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Erythema Marginatum Chorea: Migratory Polyarthritis Cardiac Involvement Subcutaneous Nodules
Erythema Marginatum Chorea: Migratory Polyarthritis Cardiac Involvement Subcutaneous Nodules
Migratory Polyarthritis
Erythema marginatum
Chorea
Subcutaneous Nodules
Infectious Endocarditis
Dx: 3-4 Positive Blood cultures; TTE then TEE; Duke Criteria
Janeway lesions (painless lesions on palms and soles); Glomerulonephritis
Rheumatoid factor
Vancomycin to cover MRSA, Strep and Enterococci —-> switch to IV Pen G if penicillin Sensitive
Prosthetic valves
Hx of Infective Endocarditis
Qualifying procedures:
Dental procedures; biopsy or incision or resp mucosa; involve infected skin or MSK tissue
IVDU IE
Multiple nodular pulm lesions with small cavities, typically in periph; HIV increases risk
Sterile deposits of fibrin and platelets -> can embolism to brain or periphery
Acute Pericarditis
Pericardial Friction Rub: Specific pathiognomic Heard best during expiration with pt sitting up
ECHO needed: often normal but used to assess for effusion and tamponade
NSAIDs then Colchicine (lowers rate of recurrence) —> Glucocorticoids only if refractory
Fibrous scarring Restricts diastolic filling of heart: filling unimpeded in early diastole
Elevated JVD: Prominent x and y descents -> resembles square root sign (y absent in tamponade)
Pericardial Effusion
Muffled heart sounds; Dullness at lung base (compressed by pericardial fluid)
Dx: ECHO
If effusion small and clinically insignificant a repeat ECHO in 1-2 wks will suffice
Cardiac Tamponade
Mechanical impairment of diastolic filling -> Elevated and equalised diastolic pressures
Decreased filling leads to decreased stroke volume and cardiac output —-> Decreased Preload
Dx: ECHO
Hypertensive Emergency
Systolic >220 and/or diastolic >120 + end organ damage: immediate treatment
W/o end organ damage -> Hypertensive Urgency: BP lowered over 24hrs
End Organ damage: AKI; CHF with pulm oedema, aortic dissection; MI
May not be reversible and affects areas other than posterior brain also
Dx clinically + MRI
Resistant HTN
Renovascular HTN (renal artery stenosis) most common
Elevated Cr; RAAS activated-> hypokalaemia
Onset of severe HTN after age of 55; HTN ===> shrinks kidney (norm size =12cm)
Aortic Dissection
Type B (distal) limited to descending aorta (distal to subclavian artery) ->>> Type A
Dx: CT angiography initial study of choice if hemodynamically stable and no renal dysfunction:
Widened mediastinum
Widened mediastinum does not always indicate injury: confirm with CT angiography
Smoking greatest RF
Syphilis and CT abnormalities (Marfans) associated with thoracic aneurysms but may affect lower aorta
Pain may be present (throbbing character) —> abdo, flank, back or groin
Dx: Abdo CT w contrast in symptomatic patients and haemo stable + AAA known
FAST if unstable
Tx: Aneurysm >5.5 cm or symptomatic needs surgical resection with Syn graft placement
Asymp and <5.5cm: periodic US although even small ones can rupture
Triad: Sudden onset of severe pain radiating to groin/buttocks/legs, hypotension and pulsatile mass
Emergent laparotomy
Rapid expansion -> distal embolism of debris -> Distal ischemia/decreased pulse
Popliteal artery
Hanging foot over side of bed/standing relieves pain (extraperfusion d/t gravity)
Hair loss/decreased growth, thickened toenails, decreased skin temperature, muscular atrophy
Ankle-to-brachial index (ABI): initial test of choice and dx (not gold standard)
Ratio of systolic BP at ankle to systolic BP at arm (Norm is between 0.9 and 1.3)
Patients with calcified arteries (esp DM) have false ABI readings (vessels not compressible)
Arteriography (contrast) is gold standard for dx and locating PVD —->>> invasive
Surgery if rest pain, ulceration, refractory to medical therapy -> Angioplasty; stenting; Bypass graft
Mycotic Aneurysm
Coarctation of Aorta
Narrowing/constriction of aorta
Leads to obstruction between proximal and distal aorta and thus increases LV afterload
—> sustained apical impulse
Midsystolic murmur heard best over back (interscapular) or continuous d/t collateral vessels
ECG shows LV hypertrophy: S4 —-> High voltage QRS, ST depression, T wave inversion
Dx: ECHO
Risk Factors:
Major venous obstruction -> leg oedema compromises arterial supply to limb
Start warfarin once aPTT therapeutic and continue for 3-6 months
PICC related/Central catheter DVT; Spontaneous (Young athletic M); Thoracic outlet syn
Dx: Doppler/duplex US
NB: Use of multivitamins can decrease efficacy of warfarin as most contain Vit K!
Ambulatory HTN
Lower leg swelling: Leg elevation provide relief (opp in arterial insufficiency)
Dx: Duplex US
Superficial Thrombophlebitis:
In legs associated with varicose veins (greater saphenous system), secondary to blood stasis
Pain, tenderness, induration and erythema along course of vein -> Tender cord may be palpable
No anticoagulation needed as rarely causes PE (use sc if DVT risk factors for progression)
Mild analgesic (aspirin or NSAIDs); elevation and hot compresses, continue activity
If suppuratve thrombophlebitis
Decompression Sickness
Hyperbaric O2 therapy
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Can involve any artery
Cyanosis
Central cyanosis
Warm extremities
Normal arterial oxygen saturation and increased extraction d/t sluggish blood flow through capillaries
Blood flows retrograde typically down LEFT vertebral artery to supply distal subclavian
Dx: Doppler US
Systolic Dysfunction (decreased EF): EF < 55% ischemic heart disease MCC
Alcoholic Dil CO is reversible with alcohol cessation! Dilated CO: Eccentric hypertrophy
Orthopnea; Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; Nocturnal cough (nonproductive)—> worse lying down
Right HF:
Nocturia d/t increased venous return with elevation of legs
RV heave
• NYHA class II: Symptoms occur with activities such as climbing a flight of stairs
• NYHA class III: Symptoms occur with usual activities of daily living
Cardiomegaly
Systolic dysfunction: Diuretic, ACEI, BB, Aldosterone antagonist (in that order)
Diuretics: Most effective symptomatic relief -> Do not improve mortality or prognosis
Beta blockers: Decrease mortality -> Metoprolol, Bisoprolol, Carvedilol (best choice)
Digoxin: pts with EF <40% who continue to have sx despite optimal therapy
Beta Blockers and diuretics only drugs that have clear benefit
Inciting event (viral illness) can cause volume depletion or renal injury
Chronic tachycardia causes structural changes in heart inc LV dilatation and myocardial dysfunc
Acute Decompensated HF
Worsening/exacerbation of sx
Rapid Onset of HF during final month (>36 wks) of pregnancy or within 5 months of delivery
S3 (decomp HF)
Mitral regurgitation
Major Risk Factors: DM——> WORST risk factor; HTN——> MOST COMMON
Typical: All 3. Does not change with breathing or body position, no chest wall tenderness!
Dx of CAD: Best initial test for all forms of chest pain: ECG!
Stress test considered positive if pt develops any of the following during exercise:
Exercise induced ischemia: wall motion abnormalities (akinesis/dyskinesis) not present at rest
HTN esp if DM
ASPIRIN (all pts with CAD): Decreases morbidity and reduces risk of MI
May increase mortality can reflex increase HR!!!! —> Use concurrent beta blocker
Ranolazine:
Decreases myocardium calcium level by inhibiting late phase Na influx into ischemic myocytes
Revascularisation: PCI (angioplasty) and CABG -> Does not reduce incidence of MI
PCI -> Restenosis in up to 40% within 6 months -> Drug eluting stents prevent this
Distinction between Unstable Angina and NSTEMI based solely on cardiac enzymes:
Pts with unstable angina at higher risk of adverse events during stress testing:
-> Should be stabilised medically before stress testing or undergo catheterisation initially
Cardiac catheterisation/revascularisation
After acute tx: Continue aspirin/anti platelet drug, beta blocker and nitrates
Pts with any form of CAD regardless of LDL levels should be put on a STATIN
Prinzmental Angina
Episodes of angina at rest associated with ventricular dysrhythmias -> May be life threatening
Myocardial Infarction
Painless or atypical infarcts more likely in postoperative pts, elderly, diabetic and F
ECG:
Q Waves: Specific for necrosis: seen late (not acutely): last forever
Acute Inferior infarct: Papillary muscle displacement and subsequent MR and pulm oedema
CK-MB
Oxygen
Nitrates: Dilate coronary arteries + Venodilation (decrease preload and thus demand)
PCI superior than thrombolysis but if delayed presentation tPA may be better
PCI: Door to balloon < 90min by skilled personnel (only available at specialised centres)
Thrombolytic therapy: Up to 24hrs after onset of chest pain: Used if PCI window lost
Absolute CI to tPA:
Hx of hemorrhagic stroke
VFib: Sudden death d/t reentrant arrhythmia IMMEDIATELY post MI (post ischaemic damage)
Acute MR: Immediate cf papillary muscle rupture 3-5 days post-> Rapid pulm oedema and CHF
NSAIDs and corticosteroids are CI (may hinder myocardial scar formation); use aspirin
Mechanical complications
Free wall rupture: Acute SEVERE hypotension and Murmur 5 days + post MI
Biventricular failure
Papillary muscle rupture: Produces MR (new murmur)
Deep Q Waves and systolic murmur —-> D/t flow in and around aneurysm
Hypertension
Smoking Cessation has no effect; moderate chronic smokers tend to have lower BP
Exercise. 4-9
Axis
ST elevation in:
No cardiac medications
V tach
Ventricular Arrhythmia
Torsades
Tx: Mg sulfate (effective at preventing torsades also even if norm serum Mg)
WPW: Palpitations
Ventricular preexcitation d/t accessory conduction path
Tx: Procainamide
CI: Anything that slows AV conduction as exacerbates accessory path: CCBs, BBs, Digoxin etc
A Flutter
Regular rhythm with ventricular rate of 125-150bpm and atrial rate 250-300bpm —-> 2:1
Warfarin 4 wks before cardiovert and 4 weeks after if >48hrs (Same for flutter)
Tx: Carotid massage; kids splash cold water on face: increases vagal tone
Hyperkalaemia
Hypokalaemia
Anticoagulants:
MVP: Late systolic murmur with click louder w valsalva AND handgrip (cf HOCM)
MVP syndrome
Associated with nonspecific sxs like palpitations, SOB, dizziness, panic/anxiety, numbness/tingling
AR
Most commonly d/t aneurysm (—> aortic root dilatation) or biscuspid AV in developed countries
IV Septal hypertrophy
S4 only pathologic
ACLS
PULSE +:
Machine wont drop a shock on a T wave (causes Q on T phenomenon—> torsades and death)
If no CHF: BB/CCB
VT/V Fib: Can Shock -> Alternate between Epi and Amiodarone after each 2 MIN CPR
PEA (any pulseless activity that’s not VT/V Fib) and ASYSTOLE (Flat line): CANNOT SHOCK
2 MIN CPR: Pulse Check/Rhythm Check/Shock if indicated: Repeat
Shock
Hypovolaemic Shock
==> CO usually increased (not in. Neurogenic shock d/t impaired sym reflexes)
Septic Shock
Decreased/low normal PCWP (LA pressure) d/t capillary leakage (decreased Preload)
Impaired contractility
CHA2DS2VASc
H. HTN. 1
A. Age >74. 2
D. DM. 1
S. Prior stroke/TIA/thromboembolism. 2
V. Vascular disease 1
A. 65-74yrs. 1
Modified Wells:
3 points: Clinical signs of DVT
HR>100
Recent surgery/immobilisation
1 point: Hemoptysis
Cancer
MVP
Arachnodactyly
Megaloblastic anemia
Cyanide toxicity: Altered mental state, lactic acidosis, seizures and coma
Arteriovenous fistula:
Strong peripheral arterial pulsation: Brisk carotid upstroke
Flushed extremities
Mediastinitis
Can also present atypically: anyone with copious drainage from serial wound should undergo imaging
Widened mediastinum
Rapid deceleration or direct blow to precordium —>> shearing, compression, abrupt Pressure change