\\ Im GRAM NEGATIVE RODS, COCCI AND FILAMENTS Genus PSEUDOMONAS * Gram rods, oxidase’, motile P. mallei~ specialized mammalian parasite . pseudomaliei\. - occasional parasite of animal . aeruginosa J” - motile by means of polar flagella ~ rod shape and oxidase positive 1. P, aeruginosa nly species of Pseudomonas) (ich syn. Bacillus of green pus Pseudomonas pyocyaneus + Low virulence, opportunistic pathogens ‘Frequently causes Suppurative infections ~ associated with wounds, burns, debilitating surgery, immunosuppressive therapy, prolonged administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics: = causes “green woo!” in sheep — wetting of the fleece = causes epizootic respiratory diseases in mink and chinchillas * common in the intestinal contents of chickens, causes early spoilage of meat Morphology: straight, slender rod that measures 2.5um by 4jzm motile, 1 to 3 polar flagella ie Non-spore forming Capsule — sometimes present (slime if present) Cultural and Biochemical Features 2 distinguishing characteristics: 2) production of bright green pigment ~ pyoverdin (flourescein) and pyocyanin ) grape-like odor “dminoacetophenone + obligate aerobe * temperature requirement is 4°C to 42°C + simple media: - smooth, shiny moist, fimbriate and spreading colonies “yen oo centers are translucent and cream-colored does not ferment carbohydrates IMVIC negative Catalase negative ‘Oxidase positive - a trait that sets it apart from members of family Enterobacteriaceae Urease’ positive Hemolytic Pathogenic Attributes: 2) mucoid layer (slime) - antiphagocytic ) Exotoxin A - inhibits protein synthesis ) Proteases and phospholipases ~ cauef edema and skin enduration (8)8) Pyecyanase = pc-ke substance which hemolysis RBC and inhibits growth of other bacteria like Bacillus anthracis €) Elastase - destroys elastin in lung parenchyma ~otaimeu wit varnScEpizootiology — field of science dealing with the relationships ofthe various factors that determines the frequencies and distributions of infectious diseases among animals. Epizootiology and Pathogenesis: > normal flora of the intestines, skin, mucous membrane > toxin» - important in the production of edema, induration, hemorrhage and Protea: hacrosis in skin lesions. Their production is enhancelby the availabilty of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alpha alanine in animal tissues > Slime — anti-pha . facilitates organisms’ penetration in tissues a Swine: necroti¢, pneumonia,spleen and liver absces Cattle: mastitis, traumatic reticulopericardits, infer Chicken: septicemia Man: bronchopneumonia, ear infection, meningitis, Horse: Metritis and infertility in mares COpacification & ulceration of cornea predisposed by sand grain damage in racing horses Dogs: suppurative otitis externa — as complications of injury, mange or other bacterial and fungal infections , enteritis /, SCOURS wound infection, pericarditis Sheep: Green Wool or Fleece Rot - when fleece is wet for longer times skin maceration protein will leak out --> favors multiplication dermatitis- od fers separabs protein in exudates degrades resulting in characteristic odor ‘oviposition by ths = predispose the development of strike Prevention 1) Endotoxin ~ asstd. Proteins (OEP)) - toxoids of combined toxins has superior response Protease = non strain specific Elastase = could also be use in the treatment of horses with corneal ulceration 2) Bacterins - was also practiced for years Products of Medical Interests ‘A. protein exotoxin produced: 1. exotoxin A > inhibit protein synthesis by ribosylation of host cell G 2. exotoxin S } proteins or EF-2 3. elastase Exotoxin A — acts identically to diphteria toxin ihn B. Bactericins (pyocins) — substances that ther strains of the same species . Pigments (pyocyanins) = reacts with 02 to form reactive O2 radicals that are toxic ‘to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells . aerugenosa protects itself to the toxic effect of pyocyanin by increasing synthesis of catalase & superoxide dismutase OvdINIcu wittl Gd 1ScD. Sideroph 1. py jin), iron acquiring 2 pyolerdin = they uses siderophores produced by other bacteria (enterobacter; aerobacter) living ir environment 2. Burkholderia pseudomallei Syn: Bacillus of whitmore Malleomyces pseudomallei Malleomyces whitmore = causes melioidosis — glanders' lke disease describe by Whitmore and Krishnaswami in Rangobs ‘widely distributed in South East Asia, France, Australia and caribbean - widespread in soil and water endemic areas Morphology and Staining Reaction = G bacillus with 1.5 x 0.8 pm = Polar flagella - motile — differs from P. mallel Cultural and Biochemical Features: ~ in simple media ~ rough to mucoid colonies = cream colored to orange = produce acid from: glucose, maltose, sucrose and mannitol ~ liquefy gelatin = produce oxidase = do not produce pyoverdin = some strain are hemolytic = requires 42°C for growth - facultative intracellular pathogen = does not survive chilling Epizootiology and Pathogenesis: ~ aside from soil and water, it also occur in feces = can be dessiminated by manure spreading Entry: a) inhalation b) tHlough skin opening (wound or insect bites) Rodents family ~ especially guinea pigs and rabbit develop naturally occurring infection transmit through insect bites (indirect transmission) to cats, dogs, pigs, goats, sheep, horses and dolphins - Most infection are clinically inapparent Lesions: = small caseous nodule - characteristic ‘coalesce to form large areas of cassation or break down to abscess ~ can be found ip it lungs, liver, joints, nasal cavity, tonsils and other organs. Diagnosi = avoid chilling and freezing of specimdns ~ depends on isolation and identification rather than clinical findings or serologic tests ovammeu wiur VainScDifference between P, Dae . male 2) growth on citrate 3) growth at 42°C 4) reduction of citrates to gaseous nitrogen Treatment: Trimetoprim and Sulfamethoxazole ~_ Novobiocin and tetracycline combination Resistant to: Cloxacilin, colistin, gentamycin, and polymyxin & 3.Burkholderia mallei ‘Syn: Actinobacillus mallei Malleomycis mallet Bacillus mallei Mycobacterium mallei Bacterium mallei Pfeiffenelia mallei Loeffierella mallei cause of glanders — a disease primarily of solipeds ~members of the horse family ~ Human, dogs, lions — susceptible if taken contaminated horse meat - describe by Ancient Greek and Romans - Loeffler and Schultz - isolated the organism Morphology: ~ G, no spores, no capsule, no flagella = Young culture: long, slender rods * Older culture: often pleomorphic — bacilli vary from coccoid to long, slender filament = non motile Cultural and Biochemical Features: ~ Colonies: small, round, convex, translucent and yellowish = becomes brownish when aged - grows well but slowly on ordinary media | Growth is enhanced by the adding of glycerol or blood = growth may become honeylike and confluent - Selective medium: developed by Xie et. al. polymyxin B, citracin and actidione = does not liquefy gelatin ~ does not ferment carbohydrate, except glucose = not hemolytic = does not reduce nitrate - easily destroyed by heat, sunlight and drying Epizootiology and Pathogenesis: obligate parasites of mules, horses and donkeys = Thost frequent in rainy season, when animal are penned without shelter; animal is stressed without shelter and numerous 8. malle/on ground pasture 2) infected by: 1) Ingestion of food and water contaminated with infected discharges 2) inhalation of infected droplets b) organisms penetrate the nasopharyngeal and intestinal mucosa and enters regional lymphatics through which it spreads to various sites «) nodules may be formed in the lymph channels; thickened; found basicaly occur in lung, liver, spleen or skin ovaimeu wiur VarniSC*d) breakdown of nodules results in the formation of crater-like ulcers that discharge sticky, honey-like exudates containing the organism - Farcy ~ if develop in skin Immunity: Protected IR is stimulated by infection . Tht Diagnosis; 2) isolation through selective medi b) Straus‘reaction: Innoculation to male guinea pigs intraperitoneally: localize peritonitis involving scrotal sac = enlarged painful and filled with caseous pus that discharge to surface. A pure culture of 8. mallei can be obtained when cultured ©) serologic test — i. Complement fixation ii, Agglutination ii, Hemagglutination /. counter immunoelectrophorosis ) mallein test Mallein — glycoprotein homologous to tuberculin - non toxic for healthy animal - allergenic to animal with P. mallel infection; exhibit local and systemic hypersensitivity after inoculation i. subcutaneous test — fever for 24 hrs;_ marked by swelling at the point of injection (normal of infected horses) ii. ophthalmic test - pus-forming inflammation after few hours (1) ii. intrapalpebral tests — skin of lower eyelid; develops swelling after 72 hours Control: - no efficacious vaccine has been developed = periodic examination: clinical and use of mallein test = destruction of animal with confirmed infection Treatment: { = sulfonamides and Tetracyclins Human disease: ~ persons caring for glanderous animals Scanned with CamSc