‫ﻣﺮادﻓﺎت ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬

‫)‪(Equivalents of the English possessive adjectives‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ :[١١٣‬ﻛﻤــﺎ رأﻳﻨــﺎ ﻣــﻦ ﻗﺒــﻞ )أﻧﻈــﺮ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ُ ،((١) ٣٥‬ﻳﻌﺒــﺮ ﻋــﺎدة ﻋــﻦ ﻣﻌــﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻤــﺎت اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳــﺔ "‪"my‬‬

‫"ﻣﻠﻜـﻲ"‪" "thy (your)" ،‬ﻣﻠﻜـﻚ"‪ ،‬إﻟـﻲ آﺧـﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪام اﻟـﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘـﺼﻠﺔ )‪ (suffix-pronouns‬اﻟﺘـﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺄﺳﻤﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻛﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪ .(direct genitive‬وﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻧﺪرس اﻵن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻞ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﺮاراً ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١‬اﺷــﺘﻘﺖ ﺿــﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴــﺔ )‪ (possessive adjectives‬ﻣــﻦ اﻹﺷــﺎرات )‪(demonstratives‬‬

‫‪) n# ،t# ،p#‬راﺟ ــﻊ اﻟﻔﻘـ ـﺮات ‪(١١٢-١١٠‬؛ وﺳ ــﻴﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻓﻴ ــﺎً أن ﻧ ــﻮرد ﺻ ــﻴﻎ اﻟﺸﺨ ــﺼﻴﻦ اﻷول واﻟﺜ ــﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮدﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪" "my" p#y.i‬ﻣﻠﻜﻲ"‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻷول اﻟﻤﻔﺮد ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﻪ‬

‫‪" "thy (your)" p#y.k‬ﻣﻠﻜﻚ"‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪" "my" t#y.i‬ﻣﻠﻜﻲ"‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻷول اﻟﻤﻔﺮد ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﻪ‬

‫‪" "thy (your)" t#y.k‬ﻣﻠﻜﻚ"‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪" "my" n#y.i n‬ﻣﻠﻜﻲ"‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻷول اﻟﻤﻔﺮد ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﻪ‬

‫‪" "thy (your)" n#y.k n‬ﻣﻠﻜﻚ"‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫ﺗــﺼﺎغ ﺿــﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴــﺔ ﻣــﻊ اﻷﺷــﺨﺎص واﻷﻋــﺪاد اﻷﺧــﺮى ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠــﺔ ﻟﺘﻠــﻚ اﻟﻤــﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓــﻲ أﻋﻠــﻰ‪ .‬وﺗﻮﺟــﺪ‬

‫‪" "her" p#.s‬ﻣﻠﻜﻬـ ـ ــﺎ"‪ .‬وﺗﻜﺘـ ـ ــﺐ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـ ـ ــﺎً داﺋﻤـ ـ ــﺎ ﻓـ ـ ــﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﺮاﻃﻴﻘـ ـ ــﻲ‬ ‫أﺣﻴﺎﻧـ ـ ــﺎً ﺻـ ـ ــﻴﻎ ﺑـ ـ ــﺪون ‪ ،y‬ﻣﺜـ ـ ــﻞ‬

‫إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺿــﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴــﺔ )‪ (possessive adjectives‬ﻟﻴــﺴﺖ ﻏﻴــﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓــﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑــﺎت اﻷﻛﺜــﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻴــﺔ ﻓــﻲ‬

‫اﻷﺳــﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــﺔ ﻋــﺸﺮة وﻣــﺎ ﺑﻌــﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻬــﺎ ﻟــﻢ ﺗــﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓــﺔ ﺣﺘــﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠــﺔ اﻟﻤﺘــﺄﺧﺮة ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻠﻐــﺔ اﻟﻤــﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻄــﺎﺑﻖ‬

‫ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات )‪ (demonstratives‬اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪".‬زوﺟﺘﻲ" "‪t#y.i Hmt "my wife‬‬

‫‪n#y.s n xrdw "her children".‬‬

‫"أﺑﻨﺎؤﻫﺎ"‪.‬‬

‫)?( ‪ ،irw‬أﺣﻴﺎﻧـﺎً ﻛﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮ ﻟﻠـﻀﻤﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘـﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪ ،iry‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺎدراً ﻣـﺎ ﺗﻜﺘـﺐ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

‫)‪ (suffix-pronoun‬ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ اﻟﻤﻔـﺮد أو ﻟﻠـﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ اﻟﺠﻤـﻊ‪ .‬وﻳﺒـﺪو أﻧﻬـﺎ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ إﻻ اﻟـﺼﻔﺔ‬

‫‪" "relating to" iry‬ﻣﺘﺼﻼً ب" وﻗﺪ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(adjective‬‬

‫ﻫﺬا اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﺎص‪ ،‬وﻛﺜﻴﺮاً ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳـﺔ "‪" "thereof‬ﻣـﻦ ذﻟـﻚ"‪"thereto" ،‬‬

‫"ﻟﻪ‪-‬إﻟﻴﻪ"‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪[His Majesty had sent an army],‬‬

‫‪s#.f smsw m Hry iry "and his eldest son was‬‬
‫‪the chief thereof".‬‬
‫"]ﻛﺎن ﺟﻼﻟﺘﻪ ﻗﺪ أرﺳﻞ ﺟﻴﺸﺎً[‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن اﺑﻨﻪ رﺋﻴﺴﻪ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪hp irw (?) "the law appertaining thereto".‬‬
‫"اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ"‬

‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ )‪ ،(prepositions‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪".‬وﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻪ" "‪Xft iry "according thereto‬‬

‫‪".‬ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﻦ ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪاً" "‪Hr-s# iry "thereafter‬‬

‫‪".‬ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ" "‪m-m iry "among them‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬وﻫﻨـﺎك ﻣـﺮادف أﻛﺜـﺮ ﺗﻮﻛﻴـﺪاً ﻣـﻦ ﺿـﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴـﺔ )‪ (possessive adjectives‬ﻓـﻲ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫـﻮ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت "‪" "of mine‬ﺧﺎص ﺑﻲ"‪" "of thine (yours)" ،‬ﺧﺎص ﺑﻚ"‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ‬

‫‪ ، n.k-imy .‬إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪، n.i-imy‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺒﺎرات‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ وﺟﺪت ﻣﻦ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻫﺠﺎﺋﻬﺎ اﻷﺧﺮى‬

‫‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮﻩ‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪m-Xt I#w n.k-imy "after thy (your) own old age".‬‬

‫"ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺸﻴﺨﻮﺧﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪hdmw n.sn-im(y) "footstools belonging to them".‬‬

‫"ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪ اﻟﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ"‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫رﺑﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ -imy‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻞ اﻟﻈﺮف )‪ (adverb‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛﻦ أﺧﺮى ﺑﺪون ‪ ،y‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.(١) ٢٠٥‬‬

‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪(Sentences expressing possession‬‬

‫]اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ :[١١٤‬ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤـﺔ ﻓﻌـﻼً ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﻰ "‪" "to possess‬ﻳﻤﻠـﻚ‪-‬ﻳﻘﺘﻨـﻲ"‪"to ،‬‬

‫"‪" "to belong to‬ﻳﺨـﺺ‪-‬ﻳﻨﺘﻤـﻲ إﻟـﻰ"‪ .‬وﻟﻜـﻲ‬ ‫"‪"have‬ﻳﻤﻠﻚ‪-‬ﻳﺤﻮز"‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺣﺘـﻰ أي ﻓﻌـﻞ ﺑﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬

‫‪" "to" n‬إﻟﻰ"‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ُﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺮف اﻟﺠﺮ‬

‫‪ n‬ﻧﻔـ ـ ــﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗـ ـ ــﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﻮاﻋـ ـ ــﺪ اﻟﺘـ ـ ــﻲ ﺗﺤﻜـ ـ ــﻢ اﻟﺠﻤـ ـ ــﻞ ذات اﻟﺨﺒـ ـ ــﺮ اﻟﻈﺮﻓـ ـ ــﻲ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻨـ ـ ــﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـ ـ ــﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

‫)‪) (adverbial predicate‬راﺟــﻊ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮات ‪٢٩‬؛ ‪٣٧‬؛ ‪(٢)٤٤‬؛ اﻟــﺪرس اﻟﻌــﺸﺮ(‪ .‬وﻻﺣــﻆ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠــﻰ أﻳــﺔ‬

‫ﺣــﺎل‪ ،‬أﻧــﻪ ﻋﻨــﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺒــﻊ ‪ n‬ﺑــﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺘــﺼﻞ )‪ ،(suffix-pronoun‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬــﺎ ﺗﻜﺘــﺴﺐ ﺣــﻖ اﻟــﺼﺪارة ﻓــﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠـ ــﺔ )‪ (word-order‬اﻟﺘـ ــﻲ ﻻ ﺣﻈﻨـ ــﺎ ﻣـ ــﻦ ﻗﺒـ ــﻞ ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻟﻔﻘـ ــﺮة ‪ ٦٦‬أﻧﻬـ ــﺎ ﻣﻴـ ــﺰة ﺧﺎﺻـ ــﺔ ﺑـ ــﺎﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮل ﻷﺟﻠـ ــﻪ‬

‫)‪ .(dative‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Xt.i nbt m S# m niwt n sn.i Ihy-snb "all my property in country and in‬‬
‫‪town [shall belong] to my brother IHysonb".‬‬
‫"ﻛﻞ أﻣﻼﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻳﻒ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ]ﺳﻮف ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ[ إﻟﻰ أﺧﻲ إﻳﺤﻲ ﺳﻨﺐ"‪.‬‬

‫…‬ ‫‪wnn.s n … cbk-nXt "it [my office] shall [belong] to‬‬

‫‪Sebknakhte".‬‬
‫"ﻫﻲ ]وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻲ[ ﺳﻮف ]ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ[ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻧﺨﺖ"‪.‬‬
 ‫‪iw n.k onX "thou shalt (you shall) have life", lit. "life is to‬‬
‫‪thee (you)".‬‬
‫"ﺳﻮف ﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻟﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn wn ib n s "no man has a heart".‬‬

‫"ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ رﺟﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻠﺐ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn is n sbi Hr Hm.f "there is no tomb for‬‬

‫‪him-who-rebels against his Majesty, i.e. the rebel shall have no‬‬
‫‪tomb".‬‬
‫"ﻻ ﻣﻘﺒﺮة ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻤﺮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻼﻟﺘﻪ"‪ ،‬أي "اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮد ﺳﻮف ﻟﻦ ﻳﻘﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺒﺮة"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn n.k st "it does not belong to thee (you)".‬‬

‫"ﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻚ"‪.‬‬

‫)‪n(y‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮن اﻟﻤﺒﺘـﺪأ )‪ (subject‬ﺿـﻤﻴﺮاً )‪ ،(pronoun‬ﻓﻘـﺪ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪم أداة اﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫)‪(genitival adjective‬ﻛﺨﺒﺮ )‪ .(predicate‬وﻃﺒﻘﺎً ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،(٢) ٤٨‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴـﺮة ﻓـﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻌـ ــﺪد )‪ (number‬واﻟﺠـ ــﻨﺲ )‪ ،(gender‬ووﻓﻘـ ــﺎً ﻟﻠﻔﻘـ ــﺮة ‪ (٣) ٤٤‬ﻳﺠـ ــﺐ اﺳـ ــﺘﺨﺪام اﻟـ ــﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـ ــﺔ‬

‫)‪ .(dependent pronoun‬وﻳﻜــﻮن اﻟﺘ ـﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑــﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﺒــﺮ اﻟﻮﺻــﻔﻲ )‪(adjectival predicate‬‬

‫واﻟﻤﺒﺘــﺪأ اﻟــﻀﻤﻴﺮي )‪ (pronominal subject‬ﻫﻨــﺎ وﺛﻴـﻖ ﺟــﺪاً إﻟــﻰ درﺟــﺔ أﻧــﻪ ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ ﺿــﻤﻴﺮ اﻟــﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫‪ ns‬ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈـﺎم ﻟﺘﺮﺑﻄﻬﻤـﺎ‬ ‫‪ ،sy‬ﻓـﺈن اﻟﻌﻼﻣـﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ اﻟﺤـﺮوف‬ ‫‪ ،sw‬واﻟﻤﺆﻧـﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬

‫‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎً ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬

‫‪n(y)-wi Ro "I belong to Rec", lit. "I am belonging-to‬‬

‫‪Rec".‬‬
‫"أﻧﺎ أﻧﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ رع"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬أﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻤﻰ إﻟﻰ رع"‪.‬‬

‫‪n(y)-s(y) imy-r pr "it [this province, f.] belongs to the‬‬

‫‪steward".‬‬
‫"ﻫﻮ ]ﻫﺬا اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ[ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺸﺮف اﻟﺪار"‪.‬‬

‫)‪ n(y‬ﻛﺨﺒـﺮ )‪(predicate‬ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﻳـﻀﺎً ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪم أداة اﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ )‪(genitival adjective‬‬

‫اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪n(y)-sw mH 30 "it [the snake] was of 30 cubits".‬‬

‫"ﻛﺎن ﻫﻮ ]اﻟﺜﻌﺒﺎن[ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠‬ذراﻋﺎً"‪.‬‬

‫‪-٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴـﺮ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻌﻨـﻰ "‪" "belongs to me‬ﻳﺨـﺼﻨﻲ‪-‬ﻳﻨﺘﻤـﻲ إﻟ ‪‬ـﻰ " ")‪"belongs to thee (you‬‬

‫"ﻳﺨـﺼﻚ‪-‬ﻳﻨﺘﻤـﻲ إﻟﻴـﻚ"‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧﺤـﻮ ﺑـﺪﻳﻞ "‪" "I am [thou art (you are)] owner of‬أﻧـﺎ‬

‫]أﻧﺖ[ َ ِ ُ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻚ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪ (independent pronouns‬اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘـﺮة ‪ ،٦٤‬أو‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺻﻴﻎ ﺗﻤﺎﺛﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻳـﺔ ﺣـﺎل؛ وﻳﻮﺿـﻊ ﻫﻨـﺎ ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﻟـﻚ‪ .‬وإذا ﻣـﺎ ﻛـﺎن اﻟﻤﺒﺘـﺪأ‬

‫)‪ (subject‬ﺿﻤﻴﺮي )‪ ،(pronominal‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ )‪ (dependent pronoun‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

 ‫‪ntk nbw "to thee (you) belongs gold".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﺬﻫﺐ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ink sy "she belongs to me".‬‬

‫إﻟﻲ"‪ .‬وﻫﻮ اﺳﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ‪‬‬

‫‪ nnk‬ﺑﺪﻻً ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ اﻟـﺸﺨﺺ اﻷول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻮص دﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮد ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض‪ .‬وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام آﺧﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻟـ ‪ ،nnk‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ ،٣٠٠‬ﻗﺮب ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫وﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻐـﺮض‪ ،‬اﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﻠﻐـﺔ اﻟﻤـﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻬـﺎ اﻟﻤﺘـﺄﺧﺮة ﺻـﻴﻐﺎً اﺳـﺘﻤﺪت ﺑﻮﺿـﻮح ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺘﻴﻦ اﻷﻗـﺪم ‪،swt ،Twt‬‬
‫وﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪.(independent pronouns‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻈﻬــﺮ ﻛــﻞ ﻣــﻦ )‪) n.k-im(y) ،n.i-im(y‬راﺟــﻊ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ ((٣)١١٣‬ﺑــﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﻨــﻰ وﺑﺒﻨﻴــﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠــﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤــﺎ‬

‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪n.k-imy HD "to thee (you) belongs silver".‬‬

‫"ﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪ontyw, n.i-im sw "the incense, it belongs to me".‬‬

‫"اﻟﺒﺨﻮر‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬‬
‫وﺟــﺪت ‪ ntf‬ﻣــﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﺳــﻢ )‪ (noun‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨــﻰ "‪" "its content‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﻫــﺎ"‪ ،‬ووﺟــﺪت ‪ n.k-imy‬ﻣــﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘــﺔ‬
‫"‪" "thy (your) possessions‬ﻣﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺗﻚ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﺳﻢ )‪ (noun‬ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫]اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪ :[١١٥‬ﻳﻤﻜــﻦ أن ﺗــﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠﻤــﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺒــﺮة ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻮﺟــﻮد اﻟﻤــﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻔﻘ ـﺮات ‪ ١٠٨-١٠٧‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴــﺮ ﻋــﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ "… ‪" "I have [had] a‬أﻧﺎ أﻣﻠﻚ ]أﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﻜﺖ[ …"‪"thou hast (you have) [hadst] ،‬‬

‫"… ‪" no‬أﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ]أﻧﺖ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ[ …"‪ ،‬وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﻴﺮاً ﻣﺘﺼﻼً )‪) (suffix-pronoun‬راﺟﻊ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪ .(٣٥‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ist wn Hmt.f "and he has a wife", lit. "lo, there was a‬‬
‫‪wife of him".‬‬
‫"وﻟﻪ زوﺟﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎك زوﺟﺔ ﻟﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪nn wn tp.f "he has no head", lit. "not exists a head of him".‬‬
‫"ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻪ رأس"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ رأس ﻟﻪ"‪.‬‬

‫‪n wnt swwt.s "it has no reeds".‬‬

‫"ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ أﻋﻮاد"‪.‬‬

‫‪" "without" nn‬ﺑــﺪون" )راﺟــﻊ اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة‬ ‫وﻛــﺬﻟﻚ أﻳــﻀﺎً ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺤــﺎﻻت اﻟﺘــﻲ ﻳﻔــﻀﻞ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻤــﺔ‬

‫‪ .(١٠٩‬وﻣﻦ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪mk tw m niwt, nn HQ#-Hwt.s "behold, thou art‬‬

‫‪(you are) a city without a ruler", lit. "as a city, not is a ruler of it".‬‬
‫"أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬أﻧﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺪون ﺣﺎﻛﻢ"‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎً‪" :‬أﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬أﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ"‪.‬‬
‫‪"lord" nb‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫]اﻟﻔﻘــﺮة ‪)١١٥‬أ([‪ :‬ﻫﻨــﺎك أﻳــﻀﺎً ﻃﺮﻳﻘــﺔ أﺧــﺮى ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴــﺮ ﻋــﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴــﺔ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﺳــﻢ‬

‫"ﺳﻴﺪ‪-‬ﻣﻮﻟﻰ"‪" "possessor" ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‪-‬ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻲ"‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة )‪ .(direct genitive‬وﻣﻦ‬

‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

‫‪ink nb o#w nb Xbsw "I was an owner of‬‬

‫‪donkeys and an owner of ploughlands".‬‬
‫"ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎً ﻟﺤﻤﻴﺮ وﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎً ﻷراﺿﻲ ﻣﺤﺮوﺛﺔ"‪.‬‬

‫‪Ink nb I#mt "I was a possessor of charm".‬‬

‫"ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎً ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺬة"‪.‬‬

‫وﻫـ ــﺬا اﻻﺳـ ــﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣ ـ ــﺄﻟﻮف ﺑـ ــﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـ ــﺔ ﻣ ـ ــﻊ اﻟﻜﻠﻤـ ــﺎت اﻟﻤﺠـ ــﺮدة )‪ ،(abstracts‬اﻟﻤ ـ ــﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻨﻬـ ــﺎ ﻧﻌ ـ ــﻮت‬

‫‪nb‬‬ ‫)‪ (epithets‬ﻣﺮادﻓــﺔ ﻟﻠــﺼﻔﺎت )‪ .(adjectives‬وﻣــﻦ أﻣﺜﻠــﺔ ذﻟــﻚ اﻟﻠﻘــﺐ اﻟــﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺟــﺪاً‬

‫"‪" "lord of reverence‬ﺳ ــﻴﺪ اﻟﺘﺒﺠﻴ ــﻞ"‪ ،‬اﻟ ــﺬي ﻳﺘﻄ ــﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ــﺎً ﻣ ــﻊ‬ ‫‪im#X‬‬

‫‪" "revered" im#Xw‬ﻣﺒﺠﻞ‪-‬ﻣﻮﻗﺮ"‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (direct genitive‬اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘﺒـﻊ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷـﺮة‬

‫)‪ ،(indirect genitive‬أﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻀﺎف إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻘﺮة ‪.٨٦‬‬ ‫‪ nb‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬