ,d otg ;g Hkh gS fd bl 'kgukbZ ds xk¡o okys vius vki dks czkaM ds :Ik
esa LFkkfir ugha dj ik,A Hkkjr esa 'kgukbZ oknu esa lcls cM+k uke cukjl ds mLrkn
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NPS International School

fcfLeYykg [kku dk gSA mudks ns”k dk loksZPp lEeku Hkjr jRu iqjLdkj Hkh fn;k x;kA
ns”K&fons”k esa Hkh mudh /kwe eph jgrh FkhA mLrkn fcfLeYykg [kku cukjl ds Ik;kZ; cu
x,A blhfy, vkt Hkh 'kgukbZ oknu esa lcdh tqcku ij cukjl dk gh uke vkrk gSA “kdhy crkrs
gSa fd bldk uqdlku bu yksxksa dks cgqr gksrk gSA T+;knkrj cqfdax “kknh& fookg esa ctus
okys cSaM ctkus okyksa ds tfj, gksrh gSA os yksxksa ls cukjl ds 'kgukbZ oknd ds uke ij
T;knk iSlk ysrs gSa vkSj dsoy 4&5 gtkj esa ea>kkou ls yksxksa dks cqyk ysrs gSaA vkSlr
esa ,d lky esa 15&20 izksxzke ,d ifjokj dks fey tkrs gSaA ,d dk isesaV djhc 4&10 gtkj rd dk
gksrk gS] ysfdu blesa <ksyd] eathjkokyk] xksyokys dks Hkh nsuk iM+rk gSA

n- 'kgukbZ lh[kus esa 7&10 lky yx tkrs gSaA “kdhy ekLVj ds vuqlkj mUgksus 15 lky fj;kt+
fd;k rc ikjaxr gq,A tSls &tSls ek¡x de gks jgh gS oSls gh 'kgukbZ Hkh NksVh gksrh tk jgh
gSA igys 22 bap yEch 'kgukbZ gksrh Fkh vkSj vc 16 bap okyh jg xbZ gSA lqjksa ds fy,
'kgukbZ esa Nsn gksrs gSa ftUgsa m¡xfy;ksa ls daVªksy fd;k tkrk gSA vc u, yM+ds NksVh
'kgukbZ ctk jgs gSa D;ksfd vxj lqj nwj gq, rks esgur T+;knk yxsxhA mLrkn fcfLeYykg [kku
Hkys vc ughs jgs ysfdu cukjl ls 'kgukbZ dk fj”rk vHkh Hkh cuk gqvk gSA 'kgukbZ cukus
esa yxus okyk ydM+h dk fgLlk vkSj lqj ctkus okyk fgLlk nksuksa cukjl ls vkrk gSA ,d
'kgukbZ yxHkx 1600& 1800 dh rS;kj gks tkrh gSA igys 'kgukbZ oknu dks jtokM+ksa us izJ;
fn;kA gj “kqHk dke ij 'kgukbZ ctk;h tkrh FkhA tc eqxy lYrur <y jgh Fkh rc 'kgukbZ oknd
nwljh txg pys x,A muesa ls dqN mRrjizns”k ds dkuiqj ftys ds ea>koku xk¡o esa cl x,A ysfdu
vc lekt esa 'kgukbZ oknu ds dnznku ugha cps gSa vkSj ;gk¡ ds 'kgukbZ oknd Hkh vkthfodk
ds fy, rjl jgs gSA yksx cSBs jgrs gSa fd dksbZ ekSdk vk, vkSj mudh cqfdax gksA gkykr ;s
gS fd /khjs&/khjs ;s 'kgukbZ dk xk¡o Hkh viuh igpku [kks nsxkA

uhps fn, x, oDrO;ksa ¼d&>½ dks if<+, rFkk dks"Bd esa lgh dk fu”kku yxkdj crkb, fd
dkSu lk vuqPNsn
¼v&n½ fdl oDrO; ls lacaf/kr gSA
mnkgj.k%
dkSu lk vuqPNsn
crkrk gS fd ea>koku xk¡o esa fiNyh 10 ihf<+;ksa ls “kgukbZ oknd gSaA
v c  l n

d- crkrk gS fd “kgukbZ dk vkdkj yksxksa dh ek¡x ds vuqlkj de gksrk tk jgk gSA


v c l n

[k- crkrk gS fd ea>koku xk¡o dh igpku ij mudh vkfFkZd gkyr us igpku dk ladV [kM+k dj
fn;k gSA
v c l n

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NPS International School

x- crkrk gS fd ea>koku xk¡o ds yksxksa dh lcls cM+h detksjh vius vki dks czkaM ds :Ik esa
LFkkfiru dj ikuk gSA
v c l n

?k- crkrk gS fd rst laxhr dh otg ls yksxksa dks vc “kgukbZ dks eksgd Loj vPNk ugha yxrkA
v c l n

M- crkrk gS fd ea>koku xk¡o ds yksx le; ds vuqlkj jkx ctkrs gSaA


v c l n

p- crkrk gS fd cukjl vkSj “kgukbZ dk ,d vVwV fj”rk gSA


v c l n

N- crkrk gS fd cukjl ds uke ij cSaM okys yksxksa ls vf/kd iSlk olwyrs gSaA
v c l n

t- crkrk gS fd iqjkus o u, lqjksa dk dgha u dgha vo”; feyku gksrk gSA


v c l n

>- “kgukbZ oknu ds dksbZ iz”kald u gksus dh otg ls ea>koku xk¡o /kjs&/khjs viuh igpku
[kks nsxkA
v c l n

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NPS International School

vH;kl 3
*fnekx ij etcwr gksrh eksckby ds u”Ks dh fxj¶r* vkys[k dks /;kuiwoZd if<+,A

blesa nks jk; ugha fd eksckby vkt cPpksa dks viMsV jgus esa enn dj jgk gSA dkQh tkudkjh *
xwxy vady* ls fey tkrh gSA exj blls Hkh bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd eksckby ds dkj.k cPpksa
dh ,dkxzrk esa deh vkbZ gSA os fcuk eksckby ns[ks T;knk nsj ugha jg ldrsA gkyk¡fd ;g
nLrwj cPpksa rd lhfer ugha gSA vkt ge dekscs”k bl yr ds f”kdkj gSA

lM+d gknlksa esa Hkh eksckby bLrseky dk dkQh gkFk gksrk gSA lsYQh dh yr us cgqrksa
dh tku ys yh gSA ;s rks eksckby bLrseky ds lk{kkr udkjkRed n`"Vkar gSaA blds cgqr ls
Nqis gq, uqdlkuksa dh dh rks vHkh Bhd ls tkudkjh ugha gSA ;nk&dnk [kcjsa vkrh gSa fd
eksckby ds bLrseky ls yksxksa ds LokLF; ij /khjs&/khjs cqjk vlj iM+ jgk gSA blls lquus dh
'kfDr de gksus dh f”Kdk;rs gSaA eksckby Vkojksa ds vklikl jgus okys yksxksa esa dSalj dh
vk”kadk dh ckr Hkh dgh tkrh gSA gkyk¡fd fQygky ,slh T;knkrj ckrsa “kadk&vk”kadk ds gh
Lrj ij gSaA izekf.kd v/;;uksa dk vHkko rks gS gh] vDlj ijLij fojks/kh fjiksVsZa Hkh vk tkrh
gS ftldh otg ls vke tuekul esa vleatl cuk gqvk gSA

bl my>u vkSj vleatl ds chp Hkh nks ckrsa ,dne Li"V gSaA igyh rks ;g fd eksckby vc vyx ls
dksbZ midj.k tSlh pht+ ugha jg x;k gSA ;g gekjs O;fDrRo dk vfHkUu fgLlk gksrk tk jgk
gSA mBrs&cSBrs] lksrs&tkxrs] [kkrs&ihrs ;g oSls gh gekjs lkFk gksrk gS tSls gekjs
gkFk&iSj ;k “kjhj ds vU; vaxA ge mruh gh lgtrk ls bldk bLrseky djrs jgrs gSa tSls viuh
vk¡[k] ukd] dku vkfn dkA LokHkkfod :Ik ls blds mi;ksx dks ysdj ge ml rjg dh fof”k"Vrk
eglwl ugha djrs tSlh fte esa VªsMfey dk ;k Vhoh] ySiVkWi vkfn dk bLrseky djrs gq, eglwl
djrs gSaA nwljh ckr gS bldh mi;ksfxrkA gekjs “kjhj dk ,d fgLlk tSlk gksrs gq, Hkh ;g gekjh
igq¡p dkQh nwj&nwj rd lqfuf”pr dj nsrk gSA ;g ckgjh nqfu;k ls gesa tksM+s j[krk gSA
nwj&njkt+ ds fiz; yksxksa ls ckrphr dk ekeyk gks ;k lks”ky ehfM;k ij py jgs laoknksa dk &
ge dgha Hkh gksa] vxj eksckby gekjs ikl gS rks ge ml lc esa yxkrkj “kkfey jgrs gSaA ;g pht+
dkQh my>kus okyh gksrh gSA blls cpuk rks eqf”dy gksrk gh gS] vDlj blesa ;g Hkh vanktk
ugha jgrk fd bl ij dgrs&lqurs] nwljksa ds dkWesaV i<+rs gq, fdruk oDr chr x;kA eksckby dh
;g vknr gekjs lkeus vyx rjg ds gkykr iSnk dj jgh gSA blds Qk;ns lHkh dks irk gS] blfy, bls
NksM+us ;k cfg"dkj djus tSls lq>ko Bhd ughaA exj] blds uqdlku Hkh vuns[kk djus yk;d
ugha gSA ,sls esa ledkyhu lekt”kkfL=;ksa vkSj euksoSKkfudksa ds lkeus ;g pqukSrh gS fd
leL;k dk :Ik ysrh bl vke izo`fRr ij le; jgrs fopkj dj bldk dksbZ O;ogkfjd gy <w¡< fudkysA

d- eksckby dh yr
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[k- eksckby iz;ksx dk “kkjhfjd vlj
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x- eksckby ds mi;ksx
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?k- eksckby vkSj le;


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vH;kl 4
vH;kl 3 ds vkys[k esa eksckby ds iz;ksx ls gksus okyh gkfu;ksa rFkk mi;ksx ds ckjs esa crk;k
x;k gSA
vH;kl 3 esa vius cuk, gq, fVIi.k ds vk/kkj ij yxHkx 100 “kCnksa dk lkjka”k ;FklaHko vius
“kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
vkidks varoZLrq ds fy, vf/kdre 4 vad vkSj lVhd ,oa laf{kIr Hkk"kk “kSyh ds fy, vf/kdre 6
vad fn, tk,¡axsA
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NPSI/Version 1.0/20-21/Hin/10P1/03 Page No:7


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NPSI/Version 1.0/20-21/Hin/10P1/03 Page No:8

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