THE GENUS KLEBSIELLA + Aspecies = K.pneumoniats pathogenic In animals = Occurs a a minority commensal in the intestine but rarely produce a disease in intestine * An opportunistic invader in: reproductive tract in mares bovine mammary gland urinary tract in bitches ‘= Also causes nosocomial infection in human and animals Klebsiella pneumoniae ‘Synonym: Friedlander's bacillus © Gram-negative © Non-spore former © 0.3-4.0um x0.6-6.0um, © No flagelia; non-motile ‘© Heavily encapsulated rod (© Capsule production is enhanced in a carbohydrate-rich medium © Facultative anaerobe Epizootiology «© Intestinal commensal; occurs also inthe environment © timber products eg. wood shavings, wet sawdust bedding > important source of infection @Animportant source of infection i: 1. Coliform Masts in cates siriop) SE ae wong cticen Wi Sturkust boddy = fe Millis reduced and altered to serous fluid Stun y fer + Fever; sometimes lead to endotoxc shock 2. Nosocomial infections! 2urkigal wounds, urinary tract infection, Bloods pj, tapi gt grit aningaa orn acer pnt fen % anal discharge, metrts, infertility and abortion in mares * Opportunistic invader in vestibule, urethra, o clots of mares + Transmitted from mare to mare by stalions, contaminated instrument and hands 4. Mastin sows 5. Pneumonia in goats Diagnosis + smeas-hesvyencapsuated 7H Cytre- very mucoldeolones on agar + Tow bul afr. Treatment + Usvaly resistant: Anibotic sett testing shlpful _Cephalexins very effective In treatment of Cane urinary tract InfectionY N Genus Enterobacter straight gram-negative rods facultatively-anaerobic of the tribe Klebsielleae of the family Enterobacteriaceae a fecal coliform, along with Escherichia lactose positive, indole negative and urease negative found chiefly in the environment in water and soil ‘common invaders of tissues in contaminated wounds of animals and in opportunistic infections such as cystitis and pyelonephritis in cattle urinary and respiratory tract are the most common sites of infection several strains are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation ‘Two clinically-important speci E. aerogenes (syn. Klebsiella mobilis) is occasionally a cause of bovine mastitis, uterine infections in mares and the mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome in sows. . cloacae — occasionally isolated from dogs and cats with septicemia Diagnosis Its laboratory characteristics are lactose positive, indole negative and urease negative ‘Treatment Fourth generation of cephalosporin,a B-lactam antibiotic Cefepime Imipenem (carbapenems) is of choice in enterobacter treatment ‘Aminoglycosides such as amikacin have been found very effective ‘Quinolones are an effective alternativeGenus Citrobacter Gram-negative coliform bacteria In the Enterobacteriaceae family . Nonsporeforming, facultative anaerobic and motile bacilli employing peritrichous flagella for locomotion © Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to: convert tryptophan to indole ferment lactose use malonate ‘© The species C. amalonaticus, C. keseri, and C. freundil use solely citrate as a carbon source ‘°~ Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes © typically utilize citrate as their sole carbon source ‘© donot have oxidase but have catalase and are methyl red positive Clinical significance ‘can be found almost everywhere in sol, water, wastewater, etc. can also be found in the human intestine are rarely the source of illnesses, except for human infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis ‘© C freundi strains have inducible ampC genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and first-generation cephalosporins © isolates of Citrobacter may be resistant to many other antibiotics as a result of plasmid-encoded resistance genes ‘© frequently isolated from urine, blood, fecal samples and cerebrospinal fluid and have been found in the urinary tract causing urinary tract infections and human nose © believed to be natural commensal organisms in the human digestive tract.Y Genus Serratia Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family '. marcescens, is normally the only pathogen and usually causes nosocomial infections rare strains of S. plymuthica,S. iquefaciens, S. rubidaea, and S. odoriferae have caused diseases through infection produce characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin ‘can be distinguished from other members ofthe family Enterobacteriaceae by their unique production of three enzymes: 1. DNase 2. lipase 3. gelatinase Serratia marcescens human pathogen; involved in nosocomial infections, particularly catheter-associated bacteremia, urinary tract infections and wound infections Ubiquitous presence in the environment; with preference for damp conditions ‘commonly found growing in bathrooms (especially on tile grout, shower corners, toilet water line, and basin), where it manifests as a pink discoloration and slimy film feeding off phosphorus-containing, ‘materials or fatty substances such as soap and shampoo residue. ‘may also be found in environments such as dirt, supposedly "sterile" places and the subgingival biofilm of ‘teeth; may cause extrinsic staining of the teeth ‘motile organism grow in temperatures ranging from S~40°C and in pH levels ranging from $ to9 exhibits tryptophan and citrate degradation; one of the end products of tryptophan degradation Is pyruvic acid, which is then incorporated into different metabolic processes final product of citrate degradation is carbon can rely on citrate as @ carbon source _— Identification: negative methyl red test lactic acid producer via oxidative and fermentative metabolism causes infection in several sites, including the urinary tract, respiratory tract, wounds and the eye, where it may cause conjunctivitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, and tear duct infections ‘© arare cause of endocarditis and osteomyelitis (particularly in people who use intravenous drugs recreationally), pneumonia, and meningitis ‘* most strains are resistant to several antibiotics because of the presence of R-factors, which are a type of plasmid that carry one or more genes that encode resistance; al are considered intrinsically resistant to ampicilin, macrolides, and first-generation cephalosporins