FULL

REPORT
EXPERIMEN
WEIGHT
VARIATION

NAME:
JASMIN C. DAMIAN
BSES 2-1 (LAB B)

DATE SUBMITTED:
SEPTEMBER 14, 2021
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
WEIGHT VARIATION
Introduction
In statistics, there are a variety of strategies that are used to treat data in the appropriate
way. All experiments, whether social, scientific, or otherwise, require statistical treatment of
data. The statistical handling of data is very dependent on the type of experiment and the desired
outcome. The handling of errors is an important aspect of statistical data treatment. The primary
purpose of this experiment is to introduce the ideas of analytical balance and statistics, as well as
precision and accuracy, in the interpretation and evaluation of analytical data.
It is necessary that the data utilized in analytical chemistry be accurate in order to obtain
accurate results in experiments and problem solving. Replicate measurements are acquired in
order to accomplish this. Statistical concepts are then utilized to assess the reliability of the
measurements to be utilized. Different statistical metrics can be used to analyse and characterize
the quality of the data being evaluated, as well as to examine the method being employed; this is
important in the decision-making process.
This experiment was designed to educate students how to use statistical concepts in
analytical chemistry and how to manage an analytical balance. The experiment entailed utilizing
an analytical balance to measure the weights of coins and appropriately reporting data using
statistical techniques.

Materials/Equipment

Analytical Weighing 10 coins of the same

Forceps denomination with the
Balance Paper
same year inscription
 Procedure
1. Check the balance for level each time before using it. If the level bubble is not exactly
cantered in the circle inscribed on the glass, adjust the levelling screws until the level bubble is
exactly cantered in the circle.
2. Check the zero point each time before using the balance. Make sure that the lever is in a rest
position before placing or removing anything from the pan.
3. Obtain ten (10) coins of the same denomination with the same year inscription.
4. Use forceps in handling the coins, do not use bare hands.
5. Divide the ten coins into two samples each containing five coins designated as sample A and
sample B
6. Determine the weight of the coins in each sample using an analytical balance and record the
weights.
REPORT SHEET
Data and Calculations:
Table 1. Weight of the coins in sample A and Sample B

Samples Weight (g)

Sample A
A1 5.3243
A2 5.3531
A3 5.3602
A4 5.3762
A5 5.3812

Sample B
B1 5.3511
B2 5.3552
B3 5.3634
B4 5.3681
B5 5.3722

Table 2. Calculated Statistical parameters of Sample A

Statistical tools Results
Mean 5.359
Average Deviation 0
Standard Deviation 0.0225
Range 0.0569
Relative range in ppt 1.0618 x 1012
Confidence interval (95%) 5.359± 0.0279
Q(lowest value) 0.5062
Q(highest value) 0.0879
Table 3. Calculated Statistical Parameters of Sample B

Statistical tools Results

Mean 5.362
Average Deviation 0
Standard Deviation 0.0088
Range 0.0211
Relative range in ppt 3.935 x 1011
Confidence interval (95%) 5.362± 0.0109
Q(lowest value) 0.1943
Q(highest value) 0.1943

Sample A
{∑ of Observation }
Mean =
{Total numbers of Observations }

5.3243 g+5.3531 g+5.3602 g+ 5.3762 g+5.3812 g

=
5
26.795 g
= 5

= 5.359g

Average Deviation =
∑ (x− x̄ )
n

( 5.3243−5.359 ) + ( 5.3531−5.359 ) + ( 5.3602−5.359 )+ ( 5.3762−5.359 ) +(5.3812−5.359)

=
5

=0

Standard Deviation = √ s 2
= √∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ =
( 5.3243−5.359 )2+ ( 5.3531−5.359 )2 + ( 5.3602−5.359 )2 + ( 5.3762−5.359 )2 +(5.3812−5.359)2
√ 5−1

= 0.0225

Range|x max −x min|

= |5.3812−5.3243|
 = 0.0569

Range
Relative Range in ppt = x 100
Mean
0.0569
= x 100
5.359

=1.0618

1,000,000,000,000
1.0618 gx
1g

= 1.0618 x 10 12ppt

Confidence Interval 95%

ts
μ = x̄ ±
√n
(2.776)(0.0225)
= 5.359±
√5
= 5.359± 0.0279

Q lowest value Q highest value

x −x x −x
Qcalc = 2 1 Qcalc = max min
range range

5.3531−5.3243 5.3812−5.3762
= =
0.0569 0.0569

=0.5062 =0.0879

Qtab = 0.5062 < 0.710 Qtab = 0.0879 < 0.710

Not rejected Not Rejected

Sample B
{∑ of Observation }
Mean =
{Total numbers of Observations }
5.3511 g+ 5.3552 g+5.3634 g+5.3681 g+5.3722 g
=
5
26.81 g
=
5

= 5.362g
Average Deviation =
∑ ( x− x̄ )
n

( 5.3511−5.362 ) + ( 5.3552−5.362 ) + ( 5.3634−5.362 ) + ( 5.3681−5.362 ) +(5.3722−5.362)

=
5

=0
Standard Deviation = √ s 2
= √∑ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ =
( 5.3511−5.362 )2+ ( 5.3552−5.362 )2+ ( 5.3634−5.362 )2 + ( 5.3681−5.362 )2 +(5.3722−5.362)2
√ 5−1

= 0.0088

Range = |x max −x min|

= |5.3722−5.3511|

= 0.0211

Range
Relative Range in ppt = x 100
Mean
0.0211
= x 100
5.362

=0.3935

1,000,000,000,000
0.3935 gx
1g

= 3.935 x 10 11ppt

Confidence Interval 95%

ts
μ = x̄ ±
√n
(2.776)(0.0088)
= 5.362±
√5
= 5.362± 0.0109

Q lowest value Q highest value

x −x x −x
Qcalc = 2 1 Qcalc = max 1 min
range range
 5.3552−5.3511 5.3722−5.3681
= =
0.0211 0.0211

=0.1943 = 0.1943

Qtab = 0.1943< 0.710 Qtab = 0.1943< 0.710

Not rejected Not Rejected
 Discussion

Using statistical methods to calculate the variability of samples is one way to measure the
efficiency of the method used. Sample A and B's statistical parameters were calculated, including
mean, average, and standard deviation, relative standard deviation, range, and confidence limit.
When you look at the data, you'll notice that the weights of the 10 pieces of 1 peso coin are all
different, despite the fact that they're all from the same year Based on the computations in
statistical parameters of Sample A, the Q lowest value and Q highest value are both not rejected,
it means that it has no outlier. Same goes with the Sample B, the Q lowest value and the Q
highest value is also not rejected it means that it has no outlier. In the results of accuracy, Sample
A has an accuracy of 99.83% while the Sample B had 99.78% accurate. In precision, Sample A
is more precise than Sample B. Therefore, Sample A is accurate and precise than Sample B.

In addition, the weight of the coins in Sample B lies within 95% confidence level in
Sample A. The fact that the procedures of F-Test and T-Test are not significantly different does
not imply that they are the same.

Although error cannot be totally eradicated, it can be reduced by being aware of frequent
sources of error and employing intelligent, methodical procedures. Instrumental, environmental,
procedural, and human errors are all common sources of error. Depending on how they affect the
outcomes, all of these errors might be random or systematic. The accuracy of a measurement is
influenced by systematic errors (determinate error). Repeated measurements will not be able to
rectify them because they will always exist. They can be caused by improper instrument
calibration, badly maintained instruments, or even a person's incorrect reading of the device.
Indeterminate errors (random errors) are a little different. They have an impact on measuring
precision. Problems such as reading the measurement between two lines on a measuring
equipment or if the reading fluctuates produce random errors. Multiple measurements can help to
reduce these kinds of inaccuracies.

The first thing I observed in the video of the man weighing chemicals is that he is not
dressed properly for a lab, such as a laboratory gown, goggles, gloves, mask, and so on. The
man’s analytical balance is uncalibrated, because of the weight of colored paper is 1g, when he
wrote on a paper the weight is 13 mg while the weight of weighing paper is 0g, and he claimed
the chemical was measured in milligrams rather than grams. “Don't allow the weights to slip on
the balance pans as frequent slipping may rub and wear down their base,” says one weighing
regulation. As a result, their bulk will drop, affecting the weighing results. They must avoid
colliding with hard objects. As a result, when the guy weighs the chemicals, the mass lowers due
to the evaporation of other ink.