SCHOOL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY (SCJPS)

FORENSIC QUESTIONED (QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION)

LEARNING MODULE/ LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 2

LESSON 2.2
EARLY FORMS OF WRITINGS, KINDS OF WRITINGS, TERMINOLOGIE, EXPLANATION AND ITS EXAMPLE

SURENAME: ___________________________ FIRST NAME: ________________________________ M.I. _______ RATING:

__________
YEAR & SECT: ____________________ DATE: __________________
SCHEDULE: TIME & DAY: ________________________

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
A. Before answering your learning activity sheet, read first, analyze and understand intensively my simple explanation and its example from the preceding
discussion or from your learning module, and your handout at least from page 4 to 8.
B. Read other books, news, articles and journals etc. which is connected and related to the subject matter, or you may visit your google through your
phone or any other available resources for your additional information.
C. Expound directly into details your answer and give your insights or reflection and assessment for every inquiry.
D. Write your answer directly on the blanked provided on your learning activity sheet, you may use as well the back portion of your sheet for your
supplement insights.
E. Since it is provisional flexible or blended mode of learning and teaching, work independently.

ACTIVITY I: ASSORTED FORM OF INTERACTION, PRESENTATION, DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION:

NOTE: These pictures on the left side shows an example of

Addition/Insertion or Interlineation. Compare and examine the text “ninety”.
Instead of nine thousand four hundred, they insert or add the “ninety” to
make the value to ninety-nine thousand four hundred, instead of nine
thousand pesos only. The purpose is either to add or to decrease the value
of the cheque. Respectively, the same with the succeeding figures below.
In short, the word ninety was added and they make it ninety nine instead of
nine thousand four hundred fifty only. This is an example of additions/
insertion or interlineation.

1. THUS, DEFINE ADDITION/INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION - ___________

_________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

This figure shows the figure numbers in an enlarged image.

This figure also shows an example of addition/insertion or interlineation.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 1 OF 11

Instead of one thousand pesos only, they add sixty which makes sixty thousand pesos.

T AKE NOTE: Observe the word Thousand. Misspelled to “THOUSADN”.

This is also an example of insertion, addition or interlineation.

2. Likewise, it refers to something wrong in time and in

place. This means that the forger has trouble matching the paper, ink, or
writing materials to the exact date it was supposed to have been written.
EXPLANATION/REEMPHASIS: Again, anachronism from its meaning and implication for instance the forger is hardly in matching of the paper,
ink, or writing materials used by the signatory in signing his/her signatures on the documents that the forger wants or plan to forge.

3. Besides, it is a legal term by the document examiners conclusion; in fact it is the scientific conclusion results from relating to
observed facts by logical, common-sense reasoning in accordance with established rules of laws.
EXPLANATION: Meaning, when the documents examiners, its assistance or representative and along with the chief examiners, upon completion of the
examination, the results of findings from the examination their conclusions is terms as OPINION. This is difference from the OFF hands Opinion; it is opinion of the
ordinary person.

The below picture show an example of Erasure either by abrasive or chemical erasure with the use of transmitted light examination.
4. Thus, define what ERASURE mean is– ______________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________.

TRY TO EXAMINE AND OBSERVE: The left side figures show

an example of erasure, either by abrasive or chemical erasures. Mostly,
these are encountered in cheque especially its value or any related forged
documents. Through the use of microscopic examination its real value is
48 as presented from the figures. The fibers of the papers show its
original figures through microscopic examination.

HENCEFORTH: GIVE AND DEFINE THE TWO (2) METHODS OF ERASURE?

A. ____________________________________ = __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__.

B. ________________________________________________ = _______________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

MOREOVER: Examination is the act of making a ___________________ and _________________________________ of

________________________, and with _________________________________________________________, it is the process necessary to discover the facts
about them.
THUS: What are the various types that are undertaken machines which being used in questioned document examination. And these include:
__________, ________________________________, _____________________________, _______________________________ and
_________________________________.

ANOTHER: Is called the _____________________________________________________ in fact, it is a legal term used to describe a witness who by
reason of his ___________________________________ or _________________________________ is permitted to express an __________________________
regarding the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which is involved in a court action. His purpose is to interpret technical information in his particular specialty in
order to assist the __________________________________________________________________. The document examiner testifies in court as expert witness.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 2 OF 11

 CORROBORATION: Expert witness means that his/her OPINION is legal and based on the scientific and forensic findings as a products of their special
training or experience which results to their competency. In other words, the OPINION of the expert concerning the findings of the results of the questioned
documents examination is legal to which for the purpose in assisting the administration of justice.

FOLLOW-UP QUESTION: In our criminal jurisprudence, who will determine that a person is an expert witness? The _________________________.

Let’s go over on the IDENTIFICATION and NON-IDENTIFICATION in relation to questioned document examination

NOTE: THE PURPOSE OF STANDARD EITHER IDENTIFICATION (IDENTITY)

Whereas, the figure from the
This left side figure shows an example of right side as well shows the
non-
Identification (Identity). Try to compare and identification, this implies that
Examine the questioned documents from the source or authors of origin as
The known (standard documents) they are compared to the questioned
Similar. This means that the known document and the standard or
(Standard documents) which are the source specimens are different. Try to
of authorship and the questioned documents compare, the first, second, and third
are the same. Implication: The known they are differs from each other.
source and the questioned documents is Meaning, the known source is
one. The source or origin of the questioned different from the questioned
documents are the same or one person. documents.
5. THUS, define what identification is:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

5.1. And what non-identification is: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

MOREOVER: The above pictures show an example of Obliteration. Apparently, the name of the informer is illegible because of the shearing of ink on the
name or documents. Try to observe the name of the informer from the left side figure it is legible as compare to the left side figure, it was obliterated. In doing this, is
to hide the name or identity of the informer, perhaps, on the police intelligence. Its real name is Michael Harvin.
TERM TO ADDRESS: BLOTTING OUT OR SHEARING – It is the staining, spoiling, shaving or trimming of the letters of the phrases, words, figures,
values, or name of the person for the purpose of misleading and hiding the identity of the persons involved just like of the example from the preceding.

6. REEMPHASIS: SO, WHAT IS OBLITERATION? – _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

6.1. THUS, based from the preceding discussion, objectively, what is the purpose of obliteration, again, obliteration is the intentionally blotting out or shearing of ink over the writings.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__.

7. This is also refers to the professional experience, education, and ability of a document examiner. Before he is permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court
must rule that he is qualified in his field. This pertains to the ________________________________________________ of the documents examiners.
AGAIN: In order for you to be qualified as a document examiners or expert, you must be competence, and competency is the products of your
qualification which results from your professional experience, trainings and etc.

The figure from the left side shows an example of Substitution.

8. THEREFORE, DEFINE WHAT SUBSTITUTION IS -
____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

9. FURTHERMORE, as discussed and presented from your handouts, enumerates the three (3) mention objectives and purpose of
scientific comparison. And these are to determine the ____________________________________, ____________________________,
________________________________________ or ________________________________________.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 3 OF 11

9.1. FOLLOW-UP QUESTION: However, scientific comparison is depends on the numbers and availability of the
____________________________________________ for comparison.
MEANING: The more the numbers or availability of the known standards the more reliable and consistency of the results and findings of the examination.
REEMPHASIS: Again, when we say known STANDARDS DOCUMENTS are the known source which was either requested or collected from the identified source.
Wherein, their signatures or handwritings are disputed or forged. Anyway, you will encounter this as we go on in our discussion.

WHEREAS: Criminalistics Examination is involves on the detection of __________________________________,

_______________________________, ___________________________________________ or _________________________________ of documents. This is
also tackled from the preceding discussion.

TO CONCLUDE: Distinguish the different concerns and focuses between Scientific Comparison from Criminalistics Examination.
THEREFORE: Scientific Comparison concern and focuses on: ________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

AND Criminalistics Examination concern and focuses on: ____________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

WE WILL FURTHER PROCEED TO THE DOCUMENT TIMELINE:

1. In ____________ in the name of ________________________________ of France through him published the first treatise on systematic document examination.
2. Albert S. Osbon/e 1910 is considered as the ________________________________________________________________ examination.
3. In ____________, ________________________________, is the first person that carried out systematic observations on the manner of handwriting. He published
the book entitled “Treated how, by a letter missive, one recognizes the writer’s nature and qualities”, which is considered the first known graphological essay.
4. Another is in the year __________________the first recorded use of questioned document analysis occurred in ______________________________. A chemical
test for a particular ink dye was applied to a document known as “Konigin Hanschritt”.
5. Likewise, in ______________________ the railroad builder with the US geological survey in New Mexico put his own thumbprint on wage chits to safeguard
himself from forgeries. This personality is in the name of __________________________________________________.
MEANING: Gilbert Thompson, during that time the thumbprint is being use as a signatures or seals to avoid or safeguard from forging their documents
like such mention which is the wages.
6. Moreover in the person of ______________________ of __________________________ in ______________________ was _____________________________
based on mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillion.
CORROBORATION: Relatedly, this is the reason why the system of Alphonse Bertillon which is the Bertillon system is failed or discontinues recognizing
as the popular system for personal identification. This paves the way on the emerging of the Personal Identification which is the Fingerprint as the reliable system for
personal identification.

IN ADDITION: Handwriting Investigation/ Analysis Identification is more focused in determining the ___________________________ of the writing.
MEANING: Handwriting Investigation or Analysis Identification is concerns and focuses in determining the author or the documents when we say author
is the writer or the executor of the documents. To who is the source of origin of the documents.

Let’s further tackled into details the HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION AND EXAMINATION:
1. So as defined from your handouts, __________________________________________is the result of a very __________________________________________,
being used as a whole, and combination of certain forms of _____________________________________ and __________________________________________
acquired by long, continued ______________________________________________________ effort.
EXPLANATION: In simple connotation, handwriting is the continued painstaking effort, when we say painstaking it is the continued and diligent,
expending care and effort through the combination of your mental and muscular habits. Until you reach the writing maturity, through this, writing habits will be
establish which serve as your trademark. Habits is your establish trademark which serve as your identity.
SO AS PART OF OUR DISCUSSION MAY I GET AS WELL YOUR IDEA OR THOUGHTS: Why handwritings sometimes defined as “Visible speech”.
You may base your idea from my statement from the succeeding. Write your answer on the blanked provided below.
__________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
REASON: Why is said to be that handwriting is also as a “visible speech” it could be possible especially writers or author of books or not necessarily
authors, songwriters or us as human in general, for instance the writers their ideas they want to express it through writings. With their books in where their ideas are
express that’s why it is visible speech. Their ideas and thoughts become visible through their writings and by expressing it through writings. Even your daily diaries,
your future plan you want to express it that’s why you write it down through your diaries which serve as your future plan. The contents of your subconscious mind are
express through your writings. Like of those singers, songwriters, or books writers or even us as an ordinary person we express our ideas or thoughts through our
handwriting. That’s why the pen or writing materials is our extended hand. The pen or writing materials is not the one who writes. But our mind which contents our
ideas or thoughts which is reduce or put into writings through our extended hand which is the pen or the writing materials. Note that, the pen is only the writing
materials, but it is our extended hands. Our mind will dictate our hands to hold the pen to write and to express what is in our mind. You may add my statement for
your idea.

FURTHERMORE: According to Huber, he attested and confirmed that our hands is contains __________________ bones controlled by more than
_________________ muscles.

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING:

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 4 OF 11

STEP 1 – When a person first begins to learn the art of handwriting, penmanship copybook form or blackboard illustration of the different letters is placed before him.
His first step is one of ________________________________________________ or a ___________________________________; ________________________,
__________________________ and _________________________________ of the letter forms. The forms of each letter, at first, occupy the focus of his attention.
EXPLANATION: Meaning, especially during our grades school, the focus of the pupils or child is not on the contents, its meaning of the words, terms,
phrases and or the definitions etc. Rather their focus of attention is on the form of letter. In other words, they are not writing, they are imitating, drawing by
painstaking, hard work, care and effort in imitating and drawing the letters forms. In short, their writings is just or merely of imitating or drawing.

STEP 2 – As the person progresses, the matter of forms recedes, and the focus of attention is centered on the __________________________________________,
that is, they are actually writing instead of drawing.
EXPLANATION: After which, the students as part of the process of imitating, and drawing, now their focus of attention is on the process of the execution
of different letters. The process on how they will performs or writes the different letters.

Lastly, STEP 3 – As a person attains _____________________________________________ by ____________________________________________________,

writing becomes an ____________________________________________________________________________________ that produces a record. Attention is no
longer given to the process of writing itself because the subject matter to be written now occupies the focus of attention. The focus is already on the content.
REEMPHASIS/ EXPLANATION: Meaning, the writers or the executors after maturity in writing as the results of many repetitions and as the process of
the child, educational development, the writers are now unconscious of the coordination of movements of his/her hands and fingers. Their focus of attention is no
longer on the imitation, drawing, how to writes the letters. But, their focus of attention is on the content of the documents or any related writing documents. In this
period, maturity in writings is establish, and maturity in writings become his/her habits in writings as well. This habit in writings turns it as his/her trademark. And at
the same time this trademarks is a part of means of identification of the identity of the writers.

FURTHERMORE: ___________________________________________________ is being done during the examination of questioned documents. In

where, the questioned documents and the known source or the standard questioned is being place side by side. The questioned documents are place on the right
side of Manila papers or white board and the standard are place on the right side opposites of the questioned documents. Anyway, you will perform this activity later.
In short, the questioned documents and standard are place side by side for the purpose of comparison and examination.

LIKEWISE: It also the act of setting two or more items side by side to weigh their identifying qualities; it refers not only a visual but also the mental act in
which the element of one item are related to the counter parts of the other. This act is known as ____________________________________________________
EXPLANATION: As discussed from the preceding, the purpose of putting the questioned documents and the standard or the known source side by side
or oppositely is for the purpose of comparison of the questioned documents and the standards either to prove or justify that the questioned documents is forged or
genuine by its their individuals and general characteristics.

ANOTHER IS THE: It is writers deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits of hiding his identity. The results, regardless of their effectiveness are
termed ______________________________________________________________.
CASE IN POINT: Perhaps, the writer or the executor himself, alter or modified in handling his or her pen or the writing materials in order for him to hide
his/her writing habits. Or perhaps, the writers also used and practice his/her left hand in writings. This is exception to the rule of ambidextrous. Ambidextrous means
the writers able to use both hands equally well for instance in writings. Or any analogous means of the writers just to hide his writing habits in order for him to hide his
or her identity.
BESIDES: It is also any writing by an individual other than his own signature or initial. This writing is known as _________________________________________.
EXPLANATION AND CASE IN POINT: Meaning, in simple understanding, the writers or the executors of the documents is not him or himself. Rather,
the writers or the executors of the documents assign, call, or appointed someone to write his/her initial name or sign in behalf of him or the owner of the documents
indented to be sign by himself or write his/her initial name. Another simple case in point; your attendance sheet even your classmates are late or absent, you write
his/her name on the attendance sheet in order for him to be present. Physically absent but namely present.

TO THE GREAT EXTENT: Defined What GRAPHOANALYSIS is-

____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

REEMPHASIS: Enumerates those two (2) fundamentals strokes which under the Graphoanalysis as a study of handwritings. And these are:
The _______________________________ and the _________________________________________________________ of every letters used on the documents.
EXPLANATION: Meaning, Graphoanalysis is the study of handwritings which focuses on the curve and straight strokes of every letters.

8. LIKEWISE: GRAPHOLOGY is the art of determining character _________________________________________________________________ of a person

from the study of handwriting. It also means the ________________________________________________________________________________________,
especially with reference to the forgeries and questioned documents.
TERM TO ADDRESS: DISPOSITION AND AMPLITUDE – As use in this definition, disposition and amplitude is the state or condition of the writers
during the execution or during the writings of the documents which affects the quality of his/her skill, ability or maturity in writing. In other words, Graphology is not the
writing habits or letter form of styles to be analyzed therefrom, but the disposition and amplitude of the writers during the execution or writing of the documents. That
affects the quality, state, and proficiency skills in writings of the writer. Try to observe the given example below.

8.1. The below figures from Letter A to F shows an examples of GRAPHOLOGY.

A.

B.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 5 OF 11

C.
D.

E. F.

THUS: The preceding given examples from A to F shows a

disposition and amplitude of the writers during his/her execution. For instance, on letter A, the
disposition or amplitude of the writers is aggressiveness, B is Domineering or sarcastic which affect the quality of the writings of the executor and so on.

9. Also define what GRAPHOMETRY is – The analysis by ____________________________________________ and

___________________________________.
MEANING: Graphometry is the analysis mostly in signatures examination in where all the details of strokes and curves are being measures and
compare. Try to examine and observe the given example below. The first is genuine while the second is forged.
PROCEDURE: To do this, based and through the availability of the known source or the standards whether collected or requested from the known source.
All the details of straight strokes and curves are being measure for the purpose of comparison to the questioned documents. As this given example below, try to
examine, compare and observe its dissimilarities of the measurements of the straight strokes and curve. The upper is genuine and on the below is forged.

Numerical Measurement of Stroke Structures

This figure
Shows an
Example of
Graphometry

This figure from the left side also shows an example of Graphometry.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 6 OF 11

FURTHERMORE: 10. REPOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION it refers to examination of documents which includes __________________________________________,
____________________________, _________________________________________ and the like.
EXPLANATION: From its root words reprographic. Re- means the documents are already printed or produce such as photocopies, facsimile, when we
say facsimile it was reproduce through true Xerox copy and it was either attested and validated by the concern persons as the original source, photographs and the
like. In other words, reprographic examination the documents are already reproduced by either photocopies, facsimile, and or photographs.

BESIDES DEFINE THE FOLLOWING RELATED TERMINOLOGIES:

11. CACOGRAPHY - ____________________________________________________________________

12. CALLIGRAPHY - _______________________________________________________________________.

13. MAJUSCULE – Also known as 14. MINISCULE – Also known as

the ________________________ the ______________________
________________________. _________________.

LET’S GO OVER THE EARLY FORMS OF WRITING/FORERUNNERS OF WRITING

15. DEFINE CUNEIFORM – ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

These figure from the left shows an example of Wedge shaped”, from the Latin “Cuneus”, meaning”wedge” which means a piece of
wood, metal, etc.
Implication: Meaning, these pieces of wedges shaped are the oldest writing materials or pen used by the primitive society such as
Sumerians. In where, writings or pictographs are drawn with this blunt reed for a stylus.

15.1. THUS, GIVE YOUR PERSONAL INSIGHTS BASED FROM THE DEFINITION AND IMPLICATION OF CUNEIFORM –
_______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

MOREOVER: 16. PALEOGRAPHY - Palaeography (British), or Paleography (American) from the Greek
“____________________________” meaning “____________________________” and
“_____________________________” meaning “___________________________________________”. It is the
study of ancient handwriting, and the practice of deciphering and reading historical manuscripts. The first time the
term “palaeography” was used was perhaps in 1703 by Bernard De Montfaucon, a Benedictine monk.
IMPLICATION: Thus, Paleography is the study of ancient handwriting and the practice of deciphering and reading
historical manuscripts.

This figure from the left shows the William Shakespear’s will. Written in secretary hand: a script difficult for modern readers to
interpret.

16.1. NOW, GIVE YOUR PERSONAL INSIGHTS ON PALEOGRAPHY BASED ON THE IMPLICATION ABOVE: - ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_.

LIKEWISE: 17. WHO IS JEAN MABILLON? -

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

18. DEFINITION OF CALLIGRAPHY

Calligraphy from Greek word “________________________________” meaning “__________________________________” and “_______________________”
meaning “_________________________________” or examine (please checked your handouts on this part).Therefore, Calligraphy is the art of beautiful writing. A
contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is “the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner”. The story of writing is one of

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 7 OF 11

aesthetic evolution framed within the technical skills, transmission speeds and materials limitations of a person, time and place. A style of writing is described as a
script, hand or alphabet.

18.1. THEREFORE, give your personal insight of CALLIGRAPHY based from the definition above. In other words, calligraphy is the
__________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

19. DEFINITION OF PETROGLYPHS

Petroglyphs on Newspaper Rock near Canyonlands National Park, south of Moab, south eastern Utah, USA
Petroglyphs are images created by removing part of a rock surface by incising pecking, carving, and
abrading. Outside North America, scholars often use terms
such as “carving”, “engraving”, or other descriptions of the
technic to refer to such images. Petroglyphs are found world-
wide, and are often (but not always) associated with
prehistoric peoples. The word comes from the Greek words
“__________________” meaning “________________” and
“______________________” meaning “________________”
it was originally coined in French as “petroglyphs”.

IMPLICATION: Meaning, Petroglyphs is a study of writings which was carves in stones.

19. Personal understanding of PETROGLYPHS based from the implication and definition above: ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

MOREOVER: 20. ICONOGRAPHS – From the definition itself, “__________________________” means “____________________________________”
and called by the Egyptians “__________________________________”. So from the etymology definition pictographs mean “pictures that convey or symbolize or
interpret an _________________________________________________ from the picture itself. Write your answer on the blank provided.
CHOICES: Idea or name nothing but a picture
IMPLICATION: Henceforth, Iconographs it is pictures that convey or link or symbolize or interpret an idea.

NOTE: These are the ancient form of writings materials and writings documents which was being used by the primitive society, before the development of
modern papers and writings materials.

21. MODERN ICONOGRPAH - An iconography is a picture formed by a word or words. It can take the form of irregularly shaped letters or (especially in the
case of poems) irregularly aligned text.
QUESTIONS: So therefore what is the correct arrangement of a word iconography from the left figure of the initials __________________as which
assemble like an eye that actually initials? Write your answer on the blank provided.
CHOICES: CVD DCV VDC
CORRELATION: In fact, Modern iconograph is an improvement and development of Iconographs this led to the next writing which is the
Graffiti.

22. GRAFFITI (singular Graffito) - From the Italian word “graffito”

meaning “a scratch” which refers to
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.

22.1. On the right side pictures shows an example of GRAFFITI LESSON.

CORRELATION: As a matter of facts, graffiti are being displays in writings in concreate
fences or walls which signify that turf is belong to a certain organization or gangs. In other words, if
there is a display of graffiti writings symbolizes that territory is belong to them.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 8 OF 11

23. EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS - The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek adjective ________________________________________________ a compound
of ____________________________________________ meaning “_______________________________________________” and _________________________
meaning “_______________________________________”. The glyphs themselves were called ta hieroglyphika grammata meaning “______________________
___________________________________________________________”.
THEREFORE: Egyptian Hieroglyphs is a sacred engraved letters.

The above figures shows an example of an HIEROGLYPHS

23.1. So from the preceding etymology definition of HIEROGLYPHS, what is now the simple definition of HIEROGLYPHS?
ANSWER - _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

24. DEFINE IDEOGRAM/IDEOGRAPH - An ideogram or Ideograph is from Greek word “____________________” and “_______________” meaning “______________”.
IMPLICATION: Therefore, ideogram or ideograph from its root words, ideo meaning idea, meaning it is an expression of idea in graphic symbol, rather
than a group of arranged letters.

24.1. QUESTIONS: So IDEOGRA/IDEOGRAPH means. Based your insights from the definition and implication:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

LIKEWISE: 25. WHO ARE THESE SCRIBES -

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_..

26. DEFINE PICTOGRAPH -

______________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
This figure shows an example of PICTOGRAPH.
Ojibwa pictographs on cliff-face at Agawa Rock, Lake Superior Provincial Park

This figure also shows an example of modern pictograph:

27. NOWADAYS, WHAT IS THE USE OF MODERN PICTOGRAPH AS SHOWN FROM THE LEFT
SIDE PICTURE? ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 9 OF 11

DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING – We already tackled this from the preceding discussion, let’s go further discussed the kinds of writings.
KINDS OF WRITING:
DIRECTIONS: Define and give your personal example.
1. CURSIVE- ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.

SHOWS YOUR OWN ILLUSTRATION OR EXAMPLE OF CURSIVE WRITING ON THE BLANKED PROVIDED BELOW:

NOTE: The figures shown below are the different pen pressure and pen emphasis in cursive writing. We will differentiate the meaning of pen pressure
from pen emphasis as we proceed to our discussion and interaction.

A. Strong, Heavy and Forceful B. Smooth, Flowing and Rapid C. Hesitation and Painful

2. SCRIPT-
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________.

SHOW YOUR OWN ILLUSTRATION OR EXAMPLE OF SCRIPT WRITINGS ON THE BLANKED PROVIDED BELOW:

3. BLOCK-
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

SHOW YOUR OWN ILLUSTRATION OR EXAMPLE OF BLOCK WRITING ON THE BLANKED PROVIDED BELOW:

4. PRINT-WRITING or PRINT-SCRIPT -
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________.

This figures shows an example of Print-Writing or Print-Script

SHOW YOUR OWN ILLUSTRATION OR EXAMPLE OF PRINT-SCRIPT
WRITING ON THE BLANKED PROVIDED BELOW:

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 10 OF 11

ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING
The impulse to form a letter begins in the brain’s writing center, the _____________________________. This center is a kin to brain areas that control
vision, hearing and walking, and it guides the muscles as they weave through the complex movement that makes the words. Since writing begins in the mind,
emotions and attitudes influence how we write just as they influence how we walk and talk. In writing, the pen or other writing instrument functions as an extension of
the hand. The fingers transmit to the pen the directive impulses and the variation in muscular tension that, according to the nature of the writer’s nervous
organization, occur during the act or writing. Hence, as each writer has his own way of holding his hand, manipulating the pen, and exerting pressure, the same pen
in different hands will produce entirely different strokes.
This center near the motor area of the cortex is responsible for the finger movement involved in handwriting. The importance of this center is that when it
becomes diseased as in _________________________________________________, one loss the ability to write although could still grasp a writing instrument.
Thus the ability or power to hold a pen or pencil to form symbols and words can be said to emanate from this cortical center.

THEREFORE: As discussed from your handouts, it is the writing center of the brain. This is the __________________________________________.
FURTHERMORE: It is responsible for the finger movement involved in handwriting. Thus, when it becomes diseased, one loss the ability to write although could
still grasp a fountain pen, ballpen or pencil. This is also the ___________________________________.
Likewise: It is considered as the extension of the hand in writings. The _____________________________ or writing materials.
HOWEVER: The ________________________________ in different _____________________________ will produce entirely
_____________________.

1. AT THIS POINT, GIVE YOUR PERSONAL UNDERSTANDING ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING FROM THE DEFINITION ABOVE.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____.

2. ENUMERATE AND GIVES ITS FUNCTION THE THREE (3) MUSCLES INVOLVED IN HANDWRITING:

1. EXTENSOR MUSCLES -
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________.

2. FLEXOR MUSCLES -
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________.

3. LUMBRICAL MUSCLES -
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
EXPLANATION: The three (3) above muscles that you give and define are the muscles of the hand which function in the act of writing. Again, it is not
our hands to dictate to hold the pen and do the writing; it is our cortex as the writing center of our brain. And the pen or the writing materials is our extended hand.

3. WHAT ARE THE FOUR (4) GROUPS OF MUSCLES THAT ARE EMPLOYED IN WRITING THOSE WHICH OPERATE?
1. ____________________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________________.
3. ____________________________________________________________________.
4. ____________________________________________________________________.
“
AS A MATTER OF FACT: 4. If these four (4) muscles involved in writings has a coordination or harmonious make up. This led to the delicate way in
which the various muscles used in writing work together to produce written forms: This is known as
________________________________________________________ or _______________________________________________________________________.

MOREOVER: 5. Enumerate the three (3) bases of handwriting identification and as also basis of their personal habits identification.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________.
EXPLANATION: Meaning, the preceding nature and characteristics areas of the individual as the basis of handwriting identification such as Environment,
education and occupation will determine the styles of writing and mostly their writing habits as to the nature and characteristics of areas.
CASE IN POINT: For instance, the occupation of the persons such as farmers, laborers or carpenters as compare to the education such as professional
individuals will also give distinction of their writings habits. This is the same with the environment, for instance, the distinction between low land and high land
individuals. Perhaps, there is a difference with it comes to their writings habits and styles. Or and any other similar environments.

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 11 OF 11

 LAST BUT NOT LEAST: THE QUESTION IS:
Is handwriting/signature identification an “exact science”? If your answer is yes or no, justify them. Write your answer on the blanked provided. Ans. _______in the
hand of a qualified examiner operating under proper conditions, identification by means of handwriting/signature is certain. Provided that these proper conditions are
presents which include:
1. _________________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________________.
3. _________________________________________________________________________________.
THEREFORE: Yes! As on the part of the qualified document examiners, provided that the above three (3) mentions conditions are presents.

TO CONCLUDE OF DISCUSSION AND INTERACTION: Any Self-assessment questions (SAQs).

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

P.S. To the kiddos, please read in advance and comprehend intensively your handouts in preparation for your succeeding learning activity sheet.
Particularly, on the principles involves in handwriting identification

PREPARED BY: MARK P. CIANO, MSCJSC

Facilitator/ Instructor

NOTED BY: TROFIMA M. PANGONILO, ED.D

VPAA

APPROVED BY: JOSSETTE Y. PEREZ-DAES, RN

PRESIDENT/ CHAIRWOMAN

FILE BY MPC, MSCRIM PAGE 12 OF 11