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Doku - Pub Principles of Electromagnetics 6th Editionasian Edition Solutions
Doku - Pub Principles of Electromagnetics 6th Editionasian Edition Solutions
PRINCIPLES
ELEMENTS OFOF
ELECTROMAGNETICS
ASIAN EDITION
INTERNATIONAL SIXTH EDITION
Matthew N. O. Sadiku
Prairie View A&M University
Sudarshan R. Nelatury
Pennsylvania State University
S.V. Kulkarni
IITYork
New Bombay
Oxford
Oxford University Press
CHAPTER 1
P. E. 1.1
(a) A + B = (1,0,3) + (5,2,−6 ) = (6,2,−3)
A + B = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7
P. E. 1.2 (a) rp = a x − 3a y + 5a z
rR = 3a y + 8a z
22
N
y
up W E
x
uW
uz
P. E. 1.4
Using the dot product,
A B −13 13
cos θ AB = = =−
AB 10 65 50
θ AB = 120.66
P. E. 1.5
(a) E F = ( E ⋅ a F )a F =
(E ⋅ F )F =
− 10(4,−10,5)
2
F 141
= − 0.2837a x + 0.7092a y − 0.3546a z
ax a y az
(b) E × F = 0 3 4 = (55,16,−12 )
4 − 10 5
a E ×F = ± (0.9398,0.2734,−0.205)
a ⋅ b = 0,
hence it is a right angle triangle.
1 1 1
Area = a×b = b×c = c×a
2 2 2
1 1 4 0 −1 1
a×b = = (3,−17,12)
2 21 3 4 2
1
Area = 9 + 289 + 144 = 10.51
2
P. E. 1.7
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
(a) P1 P2 =
= 25 + 4 + 64 = 9.644
P.E. 1.8
1.3 a) A – 3B
Prob.1.1
r = 4a= 4a
− 5xa– 2a
+ ay + 6az – 3(12ax + 18ay – 8az)
OP x y z
r –32ax –(4,
= 56a y + 30az
−5,1)
arOP = OP = = 0.6172a x − 0.7715a y + 0.1543a z
b) | (2A
r | + 5B)/|B|
(16 + 25 + 1)
OP
[2(4ax – 2ay + 6az) + 5(12ax + 18ay – 8az)]
=
Prob. 1.2
(12 2
+ 182 + 82)1/2
r = (−3, 2, 2) − (2, 4, 4) = (−5, −2, −2)
68ax + 86ay – 28az
r = (−5, −2, −2)
ar = =
23.06 = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
r 25 + 4 + 4
= 2.94ax + 3.72ay – 1.214az
ax × A
c) 1.3
Prob.
rMN = rN −axrM× =(4a
= x–−
(3,5, 6a−z)4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z
2a1)y −+(1,
= 4(ax × ax) – 2(ax × ay) + 6(ax × az)
Prob. 1.4
= 0 – 2az – 6ay = –6ay – 2az
A − 2 B× =a (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
d) (B
(a) x) ⋅ ay
((12a =+(6, x
−22, −7)
18a – 8a ) × a ) ⋅ a
y z x y
(12(ax × ax) + 18(ay × ax) – 8(az × ax)) ⋅ ay
(b) A B = (4, −6,3)(−1,8,5) = −4 − 48 + 15 = −37
(0 – 18az – 8ay) ⋅ ay = 0 – 8 = –8
a⊥ =Q±×1.14
Prob. PC⋅ R= =±( −(4,12,
−30, − −18,12)
10 ) ⋅ ( −1,1,
=±2 )(−=0.8111
4 + 12a−x 20 = −4 a y + 0.3244a z )
− 0.4867
|C | 30 2
+ 18 2
+ 12 2 4
(a) Using the fact that −1 1 2
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
or Q × P ⋅ R = R ⋅ Q × P = 4 3 2 = − ( −6 + 2 ) − ( −8 − 4 ) + 2 ( −4 − 6 ) = −4
P.E.we
Prob. 1.9get
1.12 2 −1 −2 7
A×
(d) ( P (Q
×PQ ⋅=( Q
A) × )×=−R6,5)
B(2, −)(=A(×(0,3,1)
4,B−)12,10
× A==0)(− (18
⋅B )5A=−7−)(13
−+10,
4,⋅ A A ⋅ A+)B120 + 70 = 206
= 16
(b) A × ( A × ( A ×2B )−) 6= A45× −( 12 ) A- ( A+ ⋅6Aa ) B
A ⋅ B10
(e) ( P ×PQ×)Q× (=Q0× R3) = 1 = −21a x - 2a y a +z 12a + 8a
= 16
= ( 4A ⋅ B−)10
- ( A7× A) − ( A ⋅ A) - ( A × B )
x y z
P ⋅Q 2− 13
cos θ P=⋅ R = =− A( − 2A−×1 −B=4) )−0.51 −7⎯⎯
( → θ PQ = 120.66o
(f) cos θ PR =PQ PQ= 10 65 = = −0.9526
since AxA = 0P R 4 +1+ 4 1+1+ 4 3 6
Prob. 1.13 θ PR = 162.3
P.E.
Prob.1.101.15
If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
1 1 4 1 −5 1
Area = a x| D a×yE |=a z = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 P × Q 2 − 16 +21443+ 100
1 2 = 260 3 = 0.998
(g)
A× Bsin=θ PQ 1 = −2 3 = = 0
1 P Q 31 16 + 9 + 4 3 29
= −2| (13, 4 −7,9) − 6 |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
P. E. 1.7θ PQ 2 = 86.45 2
as expected.
(a) P1 P2 = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
Prob.1.11
P.E.
Prob. 1.11
1.14
(a) Using = the + 4 +that
25fact 64 = 9.644
A B = (4, −6,1)(2, 0,5) = 8 − 0 + 5 = 13
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
(b)
we get
( )
(a) r|P B=|2r=P1 2+2 λ+ 5rP22 =−29 rP1
AA=B (1,2,−3B))|+2==λ−13
× (+A2×| B
(−( A+5,×2−2B×,829
) ×) A= 71
= (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
= (1 − 5λ ,2 − 2λ ,−3 + 8λ ).
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B
(b)
(c) The shortest distance is
a⊥ = ± d = P1 P3 sin θ ==( P A ⋅PB )×-a( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A) - ( A × B )
A× B
1 3 P1 P2
| A× B | = − A2 ( A × B )
1 6 4 −−63 15
since Ax=A ==0
Let C A ×93 B =− 5 − 2 8 = (−30, −18,12)
2 0 5
Prob. 1.15 1
C=
a⊥ = ± 1 = 93
((−1430,,−−73 ,−27 ) = 8.2
18,12)
± 1 4 1 −5= ±(1−0.8111a x − 0.4867a y + 0.3244a z )
Area = | C || D × E30 |= + 18 + 122 = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 2
2 2 −1 2 3 2
1 1
= | (13, −7,9) |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
Prob. 1.12
Prob.1.1 2 2
P Q = (2, −6,5)(0,3,1) = 0 − 18 + 5 = −13
rOP = 4a x − 5a y + a z
rOP (4, −5,1)
arOP = = = 0.6172a x − 0.7715a y + 0.1543a z
| rOP | (16 + 25 + 1)
Prob. 1.2
r = (−3, 2, 2) − (2, 4, 4) = (−5, −2, −2)
r (−5, −2, −2)
ar = = = −0.8704a x − 0.3482a y − 0.3482a z
r 25 + 4 + 4
Prob. 1.3
rMN = rN − rM = (3,5, −1) − (1, −4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z
Prob. 1.3
5
rMN = rN − rM = (3,5, −1) − (1, −4, −2) = 2a x + 9a y + a z
Prob. 1.3
1.4
A − 2 B = (4, −6,3) − 2(−1,8,5) = (4, −6,3) − ( −2,16,10)
(a)
= (6, −22, −7)
4
(b) A B = (4, −6,3)(−1,8,5) = −4 − 48 + 15 = −37
4 −6 3
A× B = = (−30 − 24)a x + (−3 − 20)a y + (32 − 6)a z
(c) −1 8 5
= −54a x −23a y + 26a z
1.5
Prob. 1.4
3 5 1
B×C = = (−35 − 1)a x + (0 + 21)a y + (3 − 0)a z
0 1 −7
= −36a x + 21a y + 3a z
A( B × C ) = (4, 2,1)(−36, 21,3) = −144 + 42 + 3 = −99
Prob. 1.6
1.5
1 1 1
B×C = = a x − 2a y + a z
(a) 0 1 2
A( B × C ) = (1, 0, −1)(1, −2,1) = 1 + 0 − 1 = 0
1 0 −1
A× B = = a x − 2a y + a z
(b) 1 1 1
( A × B )C = (1, −2,1)(0,1, 2) = 0 − 2 + 2 = 0
1 0 −1
(c) A × ( B × C ) = = −2a x − 2a y − 2a z
1 −2 1
1 −2 1
(d) ( A × B ) × C = = −5a x − 2a y + a z
0 1 2
Prob.1.7
Prob. 1.6
(a) T = (3, -2, 1) and S = (4, 6, 2)
Prob. 1.8
(a) If A and B are parallel, A=kB, where k is a constant.
1
−2 = 8k ⎯⎯
→ k =−
4
α = 4k = −1
3 = βk ⎯⎯→ β = 3 / k = −12
This can also be solved using A X B = 0.
(b) If A and B are perpendicular to each other,
A• B = 0 ⎯⎯ → 4α + 3β − 16 = 0
Prob. 1.9
1.8
(a) A ⋅ B = AB cos θ AB
A × B = ABsin θ AB an
( A⋅ B) + A × B = ( AB ) ( cos 2 θ AB + sin 2 θ AB ) = ( AB )
2 2 2 2
(b) a x ⋅ (a y × a z ) = a x ⋅ a x = 1. Hence,
a y × az ax
= = ax
a x ⋅ a y × az 1
az × a x ay
= = ay
a x ⋅ a y × az 1
ax × ay az
= = az
a x ⋅ a y × az 1
1.9
Prob. 1.10
(a) P + Q = ( 6, 2, 0 ) , P + Q − R = ( 7,1, −2 )
P + Q − R = 49 + 1 + 4 = 54 = 7.3485
2 −1 −2
(b) P .Q × R = 4 3 2 = 2 ( 6 − 2 ) + ( 8 + 2 ) − 2 ( 4 + 3) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4
−1 1 2
4 3 2
Q×R = = ( 4, −10, 7 )
−1 1 2
P .Q × R = ( 2, −1, −2 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4
(a) P + Q = ( 6, 2, 0 ) , P + Q − R = ( 7,1, −2 ) 7
P + Q − R = 49 + 1 + 4 = 54 = 7.3485
2 −1 −2
(b) P .Q × R = 4 3 2 = 2 ( 6 − 2 ) + ( 8 + 2 ) − 2 ( 4 + 3) = 8 + 10 − 14 = 4
−1 1 2
4 3 2
Q×R = = ( 4, −10, 7 )
−1 1 2
P .Q × R = ( 2, −1, −2 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 8 + 10 −614 = 4
4 3 2
(c) Q × P = = ( −4,12, −10 )
2 −1 −2
Q × P ⋅ R = ( −4,12, −10 ) ⋅ ( −1,1, 2 ) = 4 + 12 − 20 = −4
−1 1 2
or Q × P ⋅ R = R ⋅Q × P = 4 3 2 = − ( −6 + 2 ) − ( − 8 − 4 ) + 2 ( − 4 − 6 ) = − 4
2 −1 −2
(d) ( P × Q ) ⋅ ( Q × R ) = ( 4, −12,10 ) ⋅ ( 4, −10, 7 ) = 16 + 120 + 70 = 206
4 −12 10
(e) ( P × Q ) × ( Q × R ) = = 16ax + 12a y + 8az
4 −10 7
(f) cos θ PR =
P⋅R
=
( −2 − 1 − 4 ) = −7 = −0.9526
P R 4 +1+ 4 1+1+ 4 3 6
θ PR = 162.3 7
= ( A ⋅ B ) - ( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A ) - ( A × B )
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prob. 1.12 = − A2 ( A × B )
POESM_Ch01.indd 7 since AP Q==0(2, −6,5)(0,3,1) = 0 − 18 + 5 = −13
xA 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
If A and B are parallel, then B = kA and A x B = 0. It is evident that k = -2 and that
ax a y az
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
A × B = 1 −2 3 = 0
−2 4 −6 8
as expected.
1.11
Prob. 1.14
(a) Using the fact that
( A × B ) × C = ( A ⋅ C )B − (B ⋅ C )A,
we get
A × ( A × B ) = −( A × B ) × A = (B ⋅ A)A − ( A ⋅ A)B
(b) A × ( A × ( A × B ) ) = A × ( A ⋅ B ) A- ( A ⋅ A) B
= ( A ⋅ B ) - ( A × A) − ( A ⋅ A ) - ( A × B )
= − A2 ( A × B )
since AxA = 0 8
Prob. 1.15
Prob. 1.12
1.16 P2
1 1 4 1 −5 1
Area = | D × E |= = | (3 + 10)a x + (5 − 12)a y + (8 + 1)a z |
2 2 −1 2 a 3 2
1 1
= | (13, −7,9) |= 169 + 49 + 81 = 8.646
2 2 b
P1
c P3
a ⋅ b = −8 + 5 + 3 = 0 ⎯⎯→ perpendicular
b ⋅ c = 4 − 30 − 4 ≠ 0
c ⋅ a = −8 − 6 − 12 ≠ 0
Hence P2 is a right angle.
1 1 −4 1 3 1
Area = | a × b |= = | (1 − 15)a x + (6 + 4)a y + (−20 − 2)a z |
2 2 2 5 1 2
(b)
1 1
= | (−14,10, −22) |= 196 + 100 + 484 = 13.96
2 2
Prob. 1.17
Given rP = (−1, 4,8), rQ = (2, −1,3), rR = (−1, 2,3)
(a) | PQ |= 9 + 25 + 25 = 7.6811
(b) PR = −2a y − 5a z
QP QR o
(c) ∠PQR = cos −1 = 42.57
| QP || QR |
(d) Area of triangle PQR = 11.023
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
(e) Perimeter = 17.31
POESM_Ch01.indd 8 9/14/2015 3:29:31 PM
Hence P2 is a right angle.
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1 1 −4 1 3 1
Area = | a × b |= = | (1 − 15)a x + (6 + 4)a y + (−20 − 2)a z |
2 2 2 5 1 2
(b) 9
1 1
= | (−14,10, −22) |= 196 + 100 + 484 = 13.96
2 2
Prob. 1.13
1.17
Given rP = (−1, 4,8), rQ = (2, −1,3), rR = (−1, 2,3)
(a) | PQ |= 9 + 25 + 25 = 7.6811
(b) PR = −2a y − 5a z
QP QR o
(c) ∠PQR = cos −1 = 42.57
| QP || QR |
(d) Area of triangle PQR = 11.023
(e) Perimeter = 17.31
Prob.1.18
Prob. 1.14
Let R be the midpoint of PQ.
1
rR = {(2, 4, −1) + (12,16,9)} = (7,10,94)
2
Prob. 1.15
1.19
Ax Ay Az Ax Ay Az
A ⋅ ( A× B ) = Bx By Bz , ( A× B ) ⋅ C = Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz Cx Cy Cz
Hence, A ⋅ ( A× B ) = ( A× B ) ⋅ C
Also, each equals the volume of the parallelopiped formed by the three vectors as sides.
Prob. 1.16
1.20
(a) Let P and Q be as shown below:
y Q
P
θ2
θ1
x
P1
θ1+θ2
θ1 x
θ2
10
Q1
P1 ⋅ Q1 = (1)(1) cos(θ 1 + θ 2 )
But P1 ⋅ Q1 = cosθ 1 cosθ 2 − sin θ 1 sin θ 2 ,
cos(θ 2 + θ 1 ) = cosθ 1 cosθ 2 − sin θ 1 sin θ 2
Alternatively, we can obtain this formula from the previous one by replacing
θ2 by -θ2 in Q.
(c)
1 1
| P − Q |= | (cos θ1 − cos θ 2 ) ax + (sin θ1 − sin θ 2 ) a y
2 2
1
= cos 2 θ1 + sin 2 θ1 + cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 − 2 cos θ1 cos θ 2 − 2sin θ1 sin θ 2
2
1 1
= 2 − 2(cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) = 2 − 2 cos(θ 2 − θ1 )
2 2
Let θ 2 − θ1 = θ , the angle between P and Q.
1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 cos θ
2 2
Thus,
1 θ −θ
| P − Q |=| sin 2 1 |
2 2
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prob. 1.21
POESM_Ch01.indd 10 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM
1 1
= 2 − 2(cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 ) = 2 − 2 cos(θ 2 − θ1 )
2 2
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Let θ 2 − θ1 = θ , the angle between P and Q.
1 1 11
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 cos θ
2 2
But cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2A.
1 1
| P − Q |= 2 − 2 + 4sin 2 θ / 2 = sin θ / 2
2 2
Thus,
1 θ −θ
| P − Q |=| sin 2 1 |
2 2
Prob. 1.17
1.21
w(1,−2,2)
w= = (1,−2,2), r = rp − ro = (1,3,4) − ( 2,−3,1) = ( −1,6,3)
3
1 −2 2
u = w×r = = ( −18,−5,4)
−1 6 3
u = −18a x − 5a y + 4az
1.22
Prob. 1.18
r1 = (1,1,1), r2 = (1, 0,1) − (0,1, 0) = (1, −1,1)
r1 ⋅ r2 (1 − 1 + 1) 1
cos θ = = = → θ = 11
⎯⎯ 70.53o
r1r2 3 3 3
Prob. 1.19
1.23
T ⋅ S ( 2, −6,3) ⋅ (1, 2,1) −7
(a) Ts = T ⋅ as = = = = −2.8577
S 6 6
(b) S T = ( S ⋅ a T )a T =
(S ⋅ T )T = − 7(2,−6,3)
T2 72
= − 0.2857a x + 0.8571a y − 0.4286a z
1.24
Prob. 1.20
Let A = AB + AB ⊥
A⋅ B
AB = ( A ⋅ a B )a B = B
B⋅B
Hence,
A⋅ B
AB⊥ = A − AB = A − B
B⋅B
Prob.1.25
(a) H (1,3, −2) = 6a x + a y + 4a z
(6,1, 4)
aH = = 0.8242a x + 0.1374a y + 0.5494a z
36 + 1 + 16Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
POESM_Ch01.indd 11 (b) | H |= 10 = 4 x 2 y 2 + ( x + z ) 2 + z 4 9/14/2015 3:29:32 PM
Let A = AB + AB ⊥
A⋅ B
A
Sadiku & Kulkarni B
= ( A ⋅ a B )a B = B
B⋅B Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Hence,
A⋅ B 12
AB⊥ = A − AB = A − B
B⋅B
Prob. 1.21
Prob.1.25
(a) H (1,3, −2) = 6a x + a y + 4a z
(6,1, 4)
aH = = 0.8242a x + 0.1374a y + 0.5494a z
36 + 1 + 16
(b) | H |= 10 = 4 x 2 y 2 + ( x + z ) 2 + z 4
or
100 = 4 x 2 y 2 + x 2 + 2 xz + z 2 + z 4
1.26
Prob. 1.22
C = 5a x + a z
1 1 0
(a) B × C = = a x − a y − 5a z
5 0 1
A( B × C ) = (4, −1,1)(1, −1, −5) = 4 + 1 − 5 = 0
( A ⋅ B ) B (4 − 1)(1,1, 0)12
(b) AB = ( AaB )a B = = = 1.5a x + 1.5a y
| B |2 1+1
1.23
Prob. 1.27
G = 1 + 4 + 36 = 6.403
H = 36 + 9 + 9 = 7.348
(b) G H = −6 + 6 − 18 = −18
GH −18
cos θGH = = = −0.3826
(c) GH 6.403 × 7.348
θGH = 112.5o
Prob. 1.28
1.24
rPQ = rQ − rP = (−2,1, 4) − (1, 0,3) = ( −3,1,1)
At P, H = 0a x − 1a z = −a z
The scalar component of H along rPQ is
H • rPQ −1
D = H arPQ = = = −0.3015
| rPQ | 9 +1+1
Prob. 1.29
(a) At P, x = -1, y = 2, z = 4
D = 8a x − 4a y - 2a z , E = −10a x + 24a y + 128a z
C = D + E = −2a x + 20 a y + 126
Copyright a z by Oxford University Press
© 2015
Prob. 1.26
1.30
(a) At (1,2,3), E = (2,1,6)
E = 4 + 1 + 36 = 41 = 6.403
( E ⋅ F )F 36
E F = ( E ⋅ aF ) aF = 2
= ( 2,−4,6)
F 56
= 1.286a x − 2.571a y + 3.857az
0 1 −3
E×F = = (−3,0,0)
0 −1 0
E×F
a E ×F = ± = ± ax
E×F
14
14
CHAPTER 2
P. E. 2.1
Spherical system:
r= x2 + y2 + z2 = 35 = 5.916
θ = tan −1 x 2 + y 2 z = tan −1 10 5 = tan −1 0.6325 = 32.31°
P (r ,θ , ϕ ) = P (5.916,32.31°, 71.57°)
T ( ρ, ϕ , z) = T (4,270° ,3).
Spherical system:
r= x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 5,θ = tan −1 ρ / z = tan −1 4 / 3 = 5313
. °.
T (r ,θ , ϕ ) = T (5,5313
. ° ,270° ).
Spherical system:
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 5 5 = 11.18.
5
θ = tan −1 ρ z = tan −1 = 153.43°;
−10
S (r , θ , φ ) = S (11.18,153.43°, 233.1°).
15
Qρ cos φ sin φ 0 Qx
Qφ = − sin φ cos φ 0 0 ;
Qz 0 0 1 Qz
ρ cos φ − ρ sin φ
Qρ = Qx cos φ = , Qφ = −Qx sin φ =
ρ +z
2 2
ρ 2 + z2
Hence,
ρ
Q= (cos φ a ρ − sin φ a φ − z sin φ a z ).
ρ + z2
2
In Spherical coordinates:
r sin θ
Qx = = sin θ ;
r
1
Qz =− r sin φ sin θ r cosθ = − r sin θ cosθ sin φ .
r
Qr sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cosθ Qx
Qθ = cosθ cos φ cosθ sin φ − sin θ 0 ;
Qφ − sin φ cos φ 0 Qz
Qr = Qx sin θ cos φ + Qz cosθ = sin 2 θ cosφ − r sin θ cos2 θ sin φ .
Qθ = Qx cosθ cos φ − Qz sin θ = sin θ cosθ cos φ + r sin 2 θ cosθ sin φ .
Qφ =− Qx sin φ = − sin θ sin φ.
∴ Q = sin θ ( sin θ cosφ − r cos2 θ sin φ ) a + sin θ cosθ (cosφ + r sinθ sin φ )aθ − sinθ sin φ aφ .
r
At T :
4 12
Q ( x, y , z ) = a x + a z = 0.8a x + 2.4a z ;
5 5
4
Q ( ρ , φ , z ) = (cos 270° a ρ − sin 270° aφ − 3sin 270°a z
5
= 0.8aφ + 2.4 a z ;
4 45 4 3 20 4
Q (r ,θ , φ ) = (0 − (−1))ar + ( )(0 + (−1))aθ − (−1)aφ
5 25 5 5 5 5
36 48 4
= a r − aθ + aφ = 1.44ar − 1.92aθ + 0.8 aφ ;
25 25 5
16
16
A = (ρz cosφ sinφ −3ρ cosφ sinφ) ax + (ρz sin2 φ +3ρ cos2 φ) ay + ρ cosφ sinφ az.
y x y
But ρ = x2 + y2 , tanφ = , cosφ = , sinφ = ;
x 2
x +y 2 2
x +y 2
y x
and sin φ = , cos φ = ;
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
y 1
Bx = r 2 sin θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ = rx − = ( r 2 x − y ).
r r
x 1
B y = r 2 sin θ sin φ + sin θ cos φ = ry + = (r 2 y + x ).
r r
1
Bz = r 2 cos θ = r z = ( r 2 z ).
r
Hence,
1
B= [{x ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − y} a x + { y ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + x} a y + z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )a z ].
2 2 2
x +y +z
17
aρ aφ az
H × az = 0 0.06767 1 = − 0.06767 a ρ .
0 0 1
(c) ( H • a ρ ) a ρ = 0 aρ .
aρ aφ az
H × az = 0 0.06767 1 = 0.06767 a ρ .
(d)
0 0 1
H × a z = 0.06767
P.E. 2.4
(a)
A • B = (3, 2, − 6) • ( 4, 0,3) = − 6.
3 2 −6
A× B = = 6 ar − 33aθ − 8aφ .
(b) 4 0 3
Thus the magnitude of A × B = 34.48.
(c)
At (1, π / 3, 5π / 4), θ = π / 3,
1 3
a z = cos θ a r − sin θ aθ = ar − aθ .
2 2
3 1 3
( Aa z )a z = − 3 ar − aθ = −0.116ar + 0.201aθ
2 2 2
18
18
P.E. 2.5
In spherical coordinates, the distance between two points is given by eq. 2.33:
By solving the above equation, we obtain
P.E. 2.6
In Cartesian system the dot product of two vectors and
is given by
(1)
Now using the eq. 2.21 to represent spherical coordinates in Cartesian system and the dot
product is determined by using Eq. (1)
Dot product of the given vectors is 3
Using the above equation
Hence by using the above derived equation we can directly calculate dot product of
vectors in spherical system 33
33
P.E. 2.7
Prob.
P.E.
Prob. 2.7
2.24
2.24
At P
At P(0, 2, (0, 2,−−5),
5), φφ ==90
90°°;;
BBxx cos cosφφ −−sin
sinφφ 00 BBρρ
BB == sin cosφφ 00
sinφφ cos BB
yy φφ
BBzz 00 00 11 BBzz
00 −−11 00 −−55
11
== 11 00 00
00 00 11 −−33
BB== −−aaxx −−55aayy −−33aazz
== aaxx−−aayy ++77aazz..
A• B −52
cosθθAB
((bb)) cos = A • B == −52
AB =
AB
AB 4200
4200
−52
θθAB cos−−11(( −52 )) == 143.36
= cos
AB = 143.36°°..
4200 © 2015 by Oxford University Press
4200
Copyright
= ax − a y + 7 az .
A• B −52
(b) cos θ AB = =
AB 4200
−52
θ AB = cos −1 ( ) = 143.36°.
4200
A• B 52
(c) AB = A • a B = =− = −8.789.
B 35
18
Prob. 2.24
Prob.At2.1(1, 60o , −1), ρ = 1, φ = 60o , z = −1,
(a) ρA== (−x2 −
2
y 2 60
+ sin = o )4a+ρ 36
+ (4=+6.324
2 cos 60o )aφ − 3(1)( −1)a z
1 y −1 6
(a) φ = =
tan−−2.866 = atan
ρ + 5aφ=+71.56
3a z o
x 2
o
P is 60
B = 1cos (6.324,
o
a ρ + sin 60o ,a−φ 4)
71.56 + a z = 0.5aφ + 0.866aφ + a z
A B = −1.433 + 4.33 + 3 = 5.897
r = x 2 +2 y 2 + z 2 = 4 + 36 + 16 = 7.485
AB = 2.866 + 26 + 9 0.25 + 1 + 0.8662 = 9.1885
2
A + y2
−1B x 5.897 −1 6.324 −1 6.324
cos θθAB==tan =
o o
(b) ==tan
0.6419 =⎯⎯ 90→ + tan
θ AB = 50.07=o 147.69
AB 9.1885z −4 4
o o
P is (7.483,147.69 , 71.56 )
Let D = A × B. At (1,90o , 0), ρ = 1, φ = 90o , z = 0
A = − sin 90o a ρ + 4aφ = −a ρ + 4aφ
Prob.2.2
(b)
(a) Given P(1,-4,-3), convert to cylindrical and spherical values;
B = 1cos 90o2 a ρ +2 sin 90o a2 φ + a z =2 aφ + a z
ρ = x + y = 1 + (−4) = 17 = 4.123.
y −4
φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 284.04°.
x 1
∴ P ( ρ , φ , z ) = (4.123, 284.04°, − 3)
Spherical :
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 + 16 + 9 = 5.099.
ρ 4.123
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 126.04°.
z −3
P (r , θ , φ ) = P (5.099, 126.04°, 284.04°).
y 0
(b) ρ = 3, φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 0o
x 3
Q( ρ , φ , z ) = Q(3, 0 ,5)
o
ρ 3
r = 9 + 0 + 25 = 5.831, θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 30.96o
z 5
Q(r , θ , φ ) = Q(5.831,30.96 , 0 )o o
6 Universityo Press
Copyright © 2015 by−1Oxford
(c) ρ = 4 + 36 = 6.325, φ = tan = 108.4
−2
POESM_Ch02.indd 19 9/28/2015 12:25:51 PM
o
Spherical :
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 + 16 + 9 = 5.099.
ρ 4.123
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 126.0420
°.
z −3
P (r , θ , φ ) = P (5.099, 126.04°, 284.04°).
y 0
(b) ρ = 3, φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 0o
x 3
Q( ρ , φ , z ) = Q(3, 0 ,5)
o
ρ 3
r = 9 + 0 + 25 = 5.831, θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 30.96o
z 5
Q(r , θ , φ ) = Q(5.831,30.96 , 0 ) o o
6
(c) ρ = 4 + 36 = 6.325, φ = tan −1 = 108.4o
−2
R ( ρ , φ , z ) = R(6.325,108.4o , 0)
ρ 6.325
r = ρ = 6.325, θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 90o
z 0
R (r , θ , φ ) = R(6.325,90 ,108.4o )
o
19
Prob. 2.3
(a)
x = ρ cos φ = 2 cos 30° = 1.732;
y = ρ sin φ = 2sin 30° = 1;
z = 5;
P1 ( x, y, z ) = P1 (1.732,1, 5).
(b)
x = 1cos 90° = 0; y = 1sin 90° =1; z = − 3.
P2 ( x, y, z ) = P2 (0, 1, − 3).
(c)
x = r sin θ cos φ = 10sin(π / 4) cos(π / 3) = 3.535;
y = r sin θ sin φ = 10sin(π / 4) sin(π / 3) = 6.124;
z = r cos θ = 10 cos(π / 4) = 7.0711
P3 ( x, y, z ) = P3 (3.535, 6.124, 7.0711).
(d)
x = 4sin 30° cos 60° =1
y = 4sin 30° sin 60° = 1.7321
z = r cos θ = 4 cos 30° = 3.464
P4 ( x, y, z ) = P4 (1,1.7321,3.464).
21
20
Prob. 2.4
x = ρ cos φ = 5cos120o = −2.5
y = ρ sin φ = 5sin120o = 4.33
(a)
z =1
Hence Q = (−2.5, 4.33,1)
r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ρ 2 + z 2 = 25 + 1 = 5.099
x2 + y2 ρ 5
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 = 78.69o
(b) z z 1
φ = 120o
Hence Q = (5.099, 78.69o ,120o )
Prob. 2.5
T (r ,θ , φ ) ⎯⎯
→ r = 10, θ = 60o , φ = 30o
x = r sin θ cos φ = 10sin 60o cos 30o = 7.5
y = r sin θ sin φ = 10sin 60o sin 30o = 4.33
z = r cos θ = 10 cos 60o = 5
T ( x, y, z ) = (7.5, 4.33,5)
ρ = r sin θ = 10sin 60o = 8.66
T ( ρ , φ , z ) = (8.66,30o ,5)
Prob. 2.6
(a)
x = ρ cos φ , y = ρ sin φ ,
V = ρ z cos φ − ρ sin φ cos φ + ρ z sin φ
2
(b)
U = x2 + y 2 + z 2 + y 2 + 2z 2
= r 2 + r 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ + 2r 2 cos 2 θ
= r 2 [1 + sin 2 θ sin 2 φ + 2 cos 2 θ ]
22
21
Prob. 2.7
(a)
x
2
ρ + z2
Fρ cos φ sin φ 0
F = − sin φ y
φ cos φ 0
ρ 2 + z2
Fz 0 0 1
4
2 2
ρ +z
1 ρ
Fρ = [ ρ cos 2 φ + ρ sin 2 φ ] = ;
ρ +z 2 2
ρ + z2
2
1
Fφ = [− ρ cos φ sin φ + ρ cos φ sin φ ] = 0;
ρ 2 + z2
4
Fz = ;
ρ + z2
2
_
1
F = ( ρ aρ + 4 az )
ρ + z2
2
In Spherical:
x
r
Fr sinθ cosφ sinθ sinφ cosθ
y
Fθ = cosθ cosφ cosθ sin φ −sinθ r
−sinφ cosφ 0
Fφ 4
r
r r 4 4
Fr = sin2 θ cos2 φ + sin2 θ sin2 φ + cosθ = sin2 θ + cosθ ;
r r r r
4 4
Fθ =sinθ cosθ cos2 φ + sinθ cosθ sin2 φ − sinθ = sinθ cosθ − sinθ ;
r r
Fφ =− sinθ cosφ sinφ + sinθ sinφ cosφ = 0;
_
4 4
∴ F = (sin2 θ + cosθ ) ar + sinθ (cosθ − )aθ
r r
23
22
(b)
xρ 2
2
ρ + z2
Gρ cos φ sin φ 0
yρ
2
G = − sin φ cos φ 0
φ ρ 2 + z2
Gz 0 0 1
zρ 2
2
ρ + z
2
ρ2 ρ3
Gρ = [ ρ cos φ + ρ sin φ ] =
2 2
;
ρ 2 + z2 ρ 2 + z2
Gφ = 0;
zρ 2
Gz = ;
ρ 2 + z2
ρ2
G= ( ρ aρ + z az )
ρ 2 + z2
Spherical :
ρ2 r 2 sin 2 θ
G= ( xa x + ya y + za z ) = rar = r 2 sin 2 θ ar
r r
Prob. 2.8
y
B = ρ ax + a y + za z
ρ
Bρ cos φ sin φ 0 ρ
B = − sin φ cos φ 0 y / ρ
φ
Bz 0 0 1 z
y
Bρ = ρ cos φ + sin φ
ρ
y
Bφ = − ρ sin φ + cos φ
ρ
Bz = z
But y = ρ sin φ
Bρ = ρ cos φ + sin 2 φ , Bφ = − ρ sin φ + sin φ cos φ
Hence,
B = ( ρ cos φ + sin 2 φ )a ρ + sin φ (cos φ − ρ )aφ + za z
24
23
Prob. 2.9
Ax cos φ − sin φ 0 2
A = sin φ cos φ 0 3
y
Az 0 0 1 4
At P, ρ = 2, φ = π / 2, z = −1
Ax = 2 cos φ − 3sin φ = 2 cos 90o − 3sin 90o = −3
Ay = 2sin φ + 3cos φ = 2sin 90o + 3cos 90o = 2
Az = 4
Hence, A = −3a x + 2a y + 4a z
Prob. 2.10
(a)
Ax cos φ − sin φ 0 ρ sin φ
Ay = sin φ cos φ 0 ρ cos φ
Ay 0 0 1 −2 z
(b)
Bx sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ 4r cos φ
B = sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ r
y
Bz cos θ − sin θ 0 0
Bx = 4r sin θ cos 2 φ + r cos θ cos φ
By = 4r sin θ sin φ cos φ + r cos θ sin φ
Bz = 4r cos θ cos φ − r sin θ
x2 + y2 z
But 2
r= x +y +z , 2 2
sin θ = , cos θ =
r r
y x
sin φ = , cos φ =
x + y2
2
x2 + y 2
25
24
x2 zx
Bx = 4 x 2 + y 2 2 2
+
x +y x + y2
2
xy zy
By = 4 x 2 + y 2 2 2
+
x +y x + y2
2
x
Bz = 4 z − x2 + y2
2 2
x +y
1
B= x(4 x + z )a x + y (4 x + z )a y + (4 xz − x 2 − y 2 )a z
2 2
x +y
Prob. 2.11
Gx cos φ − sin φ 0 ρ sin φ
G = sin φ cos φ 0 − ρ cos φ
y
Gz 0 0 1 ρ
Gx = ρ cos φ sin φ + ρ sin φ cos φ = 2 ρ sin φ cos φ
G y = ρ sin 2 φ − ρ cos 2 φ = ρ (1 − cos 2 φ ) − ρ cos 2 φ = ρ − 2 ρ cos 2 φ
Gz = ρ
x x y y
ρ = x 2 + y 2 , cos φ = = ,sin φ = =
ρ 2
x +y 2 ρ x + y2
2
xy 2 xy
Gx = 2 x 2 + y 2 =
x + y2
2
x2 + y2
x2 2 x2
Gy = x 2 + y 2 − 2 x 2 + y 2 = x 2
+ y 2
−
But x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
Gz = x 2 + y 2
Thus,
2 xy 2x2
G= ax + x2 + y 2 − a y + x2 + y 2 az
x2 + y 2 x2 + y2
26
25
Prob. 2.12
H x sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ cos θ
H = sin θ sin φ cos θ sin φ cos φ sin θ
y
H z cos θ − sin θ 0 0
H x = sin θ cos θ cos φ + sin θ cos θ cos φ = 2sin θ cos θ cos φ
H y = cos θ sin θ sin φ + sin θ cos θ sin φ = 2sin θ cos θ sin φ
H z = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
But,
x2 + y 2 z
sin θ = , cos θ = ,
r r
y x
sin φ = , cos φ =
x + y2
2
x + y2
2
2z x2 + y2 x 2 xz
Hx = =
x2 + y2 + z 2 x2 + y2 x + y2 + z2
2
2z x2 + y2 y 2 yz
Hy = =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y2 x + y2 + z2
2
z 2 − x2 − y2
Hz =
x2 + y 2 + z 2
1
2 (
H= 2 2
2 xza x + 2 yza y + [ z 2 − x 2 − y 2 ]a z )
x +y +z
Prob. 2.13
x = ρ cos φ
(a)
B = ρ cos φ a z
x = r sin θ cos φ
(b) B = r sin θ cos φ a z , Bx = 0 = By , Bz = r sin θ cos φ
Br sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ 0
Bθ = cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ 0
Bφ − sin φ cos φ 0 r sin θ cos φ
Br = r sin θ cos θ cos φ = 0.5r sin(2θ ) cos φ
Bθ = −r sin 2 θ cos φ , Bφ = 0
B = 0.5r sin(2θ ) cos φ ar − r sin 2 θ cos φ aθ
27
26
Prob. 2.14
(a)
a x • a ρ = (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ) • a ρ = cos φ
a z = cos θ a x − sin θ aθ .
Hence,
a x • a r = sin θ cos φ ;
a x • aθ = cos θ cos φ ;
a y • a r = sin θ sin φ ;
a y • aθ = cos θ sin φ ;
_ _
a z • a r = cos θ ;
_ _
a z • aθ = − sin θ ;
Prob. 2.15
(a)
r= x2 + y2 + z2 = ρ 2 + z2 .
ρ
θ = tan −1 ; φ = φ.
z
or
ρ= x 2 + y 2 = r 2 sin 2 θ cos2 φ + r 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ .
= r sin θ ;
z = r cosθ ; φ = φ.
28
27
az ar
-az
sin θ aρ θ
θ
cos θ a z sin θ ( − az )
ρ
ρ
z
z az
sin θ ar −aθ
cosθ aθ sin θ ( − aθ )
aρ
cosθ ar
ar
ar
θ aθ θ
ρ ρ
29
28
a ρ sin θ cos θ 0 ar
aφ = 0 0 1 aθ
cos θ − sin θ 0
az az
Prob. 2.16
If A and B are perpendicular to each other, AB = 0
A B = ρ 2 sin 2 φ + ρ 2 cos 2 φ -ρ 2
=ρ 2 (sin 2 φ + cos 2 φ )-ρ 2
=ρ 2 − ρ 2
=0
As expected.
Prob. 2.17
(a ) A + B = 8a ρ + 2aφ − 7a z
(b) A B = 15 + 0 - 8 = 7
3 2 1
(c ) A × B =
5 0 −8
=-16a ρ + (5 + 24)aφ − 10a z
=-16a ρ + 29aφ − 10a z
A⋅ B 7 7
(d ) cosθ AB = = =
AB 9 + 4 + 1 25 + 64 14 89
=0.19831
θ AB =78.56o
30
29
x2 x2
Ax = ρ cos 2 φ = x2 + y 2 =
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
xy xy
Ay = ρ sin φ cos φ = x2 + y 2 =
x + y2
2
x2 + y 2
y
Az = ρ z 2 sin φ = ρ z 2 = yz 2
ρ
1
A = [ x 2 a x + xya y + yz 2 x 2 + y 2 a z ]
2 2
x +y
x2
ρ
Ar sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ
xy
(b) Aθ = − cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ
ρ
Aφ − sin φ cos φ 0
yz 2
31
30
At (3 − 4, 0), r = 5, θ = π / 2, φ = 306.83
cos φ = 3 / 5, sin φ = −4 / 5.
3
A = 5[12 * + 5(0)( −4 / 5)] ar + 5(1)(0)aθ
5
= 3ar
A = 3.
Prob. 2.19
Ax cos φ − sin φ 0 Aρ
A = sin φ cos φ 0 A
y φ
Az 0 0 1 Az
x y
2 − 0
2 2 2
x +y x +y Aρ
y x A
= 0 φ
2 2
x +y x2 + y 2 Az
0 0 1
x xz −y
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2
Ar
y yz x
= 2 2 2 2 Aφ
x +y +z x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 2
x +y Aφ
z x2 + y 2
− 0
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2
32
31
Hence,
Ar sin θ 0 cos θ r 2 sin θ cos θ sin φ
Aθ = cos θ 0 − sin θ 3r sin θ cos φ
Aφ 0 1 0 r sin θ cos φ sin φ
A( r , θ , φ ) = r sin θ sin φ cos θ ( r sin θ + cos φ ) ar + sin φ ( r cos 2 θ − sin θ cos φ ) aθ + 3cos φ aφ
3
A = 10(0ar + 0.5aθ − aφ ) = 5aθ − 21.21aφ
2
ρ
(b) Br = r 2 = ( ρ 2 + z 2 ), Bθ = 0, Bφ = sin θ =
ρ 2 + z2
Bρ sin θ cos θ 0 Br
B = 0
φ 0 1 Bθ
Bz cos θ − sin θ 0 Bφ
ρ
B( ρ , φ , z ) = ρ 2 + z 2 ρ aρ + 2 aφ + z a z
ρ + z2
At (2, π / 6,1), ρ = 2, φ = π / 6, z = 1
Prob. 2.21
(a) d = (6 − 2) 2 + ( − 1 − 1) 2 + (2 − 5) 2 = 29 = 5.385
33
32
(c)
π π π π π 3π
d 2 = 102 + 52 − 2(10)(5) cos cos − 2(10)(5) sin sin cos(7 − )
4 6 4 6 4 4
π π π π
= 125 − 100(cos cos − sin sin ) = 125 − 100 cos 75o = 99.12
4 6 4 6
d = 99.12 = 9.956.
Prob. 2.22
We can convert Q to cylindrical system and then use equation 2.32
π π
At Q, r = 4 θ = φ=
2 2
ρ = r sin θ = 4sin 90 = 4
o
π
φ=
2
z=r cos θ = 4 cos 90o = 0
Q is (4, π / 2, 0).
d 2 = ρ 22 + ρ12 − 2 ρ1 ρ 2 cos(φ2 − φ1 ) + ( z2 − z1 ) 2
= 102 + 42 − 2(10)(4) cos(π / 4 − π / 2) + 0 = 59.431
d = 7.709
Prob. 2.23
(c) A circle of radius r sin θ = 5 , i.e. the intersection of a cone and a sphere.
A• B 52 34
(c) AB = A • a B = =− = −8.789.
B 35
Prob. 2.24
At (1, 60o , −1), ρ = 1, φ = 60o , z = −1,
(a) A = (−2 − sin 60o )a ρ + (4 + 2 cos 60o )aφ − 3(1)( −1)a z
= −2.866 a ρ + 5aφ + 3a z
Prob. 2.25
At T (2,3, −4)
x2 + y 2 13
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 137.97
z −4
−4 13
cos θ = = −0.7428,sin θ = = 0.6695
29 29
y 3
φ = tan −1 = tan −1 = 56.31
x 2
2 3
cos φ = sin φ =
13, 13
Prob. 2.26
Prob. 2.26
Prob. 2.27
_
2r cos θ sin φ _ _
G = cos 2 φ a x + a y + (1 − cos 2 φ ) a z
r sin θ
_ _ _
= cos 2 φ a x + 2 cot θ sin φ a y + sin 2 φ a z
Gr sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ cos 2 φ
Gθ = cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ 2 cot θ sin φ
− sin φ cos φ 0 sin φ
2
Gφ
Gr = sin θ cos3 φ + 2 cos θ sin 2 φ + cos θ sin 2 φ
= sin θ cos3 φ + 3cos θ sin 2 φ
Gθ = cos θ cos3 φ + 2 cot θ cos θ sin 2 φ − sin θ sin 2 φ
Gφ = − sin φ cos 2 φ + 2 cot θ sin φ cos φ
_
G = [sin θ cos3 φ + 3cos θ sin 2 φ ] ar
+ [cos θ cos3 φ + 2 cot θ cos θ sin 2 φ − sin θ sin 2 φ ]aθ
Prob. 2.28
(a) J z = ( J • a z )a z .
Prob. 2.28
(a) J z = ( J • a z )a z .
Prob. 2.29
H a x = H x
H x cos φ − sin φ 0 ρ 2 cos φ
H = sin φ
y cos φ 0 − ρ sin φ
36
H z 0 0 1 0
H x = ρ 2 cos 2 φ + ρ sin 2 φ
At P, ρ = 2, φ = 60o , z = −1
H x = 4(1/ 4) + 2(3 / 4) = 1 + 1.5 = 2.5
Prob. 2.30
(a) 5 = r ⋅ a x + r ⋅ a y = x + y a plane
x y z
10 = rxa z = =| ya x − xa y |= x 2 + y 2 = ρ
(b) 0 0 1
a cylinder of infinite length
37
CHAPTER 3
P. E. 3.1
φ = 60°
π π π
(a) DH =
φ
= 45°
r sin θ dφ
r = 3,90
= 3(1)[ − ] =
o
3 4 4
= 0.7854.
θ = 90 °
π π 5π
(b) FG =
θ = 60 °
rdθ r=5 = 5( − ) =
2 3 6
= 2.618.
(c)
θ = 90 ° φ = 60 °
AEHD = r
θ = 60 ° φ = 45 °
2
sin θ dθ dφ r=3
90 °
= 9 ( − cos θ )|θθ == 60 φ = 60 °
° φ |φ = 45 °
1 π 3π
= 9 ( )( ) = = 1178
. .
2 12 8
(d)
r = 5 θ = 90
r2 r = 5 π π 4π
ABCD =
r = 3 θ = 60
rdθ dr = ( − )=
2 r =3 2 3 3
= 4.189.
(e)
r =5 φ = 60° θ =90
r3 φ = 60° 1 1 π
r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ = ( − cos θ ) φ
r =5 θ = 90°
Volume = r =3 θ = 60° φ = 45°
= (98)( )
r =3 φ = 45° θ= 60
3 3 2 12
49π
= = 4.276 .
36
P.E. 3.2
y
3
2
60o
1 x
38
38
A• dl = ( +
L 1 2
+ ) A• dl = C1 + C2 + C3
3
2
ρ2
Along (1), C1 = A• dl = ρ cos φ d ρ |φ =0 = = 2.
0
20
Along (2), dl = ρ dφ aφ , A• dl = 0, C2 = 0
0
ρ2 2 1
Along (3), C3 = ρ cos φ d ρφ =60° = − ( ) = −1
2
2 0
2
A• dl = C
l
1 + C2 + C3 = 2 + 0 − 1 = 1
P.E. 3.3
∂U ∂U ∂U
(a) ∇U = ax + ay+ az
∂x ∂ y ∂z
= y (2 x + z ) a x + x( x + z ) a y + xy a z
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
(b) ∇V = aρ + aφ + az
∂ρ ρ∂φ ∂z
z2
= ( z sin φ + 2 ρ ) a ρ + ( z cos φ − sin 2φ ) aφ + ( ρ s inφ + 2 z cos 2 φ ) a z
ρ
(c)
∂f 1∂ f 1 ∂f
∇f = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
cos θ sin φ sin θ sin φ ln r (cos θ cos φ ln r + r 2 )
=( + 2rφ )ar − aθ + aφ
r r r sin θ
cos θ sin φ sin θ sin φ ln r cot θ cos φ ln r
= + 2rφ a r − aθ + + r cos ecθ aφ
r r r
P.E. 3.4
∇Φ = ( y + z ) a x + ( x + z ) a y + ( x + y ) a z
At (1, 2,3), ∇Φ = (5, 4,3)
(2, 2,1) 21
∇Φ • a1 = (5, 4,3) • = = 7,
3 3
where (2, 2,1) = (3, 4, 4) − (1, 2,3)
39
P.E. 3.5
Let f = x 2 y + z − 3, g = x log z − y 2 + 4,
∇ f = 2 xy a x + x 2 a y + a z ,
x
∇ g = log z a x − 2 y a y + az
z
At P ( − 1 , 2,1),
∇f (−4 a x + a y + a z ) ∇g (−4 a y − a z )
nf = ± =± , ng = ± =±
| ∇f | 18 | ∇g | 17
( − 5)
cos θ = n f . n g = ±
18 × 17
T ake positive value to get acute angle.
5
θ = cos − 1 = 73.39 °
17.49 3
P.E. 3.6
∂ Ax ∂ Ay ∂ Az
(a) ∇ • A = + + = 0 + 4 x + 0 = 4 x.
∂x ∂y ∂z
At (1, −2,3), ∇ • A = 4.
(b)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ Bφ ∂ Bz
∇•B = ( ρ Bρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
1 1
= 2 ρ z sin φ − 3ρ z 2 sin φ = 2 z sin φ − 3 z 2 sin φ
ρ ρ
= (2 − 3 z ) z sin φ .
π
At (5, ,1) , ∇ • B = (2 − 3)(1) = −1.
2
(c)
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 1 ∂ Cφ
∇•C = ( r C r ) + (Cθ sin θ ) +
r2 ∂ r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
1
= 2 6r 2 cos θ cos φ
r
= 6 cos θ cos φ
π π π π
At (1, , ), ∇ • C = 6 cos cos = 2.598.
6 3 6 3
40
40
D • dS = ∇ • Ddv
S V
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ Az
∇• D = ( ρ 3 cos 2 φ ) + z sin φ +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ dz
z
= 3ρ cos 2 φ + cos φ .
ρ
z
Ψ = ∇ • Ddv = (3ρ cos 2 φ + cos φ ) ρ dφ dzd ρ
V V
ρ
4 2π 1 4 2π 1
= 3 ρ 2 d ρ cos φ dφ dz +
2
d ρ cos φ dφ zdz
0 0 0 0 0 0
3
4
= 3( ) π (1) = 64π .
3
P.E. 3.8
(a)
∇ × A = a x (1 − 0) + a y ( y − 0) + a z (4 y − z )
= a x + y a y + (4 y − z ) a z
_
41
(b)
1
∇ × B = a ρ (0 − 6 ρ z cos φ ) + aφ ( ρ sin φ − 0) + a z (6 ρ z 2 cos φ − ρ z cos φ )
ρ
π
At (5, , − 1) , ∇ × B = 5 aφ
2
(c)
_
1 aθ 2r cos θ sin φ 3 1/ 2 a φ
∇ × C = ar (r −1/ 2 cos θ − 0) + (− − r ) + (0 + 2r sin θ cos φ )
r sin θ r sin θ 2 r
3
= r −1/ 2 cot θ a r − (2 cot θ sin φ + r −1/ 2 ) aθ + 2sin θ cos φ aφ
2
π π
At (1, , ), ∇ × C = 1.732 a r − 4.5 aθ + 0.5 aφ
6 3
P.E. 3.9
A • dl = (∇ × A) • dS
L S
z cos φ
But (∇ × A) = sin φ a z + a ρ and d S = ρ dφ d ρ a z
ρ
(∇ × A) • dS = ρ sin φ dφ d ρ
S
ρ2 60°
| (− cos φ ) |
2
=
2 0 0
1
= 2(− + 1) = 1.
2
42
42
P.E. 3.10
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ∇V = =
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂V ∂V ∂V
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
=( − ) ax + ( − )ay +( − )az =0
∂ y∂ z ∂ y∂ z ∂ x∂ z ∂ z∂ x ∂ x∂ y ∂ y∂ x
P.E. 3.11
(a)
∂ ∂ 2 ∂
∇ 2U = (2 xy + yz ) + ( x + xz ) + ( xy )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2 y.
(b)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂
∇ 2V = ρ ( z sin φ + 2 ρ ) + (− ρ z sin φ − 2 z 2 sin φ cos φ ) + ( ρ sin φ + 2 z cos 2 φ )
ρ ∂ρ ρ 2
∂ρ ∂z
1 1
= ( z sin φ + 4 ρ ) − ( z ρ sin φ + 2 z 2 cos 2φ ) + 2 cos 2 φ .
ρ ρ2
2z2
= 4 + 2 cos 2 φ − cos 2φ .
ρ2
(c)
1 ∂ 21 1 ∂
∇2 f = [r cos θ sin φ + 2r 3φ ] + 2 [− sin 2 θ sin φ ln r ]
r ∂r
2
r r sin θ ∂ θ
1
+ [− cos θ sin φ ln r ]
r sin 2 θ
2
1
= 2
cos θ sin φ (1 − 2 ln r − csc2 θ ln r ) + 6φ
r
43
P.E. 3.12
If B is conservative , ∇ × B = 0 must be satisfied.
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× B =
∂x ∂y ∂z
y + z cos xz x x cos xz
47
Prob. 3.11
= 0 a x + (cos xz − xz sin xz1− cos xz + xz sin2 xz ) a y + (1 − 1) a z = 0
z 2
2
ψ = ABdSis=aconservative
Hence zdxdz = dx zdz
field. = (1) =2
S 0 0
2 0
P.E. 3.13
ψ = B dS, dS = dxdya z
Prob.S 3.1
(a) 2 1 2 x3 1 y 2 2
ψ = d S3x= ρydxdy
dφ dz= 3 3 0 2 0 = (1)(2) = 2
y =0 x =0
π
5 2
π π 10π
S = d S = ρ dφ dz = 2 dz
Prob. 3.12 π dφ = 2(5)[ − ] = = 5.236
(a) 2 3 6
P.E.dv = dxdydz 0
3.14 3
(b) 2 1 1 1 1 z
cylindrical,
Inxydv
Cartesian = ρ d�ρ ��
dSxydxdydz
coordinates d=φ� xdx ����
v
= z =0 y =0 z =0
dz� � � � 3 � 1�.
��� �
π
ydy
0 0 0
For representing
3
this vector
4
3
π ρin2 cylindrical
2
2 = field
S = d S x= 1 ρ yd ρ1 dφ
2
( ) = 3.142
coordinates, we use eq. (2.13):
= z �= (1/ 4 2)(1/ 1� =s��
2cos2)(2) 0.5� 0 3� � � ��
2 10 2 0 0 0 �
(c) In spherical, d �S��=� r�2 sin
�� θs��
dφ�dθcos � 0� � � �
�� 0 0 1 0
(b) 2π
� �
2π
� � �cos � �3� � ��� � s�� � ������ � ��3� � �����
3 2 π s�� �� � �cos ������
S = dvd=Sρ=d 100
ρ dφ dz sin θ dθ dφ = 100 (2π )(− cos θ ) 3| = 200
π (0.5 + 0.7071) = 758.4
π π 2 3 π 3π 2
0
Using
ρ ρ
the following
ρ relationships,
ρ ρ φ obtain
from
ρ eq.zdz
ρ (2.8),dφ�� � � cos ��, � � s�� ��, we
2
zdv = z 4 d d dz = d 4
(d) v φ = 0 z = 0 =1 1 0 0
d S = r3dr3 dθ 2 2
ρ z 1
= π (π ) = (9 − )(2π ) = 54.45
�
� �cos ��3��
3 1cos 4 2 ��
0 2 � ��� s�� ��� � �s�� ���� cos ��� ��
r 2 4 3π π 8π
S = dS = rdr dθ = |0�( − ) = = 4.189
�0 ���3��
π
cos2�� � 2 ���
3 s�� �����
6 s�� ��� � �cos ���� cos ��� ��
Prob. 3.13 � � 3
������� � �3� cos � � �� s�� � cos � � � s�� � cos ����
Let I = Adv = r�sin φ�ar dv � �
v � ��3�
v cos � s�� � � ��s�� � � �cos ����
ar = sin θ cos φ a x + sin θ sin φ a y + cos θ a z
� in cylindrical coordinates is �5, 53.13°, 5�
Ar = r sin θ sin φ cos φ a x + r sin θ sin 2 φ a y + r cos θ sin φ a z
dv = r 2 sin θ1dθ∂dφ dr 1 ∂�� ∂��
��� � ���� � � �
� ∂� � ∂� ∂z
1
������������ ���� cos� � � �� s�� � cos ��
�
1
� ���� cos �s��� � � �3�� cos� ��
Copyright ©�2015 by Oxford University Press
1 ∂ 1 ∂�� ∂��
��� � ���� � � �
� ∂� � ∂� ∂z
1
������������ ���� cos� � � �� s�� � cos ��
�
1
� ���� cos �s��� � � �3�� cos� ��
�
� �� s�� � cos � � �� s�� � cos ��
� 1�.00 (after substituting the values of � and �)
For representing the given vector field in spherical coordinates we use eq. (2.27):
Using the following relationships, from eq. (2.22), � � � s�� � cos ��, � �
� s�� � s�� ��, we obtain
� � ��3� � sin� �cos� �� � �3�sin� � cos � sin �����
� ��3� � cos �sin� �cos� �� � ��� sin � cos � cos � sin ��
� � � �3�sin �
� � ��3� sin � �cos ����cos
�� sin � cos��cos
sin � sin �����
���� �
� ��3� � cos
� �sin
�
�cos �
�� � ��� sin � cos � cos � sin ��
� ���3� sin �cos � sin �� � ���� sin �sin� ��
� �
� �� sin � cos � cos � sin �����
� �� sin �� cos�� ������
� ���3� sin �cos � sin �� � ���� sin �sin� ��
� �� sin � cos� �����
1 ∂ system is �7.071,
� in spherical 1 �
45° , 53.13° � 1 ���
� � � � � �� � �� � � �� sin � �
� �� � sin � �� � sin � ��
� �
�1�� 1sin∂ �cos � � �� 1sin � cos � sin ��+ 1 ��
� � � � � ��3�
�
�
sin� �cos� � �
�� �� � � � �� � �� � � �� sin � � � ��� �
��
�
�
cos��� sin
��� � cos� � �� 3�sin
sin � ��
�
� cos � sin � ��sin
���
�sin��
�cos� � cos � sin �� �
� � � � � ��3� � sin� �cos� � �
���1�� sin �cos � � �� sin � cos � sin ��+
� ��� � sin� �sin� � cos � � 3� � sin� �cos� � � 4��sin � cos � sin � �
� ���
� ��� �
�� � cos� � sin� � cos�� � � 3�sin� � cos � sin � � �� sin �cos� � cos � sin �� �
���sin � cos � sin � � 1� ������ s��s�i���in� ��� �����s o� �, � �n� ��
��� � sin� �sin� � cos � � 3� � sin� �cos� � � 4� sin � cos � sin � �
� ��� �
Note:
�� sin From this
� cos � �� � 1� ������ s��s�i���in� ��� �����s o� �,
sinexample, it is clear that the divergence of a vector field is the
� �n� ��
same irrespective of the coordinate system used.
Note: From this example, it is clear that the divergence of a vector field is the
same irrespective of the coordinate system used.
Prob. 3.18
Method 1:
Prob. ∂3.1
T 1 ∂T 1 ∂T
∇T =
(a) ar + aθ + aφ
∂dr S = ρrd∂φθdz r sin θ ∂φ
= sin θ cos φ ar + cos θ cos φ aθ − sinπφ aφ
5
At P, Sr == 2,dθ S= =60ρo , φ d=φ30 o
2
π π 10π
o o dz = 2 0o π dφo = 2(5)[ o2 − 3 ] = 6 = 5.236
dz
∇T = sin 60 cos 30 ar + cos 60 cos 330 aθ − sin 30 aφ
(b) = 0.75ar - 0.433aθ − 0.5aφ
In cylindrical, dS = ρ d ρ dφ
| ∇T |= 0.752 + 0.433 π
2
+ 0.52 = 1
3
The magnitude of T4is 1 and
2
3
π itsρ direction is along ∇T.
S = d S = ρ d ρ dφ = ( ) = 3.142
1 0
4 2 1
Method 2:
(c) In spherical, d S = r 2 sin θ dφ dθ
T = r sin θ cos φ = x
2π 2π
∇T = a x 3 2π
3
a x + 2a y − a z1
a= =
(1, 2, −1)
1+ 4 +1 6
The directional derivative is
1 99
∇f a = (−16, −28, 27) (1, 2, −1) = − = −40.42
6 6
46
44
Prob. 3.2
(a)
dl = ρ dφ ; ρ=3
π
π π 3π 2
L = dl = 3 dφ = 3( − ) = = 2.356
π 2 4 4
4
(b)
dl = r sin θ dφ; r = 1, θ = 30° ;
π
3
π
L = dl = r sin θ dφ = (1) sin 30° [( ) − 0] = 0.5236.
0
3
(c)
dl = rdθ
π
2
π π 4π
L= d l = r dθ = 4( − ) =
π 2 6 3
= 4.189
6
Prob. 3.3
2 π /2
S = dS = φ π ρ dφ dz
z =0 = / 4
ρ = 10
2 π /2
= 10 dz dφ = 10(2)(π / 2 − π / 4) = 5π = 15.71
0 π /4
Prob. 3.4
π /6
L = dl = ρ dφ = 4(π / 6) = 2.094
L φ =0
ρ =4
Prob. 3.5
(a ) dV = dxdydz
1 2 3
47
45
1 1 π 26 π
= (27 − 1)( )( ) = = 4.538
3 2 3 18
Prob. 3.6
H •dl = ( x dx + y
2 2
dy )
L
But on L, y = x 2 dy = 2 xdx
1
x3 x6 1 1 1
H •dl = ( x + x .2 x)dx =
2 4
+ 2 | = + = 0.6667
L 0
3 6 0 3 3
Prob. 3.7
(a)
1 x=2 z =3
F • dl = ( x
2
− z )dy|2
+ 2 xydx | + (−3xz
2
)dz|
y =0 x = 0, z = 0 x =0 y =1, z = 0 z =0 x = 2, y =1
x2 2 z3 3
= 0 + 2(1) |
2 0
− 3(2) |
3 0
= 0 + 4 − 54 = − 50
(b)
Let x = 2t. y = t , z = 3t
dx = 2dt , dy = dt , dz = 3dt ;
1
F • dl = (8t
2
− 5t 2 − 162 t 3 ) dt
0
1
= (t 3 − 40.5t 4 ) = −39.5
0
48
46
Prob. 3.8
π /4 3
W = F • dl = z ρ dφ z = 0, ρ = 2
+ ρ cos φ dz ρ = 2,φ =π / 4
L φ =0 z =0
Prob. 3.9
0 1
H • dl =
x =1
( x − y )dx
y = 0, z = 0
+ 5 yzdz x = 0, y = 0
z =0
+ ( x 2 + zy )dy + 5yzdz
x = 0, z = 1 − y / 2
0 2 0
y2
= xdx + ( y − )dy + (10 z − 10 z 2 )dz
1 0
2 1
= −1.5
Prob. 3.10
Method 1:
1 1
B ⋅ dl = −
L
y =0
yzdy
z=0
+
z =0
xzdz
x =1
+ (− yzdy + xzdz )
x =1
But z = y → dz = dy on the last segment (or integral).
⎯⎯
z2 1 y3 y 2 0
0
1
B ⋅ dl = 0+ + (− y 2 + y )dy = + (− + )
L
2 0 y =1 2 3 2 1
1 1 1 1
= + − = = 0.333
2 3 2 3
Method 2:
B ⋅ dl = ∇ × B dS
L S
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = ya x − za y − xa z , dS = dydza x
xy -yz xz
y
y3 1 1
1 1
∇ × B dS =
S
y =0 z =0
ydzdy = y 2 dy =
0
= = 0.333
3 0 3
z 2
1 2 2
ψ = AdS = zdxdz = dx zdz = (1) =2
S 0 0
2 0 47
49
P.E. 3.13
Prob. 3.11
ψ = B dS, dS = dxdya1z 2
z2 2
ψ = S AdS = zdxdz = dx zdz = (1) =2
S
2 1
x0
3
1 y
0
2
2 2 0
ψ = 3x 2 ydxdy = 3 = (1)(2) = 2
y =0 x =0
3 0 2 0
P.E. 3.13
ψ = B
Prob. dS, dS = dxdya z
3.12
S
(a) dv = dxdydz
x3 1 y 2 2
2 1
ψ= 23x1 ydxdy
2
=3 = (1)(2) =2
1
3 0 12 0 1 z
v z =0 y =0 z =0 0 0 0
Prob. 3.122
1 y2 1 2
(a) dv == xdxdydz z = (1/ 2)(1/ 2)(2) = 0.5
2 0 2 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 z
(b) ρ 3 3 z2 2 1
= (π ) = (9 − )(2π ) = 54.45
dv = ρ d ρ d3φ dz
1 2 0 3
π 2 3 3 2 π
v ρ3.13
zdv = ρ z ρ d ρ dφdz = ρ d ρ zdz dφ 2
Prob.
φ = 0 z = 0 ρ =1 1 0 0
Let I = A3dv = 2r sin φ ar dv
ρ 3 zv 2 1
=v (π ) = (9 − )(2π ) = 54.45
ar = sin θ cos φ3a x1+ sin 2 θ0 sin φ a y + cos
3 θ az
Ar = r sin θ sin φ cos φ a x + r sin θ sin 2 φ a y + r cos θ sin φ a z
Prob. 3.13
Let I =θdA
dv = r 2 sin θdv
dφ =
dr r sin φ a dv
r
v v
50
48
r =1 0 0
1 π 2π
+a y
r =1
r 3 dr sin 2 θ dθ sin 2 φ dφ
0 0
1 π 2π
+a z r dr sin θ cos θ dθ sin φ dφ
3
r =1 0 0
π 2π
r 1 1
4
1
= 0a x + 0a z + a y
4 00 2
(1 − cos 2θ ) d θ 0
2
(1 − cos 2φ )dφ
ay π2
= (π / 2)(π ) = a y = 1.234a y
4 8
Prob. 3.14
∂V1 ∂V ∂V
(a) ∇V1 = a x + 1 a y + 1 az
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (6 y − 2 z )a x + 6 xa y + (1 − 2 x )a z
∂V2 1 ∂V2 ∂V
(b) ∇V2 = aρ + aφ + 2 a z
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= (10 cos φ − z )a ρ − 10sin φ aφ − ρ a z
51
49
Prob. 3.15
∂U ∂U ∂U
∇U = ax + ay + az
(a) ∂x ∂y ∂z
= e x + 2 y cosh za x + 2e x + 2 y cosh za y + e x + 2 y sinh za z
∂T 1 ∂T ∂T
∇T = aρ + aφ + az
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
(b)
3z 3z 3
= − 2 cos φ a ρ − 2 sin φ aφ + cos φ a z
ρ ρ ρ
∂W 1 ∂W 1 ∂W
∇W = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
(c)
5cos θ 5sin φ 1
= − + 4r sin φ ar + 2r 2 cos φ − aφ
r 2
r r sin θ
Prob. 3.16
r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 , r n = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) n /2
Method 1:
∂r n ∂r n ∂r n n
∇r n = ax + ay + a z = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) n /2−1 (2 x)a x +
∂x ∂y ∂z 2
n−2
= n( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
( xa x + ya y + za z ) = nr n − 2 r
Method 2:
n ∂r n r
∇r = ar = nr n −1 = nr n − 2 r
∂r r
Prob. 3.17
∇ T = 2x a x + 2 y a y − a z
2ax + 2a y − az
Method 1:
∂T 1 ∂T 1 ∂T
∇T = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
= sin θ cos φ ar + cos θ cos φ aθ − sin φ aφ
At P, r = 2,θ = 60o , φ = 30o
∇T = sin 60o cos 30o ar + cos 60o cos 30o aθ − sin 30o aφ
= 0.75ar - 0.433aθ − 0.5aφ
| ∇T |= 0.752 + 0.4332 + 0.52 = 1
The magnitude of T is 1 and its direction is along ∇T.
Method 2:
T = r sin θ cos φ = x
∇T = a x
| ∇T |= 1
Prob. 3.19
∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = a x + a y + a z = (2 xy − 2 y 2 )a x + ( x 2 − 4 xy )a y + 3 z 2 a z
∂x ∂y ∂z
At point (2,4,-3), x = 2, y = 4, z = −3
∇f = (16 − 32)a x + (4 − 32)a y + 27a z = −16a x − 28a y + 27a z
a x + 2a y − a z1
a= =
(1, 2, −1)
1+ 4 +1 6
The directional derivative is
1 99
∇f a = (−16, −28, 27) (1, 2, −1) = − = −40.42
6 6
53
51
Prob. 3.20
(a) Let f = ax + by + cz – d = 0
∇f = aa x + ba y + ca z
∇f aa + ba y + ca z
an1 = = x
| ∇f | a 2 + b2 + c2
Let g = α x + β y + γ z − δ
∇g α a x + β a y + γ a z
an 2 = =
| ∇g | α2 + β2 +γ 2
aα + bβ + cγ
cos θ = an1 an 2 =
a 2 + b2 + c 2 α 2 + β 2 + γ 2
aα + bβ + cγ
θ = cos −1
(a + b 2 + c 2 )(α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 )
2
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3
(b) α = 1, β = 1, γ = 0
1+ 2 + 0 3
θ = cos −1 = cos −1 = cos −1 0.5669 = 55.46o
(12 + 22 + 32 )(12 + 12 + 02 ) 28
Prob. 3.21
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂A z
(a) ∇ ⋅ A = + + = 3y − x
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 1
∇ ⋅ B = 2 ρ z 2 + ρ 2sin φ cos φ + 2 ρ sin 2 φ
(b) ρ ρ
= 2 z + sin 2φ + 2 ρ sin 2 φ
2
1 2
(c) ∇ ⋅ C = 3r + 0 = 3
r2
Prob. 3.22
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
∇ A = + + = 2 xy + 0 + 2 y = 2 y (1 + x)
∂x ∂y ∂z
(a) At (−3, 4, 2), x = −3, y = 4
∇ A = 2(4)(1 − 3) = −16
54
52
1 ∂ 1 ∂Bφ ∂Bz 1 ∂
∇ B =
ρ ∂ρ
(
ρ Bρ +
ρ ∂φ
)+
∂z
=
ρ ∂ρ
(
3ρ 2 sin φ + 0 + 8 z cos 2 φ )
(b) = 6sin φ + 8 z cos 2 φ
At (5,30o ,1), z = 1, φ = 30o
∇ B = 6sin 30o + 8(1) cos 2 30o = 3 + 6 = 9
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂Cφ 1 ∂ 4
∇C = ( r Cr ) + 0 + = 2 (r cos θ ) + 0 = 4r cos θ
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r
(c) At (2, π / 3, π / 2), r = 2, θ = π / 3
∇C = 4(2)cos(π / 3) = 4
Prob. 3.23
2
∇• H = k ∇• ∇ T = k ∇ T
2
∂ 2T ∂ 2T πx π y π2 π2
∇ T= + = 50sin cos h (− + )= 0
∂ x2 ∂ y
2
2 2 4 4
Hence, ∇• H = 0
Prob. 3.24
We convert A to cylindrical coordinates; only the ρ-component is needed.
Aρ = Ax cos φ + Ay sin φ = 2 x cos φ − z 2 sin φ
But x = ρ cos φ ,
Aρ = 2 ρ cos 2 φ − z 2 sin φ
1 π /2 z3 1 π /2
= 4(φ + sin 2φ ) −2 (− cos φ ) = 2π − 2 / 3 = 5.6165
2 0 3 0 0
55
53
Prob. 3.25 z
Z=1
Z=-1
x
(a)
D • dS = [
z =−1
+ +
z =1
ρ =5
]D • dS
200 π
= = 209.44
3
1 ∂
(b) ∇ • D = (2 ρ 2 z 2 ) = 4 z 2
ρ ∂ρ
1 5 2π
∇ • Ddv = 4 z ρ d ρ dφ dz = 4 z dz ρ d ρ dφ
2 2
−1 0 0
1 5
z 3
ρ 2
200π
= 4x (2π ) = = 209.44
3 −1
2 0
3
56
54
Prob. 3.26
π / 2 2π
H dS = 10 cosθ r sin θ dθ dφ
2
S θ φ
=0 =0
r =1
2π π /2 π /2
= 10(1)2 dφ sin θ cos θ dθ = 10(2π ) sin θ d (sin θ )
0 0 0
sin θ 2
π /2
= 20π = 10π = 31.416
2 0
Prob. 3.27
H ⋅ d S = ∇ ⋅ Hdv
S v
2 3 1 2 1 2
= 0 + 2 ydy dz + 2 dx ydy + 6 dx ydy
1 −1 0 1 0 1
= 12 + 3 + 9 = 24
∂H x ∂H y ∂H z
∇⋅H = + + = 2y + 0 + 2y = 4y
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 2 3
y 2
2
= 4(1) (3 + 1) = 24
2 1
57
55
Prob. 3.28
ψ2
Side 1:
ψ3
ψ1
ψ = DdS =ψ 1 +ψ 2 +ψ 3
S
2π 3 4 2π
= 0+
φ =0 ρ =0
10 z × ρ dφ d ρ
z=4
+ 5ρ × ρ dφ dz ρ = 3
z =0 φ =0
ρ2 3
= 10(4)(2π ) + 5(9)(2π )(4) = 360π + 360π = 2261.95
2 0
Side 2:
1 ∂
ψ = ∇ Bdv, ∇ B = (5 ρ 2 ) + 0 + 10 = 10 + 10 = 20
v
ρ ∂ρ
2π 4 3
ρ2 3
ψ = 20dv = 20 ρ dφ d ρ dz = 20(2π )(4)
φ =0 z =0 ρ =0 2 0
= 720π = 2261.95
58
56
Prob. 3.29
Let ψ = AdS = ∇ Adv
S v
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂A
∇ A = + + z = 2( x + y + z )
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ A = 2( ρ cos φ + ρ sin φ + z ), dv = ρ d ρ dφ dz
ψ = 2( ρ cos φ + ρ sin φ + z ) ρ d ρ dφ dz
2π
2ρ 2 1 z 2 4
1 4
1
= 0 + 0 + 2 ρ d ρ zdz dφ = (2π ) = (16 − 4)(2π )
0 2 0
2 0 2 2 2
= 12π = 37.7
Prob. 3.30
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇• A = (r 4 ) + (r sin 2 θ cos φ )
r ∂r
2
r sin θ ∂θ
= 4 r + 2 cos θ cos φ
π
r4 3 π /2 π 2r 3 3 cos 2 θ π / 2
=4 |
4 0
( − cos θ )|0 2 3 |0 2 |0
( ) + ( − ) sin φ |02
π 1
= 81(1)( ) + 18(0 + )(1 − 0)
2 2
81π
= + 9 = 136.23
2
z
59
57
Since A has no φ − component, the first two integrals on the right hand side vanish.
π /2 π /2 3 π /2
π π /2 π /2
= 81 ( ) (− cos θ )| + 9(1) sin φ|
2 0 0
81π
= + 9 = 136.23
2
Prob. 3.31
Let ψ = F • dS = ψ t + ψ b + ψ o +ψ i
where ψ t , ψ b , ψ o , ψ i are the fluxes through the top surface, bottom surface,
outer surface ( ρ = 3), and inner surface respectively.
F • dS = ρ 2 z dφ dz. Hence:
3 2π
190 π
ψt = ρ 2 z dφ dz|z =5 = = 198.97
ρ=2 φ=0
3
190 π 190 π
ψ = + 0+0+ 0= = 198.97
3 3
60
58
ψ= F • dS = ∇ • FdV
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇•F = ( ρ 3 sin φ ) + ( z cos φ ) + ρ
ρ∂ρ ρ ∂φ
z
= 3 ρ sin φ − sin φ + ρ
ρ
z
V
∇ • Fdv = (3ρ sin φ − ρ sin φ + ρ ) ρ dφ d ρ dz
5 2π 3
= 0 + 0 + dz dφ ρ 2 d ρ
0 0 2
190 π
= = 198.97
3
Prob. 3.32
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
(a) ∇xA = = za y − xa z
∂x ∂y ∂z
xy y2 − xz
1 1
∇xB = 2 ρ z 2sin φ cos φ − 0 a ρ + (2 ρ z − 2 z sin 2 φ )aφ + ( 2 ρ sin 2 φ − 0 ) a
ρ ρ
(b) = 4 z sin φ cos φ a ρ + 2( ρ z − z sin 2 φ )aφ + 2sin 2 φ a z
= 2 z sin 2φ a ρ + 2 z ( ρ − sin 2 φ )aφ + 2sin 2 φ a z
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 2 2
∇xC = ∂θ (r cos θ sin θ ar − r ∂r (r cos θ aθ
2
r sin θ
r cos 2 θ
(c) = (2 cos θ )(− sin θ ) sin θ + cos θ (cos 2 θ ) ar − (2r )aθ
r sin θ r
(cos3 θ − 2sin 2 θ cos θ )
= ar − 2 cos 2 θ aθ
sin θ
61
59
Prob. 3.33
(a)
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× A = = − y2 a x + 2z a y − x2 a z
∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 y y 2 z −2 xz
∇ •∇× A = 0
(b)
1 ∂ Az ∂ Aφ ∂ A ∂ Az 1 ∂ ( ρ Aρ ) ∂ Aρ
∇× A = ( − ) aρ + ( ρ − ) aφ + ( − )az
ρ ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
1
= (0 − 0) a ρ + ( ρ 2 − 3z 2 ) aφ + (4 ρ 3 − 0) a z
ρ
= ( ρ 2 − 3z 2 ) aφ + 4 ρ 2 a z
∇•∇× A = 0
− sin φ sin φ
∇•∇× A = +0+ 4 =0
r sin θ
4
r sin θ
∇ •∇× A= 0
Prob. 3.34
1
∇ × H = 0a ρ + 1aφ + (2 ρ cos φ − ρ cos φ )a z = aφ + cos φ a z
ρ
1 1 1 1
∇ × ∇ × H = − sin φ − 0 a ρ + 0aφ + (1 − 0)a z = - sin φ a ρ + a z
ρ ρ ρ ρ
62
60
Prob. 3.35
Method 1: We can express A in spherical coordinates.
r a
A = 3 ar = 2r ,
r r
a 1 −2
∇ × A = ∇ × 2r = ∇ 2 × ar = 3 ar × ar = 0
r r r
Method 2:
x y z
A= a + 3 a y + 3 az
3 x
r r r
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 3 3
∇× A = = − z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −5/ 2 (2 y ) − − y ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) −5 / 2 (2 z ) a x + ...
x y z 2 2
3 3 3
r r r
=0
Prob. 3.36 y
1
1 2
3
0 1 2 x
63
61
(a)
F • d l = (
L 1
+ + ) F • d l
2 3
_ _ _
For 1, y = x dy = dx, dl = dx a x + dy a y ,
1
1
F •d l =
1 0
x 3 dx − xdx = −
4
_ _ _
For 2, y = − x + 2, dy = − dx, dl = dx a x + dy a y ,
2
17
F • d l = (− x + 2 x − x + 2)dx =
3 2
2 1
12
For 3,
0
F •d l = x
2
ydx| =0
y =0
3 2
1 17 7
F •d l = − 4
L
+
12
+ 0 =
6
(b)
∇ × F = − x2 a z ; dS = dxdy (− a z )
1 x 2 − x+2
(∇ × F ) • d S = − (− x )dxdy = x dydx +
2 2
x 2 dydx
0 0 1 y =0
1 2 2
x1 7
x y| dx + x y| | +
x − x+2
x (− x + 2)dx =
2 2 2
= dx =
0
0
1
0 4 0 1
6
(c) Yes
Prob. 3.37
1 π /2 2 0
A • dl = ρ
=2
ρ sin φ d ρ
φ =0
+
φ
=0
ρ 2 ρ dφ
ρ =1
+
ρ
=1
ρ sin φ d ρ
φ = 90 o
+
φ π
= /2
ρ 3 dφ
ρ =2
π 1 π
= + (4 − 1) + 8(− ) = −9.4956
2 2 2
64
62
62
62
63
Prob.
Prob.
Prob.3.38
(c) 3.38
3.38
1 y∂yy 1 ∂ cos θ cos φ 1 sin θ cos φ
63
∇ ⋅∇V = ∇ V = 2 2
(− sin θ cos φ ) + 2 (sin θ ) + 2 2 (− )
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r r sin θ r
cos φ(c) cos φ
= 0+ 3 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 3
r sin θ 1 ∂ 1 ∂ cos θ cos φ 1 sin θ cos φ
∇ ⋅∇V = ∇ 2V = r2 sin (θ− sin θ cos φ ) + 2 (sin θ ) + 2 2 (− )
2sin θ cos φ 45
45
45
o o r ∂r
o r sin θ ∂θ r r sin θ r
=−
r3 cos φ cos φ
= 0+ 3 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 3
000 r sin θ 222 xxxr sin θ
Prob. 3.41 2sin θ cos φ
=−
r r3
Q= r sin θ [(cos
2 22 φ − sin φ ) a xπ+π/4π/4/4(cos φ + sin φ ) a y ] 0 00
r sin θFF
F•••dldldl===0Prob.
0222ρρρzdzdzdρρρ
3.41 zzz===111 000
+++ 333zzzsin sinφφφρρρdddφφφ
sin
ρρρ===2,2,
+++ 222ρρρzd
2,zzz===111
zdρρρ
zd
zzz===111
= r (cos φ − sin φ ) a x + r (cos
0
r φ + sin φ ) a y
2 22
1
dl = ρ d=φ==6( a6(φ−
6( ,−−cos
cos
cos ρππ =πQ ++ r+1)
=sin 30
1)=r==sin
1) 1.757 °θ=a2(+ )r=cos
1.757
1.757 1 θ a + ra
r 2 θ φ
z = r cos (a)30° = 3
Prob.
Prob.
Prob.3.39
3.39
3.39 1
2 −d−y−lyy=2 ρ dφ−a −y−yφy , ρ = r sin 30° = 2( ) = 1
∇∇∇⋅ ⋅A Q
⋅ AA== φ=88=
8xexer− −y−= yy
xe +++888xe ρ xe +
xe ===16 z 16xe
16 xexe 2
− −y−yy − −y−yy
∇∇∇(∇((∇∇⋅ ⋅A ⋅A A)))===16
2 16eee aa2ax xx−−−16
16
π 16xe
16 xexe aaayy 30° = 3
2 z = r ycos
Q • d l = 0 ρ + z ρ dφ = 2(1)(2π ) = 4π
Qφ = r = ρ 2 + z 2
(b) aaax xx aaay yy aaaz zz
2π
∂∂∂ ∂l∂∂= ∂∂∂ 2 2 ρ d−φ−y−yy= 2(1)(2
xQ A))θ)===a r − 2aQθ + • dcos θ aφ ρ ===+((−(z−−16 16eee −)yπa))aa)z zz====400π0
− −y y
∇∇∇x×x∇ ∇∇(∇((=∇ ⋅A
∇⋅cot⋅A 16eee +++16
16 16
∂∂∂xxx ∂∂∂yyy 0 ∂∂∂zzz
For S1 , dS =16 (b) 16
16r eeesin θ−d−−16
2 − −y−yy
θ16
16xedxeφ−a−y−yyr 000
xe
Should
Should
Shouldbe
be
be expected
expected
× Q ) • dSsince
expected = r∇
since
since ∇∇
2∇ xsin
×x∇Q
∇VθVV==cot
x∇ 000θ. θ
cot
== ..daθr d−φ|2 aθ + cos θ aφ
(∇
S1
r =2
Prob.
Prob.
Prob.3.40
3.40
3.40 For
2π
S301 ,° dS = r sin θ dθ dφ a r 2
(b))) ∇∇
(b(b ∇xx∇∇VVV===000
x∇ = 4 dφ cos θ dθ = 4π
0 0
65
63
(c)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ cos θ cos φ 1 sin θ cos φ
∇ ⋅∇V = ∇ 2V = (− sin θ cos φ ) + 2 (sin θ ) + 2 2 (− )
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r r sin θ r
cos φ cos φ
= 0+ 3 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 3
r sin θ r sin θ
2sin θ cos φ
=−
r3
Prob. 3.41
r
Q= r sin θ [(cos φ − sin φ ) a x + (cos φ + sin φ ) a y ]
r sin θ
= r (cos φ − sin φ ) a x + r (cos φ + sin φ ) a y
Q = r sin θ a r + r cos θ aθ + r a φ
(a)
1
dl = ρ dφ aφ , ρ = r sin 30° = 2( ) = 1
2
z = r cos 30° = 3
Qφ = r = ρ 2 + z2
2π
Q • dl = 0
ρ 2 + z 2 ρ dφ = 2(1)(2π ) = 4π
(b)
∇ × Q = cot θ a r − 2 aθ + cos θ aφ
For S1 , dS = r 2 sin θ dθ dφ a r
(∇ × Q ) • dS = r
2
sin θ cot θ dθ dφ|
r =2
S1
2π 30°
= 4 dφ cos θ dθ = 4π
0 0
66
64
(c)
For S2 , dS = r sin θ dθ dr aθ
(∇ × Q) • dS = − 2 r sin θ dφ dr|θ
S2
= 30°
2 2π
= −2sin 30 rdr dφ
0 0
= − 4π
(d)
For S1 , dS = r 2 sin θ d φ dθ a r
Q • dS = r 3 sin 2 θ dθ d φ|
S1 r=2
°
2π 30
= 8 dφ sin
2
θ dθ
0 0
π 3
= 4π [ − ] = 2.2767
3 2
(e)
_
For S 2 , dS = r sin θ dφ dr aθ
4π 3
= = 7.2552
3
(f)
1 ∂ 3 r ∂
∇•Q = (r sin θ ) + (sin θ cos θ ) + 0
r ∂r
2
r sin θ ∂ θ
= 2sin θ + cos θ cot θ
r3 2
30
(2π ) (1 + sin θ )dθ
2
=
3 0 0
4π 3
= (π − ) = 9.532
3 2
67
65
Check : ∇ • Qdv = ( S1
+ Q • dS
S2
π 3 3
= 4π [ − + ]
3 2 3
4π 3
= [π − ] (It checks!)
3 2
Prob. 3.42
Since u = ω × r , ∇ × u = ∇ × ( ω × r ). From Appendix A.10,
∇ × ( A× B ) = A(∇ • B ) − B (∇ • A) + ( B • ∇) A− ( A• ∇) B
∇ × u = ∇ × (ω × r )
_
∇ × (ω × r ) = ω (∇ • r ) − r (∇ • ω ) + (r • ∇) ω − (ω • ∇) r
= ω (3) − ω = 2 ω
1
or ω = ∇ × u.
2
∂x ∂ y
u= ax + ay
∂t ∂t
= − ω r sin ω t a x + ω r cos ωt a y
= −ω y ax + ω x a y
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×u = ∂ x ∂ y ∂ z = 2ω a z = 2ω
−ω y ω x 0
1
i.e., ω = ∇×u
2
68
66
Prob. 3.43
1 ∂ 1 ∂Bφ ∂Bz 1
∇ B = ( ρ Bρ ) + + = 2 ρ cos φ + ρ cos φ − 4
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z ρ
= (2 + ρ ) cos φ − 4
1 ∂Bz ∂Bφ ∂B ∂B 1 ∂ ∂B
(a) ∇ × B = − aρ + ρ − z aφ + ( ρ Bφ ) − ρ a z
ρ ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
1
= 0a ρ + 0aφ + 3ρ 2 sin φ + ρ sin φ a z
ρ
= (3ρ + 1) sin φ a z
(b)
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂Fφ 1 ∂ 4 1
∇F = ( r Fr ) + 0 + = 2 (r sin θ ) + ( −2r sin φ )
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r sin θ
2sin φ
= 4r sin θ −
sin θ
1 ∂ ∂Fθ 1 1 ∂Fr ∂
∇×F = ∂θ ( Fφ sin θ ) − ∂φ
r sin θ ar + r sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rFφ ) aθ
1 ∂ ∂F
+ (rFθ ) − r aφ
r ∂r ∂θ
1 ∂ 1 1 2
= ∂θ (2r sin θ cos φ ) − 0 ar + r sin θ r cos φ − 4r cos φ aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ
r cos φ
= 2 cot θ cos φ ar + − 4 cos φ aθ
sin θ
Prob. 3.44
∂V ∂V ∂V
(a) ∇(V∇V)=∇ V ax + V ay+ V az
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂V ∂ ∂V ∂ ∂V
= V + V + V
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
2 2 2
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂V ∂V ∂V
= V 2 +V 2 +V 2 + + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
= V ∇ 2V + | ∇V |2
69
67
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × VA = ∂x ∂y ∂z
VAx VAy VAz
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= (VAz ) − (VAy ) a x + (VAx ) − (VAz ) a y + (VAy ) − (VAx ) a z
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
(b) ∂V ∂A ∂V ∂A
= Az + V z − Ay − V y ax
∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂V ∂A ∂V ∂A
+ Ax + V x − Az −V z ay
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x
∂V ∂A ∂V ∂A
+ Ay + V y − Ax − V x az
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂A ∂A ∂A ∂A ∂A ∂A
∇ × VA = V z − y a x + x − z a y + y − x a z
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
+ Az − Ay a x + Ax − Az a y + Ay − Ax az
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
= V ∇ × A + ∇V × A
Prob. 3.45
(a)
∂B ∂B ∂B
∇ B = x + y + z = 2 xy + 1 + 1 = 2 + 2 xy
∂x ∂y ∂z
(b)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (−1 + 0)a x + (0 − 0)a y + (4 x + x 2 )a z
x 2 y (2 x 2 + y ) ( z − y )
= −a x + x(4 − x)a z
(c)
∇(∇B) = ∇(2 + 2 xy ) = 2 ya x + 2 xa y
70
68
(d)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0a x - (4 - 2x)a y + 0a z
2
−1 0 (4 x − x )
= 2( x − 2)a y
Prob. 3.46
(a)
V1 = x 3 + y 3 + z 3
2 ∂ 2V1 ∂ 2V1 ∂ 2V1
∇ V1 = + +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
∂ ∂ ∂
=
∂x
( 3x 2 ) +
∂y
( 3 y 2 ) + (3z 2 )
∂x
= 6 x + 6 y + 6z = 6( x + y + z)
(b)
V2 = ρ z 2 sin 2φ
1 ∂ 4z2 ∂
∇ 2V2 = ( ρ z 2 sin 2φ ) − sin 2φ + (2 ρ z sin 2φ )
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂z
2 2
z 4z
= sin 2φ − sin 2φ + 2 ρ sin 2φ
ρ ρ
−3z 2
=( + 2 ρ ) sin 2φ
ρ
(c)
V3 = r 2 (1 + cos θ sin φ )
1 ∂
∇ 2V3 = [2r 3 (1 + cos θ sin φ )]
r ∂r
2
1 ∂ 1
+ ( − sin 2 θ sin φ )r 2 + 2 2 r 2 ( − cosθ sin φ )
r sinθ ∂θ
2
r sin θ
2 sinθ cosθ sin φ
= 6(1 + cosθ sin φ ) − cosθ sin φ −
sinθ sin 2 θ
cosθ sin φ
= 6 + 4 cosθ sin φ −
sin 2 θ
71
69
Prob. 3.47
(a)
U = x 3 y 2 e xz
∂ ∂ ∂ 4 2 xz
∇ 2U = (3 x 2 y 2 e xz + x 3 y 2 ze xz ) + (2 x 3 y e xz ) + (x y e )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 6 xy 2 e xz + 3 x 2 yze xz + 3 x 2 y 2 ze xz + x3 y 2 z 2 e xz + 2 x3e xz + x5 y 2 e xz
= e xz (6 xy 2 + 3 x 2 y 2 z + 3 x 2 y 2 z + x3 y 2 z 2 + 2 x3 + x5 y 2 )
At (1, −1,1),
∇ 2U = e1 (6 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 1) = 16e= 43.493
(b)
V = ρ 2 z (cos φ + sin φ )
1 ∂
∇ 2V = [2 ρ 2 z (cos φ + sin φ )] − z (cos φ + sin φ ) + 0
ρ ∂ρ
= 4 z (cos φ + sin φ ) − z (cos φ + sin φ )
= 3 z (cos φ + sin φ )
π
At (5, , − 2), ∇ 2V = −6(0.866 + 0.5)= −8.196
6
(c)
W = e − r sin θ cos φ
1 ∂ e− r ∂
∇ 2W = ( − r 2 −r
e sin θ cos φ ) + cos φ (sin θ cos θ )
r ∂r
2
r sin θ
2
∂θ
e − r sin θ cos φ
−
r 2 sin 2 θ
1
= 2
(−2re − r sin θ cos φ ) + e − r sin θ cos φ
r
e − r cos φ e − r cos φ
+ 2 (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) − 2
r sin θ r sin θ
2 2
∇ 2W = e − r sin θ cos φ (1 − − 2 )
r r
At (1, 60°,30°),
∇ 2W = e −1 sin 60 cos 30(1 − 2 − 2) = −2.25e −1 = − 0.8277
72
70
Prob. 3.48
(a ) Let V = 1nr = 1n x 2 + y 2 + z 2
∂V 1 1 x
= ( 2 x ) ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1/2 = 2
∂x r 2 r
∂V ∂V ∂V x a x + ya y + z a z r
∇V = ax + ay + az = 2
=
ox oy oz r r2
r 1
(b) Let ∇V = A = = ar in spherical coordinates.
r2 r
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
∇ 2 (1nr ) = ∇ ∇ (1nr ) = ∇ A = 2 (r A r ) = 2 (r )
r ∂r r ∂r
1
= 2
r
Prob. 3.49
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇V = ax + ay + az
∂x ∂y ∂z
= y 2 z 3a x + 2 xyz 3a y + 3xy 2 z 2 a z
At P(1,2,3,) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
∇V = 4(27)a x + 2(2)(27)a y + 3(4)(9)a z
= 108( a x + a y + a z )
2 ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
∇V = 2 + 2 + 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
= ( y 2 z 3 ) + ( 2 xyz 3 ) + ( 3xy 2 z 2 )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 0 + 2 xz 3 + 6 xy 2 z
= 2 xz ( z 2 + 3 y 2 )
At P(1,2,3,) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
∇ 2V = 2(1)(3)(9 + 3 × 4) = 6(9 + 12)
= 126
73
71
Prob. 3.50
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
∇V = aρ + aφ + a z = 2 ρ z cos φ a ρ - ρ z sin φ aφ + ρ 2 cos φ a z
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
1 ∂ ∂V 1 ∂ 2V ∂ 2V 1 ∂ 1
∇ 2V = ρ
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ + 2 + 2 = ( 2 ρ 2 z cos φ ) − 2 ρ 2 z cos φ + 0
ρ ∂φ ρ ∂ρ ρ
2
∂z
= ( 4 − 1) z cos φ = 3z cos φ
Prob. 3.51
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
∇V = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
(a)
10 5sin φ
= − 3 cos φ ar − 3 aφ
r r sin θ
1 ∂ 2 ∂V 1 ∂ ∂V 1 ∂ 2V
∇∇V = ∇ 2V = ( r ) + (sin θ ) +
r 2 ∂r ∂r r 2 sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r 2 sin 2 θ ∂φ 2
1 ∂ 2 10 cos φ 1 5cos φ
(b) = 2 r (− ) + 0 + 2 2 (− )
r ∂r r 3
r sin θ r2
10 cos φ 5cos φ
∇∇V = − 4 2
r4 r sin θ
Prob. 3.52
∂U ∂U ∂U
∇U = ax + ay + a z = 4 yz 2 a x + (4 xz 2 + 10 z )a y + (8 xyz + 10 y )a z
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇∇U = (∇U x ) + (∇U y ) + (∇U z ) = 0 + 0 + 8 xy = 8 xy
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U
∇ 2U = + + = 0 + 0 + 8 xy = 8 xy
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Hence, ∇ 2U = ∇∇U
74
72
Prob. 3.53
Method 1
2 ∂Gφ Gρ
∇ 2G = ∇ 2Gρ − −
ρ ρ 2 ∂φ ρ 2
1 ∂ 2 ρ sin φ 8ρ sin φ 2 ρ sin φ
= ( 2 ρ sin φ ) − +0+ −
ρ ∂ρ ρ 2
ρ2 ρ2
2sin φ 2sin φ 8sin φ 2sin φ 6sin φ
= − + − =
ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ
2 ∂Gρ Gφ
∇ 2G = ∇ 2Gφ + −
φ ρ 2 ∂φ ρ 2
1 ∂ 1 4 ρ cos φ 4 ρ cos φ
= (4 ρ cos φ ) − 4 ρ cos φ + 0 + −
ρ ∂ρ ρ ρ2 ρ2
4 cos φ 4 cos φ 4 cos φ 4 cos φ
= − + − =0
ρ ρ ρ ρ
1 ∂ ∂
∇ 2G = ∇ 2 Gz = ρ ( z 2 + 1) + 0 + (2 z ρ )
z ρ ∂ρ ∂z
1
= ( z 2 + 1) + 2 ρ
ρ
Adding the components together gives
6sin φ 1
∇ 2G = a ρ + 2 ρ + ( z 2 + 1) a z
ρ ρ
Method 2:
∇ 2G = ∇(∇G ) − ∇ × (∇ × G )
1 ∂ 1
Let V = ∇G = (2 ρ 2 sin φ ) + (−4 ρ sin φ ) + 2 z ρ = 2 z ρ
ρ ∂ρ ρ
∇(∇G ) = ∇V = 2 za ρ + 2 ρ a z
75
73
1 1 ∂
Let A = ∇ × G = 0 − 0 a ρ + 0 − ( z 2 + 1) aφ + (4 ρ 2 cos φ ) − 2 ρ cos φ a z
ρ ρ ∂ρ
= − ( z + 1)aφ + 6 cos φ a z
2
6 1 ∂
∇ × ∇ × G = ∇ × A = − sin φ + 2 z a ρ + (0 − 0)aφ + ( − ρ ( z 2 + 1)) − 0 a z
ρ ρ ∂ρ
6 1
= 2 z − sin φ a ρ − ( z 2 + 1)a z
ρ ρ
∇ G = ∇V − ∇ × A
2
6 1
= 2 zaρ + 2 ρa z − 2 z − sin φ a ρ + ( z 2 + 1)a z
ρ ρ
6 1
= sin φ a ρ + 2 ρ + ( z 2 + 1) a z
ρ ρ
Prob. 3.54
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ A = ( xz ) + ( z 2 ) + ( yz ) = z + y
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇(∇ A) = a y + a z
∇ 2 A = ∇ 2 Ax a x + ∇2 Ay a y + ∇2 Az a z = 0 + 2a y + 0 = 2a y
∇(∇ A) - ∇2 A = − a y + a z (1)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − za x + xa y
xz z2 yz
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − a y + a z (2)
−z x 0
From (1) and (2),
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇( ∇ A) - ∇ 2 A
76
74
Prob. 3.55
∂A ∂A ∂A
∇ A = x + y + z = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 ≠ 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0
x y z
1 ∂ 1 ∂Bφ ∂Bz
∇B = ( ρ Bρ ) + + = 4 cos φ − 4 cos φ = 0
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
1 ∂Bz ∂Bφ ∂B ∂B 1∂ ∂B
∇× B = − a ρ + ρ − z aφ + ( ρ Bρ ) − ρ a z
ρ ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
1
= 0aρ + 0aφ + [ −8 ρ sin φ + 2 ρ sin φ ] a z = −6sin φ a z ≠ 0
ρ
1 ∂ 2 2sin θ
∇C =2
(r sin θ ) + 0 + 0 = ≠0
r ∂r r
1 ∂ 1 ∂ 2
∇×C = ( r sin 2
θ ) − 0 a r + 0 − (r sin θ ) aθ
r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r
1
+ [ 0 − cos θ ] aφ
r
cosθ
= 2 cos θ ar - 2sinθ aθ - aφ ≠ 0
r
(a) B is solenoidal.
(b) A is irrotational.
= 0 a x + (−1 + 1) a y + (16 x − 16 x) a z = 0
Thus, G is irrotational.
77
75
(c) y
0 1 x
x =1 y =1 x =0 y =0
x2 0
= 0 + 8(1) y| + 16(1) | +0
1
0 2 1
= 8−8 = 0
This is expected since G is irrotational, i.e.
G • dl = (∇ × G ) • dS = 0
∇ • T = −6 + 0 = −6
78
76
Prob. 3.57
∇⋅F = 0
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂
∇xF = = ( x − x )a x + ( y − y )a y + ( z − z )a z = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
yz xz xy
Hence F is both solenoidal and conservative.
Prob. 3.58
∇× H = 0
H dl = (∇ × H)dS = 0
L S
Prob. 3.59
From Appendix A.10,
79
77
CHAPTER 4
P. E. 4.1
5 ×10−9 [(1, −3, 7) − (2, 0, 4)]
[(1, −3, 7) − (2, 0, 4)]3
1×10 −9
(a) F = ( −2 × 10 −9
)[(1, −3, 7) − ( −3, 0,5)]
10−9 +
4π [(1, −3, 7) − ( −3, 0,5)] 3
36π
45(−1, −3,3) 18(4, −3, 2)
=[ − ] nN
193/ 2 293/ 2
= −1.004a x − 1.284a y + 1.4 a z nN
F
(b) E= = −1.004a x − 1.284a y + 1.4a z V/m
Q
P. E. 4.2
Let q be the charge on each sphere, i.e. q=Q/3. The free body diagram below helps us to
establish the relationship between various forces.
A
F1
d/2
F2
mg
80
78
At point A,
T sin θ cos 30° = F1 + F2 cos 60°
q2 q2 1
= + ( )
4πε 0 d 2
4πε 0 d 2
2
3 q2
=
8πε 0 d 2
T cos θ = mg
3q 2
Hence, tan θ cos 30° =
8πε 0 d 2 mg
d
h d 3
But sin θ = = tan θ =
l 3l d2
l2 −
3
d 3
( )
3 2 = 3q 2
Thus,
2 d2 8πε 0 d 2 mg
l −
3
4π ε0 d 3 m g
or q2 =
d2
3 l2 −
3
Q Q
but q = ⎯⎯
→ q2 = . Hence,
3 9
12 π ε 0 d 3 m g
Q2 =
2 d2
l −
3
81
79
P.E. 4.3
_
_ d2 l
eE = m 2
dt
_ _ d 2 x _ d 2 y _ d 2z _
eE0 ( − 2a x + a y ) = m( ax + 2 a y + 2 az )
dt 2 dt dt
where E0 = 200 kV / m
d 2z
=0 ⎯⎯ → z = ct + c2
dt 2
d2x − 2eE0 t 2
m 2 = − 2eE0 ⎯⎯ → x= + c3 t + c4
dt 2m
d2y eE0 t 2
m 2 = eE0 ⎯⎯ → y= + c5 t + c6
dt 2m
At t = 0, ( x, y, z ) = (0, 0, 0) c1 = 0 = c4 = c6
dx dy dz
Also, ( , , ) = (0, 0, 0)
dt dt dt
At t = 0 ⎯⎯→ c1 = 0 = c3 = c5
eE0t 2
Hence, ( x, y ) = (−2,1)
2m
i.e. 2 | y | = | x |
Thus the largest value of is
80 cm = 0.8 m
P.E. 4.4
(a)
a 2π a
ρs h ρ d ρ dφ hρ ρ dρ
Ez =
4π ε 0 ρ
=0
φ =0 ( ρ 2 + h2 )3/ 2 = 2 ε 0s ρ
−0
( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
2
a
h ρs hρs a
4 ε 0 0
= ( ρ 2
+ h 2 −3/ 2
) d ( ρ 2
) = ( −2( ρ 2
+ h 2 −1/ 2
) |
4ε 0 0
ρs h
= [1 − 2 ]
2ε 0 (h + a 2 )1/ 2
82
80
(b)
As a ⎯⎯
→ ∞,
ρs
E= az
2ε 0
(c) Let us recall that if a/h <<1 then (1+a/h)n can be approximated by (1+na/h).
Thus the expression for Ez from (a) can be modified for a<<h as follows.
−
1
ρs = ρs 1 − 1 + a 2 ρs a2
2
1
Ez = 1− ⎯a⎯ ⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯→
2ε o a 2ε o
2 h 2
→0 , but ρ sπa 2 = Q
2ε o 2h 2
1+ 2
h
ρ πa 2
Q
= s 2
=
2ε o 2πh 4πε o h 2
P. E. 4.5
2 2
QS = ρ S dS = 12 | y| dx dy
−2 −2
2
= 12(4) 2 y dy = 192 mC
0
ρ dS ρ dS | r − r' |
E = s 2 ar = s
4πε r 4πε o | r − r' |3
where r − r' = (0, 0,10) − ( x, y, z ) = (− x, − y,10).
83
81
2 2
12 | y |10−3 (− x, − y,10)
E= 10−9 2 2
x =−2 y =−2
4π ( )( x + y + 100)3/ 2
36π
2 2 2 2
− xdx dy a x − y | y | dy dx a y
= 108(10 )[ | y | 2
( x + y 2 + 100)3/ 2 −2 (x
6
+ 2
−2 −2 −2
+ y 2 + 100)3/ 2
2 2
| y | dx dy
+ 10 a z (x
−2 −2
2
+ y 2 + 100)3/ 2
]
1
2 2 d ( y2 )
2
E = 108(107 ) a z
−2
[2 2
0
( x + y 2 + 100)3/ 2
]dx
2
1 1
= − 216(107 ) a z
−2
[ 2
( x + 104)1/ 2
− 2
( x + 100)1/ 2
]dx
x + x 2 + 104 2
= − 216 (107 ) a z ln | |
x + x 2 + 100 −2
2 + 108 −2 + 108
= − 216 (107 )a z (ln( ) − ln( ))
2 + 104 −2 + 104
= − 216 (107 )a z (−7.6202 (10−3 ) )
E = 16.46 a z MV/m
P.E. 4.6
y = -3 plane z
line
charge
O y
x x=2 plane
84
82
E = E 1 + E 2 + E3
= − 180 π a x + 270 π a y + 90 π a x − 90 π a y
= −282.7 a x + 565.5a y V/m
P.E. 4.7
Q ρ
D = DQ + Dρ = a + s an
2 r
4π r 2
30 ×10−9 [(0, 4,3) − (0, 0, 0)] 10 × 10−9
= + ay
4π (5) 2 5 2
30
= (0, 4,3) + 5 a y nC / m 2
500π
= 5.076a y + 0.0573a z nC / m 2
P.E. 4.8
(a) ρv = ∇ • D = 4 x
ρv (−1, 0,3) = −4 C/m3
1 1 1
(b) Ψ = Q = ρv dv = 4 xdxdydz
0 0 0
= 4(1)(1)(1/ 2) = 2 C
(c ) Q = Ψ = 2 C
85
83
P.E. 4.9
Q = ρ vdv = ψ = D • dS
For 0 ≤ r ≤ 10,
Dr ( 4π r 2 ) = 2r (r 2 ) sin θ dθ dr dφ
2r 4 r
Dr (4π r 2 ) = 4π (
4
|0
) = 2π r 4
r2 r2
Dr = E= ar nV/m
2 2ε 0
4(10−9 )
E (r = 2) = −9 ar = 72π ar = 226 ar V/m
2( 1036π )
For r ≥ 10,
Dr (4π r 2 ) = 2π r0 4 , r0 = 10m
r0 4 r0 4
Dr = ⎯⎯
→ E= ar nV/m
2r 2 2ε 0 r 2
104 (10−9 )
E (r = 12) = ar = 1250π ar
10−9
2( )(144)
36π
= 3.927ar kV/m
P. E. 4.10
Qk
V (r ) = k =1
3
+C
4πε 0 | r − rk |
At V (∞) = 0, C =0
| r − r1 | =| (−1,5, 2) − (2, −1,3) |= 46
| r − r2 |=| (−1,5, 2) − (0, 4, −2) |= 18
| r − r3 |=| (−1,5, 2) − (0, 0, 0) |= 30
10−6 −4 5 3
V (−1,5, 2) = −9
[ + + ]
10 46 18 30
4π ( )
36π
= 10.23 kV
86
84
P.E. 4.11
Q
V= +C
4πε 0 r
If V (0, 6, −8) = V (r = 10) = 2;
5(10−9 )
2= +C ⎯⎯
→ C = −2.5
10−9
4π ( )(10)
36π
(a)
5(10−9 )
VA = − 2.5
10−9
4π ( )|( − 3,2,6) − (0,0,0)|
36π
= 3.929 V
(b)
45
VB = − 2.5 = 2.696 V
7 2 + 12 + 52
P.E. 4.12
(a)
−W
= E • dl = (3x 2 + y )dx + xdy
Q
2 −1
(3x + y)dx | + x dy
2
= |
y =5 x=2
0 5
= 18 − 12 = 6 kV
W = −6 Q = 12 mJ
(b)
dy = −3 dx
2
W
− = E • dl = (3x 2 + 5 − 3 x)dx + x(−3)dx
Q 0
2
= (3x 2 − 6 x + 5)dx = 8 − 12 + 10 = 6
0
W = 12 mJ
87
85
P.E. 4.13
(a)
(0, 0,10) ⎯⎯
→ (r = 10, θ = 0, φ = 0)
100 cos 0 10−12
V= (10−12 ) = = 9 mV
4πε 0 (10 )
2
10−9
4π ( )
36π
100(10−12 )
E= [2 cos 0 ar + sin 0 aθ ]
10−9 3
4π ( )10
36π
=1.8 ar mV/m
(b)
π π
At (1, , ),
3 2
π
100 cos (10−12 )
V= 3 = 0.45 V
10−9
4π ( )(1) 2
36π
100 (10−12 ) π π
E= −9
(2 cos ar + sin aθ )
10 3 3
4π ( )(1) 2
36π
= 0.9 ar + 0.7794aθ V/m
P.E. 4.14
After Q1 , W1 = 0
Q2 Q1
After Q2 , W2 = Q2V21 =
4 π ε 0 |(1,0 ,0 ) − (0 ,0 ,0 )|
1( − 2) (10 −18 )
= = − 18 nJ
−9 1
4 π (10 )
36 π
After Q3 ,
W3 = Q3 (V31 + V32 ) + Q2V21
1 −2
= 3(9 )(10 −9 ) + } − 18 nJ
|(0 ,0 ,− 1) − (0 ,0 ,0 )| |(0 ,0 ,− 1) − (1,0 ,0 )|
2
= 27 (1 − ) − 18
2
= − 29.18 nJ
88
86
After Q4 ,
W4 = Q4 (V41 + V42 + V43 ) + Q3 (V31 + V32 ) + Q2V21
1 −2 3
= − 4(9 )(10 −9 ) + + + W3
|(0 ,0 ,1) − (0 ,0 ,0 )| |(0 ,0 ,1) − (1,0 ,0 ) |(0 ,0 ,1) − (0 ,0 ,− 1)
2 3
= − 36 (1 − + ) + W3
2 2
= − 39.09 − 29.18 nJ = − 68.27 nJ
P.E. 4.15
2 −1 −1 −1 −1
1 x3 1 80ε o
= ε o 2 (2)(2) + 0 + 0 + 6(8) =
2 3 −1 3
= 0.2358 nJ
87
(b)
F (5, 0, 6) = qE (5, 0, 6)
If Fx = 0, then
qQ1 3qQ2
+ =0
4πε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4πε 0 (34)3/ 2
82 3/ 2 82
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( )3/ 2 nC
34 34
Q1 = −44.945 nC
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
(b)
F (5, 0, 6) = qE (5, 0, 6)
If Fx = 0, then
qQ1 3qQ2
+ =0
4πε 0 (82) 3/ 2
4πε 0 (34)3/ 2
82 3/ 2 82
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( )3/ 2 nC
34 34
Q1 = −44.945 nC 95
P.E. 4.17
Prob. 4.2 88
Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (a, 0, 0)] Q [ (0, 0, 0) − (−a, 0, 0)]
22
e
Fe = E = 2 arQ(r − rk ) =
'
−
(c) 4πε okr=1 4πε o | r − rk | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( a, 0, 0) | 4πε o | (0, 0, 0) − ( −a, 0, 0) |3
' 3 3
(a)
Fe eE2 Q ( −Q
1 a, [0,(a0) 0)10) ] Q Q [ (a1.6
, 0, aQ) (−a(,a0,, 0, − −(19−a,20, 0) ]
, 0, a×)10
= = = = − −9 3 = 3 − a
2 x
Fg 4πε o Gm 44πε2 ooa|3(4aπ, 0, − (oa, 0, 0)2| πε o4aπε
a4)πε o | ( a ) −−31(−a, 0, 0) |3
, 0,×a10
×10 × 6.67 × 10−11 9.1
36π
Q(0, 0, a ) Q(2a, 0, a ) −Q Q 1
= 4.17 ×=1042 − = a + 1− az
Q [4(0,
πεao a, 0) − (4aπε
3
(5a] )
, 0,o 0)
2 3/ 2
[
Q10 (0,5aπε , 0) 4πε a 5 5
o a− ( − a , 0, 0)o]
2 x 2
(b) E = −
4πε o | (0, a, 0) − (a, 0, 0) |3 4πε o | (0, a, 0) − (− a, 0, 0) |3
Prob. 4.16
P.E. 4.18
QLet
(−aQ , a1, be
0) located Q (aat, athe
, 0) origin. − Q the spherical surface of radius r,
At
(a) = 4πε (2a 2 )3/ 2 − 4πε (2a 2 )3/2 2 = 4 2πε a 2 a x
Q1o = DdS = ε Eo r (4π r ) o
QR1 QR2
Or E = −
4πε o R13 4πε o R23
Q1
E point
A = on athe r x-axisby Gauss's law
is (x,0,0).
4πε r 2
R1 =charge
If a second ( x, 0, 0)Q−2 is 0, d ) =on
(0,placed ( x,the d)
0, −spherical surface, Q2 experiences a force
3 2 2 3/ 2
R1 = ( x + d )
QQ
F
R2 ==Q( x2 E
, 0,=0) −1(0,220,ar−d ) = ( x, 0, d )
3 2
42πε3/ 2r
which isRCoulomb’s
2 = ( x + d )
law.
Q −2Qda z
2 3/ 2 [
E=
Prob. 4.17 ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
4πε o ( x + d )
2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
Q
For a point
(b) A pointcharge,
along theD =z-axis 3isR(0, 0, z).
4π R
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
For the given three point charges,
R 3 = ( z − d )3
1 1QR1 QR2 2QR3
D= + 3 −
4π R13 R2 R33
R = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
R1 = (0, 0)2 − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
3
R = (0,R0)2 − + d=)3(−1, 0), R = 1
( z 0)
= (1,
2 2
D= [(1, 0) + (Qdz
−1, 0) − 2(0, −1) ] =
az
(0, 2) = ay
4π = 4π 2π
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2
Prob. 4.3
Copyright © 2015mg × 9.8 Press
2 University
by Oxford
F = qE = mg → E=
⎯⎯ = = 4.9 kV/m
POESM_Ch04.indd 89
q 4 × 10−3 9/27/2015 9:07:31 PM
R1 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, d ) = ( x, 0, − d )
R13 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2 93
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
R2 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( x, 0, d )
1 R 3 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2 1
E= [2-10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20(−az ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 − 20)(a z )10 −9 = −18π (25)a z
2ε o Q 90 10 −9
−2Qda z
E= [ ( x , 0, − d ) − ( x ,20,×d36
) ]π=
4πε o ( x + d )
2 2 3/ 2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
= −1.4137 a z kV/m
(b) A point along the z-axis is (0, 0, z).
For z > 2,
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
1 3
E = R[1 -10(= ( za−
z )d
+)5( z z]
3 a ) + 20a × 10 −9 = 18π ( −10 + 5 + 20)(a )
z
2ε o
= 848.23a z V/m
R = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( z + d )a z
Thus, 2
R 3 = ( z + d )3
−2848.23a z V/m, z <0
-1.979Qa( z kV/m,
− d )a z 0<z<1
Q ( z + d )a z Qa z 1 1
E = E = 4πεz ( z − d )3 − 4πε ( z + d )3 = 4πε ( z − d )2 − ( z + d )2
−1.4137a z kV/m, 1 <z <2
o o o
Prob. 4.3
P.E. 4.19
mg 2 × 9.8
F = qE = mg → E=
⎯⎯ = = 4.9 kV/m
q 4 × 10−3
y
Prob. 4.4
5 5
(a) Q = ρ L dl = 12 x 2 dx = 4 x3 | mC = 0.5 C
0
0
an
Let f ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 5; ∇f = a x + 2 a y
∇f (a x + 2 a y )
an = ± = ±
| ∇f | 5
Since point (−1, 0,1) is below the plane,
_
(a x + 2 a y )
an = − .
5
ρs 6(10−9 ) (a x + 2 a y )
E= an = (− )
2ε 0 2(10 / 36π )
−9
5
If FxQ=(0,0,0,then
a ) Q(2a, 0, a ) −Q Q 1
= Q1Q2 (3rQ −− r Q2 ) − 20(10 = −12 )[(3, 2,1)2 −a(x −+4, 0, 6)]2 1 − a2,z −5)
(7,
FQ1 =qQ41πε o a +1 4πε 3qQ 4πε o a = − 180
2 3/ 2
2 a )
(5
= 10 5πε a 5 5 × 10−3
3o
= 0 −9 o
rQ20 (34)3/ 24π 10 (3, 2,1) − (−4, 0, 6) 3
4π 3/ε 2 rQ1 −4πε
4πε 0 (82) 688.88
36π
P.E. 4.18 82 3/ 2 82 3/ 2
Q1 = −3Q2 ( ) = −12( ) nC
(a) = −1.8291 34 a x − 0.522634a y + 1.3065 a z mN
Q R
Q1== −44.945 QR
E 1
− nC 2 3
4πε o R1 4πε o R2
3
(a)
R=2 Q = (−x,a0,, 0,0)0)− (0,Q0,
−
(a−, d0,)0)= (=x, 0,Q d) a
x
R2 = 4( xπε + 4πε o a 2πε o a 2
3 3
o ad )
3 2 2 3/ 2
Q −2Qda z
E= [ ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
Q [ (0, a, 0) − (a, 0, 0) ] Q [ (0, a, 0) − 4(−
(b) E = 4πε o ( x + d )
2 2 3/ 2
− πεao, 0,
( x0)
2
+] d 2 )3/ 2
(b) 4πε o along
A point | (0, a, the (a, 0, 0)
0) −z-axis 3
is |(0, 0,4πεz).o | (0, a, 0) − (− a, 0, 0) |
3
Q(−a, a, 0) Q (a, a, 0) −Q
= R1 = (0,2 0,3/ z2 )−− (0, 0, d ) 2= 3/( z2 −=d )a z a
2 x
4πε
R13o =(2(az −) d )3 4πε o (2a ) 4 2πε88 oa
Q ( z − d )a Q ( z + d )a Qa 1 1
E = Q(0, 0, a ) z 3 −Q(2a, 0, a ) z 3 = −Qz −
2 Q 1
) 4πε o (2z +3/ 2d )= 4πε o (2z a−xd+) ( z +2 d1)−2
=4πε o ( z −3 d − az
4πε o a 4πε o (5a ) 10 5πε o a 4πε o a 5 5
Qdza z
=
πε o ( z 2 − d 2 )2
P.E. 4.18
(a)
Prob. 4.3 QR1 QR2
E= − mg 2 × 9.8
4πε=o Rmg
F = qE
3
1 4πε⎯⎯ o R→
2
3
E= = = 4.9 kV/m
q 4 × 10−3
A point on the x-axis is (x,0,0).
Prob. 4.4
R1 = ( x, 0, 0) −5 (0, 0, d ) = ( x, 0, −5 d )
(a) Q3= ρ2L dl =2 3/122 x 2 dx = 4 x3 | mC = 0.5 C
R1 = ( x + d ) 0
0
R2 = ( x, 0, 0) − (0, 0, −d ) = ( x, 0, d )
R23 = ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
Q −2Qda z
2 3/ 2 [
E= ( x, 0, −d ) − ( x, 0, d ) ] =
4πε o ( x + d )
2
4πε o ( x 2 + d 2 )3/ 2
(b) A point along the z-axis is (0, 0, z).
R1 = (0, 0, z ) − (0, 0, d ) = ( z − d )a z
R13 = ( z − d )3
92
89
(b)
4 2π
z3 4
Q = ρ S dS = ρ z ρ dφ dz ρ |=3 = 9(2π ) 3 0| nC
2
z =0 φ =0
= 1.206 μ C
(c)
10
Q = ρV dV = r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
r sin θ
2π π 4
42
= 10 dφ dθ rdr =10(2π ) (π )
0 0 0
2
= 1579.1 C
Prob. 4.5
a a a
ρo x x 2 a a3 ρo
Q = ρ v dv = dxdydz = ( a)( a) ρ o =
v 0 0 9
a 2a 0 2
Prob. 4.6
2 1 π /2
Q = ρ v dv = φ π 5ρ 2 z ρdφ d ρ dz mC
v ρ =0 z =0 = / 6
ρ 4 2 z2 1 π /2 5 10π
=5 φ = (16)(1)(π / 2 − π / 6) =
4 0 2 0 π /6 8 3
Q = 10.472 mC
Prob. 4.7
Q = ρ s dS = 6 xydxdy
2 x 4 − x+4
=
x =0 y =0
6 xydxdy +
x=2 y =2
6 xydxdy
y x y2 −x + 4
2 2 4
=6
x =0
x
2 0
dx + 6x
x=2
2 0
dx
2 4
x2
= 6 x( − 0)dx + 3 x (4 − x) 2 − 0 dx
x =0
2 x=2
2 4
x3
= 6 dx + 3 (16 x − 8 x 2 + x 3 )dx
0
2 2
93
90
x4 2 8 x3 x 4 4
=3 + 6(8 x 2 − + )
4 0 3 4 2
512 64
= 12 + 3(128 − 32 − + + 64 − 4)
3 3
448
= 12 + 3(96 − + 60)
3
Q = 32 C
Prob. 4.8
Q = ρ v dv
v
1 1 1
6x
2
= y 2 dxdydz
−1 −1 −1
1 1 1
= 6 dz x 2 dx y 2 dy
−1 −1 −1
x 1 y3 1
3
= 6(2)
3 −1 3 −1
12 48
= (1 − −1)(1 − −1) = nC
9 9
= 5.33 nC
Prob. 4.9
Q = ρ v dv = 4 ρ 2 z cos φρ d ρ dφ dz nC
v
2 1 π /4
2 z2 1 π /4
= 4 ρ 3 d ρ zdz cos φdφ = ρ 4 (sin φ )
0 0 0
0 2 0 0
= (16)(0.5)(sin π / 4) = 5.657 nC
94
91
Prob. 4.10
For 2 < r < 4cm
2π π 4cm
Q = ρ v dv = ρv 5r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ
v φ θ
= 0 = 0 r = 2cm
4cm
= 5(4π ) ρv
2cm
r 2 dr
4cm
r3
= 20πρv
3
2cm
1
= 20π × 5 × (43 − 23 ) ×10−6 mC
3
100π
= (64 − 8)nC
3
= 5864.3 nC
Q = 5.864 μ C
Prob. 4.11
ρ dl
E = L 2 aR
L
4πε o R
R = − aa ρ + ha z , R =| R |= a 2 + h 2 , dl = adφ
ρ L ( − aa ρ + ha z )
4πε o (a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
E= adφ
95
92
Prob. 4.12
(a) At P(5,-1,4),
3
ρ sk 10 × 10−6 −20 ×10−6 30 × 10−6
E = ank = ( a x ) + ( a y ) + ( −a z )
k =1 2ε o 10−9 10−9 10−9
2× 2× 2×
36π 36π 36π
= 36π (5, −10, −15) ×10 = 565.5a x − 1131a y −1696.5a z kV/m
3
(b) At R(0,-2,1)
E = 36π 5(−a x ) − 10(a y ) + 15(−a z ) × 103 = −565.5a x − 1131a y −1696.5a z kV/m
(c) At Q(3,-4,10),
E = 36π 5a x −10(−a y ) + 15a z ×103 = 565.5a x + 1131a y +1696.5a z kV/m
Prob. 4.13
ρs
We apply E = an
2ε o
For z<0,
1 1
E= [ -10(-az ) + 5(-az ) + 20(−a z ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 + 20)(−a z )10−9
2ε o 10 −9
2×
36π
= 18π ×15(−a z ) = −848.23a z V/m
For 0<z<1,
1 1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(-a z ) + 20(−az )] ×10−9 = ( −10 − 5 − 20)(a z )10−9
2ε o 10−9
2×
36π
= −18π × 35(a z ) = −1.979a z kV/m
For 1 < z < 2,
96
93
1 1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20(−az ] ×10−9 = (−10 + 5 − 20)(a z )10 −9 = −18π (25)a z
2ε o 10 −9
2×
36π
= −1.4137a z kV/m
For z > 2,
1
E= [ -10(az ) + 5(az ) + 20az ] ×10−9 = 18π (−10 + 5 + 20)(a z )
2ε o
= 848.23a z V/m
Thus,
−848.23a z V/m, z <0
-1.979a kV/m, 0<z<1
z
E=
−1.4137a z kV/m, 1 <z <2
848.23a z V/m, z >2
94
Prob. 4.14
P.E. 4.19
y − ρs
ρs
an x
x=0 x=a
x
Let f ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 5; ∇f = a x + 2 a y
(a) For x < 0,
aEn == E
∇f ρ (a x + 2 a y()− ρ s )
±1 + E2 == ±s (−a x ) + ( −a x ) = 0
| ∇f | 2ε o 5 2ε o
Since
(b) Forpoint
0 < x(<−1,a,.0,1) is below the plane,
ρ (_− ρ s ) ρ
E = s ax + (−a x ) = s a x
2ε (a x + 2 a2yε)o εo
an = − o .
(c) For x > a, 5
ρ (− ρ s )
E = ρs a x + (a x−9) )= 0 (a + 2 a )
6(10
E = 2εso a n = 2ε o −9
x y
(− )
2ε 0 2(10 / 36π ) 5
Prob. 4.15
= −151.7 a x − 303.5 a y V/m
ρ s dS
E= R, R = ρ (-a ρ ) + ha z , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
S
4πε o R 3
ρ ρ dφ d ρ
E= s 2 (- ρ a ρ + ha z )
4πε o S ( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ -component vanishes.
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
2π
ρ ha b
E = s z ρ ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) −3/ 2 d ρ dφ
POESM_Ch04.indd 96
4πε 9/27/2015 9:07:35 PM
(b) For 0 < x < a,.
ρ (− ρ s ) ρ
E = s ax + (−a x ) = s a x
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2ε o 2ε o εo Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
ρ s dS
E= R, R = ρ (-a ρ ) + ha z , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
S
4πε o R 3
ρ ρ dφ d ρ
E= s 2 (- ρ a ρ + ha z )
4πε o S ( ρ + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ -component vanishes.
2π
ρ s ha z b 95
4πε o a 0 dφ
E= ρ ( ρ 2
+ h 2 −3/ 2
) d ρ
Let u=
P.E. 4.17ρ 2 + h 2 , du = 2 ρ d ρ
ρ ea2 ρ s ha z b
a 1 u −3/ 2 du = ρ s ha z 1/ 2u
−1/ 2
F = h 1
Ee = 4πε zr (2
s
4πε oo
2 πr )
2 2ε o −1/ 2
=
2ε o
−
ρ2 2 + h 2 a
Fe e2 1 1 1.6 ×10−19
= ρs h 1 = 1
E
Fg = 4πε o Gm22 42 π−×102−9 2 ×a6.67 z × 10 −11 9.1× 10 −31
4πε o a + h b +36hπ
= 4.17 × 1042
Prob. 4.16
Let Q1 be located at the origin. At the spherical surface of radius r,
Q1 = DdS = ε Er (4π r 2 )
Or
Q1
E= ar by Gauss's law
4πε r 2
If a second charge Q2 is placed on the spherical surface, Q2 experiences a force
Q1Q2
F = Q2 E = ar
4πε r 2
which is Coulomb’s law.
Prob. 4.17
Q
For a point charge, D= R
4π R 3
For the given three point charges,
1 QR1 QR2 2QR3
D= + 3 −
4π R13 R2 R33
R1 = (0, 0) − (−1, 0) = (1, 0), R1 = 1
R2 = (0, 0) − (1, 0) = (−1, 0), R2 = 1
R3 = (0, 0) − (0,1) = (0, −1), R3 = 1
Q Q Q
D= [(1, 0) + (−1, 0) − 2(0, −1)] = (0, 2) = a y
4π 4π 2π
Prob. 4.18
(a) Assume for now that the ring is placed on the z=0 plane.
(0,0,h)
y
a
ρ L dl
x
ρ L dl R
D= 4π R 3
, R = − a aρ + h az
φ = 2π
ρL adφ ( − a a ρ + h a z )
D=
4π φ
=0
(a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
Due to symmetry, the ρ component vanishes.
ρ L a (2 π h) a z ρL a h a z
D= =
4 π (a + h )
2 2 3/ 2
2(a 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
a = 2, h = 3, ρ = 5 μ C/m L
(6)(5) a x
D= = 0.32 a x μ C/m 2
2(4 + 9)3/ 2
99
97
(b)
Q [(3, 0, 0) − (0, −3, 0)] Q [(3, 0, 0) − (0,3, 0)]
DQ = +
4 π | (3, 0, 0) − (0, −3, 0) |3
4 π | (3, 0, 0) − (0,3, 0) |3
Q(3,3, 0) Q(3, −3, 0) 6 Q (1, 0, 0)
= + =
4π (18) 3/ 2
4π (18) 3/ 2
4 π (18)3/ 2
D = DR + DQ = 0
6Q
0.32(10−6 ) + =0
4 π (18)3/ 2
1
∴ Q = − 0.32(4π )(183/ 2 )10−6 = −51.182μ C
6
Prob. 4.19
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
(a) ρv = ∇D = + + = 8 y C/m 2
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 ∂ 1 ∂Dφ ∂Dz
(b) ρ v = ∇D = ( ρ Dρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= 8sin φ − 2sin φ + 4 z
= 6sin φ + 4 z C/m3
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂
(c) ρ v =∇ D = (r Dr ) + (Dθ sinθ ) + 0
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ
2 2cosθ
= − 4 cosθ +
r r4
= 0
Prob. 4.20
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
ρ v = ∇ D = + + = 2(1 + z 2 ) + 0 + 2 x 2
(a) ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 2(1 + x 2 + z 2 ) nC/m3
3 2 2 3
ψ = DdS = 2 x 2 zdxdy = 2(1) x 2 dx dy
S y =0 x =0
z =1 0 0
(b)
x 2
3
=2 (3) = 16 nC
3 0
100
98
Prob. 4.21
Gaussian surface
Prob. 4.22
For r <a.
DdS = Q
S
enc = ρv dv
v
π 2π r
Dr (4π r ) = 5r r sin θ dθ dφ dr = 5 sin θ dθ dφ r 5/ 2 dr
2 1/ 2 2
0 0 0
r r 40π r
7/ 2 7/2
= 5(2)(2π ) =
7/2 0 7
40π r 7 / 2
7 10
Dr = ε o Er = = r 3/ 2
4π r 2
7
10 3/ 2
Er = r ,0 < r < a
7ε o
101
99
For r > a,
40 7 / 2
Dr (4π r 2 ) = πa
7
40 7 / 2
πa
Dr = ε o Er = 7
4π r 2
10a 7 / 2
Er = ,r > a
7ε o r 2
Thus,
10 3/ 2
r ar , 0 < r < a
7ε o
E= 7/2
10a a , r > a
7ε o r 2 r
Prob. 4.23
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz
(a) ρ v = ∇ • D = + + = 2 y C/m3
∂x ∂y ∂z
1 1
1
(b) Ψ = D ⋅ dS = x 2 dxdz = x 2 dx dz = C
y =1 0 0
3
1 1 1
(c) Q = ρv dv = 2 ydxdydz = 2 dx ydy dz = 1 C
v 0 0 0
Prob. 4.24
(a)
1 ∂ 1 ∂ Dφ ∂ Dz
ρV = ∇ • D = ( ρ Dρ ) + +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
ρV = 4 ( z + 1) cos φ − ( z + 1) cos φ + 0
ρV = 3( z + 1) cos φ μ C/m3
(b)
Qenc = ρV dv = 3( z + 1) cos φ ρ dφ d ρ dz
2 4 π /2
z2 π /2
+ z )| (sin φ| )
4
= 3 ρ d ρ ( z + 1) cos φ dφ = 3(2)(
0 0 0
2 0 0
102
100
(c)
Let ψ = ψ 1 +ψ 2 +ψ 3 +ψ 4 +ψ 5 = D • dS
where ψ 1 , ψ 2 , ψ 3 , ψ 4 , ψ 5 respectively correspond witn surfaces S1 ,S2 ,S3 ,S4 ,S4
(in the figure below) respectively.
y S3
S4
S5 S1
x
S2
For S1 ρ = 2, dS = ρ dφ dza ρ
4 π /2
ψ 1 = 2 ρ ( z + 1) cos φ dS|ρ = 2 = 2(2)2 ( z + 1)dz cos φ dφ
0 0
= 8(12)(1) = 96
For S 2 , z = 0, dS = ρ dφ d ρ (− a z )
2 π /2
ψ 2 = − ρ 2 cos φ ρ dφ d ρ = − ρ 3d ρ cos φ dφ
0 0
ρ 4
| (1) = −4
2
=−
4 0
For S3, z = 4, dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z , ψ 3 = +4
For S4 , φ = π / 2, dS = d ρ dzaφ
2 4
ψ 4 = − ρ ( z + 1) sin φ d ρ dz|d =π / 2 = (11 ρ d ρ ( z + 1)dz
0 0
ρ2
|
2
=− (12) = −(2)(12) = −24
2 0
ψ = 96 − 4 + 4 − 24 + 0 = 72μ C
103
101
Prob. 4.25
F = eE
e 3e R
ρ0 = =
R 3
4 π R3
4π
3
ρ 0, 0<r<R
ρV =
0, elsewhere
3 e 4π r 3
D • dS = Qenc = ρV dV = 4π R 3
3
= Dr (4π r 2 )
3e r
Er =
12πε 0 R 3
e2 r
F = eE =
4π ε 0 R 3
Prob. 4.26
(a)
ψ = Qenc at r = 2
10
Qenc = ρV dV = r 2
r 2 sin θ dθ dr dφ
2 2π π
= 10 sin θ dθ drdφ
r =1 φ = 0 θ = 0
At r = 6;
4 2π π
Qenc. = 10
r =1
dr
φ =0
dφ sin θ dθ
θ =0
104
102
(b)
ψ = Qenc
But ψ = D • dS = Dr dS = Dr (4π r 2 )
At r = 1,
Qenc = 0 → D=0
⎯⎯
At r = 5, Qenc = 120 π
Qenc 120 π
Dr = = = 1.2
4π r 2
4 π (5) 2
D = 1.2 ar mC/m 2
Prob. 4.27
Q Q 3Q
ρv = = =
volume 4π a / 3 4π a 3
3
Prob. 4.28
Q1 Q2 10−9 2 4
VP = + = −
4πε o r1 4πε o r2 10 | (1, −2,3) − (1, 0,3) | | (1, −2,3) − (−2,1,5) |
−9
4π ×
36π
2 4
= 9 − = 1.325 V
2 9+9+4
105
103
Prob. 4.29
Q
V =4 , r = a 2 + a 2 + h 2 = 22 + 22 + 32 = 17 cm
4πε o r
4 × 8 × 10−9
V= = 6.985 kV
10−9
4π × × 17 × 10 −2
36π
Q/2
Q/2
Q
2
2 Q
V= =
4π ε0 r 4π ε0 r
60(10−6 )
= = 135 kV
10−9
4π × x4
36π
(b)
Q
3( )
V= 3 = 135 kV
4π ε0 r
(c)
Q
2π (4)
ρ dl Q
V= L = 8π = 135 kV
4π ε0 r 4π ε 0 r 4π ε0 r
106
104
Prob. 4.31
(a)
Qk
VP =
4π | r p − r k |
10−3 −2 (10−3 ) 3(10−3 )
4 π ε oV p = + +
| (−1,1, 2) − (0, 0, 4) | | (−1,1, 2) − (−2,5,1) | | (−1,1, 2) − (3, −4, 6) |
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 π ε 0 (103 ) V p = − + = − +
| (−1,1, −2) | | (1, −4,1) | (−4,5, −4) | 6 18 57
10−9
4π (103 ) V p = 0.3542
36 π
∴V p = 3.008 × 106 V
(b)
Qk
VQ =
4 πε o | r p − r k |
10−3 −2 (10−3 ) 3(10−3 )
4 π ε oVQ = + +
| (1, 2,3) − (0, 0, 4) | | (1, 2,3) − (−2,5,1) | | (1, 2,3) − (3, −4, 6) |
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 π ε 0 (103 ) V p = − + = − +
| (1, 2, −1) | | (3, −3, 2) | (−2, 6, −3) | 6 22 7
10−9
4π (103 ) V p = 0.410
36π
VQ = 3.694 (106 )V
∴VPQ = VQ − VP = 0.686 (106 ) = 686 kV
Prob. 4.32
ρ S dS 1
V= S 4 πε r
0
; ρS =
ρ
; dS = ρ dφ d ρ ; r = ρ 2 + h2
1
( ρ dφ d ρ ) 2π a
1 ρ 1 dρ
V=
4 πε 0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 1/ 2
=
4 πε 0 dφ ρ
0 =0
( ρ + h2 )
2
2π 1
ln( ρ + ρ 2 + h 2 )| =
a
= [ln(a + a 2 + h 2 ) − ln h]
4 πε 0 ρ =0 2ε 0
1 a + a 2 + h2
= ln
2ε 0 h
107
105
Prob. 4.33
(a)
∂V ∂V ∂V
E = −( ax + ay + az )
∂x ∂ y ∂z
= − 2 xy ( z + 3)a x − x 2 ( z + 3) a y − x 2 y a z
At (3, 4, −6), x = 3, y = 4, z = −6,
E = − 2(3)(4)(−3) a x − 9 (−3)a y − 9(4) a z
= 72 a x + 27 a y − 36a z V/m
(b)
ρV = ∇ • D = ε 0∇ • E = − ε 0 (2 y ) ( z + 3)
ψ = Qenc = ρ V dV = − 2ε 0 y ( z + 3)dx dy dz
1 1 1
z2 1
= − 2ε 0 dx y dy ( z + 3)dz = − 2ε 0 (1)(1/ 2)( + 3z ) |
0 0 0
2 0
1 −7 10−9
= − ε 0 ( + 3) = ( )
2 2 36 π
Qenc = − 30.95 pC
Prob. 4.34
(a)
r2
Q = ρ v dv = ρ o 1 − 2 r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
v a
2π π a
2 r4 a 3 a 3 8π 3
= ρo dφ sin θ dθ r − 2 dr = ρo (2π )(2) − = a ρo
0 0 0
a 3 5 15
(b) Outside the nucleus, r >a,
Qenc
S DdS = Qenc ⎯⎯ → E=
4πε o r 2
ar
8π a 3 ρ o
2a 3 ρ o
E = 15 2 ar = ar
4πε o r 15ε o r 2
2a 3 ρ o
V = − E dl = − Er dr = + C1
15ε o r
Since V (∞) = 0, C1 = 0.
2a 3 ρ o
V=
15ε o r
108
106
r3 r5
Qenc = 4πρo − 2
3 5a
Qenc ρo r r 3
E= a r = − a
4πε o r 2 ε o 3 5a 2 r
ρo r 2 r4
V = − Er dr = − − +C
ε o 6 20a 2 2
2a 2 ρ o ρ o a 2 a 2
V (r = a ) = = − + C2
15ε o ε o 20 6
2a 2 ρ o 7 a 2 ρ o a 2 ρ o
C2 = + =
15ε o 60ε o 4ε o
ρo r 4 r 2 a 2 ρo
V= − +
ε o 20a 2 6 4ε o
dE ρo 1 3r 2 2
=0= − → 9 r 2 = 5a
⎯⎯
dr ε o 3 5a 2
5
r= a = 0.7454a
3
d 2E 6r
We are able to say maximum because 2
= − 2 < 0.
dr 5a
109
107
Prob. 4.35
y
ρ
a
ρ s dSR
D= , R = − ρ a ρ + ha z , R =| R | = ρ 2 + h 2 , dS = ρ dφ d ρ
4π R 3
Q Q
ρs = =
S π (b − a 2 )
2
ρ s ρ d φ d ρ ( − ρ a ρ + ha z )
D=
4π ( ρ 2 + h 2 )3/ 2
ρ s h b 2π ρ d φ d ρ ρs h b
Dz =
4π ρ = a φ =0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 3/ 2
=
4π
(2π ) ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) −3/ 2 ρ d ρ
a
ρs h −1 b ρ s h 1 1
= 2 = −
2 ρ + h 2 a 2 a2 + h2 b2 + h2
Qh 1 1
D= − az
2π (b 2 − a 2 ) a 2 + h 2 b2 + h2
110
108
Prob. 4.36
Prob. 4.37
r=3cm
r=5cm
DdS = Q
enc = 10 nC
10
Dr 4π r 2 = 10 nC → Dr =
⎯⎯ nC/m 2
4π r 2
111
109
Prob. 4.38
1 ∂ ε o Eo ρ 2 2ε o Eo
ρv = ∇ D = ∇ε o E = = ,0 < ρ < a
ρ ∂ρ a a
Prob. 4.39
Let us choose the following path of two segments.
(2,1, −1) → (5,1, −1) → (5,1, 2)
W = − q E • dl
5 2
W
− = E • dl = 2 xyzdx + x 2 ydz
q x=2 z =−1
z = −1, y = 1 x = 5, y = 1
x2 5 2
= 2(1)(−1) + (5)2 (1) z = −21 + 75 = 54
2 2 −1
W = −54q = −108 μ J
Prob. 4.40
(a)
From A to B, dl = rdθ aθ ,
90°
WAB = −Q 10 r cos θ r dθ | = − 1250 nJ
θ =30° r =5
(b)
From A to C , dl = dr a r ,
10
WAC = − Q 20 r sin θ dr θ |
r =5 = 30°
= −3750 nJ
(c)
From A to D, dl = r sin θ dφ aφ ,
WAD = −Q 0(r sin θ ) dφ = 0 J
(d)
WAE = WAD + WDF + WFE
where F is (10,30o , 60o ). Hence,
o
10 90
WAE = − Q 20 r sin θ dr | + 10 r cos θ r dθ |
r =5 θ =30° θ =30o r =10
75 100
= − 100[ + ] nJ = − 8750 nJ
2 2
112
110
Prob. 4.41
B 5
10
VAB = − E dl = − dr
A 1
r2
10 5 1
= 1 = 10( − 1) = −8V
r 5
Prob. 4.42
A = (2,3, −1)
↓ dl = dxa x
dl = dya
A '(8,3, −1) ⎯⎯⎯→
y
B(8, 0, −1)
W = − Q E dl
8 0
W
− = E dl = 2 xy 2 dx y =3 + 2y
2
( x 2 + 1) dy x =8
Q x =2 y =3
x2 y3
= 2(3) 2 8
2 + 2(82 + 1) 0
3
2 3
2
= 9(64 − 4) + 65(0 − 81)
3
= 540 − 3510 = −2970
W = 2970Q = 5940 nJ
= 5.94 μ J
113
111
Prob. 4.43
Method 1:
W = −Q E dl , dl = ρ dφ aφ
L
Eρ cos φ sin φ 0 Ex
E = − sin φ cos φ 0 E
φ y
Ez 0 0 1 Ez
Eφ = − Ex sin φ + E y cos φ = −20 x sin φ + 40 y cos φ
x = ρ cos φ , y = ρ sin φ
Eφ = −20 ρ cos φ sin φ + 40 ρ sin φ cos φ = 20 ρ cos φ sin φ
Method 2:
W
− = E dl = 20xdx + 40ydy
Q L
y = 2 − x, dy = −dx
0
W
Q
− = 20xdx + 40(2 - x)(-dx) = (60x - 80)dx
x=2
60 x 2 0
= − 80 x = 40
2 2
W = −40Q = −80 mJ
Method 3:
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × E = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 0
20 x 40 y −10 z
V = − E dl = -10x 2 − 20 y 2 + 5 z 2 + C
L
114
112
Prob. 4.44
W = −Q E dl
L
ρ ρ
E = s an = s a x , dl = dxa x
2ε o 2ε o
Qρs 1 Qρs Qρs
W =−
2ε o 3
dx = −
2ε o
(−2) =
εo
10 ×10−6 × 40 × 10−9
= = 400 × 36π ×10−6 = 45.24 mJ
10−9
36π
Prob. 4.45
∂V ∂V ∂V
(a) E = −∇V = − ax − ay − a y = −4 xa x − 8 ya y
∂x ∂y ∂z
ρv = ∇ D = ε o∇ E = ε o (−4 − 8) = −12ε o = −106.25 pC/m3
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
(b) E = −∇V = − aρ − aφ − az
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= −(20 ρ sin φ + 6 z )a ρ − 10 ρ cos φ aφ − 6 ρ a z
1
ρ v = ∇ D = ε o ∇ E = ε o − [ 40 ρ sin φ + 6 z ] + 10sin φ
ρ
6z
= − 30sin φ + ε o C/m3
ρ
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
(c) E = −∇V = − ar − aθ − aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
= −10r cos θ sin φ ar + 5r sin θ sin φ aθ − 5r cot θ cos φ aφ
ρ v = ∇ D = ε o ∇ E
ρv 1 5r sin φ 5r cot θ sin φ
= 2 (−30r 2 cos θ sin φ ) + 2sin θ cos θ +
εo r r sin θ r sin θ
ρv = ε o (5sin φ csc 2 θ cos θ − 20 cos θ sin φ ) C/m3
115
113
Prob. 4.46
V = −r −3 sin θ cos φ
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
− E = ∇V = ar + aθ + aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
r −4 sin θ
= −3r −4 sin θ cos φ ar + r −4 cos θ cos φ aθ + (− sin φ )aφ
sin θ
3 1 sin φ
E = 4 sin θ cos φ ar − 4 cos θ cos φ aθ + 4 aφ
r r r
At (1,30 , 60 ), r = 1,θ = 30 , φ = 60
o o o o
E = 3sin 30o cos 60o ar − cos 30o cos 60o aθ + sin 60o aφ
= 0.75ar − 0.433aθ + 0.866aφ
10−9
D = εo E = (0.75ar − 0.433aθ + 0.866aφ )
36π
= 6.635ar − 3.829aθ + 7.657aφ pC/m 2
Prob. 4.47
DdS = Q
S
enc =Q
Dr Q
Dr (4π r 2 ) = Q → Er =
⎯⎯ =
εo 4πε o r 2
Q 1b
b b
Q 1 Q 1 1
Vab = − E dl = − dr = =− −
a
4πε o a r 2
4πε o r a 4πε o a b
Prob. 4.48
ρ s dS ρ 2π π / 2 r 2 sin θ dθ dφ ρs π /2
V = = s = (2π ) sinθ dθ
S
4πε o r 4πε o φ =0 θ =0 r 4πε o r 0
ρs π / 2
= − cos θ
2ε o r 0 r=a
ρ
V = s
2ε o a
116
114
Prob. 4.49
∇× E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ ∇× D = 0
1 ∂Dz ∂Dφ ∂D ∂D 1 ∂ ∂D
∇× D = − aρ + ρ − z aφ + ( ρ Dφ ) − ρ a z
ρ ∂φ ∂z ∂z ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
1
= 0 a ρ − 0aφ − 2 ρ cos φ a z ≠ 0
ρ
Hence D is not a genuine EM field.
π /4 1 π /4 1
ψ = DdS = 2 ρ sin φρ dφ dz = 2 sin φ dφ dz ρ
2
S φ=0 z =0 0 0
ρ =1
π /4
= −2 cos φ (1)(1) 2 = −2(cos π / 4 − 1) = 0.5858 C
0
Prob. 4.50
(a)
d2y
m 2 = eE ; divide by m , and integrate once, one obtains :
dt
dy eEt
u= = + c0
dt m
e E t2
y = + c0t + c1 (1)
2m
"From rest" implies c1 = 0 = c0
V
At t = t0 , y = d, E = or V = E d .
d
Substituting this in (1) yields :
2m d
t2 =
eE
Hence :
eE 2md 2 e Ed 2eV
u= = =
m eE m m
that is, u α V
or u= k V
(b)
2e 2 (1.603) 10−19
k = =
m 9.1066 (10−31 )
= 5.933 × 105
117
115
(c)
1
9(1016 )
u2 m 100 = 2.557 k V
V= =
2e 2 (1.76) (1011 )
Prob. 4.51
(a)
This is similar to Example 4.3.
eEt
uy = , u x = u0
m
e E t2
y = , x = u0 t
2m
x 10 (10−2 )
t= = = 10 ns
u0 107
Since x =10 cm when y =1cm,
2m y 2 (10−2 )
E= = = 1.136 kV/m
et2 1.76 (1011 ) (10−16 )
E = − 1.136 a y kV/m
(b)
u x = u0 = 107 ,
2000
uy = (1.76)1011 (10 −8 ) = 2(106 )
1.76
u = (a x + 0.2a y ) (107 ) m/s
Prob. 4.52
1 ∂ 20 cos θ 1 ∂ 10sin 2 θ
∇ E = 2 + +0
r sin θ ∂θ r
3
r ∂r r
20 cos θ 20 cos θ
=− + =0
r4 r4
1 ∂ 10sin θ 20sin θ
∇× E = + aφ
r ∂r r 2 r 3
1 20sin θ 20sin θ
= − + aφ = 0
r r3 r 3
At r = 0, ∇E and ∇ × E are not defined. So they are zero every where except at the origin.
118
116
Prob. 4.53
∂V 1∂V 1 ∂V
E = − ∇V = − ar − aθ − aφ
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂ φ
Prob. 4.54
p cos θ k cos θ
V= =
4π ε0 r 2
r2
At (0, l nm), θ = 0, r = 1 nm, V = 9;
k (1)
that is, 9= −18
, ∴ k = 9(10−18 )
1(10 )
cos θ
V = 9(10−18 ) 2
r
At (1,1) nm, r = 2 nm, θ = 45°,
9(10−18 ) cos 45° 9
V= −18 2
= = 3.182 V
10 ( 2) 2 2
Prob. 4.55
Q1
W = W1 + W2 = 0 + Q2V21 = Q2
4πε o | (2, 0, 0) − (0, 0,1) |
40 ×10−9 × ( −50) ×10 −9 40 × 9 × ( −50) ×10 −9
= =
10−9 4 +1
4π × | (2, 0, −1) |
36π
= −8.05 μ J
119
117
Prob. 4.56
∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax − a y = −4 xa x − 12 ya y V/m
∂x ∂y
1 1 1
1 1
W = ε o | E |2 dv = ε o (16 x 2 + 144 y 2 )dxdydz
2 v 2 z =−1 y =−1 x =−1
1 x3 1 y 3 1 1 10−9 1
= ε o 16(4) + 144(4) = (160)(4) (1 + 1)
2 3 −1 3 −1 2 36π 3
= 1.886 nJ
Prob. 4.57
Given that E = 2r sin θ cos φ ar + r cos θ cos φ aθ − r sin φ aφ
E 2 = 4r 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 φ + r 2 cos 2 θ cos 2 φ + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 cos 2 φ ( 4sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 cos 2 φ + 3r 2 cos 2 φ sin 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 φ
= r 2 (1 + 3cos 2 φ sin 2 θ )
ε
2
W= E 2 r 2 sin θ drdθ dφ
2 π π
ε
2
= r dr (1 + 3cos
4 2
φ sin 2 θ ) sin θ dθ dφ
0 θ φ =0
π
16ε 3π
=
5 0 (π sin θ +
2
sin 2θ )dθ
16 10−9 16
= x (4π ) = nJ= 0.36 nJ
5 36π 45
Prob. 4.58
Method 1:
1 V 1
W=
2S ρ sVdS = ρ s dS = QV
2S 2
Q
But V=
4πε o a
2
Q
W=
8πε o a
120
118
Method 2:
1 1
W = D Edv = ε o E 2 dv
2v 2 v
2
1 Q 2
= ε o 2
r sin θ dθ drdφ
2 4πε o r
2π π ∞
1 Q2 εo Q2
= ε o dφ sin θ dθ dr = (2π )(2)
2 0 0 r =a
16π 2ε o2 r 2 2 16π 2ε o2 a
Q2
W=
8πε o a
Prob. 4.59
1
2 v
W= ε o | E |2 dv
3 2 1
εo
(9 x
2
= + 25 z 2 )dxdydz
2 z =0 y =0 x =0
1 10−9
3 2 1 3 2 1
9 dz dy x dx + 25 z dz dy dx
2 2
=
2 36π 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 x3 1 z3 3 1 468
= 9(3)(2) + 25(1)(2) nJ= (18 + 50 × 9) = nJ
72π 3 0 3 0 72π 72π
W=2.069 nJ
121
CHAPTER 5
P. E. 5.1 dS = ρ dφ dzaρ
2π 5 5 2π
z2 1
I = J • dS = φρ dzdφ |ρ = 2 2 (1 − cos 2φ )dφ = 240π
2
10 z sin = 10(2)
φ= 0 z =1 2 1 0
I = 754 A
P. E. 5.2
8 × 106
J
J = ρvu ⎯⎯
→ u= = 4.42 ×10−4 m/s
=
ρv 1.81×10 10
RL
Rc
l π
For the lead, RL = , SL = d 2 − π r 2 = 9 − cm2
σ L SL 4
RL = 0.974 m Ω
l π
For copper, Rc = , Sc = π r 2 = cm2
σ c Sc 4
12
4
Rc = = 0.8781 m Ω
π
5.8 × 107 × ×10−4
4
RL Rc 0.974 x0.8781
R= = = 461.7 μΩ
RL + Rc 0.974 + 0.8781
P. E. 5.5 ρ Ps = P • a x = ax 2 + b
ρ ps x=0
= P • ( − a x ) x = 0 = −b
ρ ps x=L
= P • ax x=L
= aL2 + b
d
ρ pv = −∇ • P = − (ax 2 + b) = −2ax
dx
ρ pv x=0
= 0, ρ pv x=L
= −2aL
L
Qv = ρ pv dv = (−2ax) Adx = − AaL2
0
Hence,
QT = Qv + Qs = − AaL2 + AaL2 = 0
P. E. 5.6
V 103
E= ax = a x = 500a x kV/m
d 2 x10−3
10−9
P = χ eε o E = (2.55 − 1) x x0.5 x106 a x = 6.853a x μC / m 2
36π
ρ ps = P • a x = 6.853μ C/m 2
Px 3x10−9 1
χe = = x36π x109 = 2.16
ε o Ex 10π 5
123
P 36π ×109 1
(b) E = = (3, −1, 4)10−9 = 5ax − 1.67 a y + 6.67az V/m
χ eε o 2.16 10π
(c)
ε r P 3.16 1
D = ε oε r E = = 2
(3, −1, 4) nC/m = 139.7ax −46.6a y + 186.3az pC/m 2
χ e 2.16 10π
P. E. 5.8 From Example 5.8,
ρs 2S 2ε F
F= ⎯⎯ → ρs 2 = o
2ε o S
V
But ρ s = ε o E = ε o d . Hence
d
2ε o F ε o 2Vd 2 2 Fd 2
ρs2 = = ⎯⎯
→ Vd 2 =
S d2 ε oS
i.e.
2 Fd 2
Vd = V1 − V2 =
εoS
as required.
P. E. 5.9 (a) Since an = ax ,
ε 2 D1t 1
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ D2t = = (−10a y + 4az ) = −4a y + 1.6az
ε1 2.5
θ2
x
E2n
12
εr2 1
E1n = E2 n = 12cos 60o = 2.4
ε r1 2.5
ε r1 2.5
tan θ1 = tan θ 2 = tan 60o = 4.33 ⎯⎯
→ θ1 = 77o
εr2 1
P. E. 5.10
10−9
D = εoE = (60,20, −30) x10−3 = 0.531ax + 0.177 a y − 0.265az pC/m2
36π
10−9
ρ s = Dn =| D |= (10) 36 + 4 + 9(10−3 ) = 0.619 pC/m2
36π
Prob. 5.1
I = J • dS , dS = dydza x
π /3 4
I = e cos(4 y )dydz
−x
=e −2
cos(4 y)dy dz
x=2 0 0
sin 4 y π / 3 −2 4π
= 4e−2 = e sin( ) − 0 = −0.1172 A
4 0 3
Prob. 5.2
Method 1:
10 −103 t 2
I = J • dS = e r sin dθ dφ
r t = 2ms, r = 4m
π 2π
dφ = 40e
3 −3
= 10(4)e−10 ×2×10 sin θ dθ −2
(2)(2π ) = 160π e−2
θ=0 φ=0
= 68.03 A
125
Method 2:
10 −103 t 10
I = J • dS =
3
e dS = e −10 t (4π r 2 )
r r
since r is constant on the surface.
I=40π re −2 = 160π e −2 = 68.03 A
Prob. 5.3
dQ
I =− = 3x10−4 e−3t
dt
Prob. 5.4
a 2π 2π a
I = J • dS =5 e −10 ρ ρ dφ d ρ = 5 dφ ρ e−10 ρ d ρ
ρ φ
=0 =0 0 ρ=0
Prob. 5.5
5 π
10
I = J dS = sin φρ dφ dz = 10 dz sin φ dφ
ρ 0 0
π
= 10(5)(− cos φ ) = 100 A
0
Prob. 5.6
l l 2 × 10−2
R= → σ=
⎯⎯ = 6 = 3.978 × 10−4 S/m
σS RS 10 (π )(4 × 10 )
−3 2
l 8 ×10−2 8
Prob. 5.7 (a) R = = = = 33.95mΩ
σ S 3 ×10 π (25)10
4 −6
75π
75π
(b) I = V / R = 9 × = 265.1 A
8
126
(c) P = IV = 2.386 kW
Prob. 5.8
If R and S are the same,
σ
R1 = 1 = R2 = 2 ⎯⎯
→ 1 = 2 1
σ 1S σ 2S σ2
If 1 corresponds to copper and 2 to silver,
σ 1 = 5.8 ×107 S/m, σ 2 = 6.1×107 S/m
5.8
1 = 2 = 0.951 2
6.1
That is, the copper wire is shorter than silver wire or the silver wire is longer.
I i Ro 0.3219
(b) V = I i Ri = I o Ro ⎯⎯⎯
→ = = = 0.1929
I o Ri 1.669
I i + I o = 1.1929 I o = 60 A
I o = 50.3 A (copper), I i = 9.7 A (steel)
Ri
I o = 60 = 50.3 A
Ri + Ro
Ro
I i = 60 = 9.7 A
Ri + Ro
10 × 1.77 ×10−8
(c) R= = 0.322mΩ
1.75π ×10−4
127
Prob. 5.10
Prob. 5.11
ε r = 1 + χ e = 1.000182
Prob. 5.12
N N
qi di p i
P= i =1
= i =1
v v
N
| P |= | p |= 2 ×1019 ×1.8 ×10−27 = 3.6 ×10−8
v
ε r = 1 + χ e = 1.0407
128
Prob. 5.13
Q
E= ar
4πε oε r r 2
χ eQ 3(10)10−3
P = χ eε o E = a =
2 r
ar = 596.8ar μ C/m 2
4πε r r 4π (4)12
Prob. 5.14
P 100 × 10−9
P = χ eε o E ⎯⎯
→ E= = a ρ = 2.261a ρ kV/m
χ eε o 10−9
2.5 (2)
36π
10−9
D = ε oε r E = 3.5 × 2.261×103 a ρ = 70a ρ nC/m 2
36π
Prob. 5.15
(a)
Qs1 = P dS , dS = r 2 sin dθ dφ (−ar )
S
= − 4r r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
r = 1.2cm
2π
= −4(1.2) (10−6 ) dφ sin θ dθ (10−12 )
3
(b)
Qs 2 = P dS , dS = r 2 sin dθ dφ (−ar )
S
= − 4r r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
r = 2.6cm
2π
= −4(2.6) (10−6 ) dφ sin θ dθ (10−12 )
3
129
(c)
1 ∂
ρ pv = −∇P = − (4r 3 ) pC/m3 = −12pC/m3
r 2 ∂r
π 2π 2.6
Qv = ρ pv dv = −12 dv = −12 sin θ dθ dφ r 2 dr (10−18 )
v 0 0 1.2
r 2.6 −18
3
= −12(2)(2π ) (10 ) = −16π (2.63 − 1.23 )(10−18 )
3 1.2
= −796.61×10−18 C
Prob. 5.16
10−9
D = ε oε r E = 2.1x (6,12, −20) = 0.1114a x + 0.2228a y − 0.3714a z nC/m 2
36π
10−9
P = χ eε o E = 1.1x (6,12, −20) = 0.0584a x + 0.1167a y − 0.1945a z nC/m 2
36π
Prob. 5.17
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − aρ + aφ + az
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
= (10zsinφ a ρ + 10 z cos φ aφ + 10 ρ sin φ a z )
D = ε E = 5ε o E
= −50ε 0 ( zsinφ a ρ + z cos φ aφ + ρ sin φ a z ) C/m 2
Prob. 5.18
∂V ∂V ∂V
(a) E = −∇V = − ax + ay + a z = −20 xyza x − 10 x 2 za y − 10( x 2 y − z )a z V/m
∂x ∂y ∂z
(b) D = ε E = 5ε o E = −0.8842 xyza x − 0.4421x 2 za y − 0.4421( x 2 y − z )a z nC/m 2
(c) P = χ eε o E = 4ε o E = −0.7073xyza x − 0.3537 x 2 za y − 0.3537( x 2 y − z )a z nC/m 2
(d) ρ v = −ε∇ 2V
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ 2V = (20 xyz ) + (10 x 2 z ) + (10 x 2 y − 10 z ) = 20 yz − 10
∂x ∂y ∂z
ρv = −5ε o10(2 yz − 1) = −0.8854 yz + 0.4427 nC/m3
130
Prob. 5.19
D (ε r − 1) D 1.4
P = χ e ε o E =χ e ε o = = × 450a x nC/m 2
ε oε r εr 2.4
P = 262.5a x nC/m 2
Dr Q
ε = 4πε r 2 , r > b
Er = o o
Dr = Q , a < r < b
ε 4πε r 2
ε −1
P= r D (= D − ε O E )
εr
Hence
εr −1 Q
Pr = . , a<r <b
ε r 4π r 2
1 d 2
(b) ρ pv = −∇ • P = − (r Pr ) = 0
r 2 dr
(c)
Q εr −1
ρ ps = P • (−ar ) = − ( ), r=a
4π a 2 ε r
Q εr −1
ρ ps = P • (ar ) = − ( ), r =b
4π b 2 ε r
Prob. 5.21
Q1Q2 Q1Q2
F1 = = 2.6 nN, F2 = = 1.5 nN
4πε o d 2
4πε oε r d 2
F1 2.6
= = ε r = 1.733
F2 1.5
131
Prob. 5.22
Q2
W=
16aπε o
Prob. 5.23
(a)
ρ , 0<r <a
ρv = o
0, r>a
4π r 3 ρo r
For r < a, ε Er (4π r 2 ) = ρo ⎯⎯
→ Er =
3 3ε
ρo r 2
V = − E • dl = − + c1
6ε
4π a 3 ρo a3
For r > a, ε o Er (4π r 2 ) = ρ o ⎯⎯
→ Er =
3 3ε o r 2
ρo a3
V = − E • dl = + c2
3ε o r
As r ⎯⎯
→∞, V = 0 and c2 = 0
At r = a, V(a+) = V(a-)
132
ρo a 2 ρ a2 ρo a 2
− + c1 = o ⎯⎯⎯
→ c1 = (2ε r + 1)
6ε oε r 3ε o 6ε oε r
ρo a 2 (2ε r + 1)
V(r=0) = c1 =
6ε oε r
ρo a 2
(b) V (r = a ) =
3ε o
Prob. 5.24
Dx 4 1 1 1
D = ε E 1 3 1 1
y o o
Dz 1 1 2 −1
Dx = ε o Eo (4 + 1 − 1) = 4ε o Eo
Dy = ε o Eo (1 + 3 − 1) = 3ε o Eo
Dz = ε o Eo (1 + 1 − 2) = 0
D = ε o Eo (4a x + 3a y ) C/m 2
Prob. 5.25
∂ρv
Since = 0, ∇ • J = 0 must hold.
∂t
(a) ∇ • J = 6 x2 y + 0 − 6 x2 y = 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is possible.
(b) ∇ • J = y + ( z + 1) ≠ 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is not possible.
1 ∂
(c) ∇•J = ( z 2 ) + cos φ ≠ 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is not possible.
ρ ∂ρ
1 ∂
(d) ∇•J = (sin θ ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ This is possible.
r2 ∂ r
133
Prob. 5.26
∂J ∂J ∂J ∂ρ
∇ J = x + y + z = 2e −2 y cos 2 x − 2e −2 y cos 2 x + 1 = 1 = − v
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂ρ v
Hence, = −1 C/m3 s
∂t
Prob. 5.27
1 ∂ 100 100
(a) ∇ • J = ( )=− 3
ρ ∂ρ ρ ρ
Prob. 5.28
ε 2.5 × 10−9
Tr = = = 4.42 μ s
σ 5 ×10−6 × 36π
Q 1
ρvo = = = 29.84 kC / m3
V 4 π
×10−6 × 8
3
ρ v = ρ vo e − t / Tr = 29.84e −2 / 4.42 = 18.98 kC/m3
Prob. 5.29
∂ρv ∂J
− = ∇ • J = x = 0.5π cos π x
∂t ∂x
At P(2,4,-3), x= 2
∂ρv
= −0.5π cos(2π ) = −0.5π = −1.571 C/m 2 s
∂t
Prob. 5.30
(a)
10−9
3.1×
ε 36π = 2.741×104 s
=
σ 10 −15
10−9
6×
ε 36π = 5.305 × 104 s
(b) =
σ 10−15
134
10−9
80 ×
ε 36π = 7.07 μ s
(c) =
σ 10−4
Prob. 5.31
∂ρ
∇ J = − v ⎯⎯ → ρv = − ∇ Jdt
∂t
1 ∂ 2 1 ∂ 0.5
∇ J = 2 (r J r ) = 2 (0.5r exp( −104 t )) = 2 exp(−104 t )
r ∂r r ∂r r
0.5
ρ v = − ∇ Jdt = 2 4 exp(−104 t ) + C
r 10
If ρ v → 0 as t → ∞, C = 0.
50
ρv = 2
exp(−104 t ) μ C/m 3
r
Prob. 5.32
D1 4 −1 3
P1 = χ e1ε o E1 = χ e1ε o
ε oε r1 = 4 D1 = 4 D1
= 12a x + 22.5a y − 15az nC/m 2
D2 n = D1n = −20a z
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε1
ε2 6.5ε o
D2t = D1t = (16a x + 30a y ) = 26a x + 48.75a y
ε1 4ε o
D2 = D2 n + D2t = 26a x + 48.75a y − 20a z nC/m 2
Prob. 5.33
Let x > 0 be region 1 and x < 0 be region 2.
D1n = 50a x , D1t = 80a y − 30a z
D2 n = D1n = 50a x
D2t D1t
E2t = E1t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε2 ε1
ε2 7.6
D2t = D1t = (80a y − 30a z ) = 289.5a y − 108.6a z
ε1 2.1
D2 = D2t + D2 n = 50a x + 289.5a y − 108.6a z nC/m 2
135
Prob. 5.34
f(x,y)= 4x +3y –10=0
∇f −(4a x + 3a y )
∇f = 4a x + 3a y ⎯⎯
→ an = −
= = −0.8a x − 0.6a y
| ∇f | 5
The minus sign is chosen for an because it is directed toward the origin.
Prob. 5.35
10−9
(a) P1 = ε o χ e1 E1 = 2 × (10, −6,12) = 0.1768a x − 0.1061a y + 0.2122a z nC/m 2
36π
D2 n = D1n ⎯⎯
→ ε 2 E2 n = ε1 E1n
ε1 3ε o
or E2 n = E1n = (−6a z ) = −4a y
ε2 4.5ε o
136
1 1
(c) wE = D•E = ε | E | 2
2 2
1 1 10−9
wE1 = ε1 | E1 |2 = x3x (102 + 62 + 122 ) = 3.7136 nJ/m3
2 2 36π
1 1 10−9
wE 2 = ε 2 | E2 |2 = x 4.5 x (102 + 42 + 122 ) = 5.1725 nJ/m3
2 2 36π
D1t D2t
E2t = E 2t ⎯⎯
→ =
ε1 ε2
ε1 3.5ε o
D1t = D2t = (−6aφ + 9a z ) = −14aφ + 21a z
ε2 1.5ε o
ρv 2 = ∇ • P2 = 0
1 D2 • D2 1 (122 + 62 + 92 ) x10−18
wE 2 = = −9
= 9.839 μ J/m 2
2 ε oε r 2 2 10
1.5 x
36π
137
Prob. 5.37
Gaussian surface
4π r 2 4π r 2
Q = D.dS = ε1 Er + ε 2 Er = 2π r 2 (ε1 + ε 2 ) Er
2 2
Q
, r>a
E r = 2π (ε1 + ε 2 )r 2
0, r<a
Prob. 5.38
(a) The two interfaces are shown below
glass
oil glass air
1 2 2 3
oil-glass glass-air
D1n = D2 n = D3n ⎯⎯
→ ε1 E1n = ε 2 E2 n = ε 3 E3n
ε1 3.0
E2 n = E1n = (2000) = 705.9 V/m, θ 2 = 0o
ε2 8.5
ε1 3.0
E3n = E1n = (2000) = 6000 V/m, θ 3 = 0o
ε3 1.0
138
(b)
θ 1 = 75 o
1 2 2 3
E1n = 2000cos 75o = 517.63, E1t = 2000sin 75o = E2t = E3t = 1931.85
ε 3 ε 3
E2 n = 1 E1n = (517.63) = 182.7, E3n = 1 E1n = (517.63) = 1552.89
ε2 8.5 ε3 1
E2t
E2 = E2 n 2 + E2t 2 = 1940.5, θ 2 = tan −1 = 84.6o ,
E2 n
E3t
E3 = E3n 2 + E3t 2 = 2478.6, θ3 = tan −1 = 51.2o
E3n
Prob. 5.39
10−9 2900
ρ s = Dn = ε o E = 302 + 402 + 202 × 10−3 = pC/m 2
36π 36π
= 0.476 pC/m 2
10−9
Prob. 5.40 (a) ρ s = Dn = ε o En = 152 + 82 = 0.1503 nC/m 2
36π
(b) Dn = ρ s = −20 nC
D = Dn an = ( − 20 nC)(-a y ) = 20 a y nC / m2
139
Prob. 5.41
140
138
CHAPTER 6
P. E. 6.1
ρ d 2V ρ x
∇ 2V = − ⎯⎯
→ =− o
ε dx 2
εa
ρo x3
V =− + Ax + B
6ε a
dV ρo x 2
E=− ax = − A ax
dx 2ε a
If E = 0 at x =0, then
0=0− A ⎯⎯
→ A=0
If V= 0 at x =a, then
ρo a3 ρo a 2
0=− +B ⎯⎯
→ B=
6ε a 6ε
Thus
ρ ρo x 2
V = o (a 3 − x 3 ), E= ax
6ε a 2ε a
P. E. 6.2 V1 = A1 x + B1 , V2 = A2 x + B2
V1 ( x = d ) = Vo = A1d + B1 ⎯⎯
→ B1 = Vo − A1d
V1 ( x = 0) = 0 = 0 + B2 ⎯⎯
→ B2 = 0
V1 ( x = a) = V2 ( x = a) ⎯⎯
→ aA1 + B1 = A2 a
ε1
D1n = D2 n ⎯⎯
→ ε1 A1 = ε 2 A2 ⎯⎯
→ A2 = A1
ε2
ε1 ε
A1a + Vo − A1d = aA1 ⎯⎯
→ Vo = A1 − a + d + 1 a
ε2 ε2
or
Vo ε1 ε1Vo
A1 = , A2 = A1
d − a + ε1a / ε 2 ε 2 ε 2 d − ε 2 a + ε1a
Hence
−Vo ax −Vo a x
E1 = − A1a x = , E2 = − A2a x =
d − a + ε1a / ε 2 a + ε 2 d / ε1 − ε 2 a / ε1
141
139
L b
Voε 1 Voε
Q = ρ s dS = − ρ dzd ρ = − L ln(b / a )
φo z =0 =a ρ φo
|Q | εL b
C= = ln
Vo φo a
4mm
a
45o
45o 2
a sin =2 ⎯⎯
→ a= = 5.226 mm
2 sin 22.5o
10−9
1.5 ×
C= 36π 5ln 1000 = 444 pF
π 5.226
4
142
140
P. E. 6.5
∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax − ay
∂x ∂y
4Vo ∞
1
=−
b
sinh nπ a/b cos(nπ x/b)sinh (nπ y/b) a
n = odd
x + sin(nπ x/b)cosh(nπ y/b)a y
400
V= (0.3775 − 0.0313 + 0.00394 − 0.000585 + ...) = 44.51 V
π
400
V= (0.1238 + 0.006226 − 0.00383 + 0.0000264 + ...) = 16.50 V
π
P. E. 6.6
∞
V ( y = a ) = Vo sin(7π x / b) = cn sin( nπ x / b)sinh(nπ a / b)
n =1
Vo
Vo sin(7π x / b) = c7 sin(7π x / b)sinh(7π a / b) ⎯⎯
→ c7 =
sinh(7π a / b)
Hence
Vo
V ( x, y) = sin(7 π x / b) sinh(7 π y / b)
sinh(7 π a / b)
ΦF d 2 dR RΦ d dF RF d 2Φ
r + sin θ + =0
r 2 dr dr r 2 sin θ dθ dθ r 2 sin 2 θ dφ 2
143
141
sin 2 θ d 2 sin θ d 1 d 2Φ
R dr
( r R ') +
F dθ
( sin θ F ') = −
Φ dφ 2
= λ2
Φ ''+ λ 2Φ = 0
1 d 2 1 d
R dr
( r R ') +
F sin θ dθ
( sin θ F ') = λ 2 / sin 2 θ
1 d 2 λ2 1 d
R dr
( r R ' ) = −
sin θ F sin θ dθ
2 ( sin θ F ') = μ 2
sin θ d
( sin θ F ') − λ 2 + μ 2 sin 2 θ = 0
F dθ
or
P. E. 6.8 (a) This is similar to Example 6.8(a) except that here 0 < φ < 2π instead of
0 < φ < π / 2 . Hence
b
ln
2π tVoσ Vo a
I= and R= =
ln(b / a ) I 2π tσ
(b) This to similar to Example 6.8(b) except that here 0 < φ < 2π . Hence
b 2π
Voσ Voσπ (b 2 − a 2 )
I=
t ρ d ρ dφ =
a 0 t
Vo t
and R = =
I σπ (b − a 2 )
2
144
142
σ 1Vo σ 2Vo
J1 = , J2 =
b b
ρ ln ρ ln
a a
π L 2π
Vl
I = J • dS =
z = 0 φ= 0 1
J ρ d φ + J 2 ρ dφ dz = o [πσ 1 + πσ 2 ]
b
φ =π ln
a
b
ln
Vo a
R= =
I π l [σ 1 + σ 2 ]
4πε
P. E. 6.10 (a) C= , C1 and C2 are in series.
1 1
−
a b
10 2.5
−9 10 3.5
−9
C1 = 4π x = 5 / 3 pF, C2 = 4π x = 7 / 9 pF
36π 103 103 36π 103 103
− −
2 3 1 2
C1C2 (5 / 3)(7 / 9 )
C= = = 0.53 pF
C1 + C2 (5 / 3) + (7 / 9 )
2πε
(b) C= , C1 and C2 are in parallel.
1 1
−
a b
−9 −9
10 2.5 10 3.5
C1 = 2π × 3 3
= 5 / 24 pF, C2 = 2π × 3 = 7 / 24 pF
36π 10 10 36π 10 103
− −
1 3 1 3
C = C1+ C2 = 0.5 pF
145
143
ln ρ / a Vo
V = Vo , E = −∇V = − aρ
ln b / a ρ ln b / a
L 2π
Voε 1 V 2πε L
Q = ε E • dS = dz ρ dφ = o
ln b / a z = 0 φ = 0 ρ ln b / a
Q 2πε L
C= =
Vo ln b / a
P. E. 6.12
(a) Let C1 and C2 be capacitances per unit length of each section and CT be the total
capacitance of 10m length. C1 and C2 are in series.
πε r1ε o πε r 2ε o π (ε r1 + ε r 2 )ε o 6π 10−9
C = C1 + C2 = + = = = 151.7 pF/m
ln b / a ln b / a ln b / a ln 3 36π
CT = Cl = 1.52 nF
146
144
P. E. 6.14 Let
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 + F5
1 5 3 −5 3
= 9 x10−5 a x − + a y + = −52.4279a x − 30.27a y μ N
2 8 8 6
| F |= 60.54 μ N
Note that the force tends to pull Q toward the origin.
147
P.E. 6.15
E
Dielectric�1 Dielectric�2
ε1>ε2 ρ
Dielectric�1 Dielectric�2
ρ
ε1<ε2
Figure. Electric field intensity distribution in a multi-dielectric coaxial capacitor
It can be noted from this practice exercise that, in a non-uniform field, the dielectric with
higher permittivity should be placed in the high field region and the one with lower
permittivity in the low field region (this is case-a). The difference in the average stress
levels of the two dielectrics reduces. If the placement is done the other way round, the
difference increases further (case-b). The electric field intensities in the two cases are
plotted as a function of radius in the figure above.
P.E. 6.16
(a)
, breakdown voltage , breakdown occurs
(b)
, breakdown voltage , breakdown does not occur
Note: One has to properly size the thickness of dielectric layers with lower permittivity,
as in case-b in this practice exercise.
148
164
P.E. 6.17
(a) For the parallel-plate capacitor,
V
E = − o ax
d
Vo
E=− aρ
ρ ln b / a
Vo
E= 2
ar
r (1/ a − 1/ b)
Prob. 6.31
εS Cd 2 ×10−9 × 10−6 2
C= ⎯⎯
→ S= = m = 0.5655 cm 2
d ε oε r 4 ×10 / 36π
−9
149
145
Prob. 6.1
(a)
20 10 1 10
− E = ∇V = − cos θ sin φ ar − 3 sin θ sin φ aθ + cos θ cos φ aφ
r 3
r rsinθ r 2
At P(1,60o ,30o ), r = 1, θ = 60o , φ = 30o
20 o o 10 o o 1 10 cos 60o cos 30o
E= cos 60 sin 30 a r + sin 60 sin 30 aθ − aφ
13 13 sin60o 13
= 5ar + 4.33aθ − 5aφ V/m
(b)
1 ∂ −20 cos θ sin φ 1 ∂ −10sin 2 θ sin φ
∇ 2V = +
2
r 2 ∂r r r sin θ ∂θ r2
1 10 cos θ sin φ
− 2 2
r sin θ r2
20 cos θ sin φ 20sin θ cos θ sin φ 10 cos θ sin φ
= − −
r4 r 4 sin θ r 4 sin 2 θ
10 cos θ sin φ
=−
r 4 sin 2 θ
ρ 10ε o cos θ sin φ
∇ 2V = − v ⎯⎯ → ρ v = −ε ∇ 2V =
ε r 4 sin 2 θ
At P, r =1, θ =60o , φ =30o
10-9 cos60o sin 30o
ρ v =10 × =29.47 pC/m3
36π 14 sin 2 60o
150
146
Prob. 6.2
(a)
∂V ∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax + ay + az
∂x ∂z ∂z
= −(15 x 2 y 2 za x + 10 x 3 yza y + 5 x 3 y 2 a z )
At P, x=-3, y=1, z=2,
E = −15(9)(1)(2)a x + 10(−27)(1)(2)a y − 5(−27)(1)a z = −270a x + 540a y + 135a z V/m
(b) ρv = ∇ • D or ρv = −ε∇ 2V
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ V = 2 + 2 + 2 = (15 x 2 y 2 z ) + (10 x 3 yz ) + (5 x 3 y 2 )
2
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 30 xy 2 z + 10 x 3 z
At P,
10−9
ρv = −ε∇ 2V = −2.25 × [30(−3)(1)(2) + 10(−27)(2)] = 14.324 nC/m3
36π
Prob. 6.3
∂V 1 ∂V sin 3φ 3cos 3φ
(a) E = −∇V = − aρ − aφ = aρ − aφ
∂ρ ρ ∂φ ρ 2
ρ2
At A, ρ =1, φ =20o , z=4,
sin 60o 3cos 60o
E= a ρ − aφ = 0.866a ρ − 1.5aφ V/m
12 12
10−9
P = χ eε o E = 1.8 × (0.866a ρ − 1.5aφ )
36π
= 13.783a ρ − 23.87aφ pC/m 2
1 ∂ sin 3φ 9sin 3φ
(b) ρ v = ∇ D = ε∇ E = ε +
ρ ∂ρ ρ ρ3
ρv − sin 3φ 9sin 3φ
= +
ε 3
ρ 3
ρ
8ε sin 3φ
ρv =
ρ3
10−9 sin 60o
At A, ρv = 8 × 2.8 × = 171.52 pC/m 3
36π 1 3
151
147
Prob. 6.4
ρv
∇ 2V = −
ε
d 2V y 10−9 y 10−9
=− ⋅ =− ⋅ = −2.25 y
dy 2 4π 4ε o 4π 10−9
4
36π
2
dV y
= −2.25 + B
dy 2
3
V = −0.375 y + By + C
V (1) = 0 = −0.375 + B + C (1)
V (3) = 50 = −10.125 + 3B + C (2)
From (1) and (2), B=29.875 and C=-29.5
V = −0.375 y 3 + 29.875 y − 29.5
V (2) = 27.25 V
Prob. 6.5
2 ρv d 2V ρz
∇V =− ⎯⎯→ =− o
ε dz 2
εd
dV ρz 2
=− o +A
dz 2ε d
ρ z3
V = − o + Az + B
6ε d
z = 0,V = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = 0 + B, i.e. B = 0
ρo d 2
z = d ,V = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = − + Ad
6ε
Vo ρ o d
A= +
d 6ε
Hence,
ρo z 3 Vo ρo d
V =− + + z
6ε d d 6ε
152
148
Prob. 6.6
d 2V ρv 50(1 − y 2 ) x10−6
∇ 2V = = − = − = − k (1 − y 2 )
dx 2
ε ε
−6
50 ×10
where k= −9
= 600π ×103
10
3×
36π
dV
= − k ( y − y 3 / 3) + A
dy
y2 y4
V = −k − + Ay + B = 50π .103 y 4 − 300π .103 y 2 + Ay + B
2 12
When y=2cm, V=30X103,
153
149
Prob. 6.7
10
− × 10−12
ρ ρ 0.1π
∇ 2V = − v = =−
ε 10 −9
ρ
3.6 ×
36π
Let α = 0.1π .
α 1 d dV
∇ 2V = − = ρ
ρ ρ d ρ d ρ
d dV
−α = ρ
dρ dρ
dV
ρ = −αρ + A
dρ
dV A
= −α +
dρ ρ
V = −αρ + A ln ρ + B
At ρ =2, V=0 → 0 = −2α + A ln 2 + B
⎯⎯ (1)
At ρ =5, V=60 ⎯⎯ → 60 = −5α + A ln 5 + B (2)
Subtracting (1) from (2),
60 + 3α
60 = −3α + A ln 5 / 2 ⎯⎯
→ A= = 66.51
ln 2.5
From (1),
B = 2α − A ln 2 = −45.473
dV A 66.51
E=− a ρ = (α − )a ρ = (0.3142 − )a ρ
dρ ρ ρ
Prob. 6.8
2 ∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U
∇ U = 2 + 2 + 2 = 0 + 0 − 2 = −2 ≠ 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Does not satisfy Laplace's equation.
Prob. 6.9
∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U
∇ 2U = + + = 6 xy + 0 + 2c = 0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
c = −3xy
154
150
Prob. 6.10
1 d dV
V = V ( ρ ), ∇ 2V = ρ =0
ρ d ρ d ρ
dV dV A
ρ =A ⎯⎯
→ =
dρ dρ ρ
V = A ln ρ + B
When ρ =4mm=a, V=0 ⎯⎯
→ 0=Alna+B or B = -Alna
Vo
When ρ =12mm=b, V=Vo → Vo =Alnb-Alna or A =
⎯⎯
b
ln
a
dV A V
E = −∇V = − aρ = − aρ = − o aρ
dρ ρ b
ρ ln
a
At ρ =8mm,
Vo
−6aρ kV/m = − aρ ⎯⎯
→ Vo = 48ln 3 = 53.73
−3 12
8 × 10 ln
4
Prob. 6.11
d 2V
∇ 2V = =0 ⎯⎯
→ V = Az + B
dz 2
When z=0, V = 0 B=0
When z=d, V = Vo Vo=Ad or A = Vo/d
Hence,
Vo z
V=
d
dV V
E = −∇V = − az = − o az
dz d
V
D = ε E = −ε oε r o a z
d
Since Vo = 50 V and d = 2mm,
V = 25z kV, E = - 25az kV/m
10−9
D=− (1.5)25 ×103 a z = −332a z nC/m 2
36π
ρ s = Dn = ± 332 nC / m2
The surface charge density is positive on the plate at z=d and negative on the plate at z=0.
155
151
Vo ln ρ / a ln(a / ρ )
V= = Vo
ln b / a ln(a / b)
Vo Vo ε oε rVo
E = −∇V = − aρ = aρ , D =εE =− aρ
ρ ln b / a ρ ln a / b ρ ln b / a
ε oε rVo
ρs = Dn = ±
ρ ln b / a ρ = a ,b
In this case, Vo=100 V, b=5mm, a=15mm, ε r = 2. Hence at ρ =10mm,
100ln(10 / 15)
V= = 36.91 V
ln(5 / 15)
100
E= a ρ = 9.102a ρ kV/m
10 x10−3 ln 3
10−9
D = 9.102 x103 x 2aρ = 161a ρ nC/m 2
36π
10−9 105
ρ s ( ρ = 5mm) = (2) = 322 nC/m 2
36π 5ln 3
10−9 105
ρ s ( ρ = 15mm) = − (2) = −107.3
152 nC/m 2
36π 15ln 3
Prob.
Prob.6.14
6.13
(a) 2
1 d V 1 ∂ ∂V d 21V ∂ 2V dV
∇ 2
V 2=
=0 ⎯⎯
ρ → + 2 = 0 + 0⎯⎯ → =A
ρ dφ ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ dρ φ 2 ∂φ 2 dφ
V = Aφ + B
1 ∂ 4
0 = 0 +=Bρ ∂ρ⎯⎯ ( 2→
c1ρ 2 −B 2=c02 ρ ) sin 2φ − ρ 2 (c1ρ + c2 ρ )sin 2φ
−2 2 −2
c2 ρ→
−4 100
4c2 ρ −4 )sin 2φ = 0
50 = A=π (4/ 2c1 + 4⎯⎯ − A4c=1 −
(b) π
o 1 dV Ao 100
EAt= −∇ V = −,1), ρ = a1,φφ==−45 aφ = −
P(2,45 a
ρ dφ o ρ πρ φ
50 = (c1 + c2 ) sin 90 = c1 + c2 (1)
∂V 1 ∂V
− E = ∇V = aρ + a +0
∂ρ ρ ∂φ φ
= (2c1 ρ − 2c2 ρ −3 ) sin 2φ a ρ + (c1 ρ + c2 ρ −3 )(2) cos 2φ aφ
At P,
− E = (2c1 − 2c2 )(1)aρ + 0
| E |= 100 = 2c1 − 2c2 ⎯⎯
→ 50 = c1 − c2 (2)
From (1) and (2), c1 = 50, c2 = 0
157
153
(b)
2
If ρ 2 a 2 , then a 1 and V Vo ρ sin φ
ρ2
∂V 1 ∂V
E = −∇V = − aρ − a = −Vo sin φ aρ − Vo cos φ aφ
∂ρ ρ ∂φ φ
Prob. 6.16
d 2V
∇ 2V = 2 = 0 ⎯⎯ → V = Ax + B
dx
At x = 20 mm = 0.02 m, V = 0
0 = 0.02 A + B ⎯⎯ → (1)
dV
E=− ax → A = 110 ⎯⎯
⎯⎯ → (2)
dx
Prob. 6.17
∇ 2V = 0 ⎯⎯
→ V = −A / r + B
Or
-50 = -2A + B (1)
At r = 1, V =50 50 = -A + B (2)
100
V =− + 150
r
A 100
E = −∇V = − a = − 2 ar V/m
2 r
r r
158
154
tan θ / 2
Vo ln
tan θ1 / 2
V=
tan θ 2 / 2
ln
tan θ1 / 2
tan 18.435 o
ln
tan 15 o
V = 100 = 117
. V
tan 60 o
ln
tan 15 o
−Vo aθ −100aθ
E= = = −17.86aθ V/m
tan θ 2 / 2 5sin 36.87o ln 6.464
r sin θ ln
tan θ1 / 2
Prob. 6.19
(a)
1 ∂ ∂V
∇ 2V = ρ =0 ⎯⎯
→ V = A ln ρ + B
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ
V ( ρ = b) = 0 ⎯⎯→ 0 = A ln b + B ⎯⎯
→ B = − A ln b
Vo
V ( ρ = a) = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = A ln a / b ⎯⎯
→ A=−
ln b / a
Vo V ln b / ρ
V =− ln ρ / b = o
ln b / a ln b / a
ln2
V ( ρ = 15mm)=70 = 12.4 V
ln50
1 2e
e[70 − 12.4] = m[(107 ) 2 − u 2 ] ⎯⎯
→ 1014 − u 2 = × 57.6
2 m
2 × 1.6 × 10−19
u 2 = 1014 − × 57.6 = 1012 (100 − 20.25)
9.1× 10−31
159
155
X = c1 x + c2 , Y = c3 y + c4
But X (0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c2 , Y (0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c4
Hence,
V ( x, y ) = XY = ao xy, ao = c1c3
Also, V ( xy = 4) = 20 ⎯⎯
→ 20 = 4ao ⎯⎯
→ ao = 5
Thus,
V ( x, y ) = 5 xy and E = −∇V = −5 ya x − 5 xa y
At (x,y) = (1,2),
V = 10 V, E = −10a x − 5a y V/m
Prob. 6.21
For Y,
Y ( y ) = c1 cosh(nπ y / b) + c2 sinh(nπ y / b)
Y (a) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c1 cosh(nπ a / b) + c2 sinh(nπ a / b) ⎯⎯
→ c1 = −c2 tanh(nπ a / b)
∞
V = an sin(nπ x / b) [sinh(nπ y / b) − tanh(nπ a / b)cosh(nπ y / b)]
n =1
∞
V ( x, y = 0) = Vo = − an tanh(nπ a / b)sin(nπ x / b)
n =1
b 4Vo
2 , n = odd
− an tanh(nπ a / b) = Vo sin(nπ x / b)dx = nπ
b0 0, n = even
160
156
Hence,
4Vo ∞
sinh(nπ y / b) cosh( nπ y / b)
V =−
π
sin(nπ x / b) n tanh(nπ a / b) − n
n = odd
4Vo ∞
sin(nπ x / b)
=− [sinh(nπ y / b)cosh(nπ a / b) − cosh(nπ y / b)sinh(nπ a / b)]
π n = odd n sinh(nπ a / b)
Alternatively, for Y
Y ( y ) = c1 sinh nπ ( y − c2 ) / b
Y (a) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c1 sinh[nπ (a − c2 ) / b] ⎯⎯
→ c2 = a
∞
V = bn sin(nπ x / b)sinh[ nπ ( y − a) / b]
n =1
where
4Vo
− , n = odd
bn = nπ sinh(nπ a / b)
0, n = even
(b) This is the same as Example 6.5 except that we exchange y and x. Hence
(c) This is the same as part (a) except that we must exchange x and y. Hence
4Vo ∞
sin(nπ y / a )sinh[nπ (b − x ) / a ]
V ( x, y ) =
π n = odd
n sinh(nπ b / a)
161
157
At y=0, V = V1
4V1
nπ , n = odd
∞
V1 = bn sin(nπ x / b) ⎯⎯
→ bn =
n =1 0, n = even
At y=a, V = V2
∞
V2 = sin(nπ x / b) [ an sinh(nπ a / b) + bn cosh(nπ a / b) ]
n =1
4V2
nπ , n = odd
an sinh( nπ a / b) + bn cosh(nπ a / b) =
0, n=even
or
4V2
nπ sinh(nπ a / b) (V2 − V1 cosh(nπ a / b) ) , n = odd
an =
0, n=even
Alternatively, we may apply superposition principle.
y V2 V2 0
0
0 0 0 0 0
V VA VB
V1 x 0
V1
162
158
i.e. V = V A + VB
VA is exactly the same as Example 6.5 with Vo = V2 , while VB is exactly the same
as Prob. 6.19(a). Hence
4 ∞ sin(nπ x / b)
V= [
V sinh[nπ (a − y ) / b] + V2 sinh(nπ y / b)
π n = odd n sinh(nπ a / b) 1
]
(b)
V ( x, y ) = (a1e −α x + a2e+α x )(a3 sin α y + a4 cos α y )
lim V ( x, y ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ a2 = 0
x ⎯⎯
→∞
V ( x, y = 0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ a4 = 0
V ( x, y = a ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ α = nπ / a, n = 1, 2,3,...
Hence,
∞
V ( x, y ) = an e− nπ x / a sin(nπ y / a)
n =1
4Vo
∞
, n = odd
V ( x = 0, y ) = Vo = an sin( nπ y / a) ⎯⎯
→ an = nπ
n =1 0, n = even
4Vo ∞
sin(nπ y / a )
V ( x, y ) =
π n = odd n
exp(− nπ x / a)
163
159
(c) The problem is easily solved using superposition theorem, as illustrated below.
V3
a
V2
V4 V
x
0 b 0
V1
V2
0 0
VI 0 VII
0
V1 V3 0
0 0 VIV 0
VIII
V4
0 0
Therefore,
V = VI + VII + VIII + VIV
sin(nπ x / b)
[V1 sinh(nπ (a − y) / b) + V3 sinh(nπ y / b)]
4 ∞
1 sinh(nπ a / b)
=
π n =odd n sin(nπ x / a)
+
sinh(nπ b / a) 2
[V sinh(nπ y / a) + V4 sinh(nπ (b − x) / a)]
where
4V1 ∞
sin( nπ x / b)sinh[nπ ( a − y ) / b]
VI =
π n = odd n sinh(nπ a / b)
4V2 ∞
sin( nπ x / a)sinh( nπ y / a)
VII =
π n = odd n sinh(nπ b / a )
164
160
4V3 ∞
sin( nπ x / b)sinh( nπ y / b)
VIII =
π n = odd
n sinh(nπ a / b)
Prob. 6.23
∂V ∂V
E = −∇V = − ax − ay
∂x ∂y
4Vo nπ sin(nπ y / a )
∞
Ex =
π n =odd a n
exp(−nπ x / a )
4V ∞ nπ cos(nπ y / a )
Ey = − o exp(−nπ x / a )
π n =odd a n
4V ∞
E = o exp(− nπ x / a ) sin(nπ y / a )a x − cos(nπ y / a )a y
a n =odd
Prob. 6.24
This is similar to Example 6.5 except that we must exchange x and y. Going through the
same arguments, we have
nπ x nπ y
V ( x, y ) = cn sinh sin
b b
Applying the condition at x=a, we get
π y nπ a nπ y
Vo sin = cn sinh sin
b b b
This yields
nπ a Vo , n =1
cn sinh =
b 0, n ≠1
Hence,
πx π y
sinh sin
b b
V ( x, y ) = Vo
πa
sinh
b
165
161
Prob. 6.25
1 ∂ ∂V 1 ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = ρ + 2 =0
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ
2
If we let V ( ρ ,φ ) = R ( ρ )Φ (φ ),
Φ ∂ 1
( ρ R ') + RΦ '' = 0
ρ ∂ρ ρ2
or
ρ ∂ Φ ''
( ρ R ') = − =λ
R ∂ρ Φ
Hence
Φ ''+ λΦ = 0
163
and
Prob. 6.29
∂ λR
( ρ R ') − =0
∂ρ ρ
This is the same as Problem 6.30 except that α = π . Hence,
or
1 1 1 1 1 1
R= − = −
2πσ (1 −Rcos ' πλ)R a b 4πσ a b
R ''+ − 2 = 0
ρ ρ
Prob. 6.26
6.30
For a spherical capacitor, from Eq. (6.38),
1 ∂ 2 ∂V 1 ∂ ∂V
∇2V = 1 r 1 + 2 (sinθ )=0
r ∂ r − ∂ r r sinθ ∂θ
2
∂θ
a b
If V (r ,Rθ )== R(r ) F (θ ), r ≠ 0,
4πσ
d hemisphere,
ForF the R Rd ' = 2 R since the sphere consists of two hemispheres in parallel.
(r 2 R ') + (sin θ F ') = 0
As dr sin θ dθ
b ⎯⎯ → ∞,
Dividing through by RF gives
1 1
2 −
1 Rd' = 2lim a 1b =d 1
(r R ') = − (sin θ F ') = λ
R dr b ⎯⎯→ ∞ 4Fπσ sin θ dθ2π aσ
G = 1 / R ' = 2π aσ
Hence,
or
Hence,
166
sin θ F ''+ cos θ F '+ λ F sin θ = 0
or
Alternatively,
d 2 for an isolated sphere, C = 4πε a. But
(r R ') − λ R = 0
dr
or ε 1
RC = ⎯⎯ → R=
σ 4π aσ
2R ' λ
R ''+ − 21R = 0
R ' = 2R = r
r or G = 2π aσ
2π aσ
2Vo
Eφ = , J =σE
πρ
Hence,
b t
2Voσ 1 2Voσ t
I = J • dS = d ρ dz = ln(b / a )
π ρ =a z =0 ρ π
and
Vo π
R= =
I 2σ t ln(b / a )
Vo
E= 2
, J =σE
r (1 / a − 1 / b)
Hence,
α 2π
Voσ 1 2 2π Voσ
I = J • dS = 2
r sin θ dθ dφ = ( − cosθ ) |0α
1 / a − 1 / b θ =0 φ =0 r 1 / a −1 / b
1 1
−
Vo a b
R= =
I 2πσ (1 − cos α )
Φ ''+ λΦ = 0
167
and 163
164
∂ λR
Prob. 6.29( ρ R ') − =0
∂ρ
P.E. 6.17 ρ
or
(a)
ThisFor thesame
is the parallel-plate
as Problem capacitor,
6.30 except that α = π . Hence,
Vo
E = −1 R 'a x λ R 1 1 1 1 1
R= R ''+ d − = −0 = −
2πσ (1 − ρ cos πρ) 2 a b 4πσ a b
From Example 6.11,
Prob.C6.30 1 1 V2 ε εS
= 2 ε | E |2 dv = 2 ε o2 dv = 2 Sd =
Prob.
For 6.26
a spherical
Vo capacitor, from Vo Eq. d (6.38),
d d
(b) For the cylindrical capacitor,
1 ∂ 1 1∂ V 1 ∂ ∂V
∇2V = 2 −r 2 + 2 (sinθ )=0
rR ∂
= Vrao b∂ r r sinθ ∂θ ∂θ
E=− aρ
If V (r ,θρ)ln= b4Rπσ
/(ar ) F (θ ), r ≠ 0,
For
From theExample
hemisphere,6.8, R ' = 2 R since the sphere consists of two hemispheres in parallel.
AsF d (r 2 R ') + R d (sin θ F ') = 0
b dr⎯⎯ → sin ,θ dθ
1 ε∞
Vo2 2πε L
b
dρ 2πε L
C = 2 1 1 ρ
2
d ρ d φ dz = 2
=
( ρ ln2 b by
Vo through
Dividing / a−)RF gives ( ln b / a ) a ρ ln b / a
a b 1
R ' = lim =
1 d b ⎯⎯ →∞ 4πσ1 d 2π aσ
(c) For (the
r Rspherical
2
') = − capacitor, (sin θ F ') = λ 162
R dr F sin θ dθ
G = 1 / R ' = 2π aσ
Vo
E
Hence, = ar
Alternatively,
r (1/ afor
2
− 1/anb)isolated sphere, C = 4πε a. But
sin θ F ''+ cos ε θ F '+ λ F sin θ = 0 1
From Example
RC = 6.10,⎯⎯ → R=
σ 4π aσ
or b
1 εVo 2
ε dr 4πε
C = 2 4 1 r 2
sin θ dθ drd φ = 4π =
F V''+o cot
R' =θrF2(R'1+/=λaF− =1 /0b ) or G = 2π aσ (1 / a − 1 / b )
2 2
r 2
1 1
2π aσ
a −
Also, a b
Prob.
Prob. 6.27 If the centers at φ = 0 and φ = π / 2 are maintained at a potential difference
d 6.31
− λ R = 0 6.3,
r 2 R ') Example
of Vo,(from
dr
orC = ε S ⎯⎯
2Vo→ S=
Cd 2 ×10−9 × 10−6 2
= m = 0.5655 cm 2
dEφ = , J = σεEoε r 4 × 10 / 36π
−9
2πρ
R' λ
Hence, R ''+ − 2 R=0
r r
b t
2Voσ 1 2Voσ t
I = J • dS = d ρ dz = ln(b / a )
π ρ=a z =0 ρ π
and
Vo π
R= =
I 2σ t ln(b / a )
Vo
E= 2
, J =σE
r (1 / a − 1 / bCopyright
) © 2015 by Oxford University Press
POESM_Ch06.indd 167
Hence, 10/13/2015 9:12:27 PM
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
168
165
Prob. 6.32
This can be regarded as three capacitors in parallel.
C1 C2 C3
ε oε rk S k
C = C1 + C2 + C3 =
dk
εo
= 3 × 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2 + 5 × 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2 + 8 × 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2
−3
2 ×10
10−9 15 × 10−2 × 20 × 10−2
= × [3 + 5 + 8] = 2.122 nF
36π 2 × 10−3
Prob. 6.33
C1
C2
C3
1 1 1 1 3
d 1×10−3 1 1 1 36π
= + + = k = −9 9
3 + 5 + 8 = 8 × 10 × 0.6583
Ceq C1 C2 C3 k =1 ε k Sk 10
× 80 × 10−4
36π
8
Ceq = nF=0.1076 nF
36π x0.6583
169
166
Prob. 6.34
A
C1 C1 C3
d C3
C2
C2
C1C2
C= + C3
C1 + C2
here
εo A / 2 εo A ε oε r A εo A
C1 = = , C2 = , C3 =
d/2 d d 2d
ε o 2ε r A2 / d 2 ε A ε A 1 ε 10−9 10 × 10−4 1 6
C= + o = o + r = + ≅ 6 pF
ε o (ε r + 1) A / d 2d d 2 ε r + 1 36π 2 × 10−3 2 7
Prob. 6.35
εoS Cd
C= →S =
⎯⎯
d εo
−3
1 × 1 × 10
S= = 36π × 106
10 / 36π
−9
S = 1.131 × 108 m 2
170
167
Prob. 6.36
dWE
Fdx = dWE ⎯⎯
→ F=
dx
1 1 1
WE = ε | E |2 dv = ε oε r E 2 xad + ε o E 2 da(1 − x)
2 2 2
where E = Vo / d .
dWE 1 Vo 2 ε o (ε r − 1)Vo 2 a
= ε o 2 (ε r − 1)da ⎯⎯
→ F=
dx 2 d 2d
1
Alternatively, WE = CVo 2 , where
2
ε ε ax ε ε (1 − x)
C = C1 + C2 = o r + o r
d d
2
dWE 1 Vo a
= εo (ε r − 1)
dx 2 d
ε o (ε r − 1)Vo 2 a
F=
2d
Prob.6.37
(a)
10−9
4π × 2.25 ×
4πε 36π = 25 pF
C= =
1 1 1 1
− −2
−
a b 5 x10 10 x10−2
Q 25 × 80
ρs = = pC/m 2 = 63.66 nC/m 2
4π r 2
4π × 25 × 10−4
Prob. 6.38
εεS ε S
C1 = o r , C2 = o
d d
C1 56μ F
= εr → εr =
⎯⎯ = 1.75
C2 32μ F
171
168
Prob. 6.39
d 2V
=0 ⎯⎯ → V = Az + B
dz 2
At z=0, V=40 ⎯⎯→ 40=B
At z=2mm=d, V=0 → 0 = Ad + 40
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
→ A = −40 / d
40 40 z
V =− z + 40 = − −3
+ 40 = −20 × 103 z + 40 V
d 2 × 10
Prob. 6.40
10−9
ε S 6.8 × 36π × 0.5
(a) C = = = 7.515 nF
d 4 × 10−3
Q Q
ρs =
, C= ⎯⎯ → Q = CV
S V
(b)
CV 7.515 ×10−9 × 9
ρs = ± =± = ±135.27 nC/m 2
S 0.5
Prob. 6.41
Q2
WE =
2C
ε oε r S
C=
d
Q2d
WE =
2ε 0ε r S
When the plate spacing is doubled
Q 2 (2d ) Q 2 d
WE = =
2ε 0ε r S ε 0ε r S
When the plate spacing is halved
Q 2 (d ) 2
WE = 2 = Qd
2ε 0ε r S 4ε 0ε r S
172
169
Prob.6.42
Prob. 6.43
(a)
εoS 10−9 200 × 10−4
C= = = 59 pF
d 36π 3 × 10−3
ε oVo
Dn = ε En = = ρs
d
or
ρs d
Vo = = 10−6 × 3 × 10−3 × 36π × 109 = 339.3 V
εo
(c)
2
Q2 ρ s S 10−12 × 200 ×10−4 × 36π ×109
F= = = = 1.131 mN
2Sε o 2ε o 2
173
170
Prob. 6.44
C1
b
c
C2
d
C3
1 1 1 1
= + +
C C1 C2 C3
4πε 3 4πε 2 4πε1
where C1 = , C2 = , C3 = ,
1 1 1 1 1 1
− − −
b a c b d c
4π 1/ b − 1/ a 1/ c − 1/ b 1/ d − 1/ c
= + +
C ε3 ε2 ε1
4π
C=
ε1 ε ε
+ 2 + 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
− − −
d c c b b a
174
171
Prob. 6.45
We may place a charge Q on the inner conductor. The negative charge –Q is on the outer
surface of the shell. Within the shell, E = 0, i.e. between r=c and r=b. Otherwise,
Q
E= ar
4πε o r 2
The potential at r=a is
a c b a
Va = − E dl = − Er dr − Er dr − Er dr
−∞ −∞ c b
c a
Q dr Q dr Q Q 1 1
=−
4πε o r
−∞
2
−0−
4πε o r
b
2
=
4πε o c
+ −
4πε o a b
Q 1
C= =
Va 1 1 1 1
+ −
4πε o c 4πε o a b
Prob. 6.46
10−9
2π × 2.5 × × 3 × 103
2πε L 36π
C= = = 0.8665 μ F
ln(b / a) ln(8 / 5)
Prob. 6.47
Let the plate at φ=0 be 0, i.e. V(0)=0 and let the plate at φ=π/4 be Vo , i.e. V(π/4)=Vo.
1 d 2V dV
∇ 2V = 2 =0 ⎯⎯ → =A ⎯⎯ → V = Aφ + B
ρ dφ 2
dφ
V (0) = 0 → 0 = 0+ B
⎯⎯ → B=0
⎯⎯
4Vo
V (π / 4) = Vo → Vo = Aπ / 4
⎯⎯ ⎯⎯
→ A=
π
1 dV A 4V
E = −∇V = − aφ = − aφ = − o aφ
ρ dφ ρ πρ
4ε Vo
D =εE = − aφ
πρ
4ε Vo
ρ s = Dn = −
πρ
b L
4ε Vo 4ε Vo
Q = ρ s dS = − d ρ dz = − L ln(b / a)
ρ
= a z =0
πρ π
| Q | 4ε L
C= = ln(b / a)
Vo π
175
172
Prob. 6.48
10−9
2π × × 4.2 × 400 × 10−3
2πε L 36π
C= = = 74.5 pF
ln(b / a ) ln(3.5 /1)
Prob. 6.49
10−9
2π × × 100 × 10−6
2πε o L 36π
C= = = 1.633 × 10−15 F
ln(b / a ) ln(600 / 20)
50 ×10−15
V = Q/C = = 30.62 V
1.633 ×10−15
Prob. 6.50
2πε1 2πε 2
C1 = , C2 =
ln(b / a) ln(c / b)
Since the capacitance are in series, the total capacitance per unit length is
CC 2πε1ε 2
C= 1 2 =
C1 + C2 ε 2 ln(b / a ) + ε1 ln(c / b)
Prob. 6.51
Q
E= ar
4πε r 2
Q
Vo
1 Q2
ε E ε r 2 sin θ dθ dφ dr
2
W= | | dv =
2 32π ε r
2 2 4
b
Q2 dr Q 2 1 1
=
32π 2ε
(2π )(2) c r 2 = 8πε c − b
176
173
Q 2 (b − c)
W=
8πε bc
Prob. 6.52
ρs
(a) Method 1: E=(−a x ) , where ρ s is to be determined.
ε
−ρ d
1 d ρ d
Vo = − E • dl = − s dx = ρ s dx = s d ln( x + d )
ε ε d+x
0 o
ε 0
2d Voε o
Vo = ρ s d ln ⎯⎯
→ ρs =
d d ln 2
ρs Vo
E=− ax = − ax
ε ( x + d )ln 2
d dV dV
∇ • (ε∇V ) = (ε )=0 ⎯⎯
→ ε =A
dx dx dx
dV A Ad c
= = = 1
dx ε ε o ( x + d ) x + d
V = c1 ln( x + d ) + c2
V ( x = 0) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = c1 ln d + c2 ⎯⎯
→ c2 = −c1 ln d
V ( x = d ) = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = c1 ln 2d − c1 ln d = c1 ln 2
Vo
c1 =
ln 2
x + d Vo x+ d
V = c1 ln = ln
d ln 2 d
dV Vo
E=− ax = − ax
dx ( x + d )ln 2
177
174
(c)
x=d
x=0
ρ ps |x = 0 = P • ( − a x ) |x = 0 = 0
ε oVo
ρ ps |x = d = P • a x |x = d = −
2d ln 2
ρs Q Q
(d) E= ax = ax = ax
ε εS x
ε o (1 + ) S
d
d
Q dx Q
V = − E dl = − = d ln 2
ε o S a (1 + x ) ε o S
d
Q ε S
C= = o
V d ln 2
178
175
Prob. 6.53
179
176
Prob. 6.54
Method 1: Using Gauss’s law,
Q ε ok
Q = D • dS = 4π r 2 Dr ⎯⎯
→ D= ar , ε=
4π r 2 r2
Q
E = D/ε = ar
4πε o k
a
Q Q
V = − E • dl = −
4πε k
dr = − (b − a )
o b 4πε k o
Q 4π ε o k
C= =
|V | b − a
1 d ε o k 2 dV
∇ • (ε∇V ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ r =0
r 2 dr r 2 dr
dV dV
ε ok = A' ⎯⎯
→ = A or V = Ar + B
dr dr
V (r = a ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = Aa + B ⎯⎯→ B = − Aa
Vo
V (r = b) = Vo ⎯⎯
→ Vo = Ab + B = A(b − a) ⎯⎯
→ A=
b−a
dV V
E=− ar = − Aar = − o ar
dr b−a
Vo ε o k
ρ s = Dn = − |r = a , b
b − a r2
Voε o k 1 2 Vε k
Q = ρ s dS = − 2
r sin θ dθ dφ = − o o 4π
b−a r b−a
| Q| 4π ε o k
C= =
Vo b− a
Prob. 6.55
10−9
C = 4πε o a = 4π × × 6.37 × 106 = 0.708 mF
36π
180
177
Prob.6.56
Q
C=
V
Q
D= aρ
2πρ L
D Q
E= =
ε 2πρ Lε o (3)(1 + ρ )
b
Q dρ
V = − E dl = ρ (1 + ρ )
6π Lε o a
1 A B
Let = +
ρ (1 + ρ ) ρ 1 + ρ
Using partial fractions
A=1, B= -1
Q b dρ b dρ
6πε 0 L a ρ a 1 + ρ
V= −
Q
= [ ln ρ − ln(1 + ρ )] b
a
6πε 0 L
Q b a
= ln − ln
6πε 0 L 1 + b 1 + a
If a=1 mm, and b=5 mm
Q
C=
|V |
6πε o
=
b a
ln − ln
1+ b 1+ a
−9
10
6π ×
= 36π
5 1
ln − ln
6 2
1
× 10−9
6 1
= = × 1.9591 nF
ln 0.8333 − ln 0.5 6
C = 0.326 nF
181
178
Prob. 6.57
ρs 10−9
E = an = (−30a y + 20a y − 20a y − 30a y ) = 18π (−60)a y
2ε o 2 x10−9 / 36π
= −3.4a y kV/m
182
179
Prob. 6.58
4nC -3nC 3nC -4nC
-2 -1 0 1 2
4 3 2 1
(a) Qi = -(3nC – 4nC) = 1nC
(b) The force of attraction between the charges and the plates is
10−18 9 2(12) 16
| F |= 22 − 32 + 42 = 5.25 nN
4π × 10−9 / 36π
Prob. 6.59
2 2 2 (2a x + 2a y + 2a z ) (2a y + 2a z )
2 − 3 ax − 3 a y − 3 az − +
Q 2 2 2 12 3/ 2
83/ 2
F=
4πε o (2a x + 2a y ) (2a x + 2a z )
+ 8 3/ 2
+
83/ 2
1 1 1
= 0.9(a x + a y + a z ) − − + = −0.1092(a x + a y + a z ) N
4 12 3 4 2
183
180
Prob. 6.60
360 o
N= − 1 = 7
45 o
Prob. 6.61
(a)
ρL aρ1 aρ 2 16 × 10−9 (2, −2,3) − (3, −2,4) (2, −2,3) − (3, −2, −4)
E = E+ + E − = − = −
2πε o ρ1 ρ2 10 | (2, −2,3) − (3, −2,4) | | (2, −2,3) − (3, −2, −4) |2
−9 2
2π ×
36π
(b) ρ s = Dn
ρL aρ1 aρ 2 16 x10−9 (5, −6,0) − (3, −6,4) (5, −6,0) − (3, −6, −4)
D = D+ + D− = − = −
2π ρ1 ρ2 2π | (5, −6,0) − (3, −6,4) | | (5, −6,0) − (3, −6, −4) |2
2
ρ s = −1.018 nC/m 2
184
181
Prob. 6.62
The images are shown with proper sign at proper locations. Figure does not show the
actual direction of forces but they are expressed a follows:
+Q (0, 0, a)
F2 F3
-Q(a, 0, a)
F1 y
O
- Q (0, 0, -a)
PEC
x
+Q (a, 0, -a)
Q2 −a x
F1 = a 2
4πε o
Q 2 aa x + 2 aa z
F2 =
4πε o a 2 + 4a 2 3
(
)
2
Q −a z
F3 =
4πε o 4a 2
Q2 1 2 1
Ftotal = − 1 a x + − az
4πε o a 2 5 5 5 5 4
Q2
= −0.91a x − 0.071a y N
4πε o a 2
185
182
CHAPTER 7
P.E. 7.1
z
α1 α2
2
ρ = 5, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
27
−a − a y −a x + a y
aφ = al × a ρ = x × az =
2 2
10 2 −a + a y
H3 = − 0 x = −30.63a x + 30.63a y mA/m
4π (5) 27 2
P.E. 7.2
2 3
(a) H = 1+ az = 0.1458az A/m
4π (2) 13
12
ρ = 32 + 42 = 5, α 2 = 0, cos α1 = − ,
(b) 13
3a − 4a z 4a x + 3a z
aφ = −a y × x =
5 5
2 12 4a x + 3az 1
H= 1 + = ( 4ax + 3az )
4π (5) 13 5 26π
= 48.97a x + 36.73a z mA/m
P.E. 7.3
(a) From Example 7.3,
Ia 2
H= az
2(a 2 + z 2 )3/ 2
At (0,0,-1cm), z = 2cm,
50 × 10−3 × 25 ×10−4
H= a z = 400.2a z mA/m
2(52 + 22 )3/ 2 × 10−6
186
183
50 × 10−3 × 25 ×10−4
H= a z = 57.3a z mA/m
2(52 + 92 )3/ 2 × 10−6
P.E. 7.4
NI 2 × 103 × 50 × 10−3 (cosθ 2 − cosθ1 )a z
H= ( cosθ 2 − cosθ1 ) a z =
2L 2 × 0.75
100
= ( cosθ 2 − cosθ1 ) az
1.5
0.75
(a) At (0,0,0), θ = 90o , cosθ 2 =
0.752 + 0.052
= 0.9978 θ1 θ2
100
H= ( 0.9978 − 0 ) az
1.5
= 66.52 az A/m
(b) At (0,0,0.75), θ 2 = 90o ,cosθ1 = −0.9978 θ1 θ2
100
H= ( 0 + 0.9978 ) a z
1.5
= 66.52az A/m
−0.5
(c) At (0,0,0.5), cosθ1 = = −0.995
0.52 + 0.052
0.25 θ1
cosθ1 = = 0.9806 θ2
0.252 + 0.052
100
H= ( 0.9806 + 0.995) a z
1.5
= 131.7az A/m
P.E. 7.5
1
H= K × an
2
1
(a) H (0, 0, 0) = 50a z × (−a y ) = 25a x mA/m
2
1
(b) H (1,5, −3) = 50a z × a y = −25a x mA/m
2
P.E. 7.6
NI
, ρ − a < ρ < ρ + a, 9<ρ < 11
H = 2πρ
0, otherwise
187
184
P.E. 7.7
(a) B = ∇ × A = (−4 xz − 0)ax + (0 + 4 yz )a y + ( y 2 − x 2 )az
B (−1, 2,5) = 20a x + 40a y + 3a z Wb/m2
4 1 4 1
(b) ψ = B.dS = ( y 2 − x 2 )dxdy = y 2 dy − 5 x 2 dx
y =−1 x = 0 −1 0
1 5
= (64 + 1) − = 20 Wb
3 3
Alternatively,
1 4 0
ψ = A.dl = x 2 (−1)dx + y 2 (1)dy + x 2 (4)dx + 0
0 −1 1
5 65
=− + = 20 Wb
3 3
P.E. 7.8
z
R
h
k y
dS
kdS × R
H = ,
4π R 3
dS = dxdy, k = k y a y ,
R = (− x, − y, h),
185215
188
2 2π
−40
(b) k × IR==(Jhadx S+ =xa z )k y , ρ dφ d ρ , dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z
k y (ha x + xaμzo)dxdy
ρ =0 φ =0
H = 2 2π
2 2ρ
3 2
−40 4π ( x 2 + y 2 + −h40 )
ρ ρ φ 0 (2π )
2
= d d =
μko ha0 ∞ ∞ 0 μo 2
dxdy k y az ∞ ∞ xdxdy
= y x −6 +
−80 × 2 × 10 2 + 2 + 2 2 4π
= 4π −∞ −∞
3 3
2 2 2 2
( x = y
− 400 h A ) −∞ −∞ ( x + y + h )
4π × 10−7
The integrand in the last term is zero because it is an odd function of x.
Prob. 7.51 H = − ∇V → V = − H ⋅ dl = −mmf
m m
k y ha x 2π ∞
ρ dφ d ρ k y h2π a x ∞ 2 2 2 − 3 2 d ( ρ 2 )
H=
4π From Example
φ =0 ρ =0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 7.3,
3
2
=
H 4= π 0 2 2 3 2 a z 2
( ρIa+ h )
2 (z + a )
k h −1 k
= y ax ∞0 = yIaa2x − Iz
( )
3
2 − 2
2
2 ( ρ 2 + hV 2 m 2 =
)
1
− 2 z + a dz = + c
2 ( z2 + a 2 ) 2
1
2
1
Similarly, for point (0,0,-h),
As z → ∞, Vm = 0 , 2i.e. H = − k y ax
Hence, I I
0 = − + c → c =
1 2
k a , z >2 0
2 y x
H =Hence,
1
k a , z I< 0 z
2 y Vxm = 1 −
2 z2 + a 2
P.E. 7.9
I
H = aφ
2πρ
Prob. 7.1
But H = − ∇Vm ( J = 0 )
(a) See text
(b) Let I H = Hy + Hz 1 ∂Vm I
aφ = − aϕ → Vm = − φ + C
2πρ ρ ∂φ 2π
I
For H = a ρ = (π−3) 2 + 42 = 5 I π
At (10, 60 , 7 ) , 2πρ
o z
φ =φ 60o = , Vm = 0 → 0 = − ⋅ + C
3 2π 3
(−3a +I 4a y ) (3a y − 4ax )
aφ =or−az ×C = x =
56 5
20Vm = − I I
Hz = (4ax + 32aπy )φ= 0.5093
+
6 ax + 0.382a y
2π (25)
π
At ( 4, 30o , − 2 ) , φ = 30o = ,
I 6
For H y = aφ , ρ = (−3) + 52 = 34
2
2πρ I π I I 12
Vm = − ⋅ + = =
(−3a + 5a )2π 36a + 5a x6 12 12
aφ = a y × Vm x = 1 zA = z
34 34
189
211
185
P.E. 7.10
k × R = (ha x + xa z )k y , ∂ ∂ ∂
(a ) B = ∇k y×(hAa x = + xa z )dxdy∂x ∂y ∂z
H = 2 3
4π ( x 2 + y 2 +2x h 2 )y +
2 yz xy 2 − xz3 − 6 xy + 2z 2 y 2
B k=y ha( x− ∞6xz dxdy (
∞ + 4 x 2 y + 3 xz 2 )a + y + 6yz-4xy
x k y az
∞ ∞ 2
) ( )
a y + y 2 − z 3 − 2 x 2 − z a z Wb/m 2
xdxdy
=
4π −∞ ( x 2 + y 2 + h2 ) 3 2 + 4π −∞ −∞ ( x2 + y 2 + h2 ) 3 2
(b) −∞
( −6 xz +in4the
x y + 3 xz ) dy dz
2 2
ψ = integrand
2 2
The z=0 y=0 last term is zero because it is an odd function of x.
x =1
= k ha ( − ∞ ) dy dz + 4 x y dy
2π6 xz
k h 2π
2
a ∞ dz + 3 xz2 dy dz
2
0 ρ d φ d ρ 0 − 3 d
0 ( ρ )
y x
H= = y x
(2ρ 2 +2 h 2 ) 2
4π 2 =0 ρ =20 ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) 22
3
2 4π 2
= − 6 φdz dy + 4 dz y dy + 03 dy z 2 dz
0 0 0 0
kyh −1 ∞ ky 0 0
= ax = a
2y 2
z 2
2 ( ρ 2 + h2 ) 12 0 2 x 3
( 2) + 4(2)
= − 6(2) +3(2) = -24+16+16
2 0 1 3 0
Similarly, for point (0,0,-h), H = − k y a x
ψ = 8 Wb 2
Hence,
∂Ax 1 ∂A y ∂A
(c ) ∇ ⋅ A = k+ a , +z > 0 z = 4xy + 2xy − 6 xy = 0
∂x y x ∂y ∂z
H =2
∇ ⋅ B = − 6 z + 8 xy +1 3kz 3a+ ,6 z − 8zxy<+01 − 3z 3 − 1 = 0
2 y x
Prob. 7.1
7.43
(a) See∂ text ∂ ∂
B1 = ∇ × A1 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
(b) Let H = Hy + Hz
0 (sin x + x sin y ) 0
I
For ∂H z = ∂ aφ∂ ρ = (−3) 2 + 42 = 5
2πρ
B2 = ∇ × A2 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
sin(−x3ax 0+ 4a y ) = (3a y − 4ax )
= −yaz ×
aφcos
B =B =B 5 5
1 2
20 the same B.
Hence, A 2 and A 2 give
Hz = (4ax + 3a y ) = 0.5093ax + 0.382a y
∇ B = 0 2π (25)
showing that B is solenoidal.
I
For H y = aφ , ρ = (−3)2 + 52 = 34
2πρ
(−3a x + 5a z ) 3a z + 5a x
aφ = a y × =
34 34
190
186
10
Hy = (5a x + 3a z ) = 0.234a x + 0.1404a z
2π (34)
H = Hy + Hz
= 0.7433ax + 0.382ay + 0.1404az A/m
Prob. 7.2
Idl × R
dH =
4π R 3
(a) At (1,0,0), R=(1,0,0) - (0,0,0) = (1,0,0)
4a × a
dH = x 3x = 0
4π (1)
(b) At (0, 1,0), R = ay
4a x × a y
dH = = 0.3183a z A/m
4π (1)3
(c) At (0,0,1), R =az
4a x × a z
dH = = −0.3183a y A/m
4π (1)3
4a x × ( a x + a y + a z )
dH = = 61.26(−a y + a z ) mA/m
4π (3)3/ 2
191
187
Prob. 7.3
Let H = H1 + H 2
where H1 and H 2 are respectively due to the lines located at (0,0) and (0,5).
I
H1 = aφ , ρ = 5, aφ = a × a ρ = a z × a x = a y
2πρ
10 ay
H1 = ay =
2π (5) π
I
H2 = aφ , ρ = 5 2, aφ = a × a ρ , a = −a z
2πρ
5a x − 5a y a x − a y
aρ = =
5 2 2
a x − a y -a x − a y
aφ = −a z × =
2 2
10 -a x − a y 1
H2 = = ( -a x − a y )
2π 5 2 2 2π
ay 1
H = H1 + H 2 = + (-a x − a y ) = −0.1592a x + 0.1592a y
π 2π
Prob. 7.4
I
H= aφ , ρ = 5, I = 12
2πρ
3a + 4a y 4 3
aφ = a × a ρ = −a z × x = ax − a y
5 5 5
12 4 3
H= a x − a y = 0.3056a x − 0.2292a y
2π (5) 5 5
192
188
Prob. 7.5
I
α2
a
α1
y
x y
I
H= (cos α 2 − cos α1 )aφ
4πρ
a b
ρ = x 2 + y 2 , cos α1 = , cos α 2 =
a2 + ρ 2 b2 + ρ 2
aφ = al × aρ = a z × a ρ = aφ . Hence,
I b a
H= − aφ
4π x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 + b 2 x2 + y 2 + a2
193
189
Prob. 7.6
y
1 A
α2 6A
P
ρ
B x
O α1 1
I
H =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
1 2
α 1 = 135o , α 2 = 45o , ρ = 2 =
2 2
−a x + a y −a x − a y 1 -1 1 0
aφ = al × a ρ = × = = az
2 2 2 -1 -1 0
6 3
H =
2
( cos 45 o
)
− cos135o a z =
π
az
4π
2
H ( 0, 0, 0) = 0.954a z A/m
Prob. 7.7
10
(a) At (5,0,0), ρ = 5, aφ = a y , cos α 1 = 0, cos α 2 =
125
2 10
H= ( )a y = 28.471a y mA/m
4π (5) 125
10
(b) At (5,5,0), ρ = 5 2, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
150
−a x + a y
aφ =
2
2 10 −a x + a y
H= ( ) = 13(−a x + a y ) mA/m
4π (5 2) 150 2
194
190
10
(c) At (5,15,0), ρ = 250 = 5 10, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
350
5a y - 15a x
aφ =
5 10
2 10 −15a x + 5a y
H= ( ) = −5.1a x + 1.7a y mA/m
4π (5 10) 350 5 10
d) At (5,-15,0), by symmetry,
Prob. 7.8
z C (0, 0, 5)
y
α1
α2
x A (2, 0, 0) B (1, 1, 0)
195
191
aφ = al × a ρ =
( −1, 1, 0) ×
( −1, − 1, 5)
=
( 5, 5, 2)
2 27 54
H2 =
10
0+
2 ( 5, 5, 2) =
5
⋅
( 5, 5, 2) A/m
4π 27 29 2 27 2π 29 27
= 27.37 a x + 27.37a y + 10.95 a z mA/m
Prob. 7.9
y
(a) Let H = H x + H y = 2H x
I
Hx = ( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
4πρ 5A α1
α2
x
O
196
192
= −0.6792 a z A/m
(b) H = Hx + H y
5
where H x = (1 − 0) aφ , aφ = − a x × −a y = a z
4π ( 2 )
= 198.9a z mA/m
H y = 0 since α 1 = α 2 = 0
H = 0.1989 a z A/m
(c ) H = Hx + H y
5
where H x = (1 − 0) ( −ax × az ) = 198.9 a y mA/m
4π ( 2 )
5
Hy =
4π ( 2 )
(1 − 0) (a y × az ) = 198.9 a x mA/m
Prob. 7.10
3
Let H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 + H 4
4 2
where H n is the contribution by side n.
(a) H = 2H1 + H 2 + H 4 since H1 = H 3
1
I 10 6 1
H1 =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ =
4π ( 2) 40
+ az
2
10 2 10 1
H2 =
4π ( 6 )
2× az , H 4 =
4π ( 2 )
2⋅ az
40 2
5 3 1 5 5
H = + + + a z = 1.964a z A/m
2π 10 2 6π 10 2π 2
(b) At ( 4, 2, 0) , H = 2 ( H1 + H 4 )
10 8 10 4
H1 = az , H 4 = az
4π ( 2) 20 4π ( 4 ) 20
2 5 1
H = 1 + a = 1.78a z A/m
π 4 z
197
193
(c ) At ( 4, 8, 0) , H = H1 + 2H 2 + H 3
10 4 10 8 1
H1 = 2⋅ az , H 2 = − az
4π ( 8) 4 5
4π ( 4 ) 4 5 2
10 2
H3 =
4π ( 4) 2
( −a z )
5 1 4 4
H =
8π
( az ) + − = −0.1178a z A/m
5 5 2
(d ) At ( 0, 0, 2) ,
10 8 10
H1 =
4π ( 2) 68
− 0
( ax × az ) = − ay
π 68
10 4 2a − 8a x 5 ( a x + 4a z )
H2 = − 0 a y × z =
4π 68 84 68 17π 84
10 8 2a x − 4a y a y + 2a z
H3 = − − 0 ax × =
4π 20 84 20 π 21
10 4 −5a x
H4 = 0 + ( −a y × a z ) =
4π 2 20 π 20
5 5 1 10 20 2
H = − ax + − ay + + az
34π 21 π 20 π 21 π 68 34π 21 π 21
= −0.3457 ax − 0.3165 a y + 0.1798 az A/m
Prob. 7.11
For the side of the loop along y-axis,
I
H1 =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
2
where aφ = − a x , ρ = 2 tan 30o = , α 2 = 30o , α 1 = 150o
3
5 3 15
H1 =
4π 2
(
cos 30o − cos 150o ) ( −a )
x = −
8π
ax
198
194
Prob. 7.12
I
H = 4 H1 = 4 (cos α 2 − cos α1 )aφ
4πρ
ρ = a = 2cm, I = mA, α 2 = 45o , α1 = 90o + 45o = 135o
aφ = a × a ρ = a y × (−a x ) = a z
I 1 1 2I 2 × 5 ×10−3
H= ( −− )a z = az = a = 0.1125a z
πa 2 2 πa π × 2 ×10−2 z
Prob. 7.13
199
195
(a) Consider one side of the polygon as shown. The angle subtended by the Side At the
center of the circle
360° 2π
=
n n
The filed due to this side is
I
H1 = (cos α 2 − cos α1 )
4π ρ
π π
where ρ = r , cos α 2 = cos(90 − ) = sin
n n
π
cos α1 = − sin
n
I π
H1 = 2 sin
4π r n
nI π
H = nH 1 = sin
2π r n
3I π
(b) For n = 3, H = sin
2π r 3
2
r cot 30o = 2 → r =
3
3× 5 3 45
H = ⋅ = = 1.79 A/m.
2π 2 2 8π
3
4I π 4×5 1
For n = 4, H = sin = ⋅
2π r 4 2π ( 2 ) 2
= 1.128 A/m.
(c) As n → ∞,
nI π nI π I
H = lim sin = ⋅ =
n →∞ 2π r n 2π r n 2r
From Example 7.3, when h = 0,
I
H =
2r
which agrees.
200
196
Prob. 7.14
4
β 3
1
α2
2
Let H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 + H 4
I 10
H1 = az = a z = 62.5 a z
4a 4 × 4 × 10−2
I 4
−2 (
H2 = H4 = cos α 2 − cos 90o ) a z , α 2 = tan −1 = 2.29o
4π × 4 × 10 100
= 19.88 a z
I 100
H3 = 2 cos β a z , β = tan −1 = 87.7o
4π (1) 4
10
= 2 cos 87.7 oa z = 0.06361 a z
4π
H = ( 62.5 + 2 × 19.88 + 0.06361) a z
= 102.32 a z A/m.
Prob. 7.15
= 1.36 a z A/m
5 × 22
(b) H ( 0, 0, 2) = 2 az
( )
3
2 22 + 22 2
= 0.884 a z A/m
201
197
Prob. 7.16
α2
θ2
nI
H =
2
( cos θ 2 − cos θ1 )
cos θ 2 = -cos θ1 = 2
( 4)
1
2 2
a +
2
(b)
α1 α2
a 4
α 1 = 90o , tan θ 2 = = = 0.2 → θ 2 = 11.31o
b 20
nI 150 × 0.5
H = cos θ 2 = cos 11.31o = 36.77 A/m
2 2
202
198
Prob. 7.17
y
• P (4, 3, 2)
Let H = Hl + H p
1
Hl = aφ
2πρ
ρ = ( 4, 3, 2) − (1, -2, 2) = (3, 5, 0), ρ = ρ = 34
3a x + 5a y
aρ = , al = az
34
3a x + 5a y 3a y − 5a x
aφ = a l × a ρ = a z × =
34 34
20π −5a x + 3a y
Hl = x10-3 = ( − 1.47a y + 0.88a y ) mA/m
2π 34
1 1
Hp =
2
K × an =
2
( )
100 × 10 −3 a z × ( -a x ) = − 0.05a y A/m
203
199
Prob. 7.18
(b)
I
a
204
200
Prob. 7.19
x
-1 1
1
H = K × an
2
1 1
= (20a x ) × (−a y ) + (−20a x ) × a y
2 2
= 10(−a z ) − 10(a z )
= −20a z A/m
Prob. 7.20
1 1
HP = k × an = 10a x × a z = −5a y
2 2
I I I
HL = aφ = (a x × −a z ) = ay
2πρ 2π (3) 6π
I
H P + H L = −5a y + ay = 0 → I = 30π = 94.25 A
⎯⎯
6π
Prob. 7.21
(a) Applying Ampere's law,
πρ 2 ρ2
Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = I ⋅ → Hφ = I ⋅
π a2 2π a 2
Iρ
i.e H = aφ
2π a 2
205
201
At ( 0, 4 cm, 0 ) ,
3 300
Hφ = =
2π × 4 × 10−2 8π
H = 11.94 aφ A/m
Prob. 7.22
L
H dl = I enc = J dS
ρ
2π Jo
H φ 2πρ = ρ dφ d ρ
φ =0
ρ=0
ρ
= J o 2πρ
Hφ = J o
For ρ > a
2π a
Jo
Hdl = J dS = φ ρ =0 =0
ρ
ρ dφ d ρ
H ρ 2πρ = J o 2π a
Joa
Hφ =
ρ
J o , 0<ρ <a
Hence H φ = J o a
ρ , ρ >a
206
202
Prob. 7.23
1 d 1 d ρ2 2k
(a) J = ∇ × H = ( ρ H φ )a z = ( ko )a z = o a z
ρ dρ ρ dρ a a
(b) For ρ>a,
2π
a
2 ko 2ko ρ2 a
H ⋅ dl = I enc = J ⋅ dS =
ρ =0 φ =0 a
ρ d ρ dφ =
a
(2π )
2 0
ko a
H φ 2πρ = 2π ko a → Hφ =
⎯⎯
ρ
a
H = ko aφ , ρ >a
ρ
Prob. 7.24
∂ ∂ ∂
J = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (2 x − 2 y )a z
y2 x2 0
At (1,-4,7), x =1, y = -4, z=7,
J = [ 2(1) − 2(−4) ] a z = 10a z A/m 2
Prob. 7.25
(a)
1 ∂ 1 ∂
J = ∇× H = ( ρ Hφ )a z = (103 ρ 3 )a z
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ
2
= 3ρ ×103 a z A/m
(b)
Method 1:
2 2π
I = J dS = 3ρ ρ dφ d ρ103 = 3 × 103 ρ 2 d ρ dφ
S 0 0
ρ 2 3
= 3 × 103 (2π ) = 16π × 103 A = 50.265 kA
3 2
Method 2:
2π
I = H dl =103 ρ 2 ρ dφ = 103 (8)(2π ) = 50.265 kA
L 0
207
203
Prob. 7.26
Let H = H1 + H 2
where H1 and H 2 are due to the wires centered at x = 0 and x = 10cm respectively.
(a) For H1 , ρ = 50 cm, aφ = al × a ρ = a z × a x = a y
5 50
H1 = ay = a
2π ( 5 × 10 )
−2
π y
For H 2 , ρ = 5 cm, aφ = − a z × −a x = a y , H 2 = H1
100
H = 2H1 = ay
π
= 31.83 a y A/m
2a + a y 2a y − a x
(b) For H1 , aφ = a z × x =
5 5
5 −a x + 2a y
H1 = −2 = − 3.183a x + 6.366a y
2π 5 5 ×10 5
For H 2 , a ρ = − a z × a y = a x
5
H2 = a x = 15.915a x
2π ( 5 )
H = H1 + H 2
= 12.3 a x + 6.366a y A/m
Prob. 7.27
μo I
(a) B = aφ
2πρ
At (-3,4,5), ρ=5.
4π × 10−7 × 2
B= aφ = 80aφ nW/m 2
2π (5)
μI d ρ dz 4π ×10−7 × 2 6 4
Ψ = B • dS = o = ln ρ z
(b) 2π ρ 2π 2 0
= 16 ×10−7 ln 3 = 1.756 μ Wb
208
204
Prob. 7.28
(a) I = J dS
2π a 2π a
ρ2 ρ3
=
φ =0 ρ =0
J o (1 −
a2
) ρ d ρ dφ = J o dφ ( ρ −
0 0
a2
)d ρ
ρ2 ρ4 2π 2 a 2
= 2π J o − 2 a
0 = Jo a −
2 4a 2 2
1
= π a2 Jo
2
For ρ < a,
H φ 2πρ = J dS
ρ2 ρ4
= 2π J o − 2
2 4a
ρ2 ρ2
H ρ 2πρ = 2π J o 2 −
4 a2
Jo ρ ρ2
Hρ = 2 −
4 a2
For ρ > a,
Hdl = J o dS = I
1
H φ 2πρ = π a 2 J o
2
2
a Jo
Hφ =
4ρ
Jo ρ ρ2
2 − , ρ < a
4 a2
Hence Hφ =
aJ o
, ρ >a
4ρ
209
205
Prob. 7.29
μ0 I
B = aφ
2πρ
d+a b μ0 I
ψ = B ⋅ dS = ρ =d z = 0 2πρ
dρ dz
μ0 Ib d + a
= In
2π d
Prob. 7.30
For a whole circular loop of radius a, Example 7.3 gives
Ia 2 a z
H= 3/2
2 a 2 + h 2
Let h ⎯⎯
→0
I
H= az
2a
For a semicircular loop, H is halfed
I
H= az
4a
μI
B = μo H = o a z
4a
Prob. 7.31
∂Bx ∂By ∂Bz
(a) ∇ • B = + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
showing that B satisfies Maxwell’s equation.
(b) dS = dydza x
y3 1 4
4 1
Ψ = B • dS = y 2 dydz = ( z ) = 1 Wb
z =1 y = 0
3 0 1
210
206
B
(c) ∇ × H = J ⎯⎯
→ J = ∇×
μo
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = −2 za x − 2 xa y − 2 ya z
y 2 z 2 x2
2
J = − ( za x + xa y + ya z ) A/m 2
μo
Prob. 7.32
h
On the slant side of the ring, z = ( ρ − a)
6
where H1 and H 2 are due to the wires centered at x = 0 and x = 10cm respectively.
μo I
ψ = B.dS = 2πρ dρ dz
h
μo I a+b ( ρ −a) dz dρ μo Ih a+b a
=
2π ρ
=a
b
z=0 ρ
=
2π b ρ =a
1−
ρ
dρ
μo Ih a + b
= b − a ln as required.
2π b a
If a = 30 cm, b = 10 cm, h = 5 cm, I = 10 A,
4π × 10 −7 × 10 × 0.05 4
ψ = 0.1 − 0.3 ln
(
2π 10 × 10 −2
) 3
= 1.37 × 10 −8 Wb
Prob. 7.33
0.2 50o 106
ψ = BdS = μo
z=0 φ =0 ρ
sin 2φ ρ dφ dz
50o
cos 2φ
ψ = 4π × 10 × 10 ( 0.2) −
−7 6
2 0
= (
0.04π 1 − cos 100 o
)
= 0.1475 Wb
211
207
Prob. 7.34
π /4 2 2 π /4
20
ψ = B dS = sin φ ρ d ρ dφ = 20 d ρ
2
sin
2
φ dφ
S φ = 0 =1
ρ ρ 1 0
π /4
1 1 π /4
= 20(1)
0
2
(1 − cos 2φ )dφ = 10(φ − sin 2φ )
2 0
π
1
= 10( − ) = 2.854 Wb
4 2
Prob. 7.35
ψ = B dS , dS = r 2sinθ dθ dφ ar
S
2π π /3
2
ψ = cos θ r 2sinθ dθ dφ = 2 dφ cos θ sin θ dθ
r3 r =1 0 0
sin 2 θ π / 3
π /3
= 2(2π ) sin θ d (sin θ ) = 4π = 2π sin 2 (π / 3)
0
2 0
= 4.7123 Wb
Prob. 7.36
μo J × R
4π v R 3
B = μo H = dv
Since current is the flow of charge, we can express this in terms of a charge moving with
velocity u. Jdv = dqu.
μo qu × R
B= R 3
4π
In our case, u and R are perpendicular. Hence,
μo qu 4π ×10−7 1.6 ×10−19 × 2.2 ×106 1.6 ×10−20
B= = × =
4π R 2 4π (5.3 ×10−11 ) 2 (5.3) 2 ×10 −22
= 12.53 Wb/m 2
212
208
Prob. 7.37
(a ) ∇A = − ya sin ax ≠ 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×A = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y cos ax 0 y + e-x
= a x + e − x a y − cos axa z ≠ 0
A is neither electrostatic nor magnetostatic field
1 ∂ 1 ∂
(b) ∇⋅ B =
ρ ∂ρ
(
ρ Bρ = )
ρ ∂ρ
( 20) = 0
∇× B = 0
B can be E-field in a charge-free region.
1 ∂ 2
(c ) ∇⋅ C = (r sinθ ) = 0
r sin θ ∂φ
1 ∂ 1∂ 3
∇×C =
r sin θ ∂θ
(
r 2 sin 2 θ ar -
r ∂r
)
(r sinθ )aθ ≠ 0
C is possibly H field.
Prob. 7.38
(a) ∇⋅ D = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× D = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 z 2(x + 1)yz -(x + 1)z 2
= 2(x + 1)ya x + . . . ≠ 0
D is possibly a magnetostatic field.
1 ∂ ∂ sin φ
(b) ∇⋅ E = ( ( z + 1) cos φ ) + =0
ρ ∂ρ ∂z ρ
1
∇× E = cos θ a ρ + . . . ≠ 0
ρ2
E could be a magnetostatic field.
1 ∂ 1 ∂ sinθ
(c ) ∇⋅ F = ( 2cosθ ) + ≠ 0
2
r ∂r rsinθ ∂θ r 2
1 ∂ 2 sin θ
∇×F =
r ∂r
r −1
(sin θ + )
r 2
aθ ≠ 0
213
209
Prob. 7.39
μo Idl μo ILaz
A= =
4π r 4π r
This requires no integration since L << r.
1 ∂Az ∂A
B = ∇× A = a ρ − z aφ
ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
But r = ρ 2 + z 2
μo ILa z
A=
4π ( ρ 2 + z 2 )1/ 2
∂Az μo IL ∂ μ IL 1
= ( ρ 2 + z 2 )1/ 2 = o (− )( ρ 2 + z 2 ) −3/ 2 (2 ρ )
∂ρ 4π ∂ρ 4π 2
μo IL ρ aφ μo IL ρ aφ
B= =
4π ( ρ 2 + z 2 )3/ 2 4π r 3
Prob. 7.40
y
2 a
1
I
P
0 a 2a x
3 R
dl
Divide the loop into four segments as shown above. Due to segment 1,
214
210
μo Idl
A1 = , dl = dya y , R = y2 + a2
4π R
( a
)
a
μo I dy μI
A1 = ay = o a y ln( y + y 2 + a 2
4π y =− a y 2 + a 2 4π −a
μo I 2 + 1 μo I
= a y ln = ln( 2 + 1) a y
4π 2 − 1 2π
By symmetry, the contributions due to sides 2 and 4 cancel. For side 3,
μ Idl
A3 = o , dl = dy (−a y ), R = y 2 + (−3a) 2
4π R
A3 =
μo I
4π
(
(-a y ) ln( y + y 2 + 9a 2
a μo I
=
−a 4π
) 10 + 1
(-a y ) ln
10 − 1
μo I 10 + 1
= ln (-a y )
2π 3
μo I μo I 10 + 1
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = ln( 2 + 1) a y − ln ay
2π 2π 3
μo I 3( 2 + 1)
= ln ay
2π 10 + 1
Prob. 7.41
∂ ∂ ∂
∂A ∂A
B = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = z ax − z a y
∂y ∂x
0 0 Az ( x, y )
π πx πy π πx πy
=− sin sin ax − cos cos ay
2 2 2 2 2 2
Prob. 7.42
∂ ∂ ∂
∂A ∂A
B = μ o H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = z a x − z a z = −2 μo kya x + 2 μo kxa y
∂y ∂x
0 0 Az ( x, y )
H = −2kya x + 2kxa y
Prob. 7.44
1 ∂Az ∂A
B = ∇× A = a ρ − z aφ
ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
15
= e − ρ cos φ a ρ + 15 e − ρ sin φ aφ
ρ
π 1 1
B 3, , -10 = 5 e −3 a ρ + 15 e −3 aφ
4 2 2
B 107 15 −3 1
H = = e a ρ + aφ
μo 4π 2 3
H = (14 a ρ + 42 aφ ) ⋅10 4 A/m
15
ψ = B ⋅ dS = ρ e − ρ cos φ ρ dφ dz
π
( sin φ ) 0 2
10
= 15 z 0
e −5 = 150 e −5 ψ = 1.011 Wb
Prob. 7.45
∂
1 ∂Aθ 1 1 ∂Ar ∂
B = ∇× A = ∂θ ( Aφ sin θ ) − ∂φ ar + r sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rAφ ) aθ
r sin θ
1 ∂ ∂A
+ (rAθ ) − r aφ
r ∂r ∂θ
1 10 1 ∂
= 2sin θ cos θ ar − (10) sin θ aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ r r ∂r
20
B = 2 cos θ ar
r
At (4, 60o , 30o ), r = 4, θ =60o
B 1 20
H= = −7 2
cos 60o ar = 4.974 × 105 ar A/m
μo 4π × 10 4
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Prob. 7.45
1 ∂ ∂Aθ 1 1 ∂Ar ∂
B = ∇× A = ∂θ ( Aφ sin θ ) − ∂φ ar + r sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rAφ ) aθ
r sin θ
1 ∂ ∂A
+ (rAθ ) − r aφ
r ∂r ∂θ
1 10 1 ∂
= 2sin θ cos θ ar − (10) sin θ aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ r r ∂r
20
B = 2 cos θ ar
r
At (4, 60o , 30o ), r = 4, θ =60o
B 1 20 o
42 cos 60 ar = 4.974 × 10 ar A/m
5
H= =
μo 4π × 10−7
213
Prob. 7.46
Prob. 7.47
∂ ∂ ∂
B = μo H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = π sin π xa y − 10π cos π ya z
10sin π y 0 4 + cos π x
π
H= sin π xa y − 10 cos π ya z
μo
∂ ∂ ∂
π π
J = ∇× H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 10π sin π ya x + π cos π xa z
μo μo
0 sin π x −10 cos π y
π2
J= (10sin π ya x + cos π xa z )
μo Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
∂ ∂ ∂
B = μo H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = π sin π xa y − 10π cos π ya z
10sin π y 0 4 + cos π x
π
H= sin π xa y − 10 cos π ya z
μo
∂ ∂ ∂
π π
J = ∇× H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 10π sin π ya x + π cos π xa z
μo μo
0 sin π x −10 cos π y
π2
J= (10sin π ya x + cos π xa z )
μo
214
Prob. 7.48
1 ∂ 1 ∂
B = ∇× A = ( Aφ sin θ )ar − (rAφ )aθ
r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r
1 Ao A
= (2sin θ cos θ )ar − o sin θ ( −r −2 )aθ
r sin θ r 2
r
A
= 3o (2 cos θ ar + sin θ aθ )
r
Prob. 7.49
∂ ∂ ∂
(a) J = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (−2 yz − x 2 )a x + (2 xz − 2 xy )a z
xy 2 x 2 z − y 2 z
At (2,-1,3), x=2, y=-1, z=3.
J = 2a x + 16a z A/m 2
∂ρ v
(b) − = ∇ • J = 0 − 2x + 2x = 0
∂t
At (2,-1,3),
∂ρv
= 0 C/m3s
∂t
Prob. 7.50
(a) B = ∇ × A
1 ∂Az ∂Aφ ∂Aρ ∂Az 1 ∂ ∂Aρ
= − a + − a + ( ρ A ) − az
∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
ρ φ φ
ρ ∂φ
∂A
= − z aφ = 20 ρ aCopyright
φ μ Wb/m
2
© 2015 by Oxford University Press
∂ρ
POESM_Ch07.indd 217 B −20 ρ 10/14/2015 11:46:12 AM
∂ρ v
(b) − = ∇ • J = 0 − 2x + 2x = 0
Sadiku & Kulkarni
∂t Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
At (2,-1,3),
∂ρv 218
= 0 C/m3s
∂t
Prob. 7.50
(a) B = ∇ × A
1 ∂Az ∂Aφ ∂A ∂A 1 ∂ ∂A
= − a ρ + ρ − z aφ + ( ρ Aφ ) − ρ a z
ρ ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
∂A
= − z aφ = 20 ρ aφ μ Wb/m 2
∂ρ
B −20 ρ
H= = aφ μ A/m
μo μo
1 ∂
J = ∇× H = ( ρ Aφ )a z
ρ ∂ρ
1 −40
= (−40 ρ )a z = a z μ A/m 2
μo ρ μo 215
2 2π
−40
(b) I = J dS = ρ dφ d ρ , dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z
μo ρ =0 φ =0
2 2π
−40 −40 ρ 2
μo 0
= ρ d ρ dφ = 2
0 (2π )
0
μo 2
−80π × 2 × 10−6
= = −400 A
4π × 10−7
Ia 2 − Iz
(z + a2 )
2 −3
Vm = − 2
dz = + c
2 (z + a )
1
2 2 2 2
As z → ∞, Vm = 0 , i.e.
I I
0 = − + c → c =
2 2
Hence,
I z
Vm = 1 −
2 2
z +a 2
P.E. 7.9
I
H = aφ
2πρ
But H = − ∇Vm ( J = 0)
I 1 ∂Vm I
aφ = − aϕ → Vm = − φ + C
2πρ ρ ∂φ© 2015 by Oxford University Press
Copyright 2π
π I π
POESM_Ch07.indd 218
At (10, 60o , 7 ) , φ = 60o = , V = 0→ 0 = − ⋅ + C 10/14/2015 11:46:12 AM
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
219
216
Prob. 7.52
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 1
2 − 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
∇' = a + a + a z x − x' + y − y' + z − z'
∂z '
x y
R ∂x ' ∂y '
1 3
2 − 2
− ( −2 ) ( x − x' ) a x ( x − x' ) + ( y − y' ) + ( z − z') + a y and a z terms
2 2
=
2
R
=
R3
1
(
= ( x − x') + ( y − y ') + z − z ' )
2 2 2 2
R = r − r'
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ 1
2 − 2
∇ = a
∂x x + a + a ( x − x' ) 2
+ ( y − y' ) 2
+ ( z − z' )
∂z
y z
R ∂y
1 3
2 − 2
2 ( x − x') a x ( x − x') + ( y − y') + ( z − z') + a y and az terms
2 2
= −
2
− ( x − x') a z + ( y − y ') a y + ( z − z') a z R
= 3 = − 3
R R
217220
CHAPTER 8
P.E. 8.1
∂u
(a) F = m = QE = 6a z N
∂t
∂u ∂
(b) = 6a z = (u x , u y , u z )
∂t ∂t
∂u x
= 0 → ux = A
∂t
∂u y
= 0 → uy = B
∂t
∂u z
= 6 → u z = 6t + C
∂t
Since u ( t = 0 ) = 0 , A=B=C=0
ux = 0 = uy, uz = 6t
∂x
ux = =0→ x= A
∂t
∂y
uy = =0→ y= B
∂t
∂z
uz = = 6t → z = 3t 2 + C1
∂t
At t = 0, (x,y,z) = (0,0,0) → A1 = 0 = B1 = C1
t =2s
1 1
m u = (1)(144 ) = 72 J
2
(d) K .E =
2 2
P.E. 8.2
(a) ma = eu × B = (eBouy, -eBoux, 0)
d 2 x eBo dy dy
2
= =ω (1)
dt m dt dt
221
218
d2y eBo dx dx
2
=− = −ω (2)
dt m dt dt
d 2z dz
2
= 0; = C1 (3)
dt dt
x = c2 + c3cosωt +c4sinωt
dy 1 d 2 x
= = −c3ω cos ωt − c4ω sin ωt
dt ω dt 2
At t = 0, u = (α , 0, β ) . Hence,
α
c1 = β , c3 = 0, c4 =
ω
dx dy dz
= α cos ωt , = −α sin ωt , = β
dt dt dt
α2
(c) x2 + y2 = , z=βt
ω2
showing that the particles move along a helix of radius α
ω placed along the z-axis.
P.E. 8.3
(a) From Example 8.3, QuB = QE regardless of the sign of the charge.
222
219
P.E. 8.4
By Newton’s 3rd law, F12 = F21 , the force on the infinitely long wire is:
μIIb 1 1
Fl = − F = o 1 2 ( − )a
2π ρo ρo + a ρ
4π × 10−7 × 50 × 3 1 1
= − a ρ = 5a ρ μ N
2π 2 3
P.E. 8.5
(2, 6, −3)
m = ISan = 10 × 10−4 × 50
7
P.E. 8.6
10 × 10−4 × 50 2 6 −3
T = m×B =
(a) 7 × 10 6 4 5
= 0.03a x − 0.02a y − 0.02a z N-m
50 × 10 -3
| T |max = | 6a x + 4a y + 5a z |= 0.04387 Nm
10
P.E. 8.7
μ
(a) μr = = 4.6, χ m = μ r − 1 = 3.6
μo
B 10 × 10−3 e − y
(b) H= = a z A / m = 1730e − y a z A/m
μ 4π ×10 × 4.6
−7
P.E. 8.8
3a x + 4a y 6a x + 8a y
an = =
5 10
(6 + 32)(6a x + 8a y )
B1n = ( B1 • an )an =
1000
223
220
= 0.228a x + 0.304a y = B 2 n
B1t = B1 − B1n = −0.128a x + 0.096a y + 0.2a z
μ2
B2t = B = 10 B1t = −1.28a x + 0.96a y + 2a z
μ1 1t
B2 = B2 n + B2t = −1.052a x + 1.264a y + 2a z Wb/m2
P.E. 8.9
(a) B1n = B2 n → μ1 H1n = z μ2 H 2 n
or μ1 H1 • an 21 = μ2 H 2 • an 21
(60 + 2 − 36) (6 H 2 x − 10 − 12)
μo = 2μo
7 7
35 = 6 H 2 x
H 2 x = 5.833 A/m
(b) K = ( H1 − H 2 ) × an12 = an 21 × ( H1 − H 2 )
(c) Since B = μ H , B1 and H1 are parallel, i.e. they make the same angle with the
normal to the interface.
H •a 26
cos θ1 = 1 n 21 = = 0.2373
H1 7 100 + 1 + 144
θ1 = 76.27 o
H 2 • an 21 13
cos θ 2 = = = 0.2144
H2 7 (5.833) 2 + 25 + 16
θ 2 = 77.62o
P.E. 8.10
(a) L ' = μo μr n 2 S = 4π × 10−7 × 1000 × 16 × 106 × 4 × 10−4
= 8.042 H/m
224
221
μo l
Lin =
8π
2 wm 1 μI 2
Lext =
I2
= 2
I 4π 2 ρ 2 ρ d ρ dφ dz
l 2π b
1 2 μo
=
4π 2 dz dφ (1 + ρ ) ρ dρ
0 0 a
b
2μo 1 1
= • 2π l − dρ
4π 2
a
ρ (1 + ρ )
μ ol b 1+ b
= ln − ln
π a 1 + a
μ l μ l b 1+ b
L = Lin + Lext = o + o ln − ln
8π π a 1 + a
P.E. 8.12
μo 4π × 10−7
(a) L’in = = = 0.05 μH/m
8π 8π
μo 1 d − a
(b) L’ = 4 + ln a
2π
d − a 2π L ' 2π ×1.2 ×10−6
ln = − 0.25 = − 0.25
a μo 4π x10−7
= 6 − 0.25 = 5.75
d −a
= e 5.75 = 314.19
a
2.588 × 10 −3
d − a = 314.19a = 314.19 × = 406.6mm
2
d = 407.9mm = 40.79cm
225
222
P.E. 8.13
This is similar to Example 8.13. In this case, however, h=0 so that
μ I a 2b
A1 = o 1 3 aφ
4b
μ I a2 μ πI a 2
φ12 = o 12 • 2πb = o 1
4b 2b
φ12 μoπ a 2
4π ×10−7 × π × 4
m12 = = =
I1 2b 2×3
= 2.632 μH
P.E. 8.14
μo μ 2πρo 4π × 10−7 × 10 × 10−2
Lin = l= o =
8π 8π 4
= 31.42 nH
P.E. 8.15
(a) From Example 7.6,
μo NI μo NI
Bave = =
l 2πρ o
μo NI
φ = Bave • S = • πa 2
2πρ o
2 ρ oφ 2 × 10 × 10−2 × 0.5 × 10−3
or I = =
μa 2 N 4π × 10− 7 × 10− 4 × 103
= 795.77A
ℑ = ϕℜ = 0.5x10-3x1.591x109=7.9577x105
ℑ
I = = 795.77 A as obtained before.
N
ψ
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
F 226
223 Ra
(b) If μ=500μo,
795.77
I= = 1.592 A
F = NI500
= 500 x 0.2 = 100 A.t
μ NI
We may approximate the longer solenoid as infinite so that B1 = o 1 1 . The flux linking
1.42 × 10 8
l1
Ra + Rc =
the second
Prob. 8.1 solenoid 16 is:π
μ NI
ψ 2 =2 N 2 B1S1 = o−31 1 1 • π r1216 N22
F =ψ mω= r =F9.11× 16πl ×100 16)π (0.4 ×10 −10 ) = 14.576 nN
=10 1 × (2 8×10 = μ Wb
R
ψa2 + Rμc o N11.42N 2 × 102 1.42
M = = • πr1
Prob. 8.2 I1 l1
(a) we assume
Here ψ air-core16π × 10 −6
solenoids.
Ba = = = 88.5 mWb/m 2
10 − 2 −4 6
F = Q(u × B )S= 101.42 −3 × 4 ×10 = 10−3 (−50a x − 250a y )
0 0 25
Prob. 8.45
P.E. 8.18
= −0.05a x −I 0.25a y N
H = R =a ρ
2πρ μ S
(b) Constant 1velocity2implies 1 that2
1I acceleration a = 0.−2
w = μ= | H
2
F = ma = 0 =2Q( E + uo× Bπρ | = = 2μπ × (5 + 6)10 −2
= 11π ×10
2 ) 4π2 ρ
m 2 2
E = -u × B = S = 501.5a x ×+10
250 a y −IV/m
1−2 (6 2
5)10−2 = 1.5 × 10−4 1
W = wm dv = μ 2 2 ρ dφ d ρ dz = μ I 2 L ln(b / a)
2 4π ρ 4π ψ
Prob. 8.3 1 F = NI = ψ−7R = ψ μ S −6 ⎯⎯ → μ=
NIS
At P, x==4π 2, ×y4=×5,4πz ×=10 -3−3 (625 × 10 −2 )3ln(18 /12) = 304.1 pJ
12 × 10 (11π × 10 2 )
E = 2(2)(5)(−3) μa=x + (2) 2 (−3)a y + (2) = 27.65 × 10−3 H/m
−4 (5)a z = −60a x − 12a y + 20a z
Alternatively, 500(2)1.5 × 10
B =ψ(5) 2 a12 −3)−32 a y + 22 a z = 25a x + 9a y + 4a z
x +×(10
B= = = 80 Wb
F =QS ( E1.5
+ u××10B−)4 1 2 1 μ L b 2 μ I 2 L b
W = LI = ln × I = ln
1.4 3.2 −21 2 2π a 4π a
u× B = = 21.8a x − 30.6a y − 67.4a z
25 9 4
E + u × B = (−60, −12, 20) + (21.8, −30.6, −67.4) = ( −38.2, −42.6, −47.4)
F = Q( E + u × B ) = 4( E + u × B ) mN
= −152.8a x − 170.4a y − 189.6a z mN
227
Prob. 8.1
Prob. 8.2
(a)
10 −2 6
F = Q(u × B ) = 10−3 = 10−3 (−50a x − 250a y )
0 0 25
= −0.05a x − 0.25a y N
Prob. 8.3
At P, x = 2, y = 5, z = -3
E = 2(2)(5)(−3)a x + (2) 2 (−3)a y + (2) 2 (5)a z = −60a x − 12a y + 20a z
B = (5) 2 a x + (−3) 2 a y + 22 a z = 25a x + 9a y + 4a z
F = Q( E + u × B)
1.4 3.2 −1
u× B = = 21.8a x − 30.6a y − 67.4a z
25 9 4
E + u × B = (−60, −12, 20) + (21.8, −30.6, −67.4) = ( −38.2, −42.6, −47.4)
F = Q( E + u × B ) = 4( E + u × B ) mN
= −152.8a x − 170.4a y − 189.6a z mN
228
224
Prob. 8.4
du
F = qE = ma = m
dt
du qE 10 ×10−3
= = (30, 0, 0) ×103
dt m 2
d
(u x , u y , u z ) = (150, 0, 0)
dt
Equating components gives
du x
= 150 ⎯⎯ → u x = 150t + c1
dt
du y
=0 ⎯⎯ → u y = c2
dt
du z
=0 ⎯⎯ → u z = c3
dt
At t = 0, u =(2,5,0) × 103 .
2000 = 0 + c1 → c1 = 2000
⎯⎯
5000 = c2
0 = c3
Hence, u= (150t+2000,5000,0)
At t = 4s,
u = (2600,5000, 0) m/s
dx
ux = = 150t + 2000 → x = 75t 2 + 2000t + c4
⎯⎯
dt
dy
uy = = 5000 ⎯⎯ → y = 5000t + c5
dt
dz
uz = =0 ⎯⎯ → z = +c6
dt
At t=0, (x,y,z)=(0,0,0) ⎯⎯ → c4 = 0 = c5 = c6
Hence,
( x, y, z ) = (75t 2 + 2000t ,5000t , 0)
At t = 4s, x=9,200, y=20,000, z=0.
i.e. ( x, y, z ) = (9200, 20000, 0)
229
225
Prob. 8.5
ma = Qu × B
ux uy uz
10−3 a = −2 × 10−3
0 6 0
d
(u x , u y , u z ) = (12u z ,0,−12u x )
dt
du x
i.e. = 12u z (1)
dt
du y
= 0 → u y = A1 (2)
dt
du z
= −12u x (3)
dt
From (1) and (3),
At t=0,
ux=5, uy=0, uz=0 → A1=0=c2, c1=5
Hence,
u = (5cos12t , 0, −5sin12t )
5 5 19
( x , y , z) = sin 12t ,1, cos 12t + (4)
12 12 12
230
226
At t=10s,
5 5 19
( x , y , z) = sin 120 ,1, cos 120 + = (0.2419, 1, 1.923)
12 12 12
Prob. 8.6
(a) ma = −e(u × B )
m d u uy uz
− (u x , u y , u z ) = x = u y Bo ax − Bo u x a y
e dt 0 0 Bo
du z
= 0 → uz = c = 0
dt
du x Be Be
= −u y o = −u y w , where w = o
dt m m
du y
= ux w
dt
Hence,
u x
uy = − = A sin wt − B cos wt
w
Hence,
dx u
u x = uo cos wt = → x = o sin wt + c1
dt w
dy u
u y = uo sin wt = → y = − o cos wt + c2
dt w
u
At t=0, x = 0 = y → c1=0, c2= o . Hence,
w
uo uo
x = sin wt , y = (1 − cos wt )
w w
2
u 2o u u
2
(cos 2 wt + sin 2 wt ) = o = x 2 + ( y − o ) 2
w w w
231
227
uo
showing that the electron would move in a circle centered at (0, ). But since the field
w
does not exist throughout the circular region, the electron passes through a semi-circle
Prob. 8.7
0.2
F = Idl × B = 2dy(−a y ) × (4a x − 8a z )
0
ax ay az
(−a y ) × (4a x − 8a z ) = 0 −1 0 = 8a x + 4a z
4 0 −8
F = 2(8a x + 4a z )(0.2) = 3.2a x + 1.6a z N
Prob. 8.8
qE
o
mg
Prob. 8.9
F μ I I a ×a
ℑ = IL × B → ℑ = = I1al × B2 = o 1 2 l φ
L 2πρ
a × (−a y )4π ×10 (−100)(200)
−7
4 3 3 4
(c) al × aφ = a z × (− a x + a y ) = − a x − a y , ρ = 5
5 5 5 5
232
228
Prob. 8.10
μo I1 I 2 4π ×10−7 (10)10
F= = = 100 μ N
2πρ 2π (20 ×10−2 )
Prob. 8.11
W = − F • dl , F = Ldl × B = 3(2a z ) × cos φ aφ
3
F = 6 cos φ aφ N
3
2π
W = − 6 cos φ ρo dφ = −6 ρo × 3sin φ 3 2π
J
3 0
0
2π
= -1.8sin = -1.559 J
3
Prob. 8.12
6
μo I1 I 2 4π × 10−7
F1 = d ρ a ρ × aφ = (2)(5) ln 6 a z
(a) 2πρ 2π 2
ρ =2
= 2 ln 3a z μ N = 2.197a z μ N
(b) F2 = I 2 dl2 × B1
μo I1 I 2 1
=
2π ρ d ρ aρ + dza × aφ
z
μII 1
= o 1 2
2π ρ d ρ a z − dzaρ
233
229
2 ln 2 (a z − a ρ ) μ N = 1.386aρ − 1.386a z a z μ N
4
μo I1 I 2 1
2π ρ
F3 = d ρ a z − dza ρ
But z = -ρ + 6, dz = -dρ
4
4π × 10−7 1
F3 = (5)(2) d ρ a z − dza ρ
2π ρ =6 ρ
2 ln 4 (a z + a ρ ) μ N = −0.8109a ρ − 0.8109a z μ N
6
F = F1 + F2 + F3
= aρ (ln 4 + ln 4 − ln 9) + a z (ln 9 − ln 4 + ln 4 − ln 9)
= 0.575a ρ μ N
Prob. 8.13 A
= 1.949a x mN/m
Prob. 8.14
F
= 12.5 × 4π × 10−7 (a z ) = 15.71a z μ N/m
L
Prob. 8.15
234
230
Prob. 8.16
Prob. 8.17
F = Idl × B → F = IB = 520 × 0.4 × 10 −3 × 30 × 10 −3
⎯⎯
F = 6.24 mN
Prob. 8.18
m m
m = IS → I=
⎯⎯ = 2
S πr
8 × 1022
I= = 6.275 × 108 = 627.5 MA
π (6370 ×10 )3 2
Prob. 8.19
Let F = F1 + F2 + F3
0
F1 = Idl × B = 2dxa x × 30a z mN
5
0
=-60a y x = 300a y mN
5
5
F2 = 2dya y × 30a z mN
0
5
=60a x y = 300a x mN
0
5
F3 = 2(dxa x + dza z ) × 30a z mN
0
5
=60(-a y ) x
= −300a y mN
0
F = F1 + F2 + F3 = 300a y +300a x -300a y mN=300a x mN
1
T = m × B = ISan × B = 2( )(5)(5)a y × 30a z 10−3 = 0.75a x N.m
2
235
231
Prob. 8.20
For each turn, T = m × B, m = ISan
For N turns,
T = NISB = 50 × 4 × 12 × 10 −4 × 100 × 10 −3 = 24 mNm
Prob. 8.21
f ( x, y, z ) = x + 2 y − 5 z − 12 = 0 ⎯⎯
→ ∇f = a x + 2a y − 5a z
∇f a x + 2a y − 5a z
an = =
| ∇f | 30
(a x + 2a y − 5a z )
m = NISan = 2 × 60 × 8 ×10−4 = 17.53a x + 35.05a y − 87.64a z mAm
30
Prob. 8.22
B χm B
M = χmH = χm =
μo μr μo (1 + χ m )
Prob. 8.23
B
(a) M = χm H = χm
μo μ
4999 1.5
M = × = 1.193 × 106 A/m
5000 4π × 10 −7
N
m k
(b) M = k =1
Δv
If we assume that all mk align with the applied B field,
Nmk Nmk 1.193 × 106
M = → mk = =
Δv N 8.5 × 1028
Δv
m k = 1.404 × 10 −23 A ⋅ m 2
236
232
Prob. 8.24
μr = χ m + 1 = 6.5 + 1 = 7.5
M 24 y 2
M = χm H → H=
⎯⎯ = az
χm 6.5
At y = 2cm,
24 × 4 × 10−4
H= a z = 1.477a z mA/m
6.5
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 48 y
J = ∇× H = = ax
24 y 2
6.5
0 0
6.5
At y=2cm,
48 × 2 ×10−2
J= a x = 0.1477a x A/m 2
6.5
Prob. 8.25
(a) χ m = μr − 1 = 3.5
B 4y a z × 10 −3
(b) H = = = 707.3y a z A/m
μ 4π × 10 −7 × 4.5
(c) M = χ m H = 2.476y a z kA/m
∂ ∂ ∂
dM z
(d) Jb = ∇ × M = ∂x ∂y ∂z = ax
dy
0 0 M z (y)
= 2.476ax kA/m 2
Prob. 8.26
When H = 250,
2H 2(250)
B= = = 1.4286 mWb/m 2
100 + H 100 + 250
But B=μo μr H
B 1.4286 × 10−3
μr = = = 4.54
μo H 4π ×10−7 × 250
237
233
Prob. 8.27
H ⋅ dl = Ienc
πρ 2 Iρ
Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = ⋅I → Hφ =
π a2 2π a 2
Iρ
M = χm H = ( μr − 1) 2π a 2
aφ
1 ∂ I
Jb = ∇ × M =
ρ ∂ρ
( ρM ) aφ z = ( μr − 1) a
π a2 z
Prob. 8.28
(a) From H1t – H2t = K and M = χmH, we obtain:
M 1t M 2t
− =K
χ m1 χm2
μ1 M 1n μ 2 M 2 n
=
χ m1 χ m2
238
234
Prob. 8.29
B2 n = B1n = 1.8a z
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 4 μo
B2t = B1t = (6a x − 4.2a y ) = 9.6a x − 6.72a y
μ1 2.5μo
B2 = B2 n + B2t = 9.6a x − 6.72a y + 1.8a z mWb/m 2
B2 10−3 (9.6, −6.72,1.8)
H2 = =
μ2 4 × 4π ×10−7
= 1,909.86 a x − 1,336.9a y + 358.1a z A/m
B2n
θ2
B2t
B2 n 1.8
tan θ 2 = = = 0.1536
B2t 9.62 + 6.722
θ 2 = 8.73o
Prob. 8.30
(a) B1n = B 2n = 15aφ
B1t B2t
H1t = H 2t → =
μ1 μ2
μ1 2
B1t =
μ2
B2t =
5
(
10a ρ − 20a z ) = 4a ρ − 8 a z
Hence,
B1 = 4aρ + 15aφ − 8a z mWb/m 2
(b) w m1 =
1
B1 ⋅ H1 =
B12
=
(4 2
)
+ 152 + 82 × 10 −6
2 2 μ1 2 × 2 × 4π × 10 −7
w m1 = 60.68 J / m3
w m2 =
B22
=
(10 2
)
+ 152 + 202 × 10 −6
= 57.7 J / m3
2 μ2 2 × 5 × 4π × 10 −7
239
235
Prob. 8.31
B2 n = B1n = 40a x
40a x 40a x
B2 n = μ2 H 2 n → H 2n =
⎯⎯ =
μ2 50 μo
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2
B2t = B
μ1 1t
B2t B1t (−30a x + 10a y )
H 2t = = =
μ2 μ1 μo
1 40 10−3
H 2 = H 2 n + H 2t = ( , −30,10) ⋅10−3 = (0.8, −30,10)
μo 50 4π ×10−7
H 2 = 0.6366a x − 23.87a y + 7.957a z kA/m
Prob. 8.32
H 2t = H1t = α a x + δ a z
B2 n = B1n → μ2 H 2 n = μ1 H1n
⎯⎯
μ1 μ
H 2n = H1n = r1 β a y
μ2 μr 2
μ
H = α a x + r1 β a y + δ a z
μr 2
Prob. 8.33
B2 n = B1n = 0.6a y
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ1 μ
B1t = B2t = o (1.4a x − 2a z ) = 0.1167a x − 0.1667a z
μ2 12μo
B1 = B1n + B1t = 0.1167a x + 0.6a y − 0.1667a z Wb/m 2
240
236
Prob. 8.34
f ( x, y , z ) = x − y + 2 z
∇f = a x − a y + 2a z
∇f 1
an = = (a x − a y + 2a z )
| ∇f | 6
(a)
(a x − a y + 2a z )
H1n = ( H1 an )an = (40 − 20 − 60)
6
= −6.667a x + 6.667a y − 13.333a z A/m
(b)
H 2 = H 2 n + H 2t
But B 2 n = B1n ⎯⎯ → μ2 H 2 n = μ1 H1n
B2 = μ2 H 2 = μ2 H 2 n + μ 2 H 2t = μ1 H1n + μ 2 H 2t = μo (2 H1n + 5 H 2t )
= 4π × 10−7 [ (−13.333,13.333, −26.667) + (233.333, 66.666, −83.333]
= 4π × 10−7 (220,80, −110)
= 276.5a x + 100.5a y − 138.2a z μ Wb/m 2
Prob. 8.35
an = a ρ
B2 n = B1n = 22 μo a ρ
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 μo
B2t = B1t = (45μo aφ ) = 0.05625μo aφ
μ1 800 μo
Prob. 8.36
241
237
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 B1t = μ1 B2t
μ2 Bo1 (−0.2) sin θ aθ = μo Bo 2 (− sin θ )aθ
μB
μ2 = o o 2 (2)
0.2 Bo1
Substituting (1) into (2) gives
μo
μ2 = (2.6) = 13μo
0.2
Prob. 8.37
(a) H = 1 K × an = 1 (30 − 40)a x × (−a z ) = −5a y A/m
2 2
B = μo H = 6.283a y μ Wb/m2
Prob. 8.38
242
238
Prob. 8.39
(a) The square cross-section of the toroid is shown below. Let (u,v) be the local
coordinates and ρ o =mean radius. Using Ampere’s law around a circle passing
through P, we get
(0, ρ o ) u
NI
H (2π )( ρ o + v) = NI ⎯⎯
→ H=
2π ( ρo + v)
The flux per turn is
a/2 a/2
μo NIa ρo + a / 2
Ψ=
u =− a / 2 v =− a / 2
Bdudv =
2π
ln
ρo − a / 2
N Ψ μo N 2 a 2 ρo + a
L= = ln
I 2π 2 ρo − a
(b) The circular cross-section of the toroid is shown below. Let (r,θ) be the local
coordinates. Consider a point P( r cos θ , ρ o + r sin θ ) and apply Ampere’s law
around a circle that passes through P.
NI NI r sin θ
H (2π )( ρ o + r sin θ ) = NI ⎯⎯
→ H= ≈ 1 −
2π ( ρ o + r sin θ ) 2πρo ρo
r
θ
(0, ρ o )
243
239
a 2π
μ NI r sin θ μ NI a 2
Flux per turn Ψ =
r =0 θ
1 −
2πρ o ρo
rdrdθ =
2πρ o 2
(2π )
N Ψ μ N 2a2
L= =
I 2 ρo
μo N 2lS μo N 2πa 2 μo N 2a 2
L = L' l = = =
l2 2πρ o 2 ρo
Prob. 8.40
1
ρo = (3 + 5) = 4cm
2
a = 2 cm
μo N 2 a 2 ρ o + a
L= ln
2π 2 ρo − a
2π L 2π (45 × 10−6 )
N2 = = = 22, 023.17
2 ρo + a 8+ 2
4π ×10 (2 ×10 ) ln 8 − 2
−7 −2
μo a ln
2
o ρ − a
N = 148.4 or 148
Prob. 8.41
μ L 4π × 10−7
L= o ⎯⎯
→ = = 50 nH/m
8π 8π
244
240
Prob. 8.42
μo μo
Lin = , Lext = ln(b / a )
8π 2π
μo μo
If Lin = 2L ext ⎯⎯→ = ln(b / a)
8π π
1 b
ln(b / a ) = = e1/ 8 = 1.1331
8 a
b = 1.1331a = 7.365 mm
Prob. 8.43
μ 1 b 4π ×10−7
L' = 4 + ln = [0.25 + ln(6 / 2.5)] = 225 nH
2π a 2π
Prob. 8.44
ρo + a b
μo I μ Ib a + ρo
ψ 12 = B1 • dS = dzd ρ = o ln
ρ ρ
= oz =0
2πρ 2π ρo
Nψ 12 N μo b a + ρ o
M 12 = = ln
I 2π ρo
For N = 1,
ψ 12 μo b a + ρ o
M 12 = = ln
I1 2π ρo
4π × 10−7
= (1) ln 2 = 0.1386 μ H
2π
Prob. 8.45
I
H= aρ
2πρ
1 1 I2
wm = μ | H |2 = μ 2 2
2 2 4π ρ
1 I2 1
W = wm dv = μ 2 2 ρ dφ d ρ dz = μ I 2 L ln(b / a)
2 4π ρ 4π
1
= × 4 × 4π × 10−7 (625 × 10−6 )3ln(18 /12) = 304.1 pJ
4π
Alternatively,
1 2 1 μ L b 2 242 μI 2L b
W = LI = ln × I = ln
2 2 2π a 4π a
Prob. 8.46
μr = χ m + 1 = 20
1 1
wm = B1 ⋅ H1 = μH ⋅ H
2 2
1
=
2
(
μ 25x 4 y 2 z 2 + 100x 2 y 4 z 2 + 225x 2 y 2z 4 )
Wm = w dv
m
1 1 2 2 1 2 2
= μ 25 x 4 dx y 2 dy z 2 dz + 100 x 2 dx y 4 dy z 2 dz
2 0 0 −1 0 0 −1
+ 225 x 2 dx y 2 dy zdz
1 2 2
0 0 −1
25μ x 5
1 2 2 1 2 2
y3 z3 x3 y5 z 3
= + 4
2 5 0 3 0 3 −1 3 0 5 0 3 −1
y3 z 5
1 2 2
x3
+ 9
3 0 3 0 5 −1
25μ 1 8 9 4 32 9 9 8 33
= ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
2 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5
25 3600
= × 4π × 10 −7 × 20 ×
2 45
Wm = 25.13 mJ
Prob. 8.47
1 1
μ H 2 dv = 4.5
Copyright © 2015
× 4π × 10−7by Oxford
2 University
W= [200 + 5002 ]10Press
−6
dxdydz
2v 2
POESM_Ch08.indd 245 10/14/2015 12:24:30 PM
25 3600
Sadiku & Kulkarni
= × 4π × 10 −7 × 20 × Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
2 45
Wm = 25.13 mJ 246
Prob. 8.47
1 1
W=
2v μ H 2 dv = 4.5 × 4π × 10−7 [2002 + 5002 ]10−6 dxdydz
2
= 2π (4.5)10 −7 (29 × 10 4 )10 −6 (2)(2)(2)10 −243
6
= 6.56 pJ
Prob. 8.48
Bl
NI = Hl =
μ l
ρo
Bl 1.5 × 0.6π
N= = N
μo μr I 4π ×10−7 × 600 ×12
= 313 turns
Prob. 8.49
F = NI = 400 x 0.5 = 200 A.t
100 6 1.8
Ra = MAt/Wb, R 1 = R2 = MAt/Wb, R3 = MAt/Wb
4π 4π 4π
Ra F
Fa = = 190.8 A.t
Ra + R3 + R1 // R2
Fa 190.8
Ha = = = 19080 A/m
l a 1 × 10 − 2
Prob. 8.50
247
244
Prob. 8.51
Rc
F Ra
lc 42 × 10−2 42 × 106
Rc = = =
μ S 4π × 10−7 × 103 × 4 ×10−4 16π
la 10−3 108
Ra = = =
μo S 4π ×10−7 × 4 ×10−4 16π
1.42 × 108
Ra + Rc =
16π
ψ 16π × 10−6
Ba = = = 88.5 mWb/m 2
S 1.42 × 4 ×10−4
P.E. 8.18
R=
μS
1
= 2πρo = 2π × (5 + 6)10−2 = 11π ×10−2
2
S = 1.5 ×10 (6 − 5)10−2 = 1.5 × 10−4
−2
ψ
F = NI = ψ R = ψ ⎯⎯ → μ=
μS NIS
12 × 10−3 (11π × 10−2 )
μ= −4
= 27.65 × 10−3 H/m
500(2)1.5 ×10
ψ 12 ×10−3
B= = = 80 Wb
S 1.5 × 10−4
248
245
Prob. 8.52
B2S ψ2 4 × 10−6
F= = = = 53.05 kN
2 μo 2μo S 2 × 4π × 10−7 × 0.3 ×10−4
Prob. 8.53
(a) F = NI = 200 x 10-3 x 750 = 150 A.t. ψ
l 10−3
Ra = a = = 3.183 × 107
μo S 25 × 10− 6 μo Rt
lt 2π × 0.1
Rt = = = 6.7 x 107 ℑ
Ra
μo μ r S μo × 300 × 25 × 10− 6
ℑ 150
ψ= = 7 = 15.23 × 10 −7
Ra + Rt 10 (3.183 + 20 / 3)
= 37 mN
ℑ 150
(b) If μt → ∞, Rt = 0, ψ = =
Ra 3.183 × 107
F2 = 1.885 μN
Prob. 8.54
ψ2 ψ2 ψ1
ψ1
ℑ ℑ
Ra Ra
Ra Ra
Ra/2
ℑ 2ℑ ℑ
ψ 1 = 2ψ 2 ,ψ 1 = = →ψ2 =
3 R 3Ra 3Ra
2 a
ψ 2 ψ 3ψ 1
2
ℑ2
ℑ = 2 2 + 1 = =
2μo S 2 μo S 4 μo S 3Ra μo S
2
249
246
Prob. 8.55
ℑ ℑ = NI
Rs
Ra Rs Ra
Rs/2
250
247
CHAPTER 9
P.E. 9.1
(a) Vemf = ( u × B ) ⋅ dl = uBl = 8 ( 0.5 )( 0.1) = 0.4 V
Vemf 0.4
(b) I = = = 20 mA
R 20
(d) P = FU = I 2 R = 8 mW
or P=
Vemf
=
(0.4)2 = 8 mW
R 20
P.E. 9.2
(a) Vemf = ( u × B ) ⋅ dl
where B = Bo a y = Bo ( sin φ a ρ + cos φ aφ ) , Bo = 0.05 Wb/m2
At t = 1ms,
Vemf = −6π cos 0.1π = − 17.93 mV
Vemf
i= = −60π cos(100π .t ) mA
R
At t = 3ms, i = −60π cos 0.3π = −110.8 mA
(b) Method 1:
ρ o zo
Ψ = B ⋅ dS = Bot ( cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ) ⋅ d ρ dzaφ = − Bot sin φ d ρ dz = − Bo ρo zot sin φ
0 0
∂Ψ
Vemf = − = Bo ρ o zo cos ωt − Bo ρo zotω sin ωt
∂t
251
248
= 24 [ cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ] μV
Method 2:
∂B
Vemf = − • dS + (u × B ).dl
∂t
B = Bo ta x = Bot (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ), φ = ωt + π
2
∂B
= Bo (cos φ aρ − sin φ aφ )
∂t
Note that only explicit dependence of B on time is accounted for, i.e. we make φ
= Bo ρo zo (sin φ − ωt cos φ ), φ = ωt + π
2
= 20.5μV
At t = 3ms,
i = 240[cos54o − .03π sin 54o ]mA
= -41.93 mA
P.E. 9.3
dψ dψ
V1 = − N 1, V2 = − N 2
dt dt
V2 N 2 N 300 × 120
= → V2 = 2 V1 = = 72V
V1 N 1 N1 500
P.E. 9.4
∂D
(a) Jd = = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y A / m 2
∂t
252
249
∂H z
(b) ∇ × H = Jd → − a y = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y
∂x
20ωε o
or H = cos(ωt − 50 x)a z
50
∂H ∂E y
(c) ∇ × E = − μo → a z = 0.4 μoω 2ε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a z
∂t ∂x
ω2
1000 = 0.4μoε oω = 0.4 2
c2
10
or ω = 1.5 x 10 rad/s
P.E. 9.5
2 2
2∠45o
(a) 3 1+ j
j
2− j
= − j o
5∠ − 26.56
= − j 2 ∠143.13o
5 ( )
= 0.24 + j0.32
o
(b) 6∠30o + j 5 − 3 + e j 45 = 5.196 + j 3 + j 5 − 3 + 0.7071(1 + j )
= 2.903 + j8.707
P.E. 9.6
4 4 2 (
P = 2sin(10t + x − π )a y = 2 cos 10t + x − π − π a y , w = 10 )
= Re 2e ( j ( x − 3π )
4
)
a y e jwt = Re ( Ps e jwt )
j ( x −3π )
i.e. Ps = 2e 4
ay
Q = Re ( Qs e jwt ) = Re ( e j ( x + wt ) (a x − a z ) ) sin π y
P.E. 9.7
∂H 1 ∂ 1 ∂
−μ = ∇× E = ( Eφ sin θ )ar − (rEφ )aθ
∂t r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r
P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = − B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
Prob. 9.1
= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
Measuring the induced
= 0.4738 sin377temf
V in the clockwise253
direction,
Vemf = (u × B )dl
P.E. 9.10
1.2 0
V = (u × Bx)dl z
= (5a × 0.2a )dya y + (15a x × 0.2a z )dya x
0 1.2
1.2 0
u = =ρω
- aφ(1)
, dyB− = Bo ady
(3) z
0 1.2
1 ω Bo 2
V == −1.2
ρω+B1.2
o d ρ×=3 = ω
− B
1.2
o ρ+
2
3.6=
ρ =0 2 0 2
= 2.4 V
30
= × 60 × 10−3 (8 × 10−2 ) 2 = 5.76 mV
2
Prob. 9.8
Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z <
= x / 3 = 5t / 3
Vemf = (u × B )dl = 5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−
254
Prob. 9.1
Prob. 9.2
Prob. 9.3
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
Vemf = − = − B • dS = − dxdya z
∂t ∂t ∂t
0.1 0.8
= 30π × 40sin(30π t − 3 y)dxdy
y =0 x =0
mV
0.8 0.1
= 1200π dx sin(30π t − 3 y)dy
0 0
1 0.1
= 1200π (0.8) − cos(30π t − 3 y )
−3 0
= 320π [ cos(30π t − 0.3) − cos(30π t ) ] mV
Vemf Vemf
320π
I= = [ −2sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(−0.15)]
=
R 10 + 4 14
= 143.62sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(0.15)
I = 21.46sin(30π t − 0.15) mA
P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = − B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
POESM_Ch09.indd 254 10/14/2015 12:47:12 PM
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
255
252
Prob. 9.4
∂ ∂B
Vemf = − B • dS = − • dS
∂t ∂t
= - (-4ω )sin ωt x 2 + y 2 dxdy = 4ω sin ωt x 2 + y 2 dxdy
We change variables from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates.
2π 3
ρ3 3
Vemf = 4ω sin ωt
φ =0 ρ =0
ρ ⋅ ρ d ρ dφ = 4ω sin ωt (2π )
3 0
= 72πω sin ωt = 226.2ω sin ωt V
Prob. 9.5
μI
B = o ( −a x )
2π y
a ρ +a
μo I dzdy μo Ia ρ + a
ψ = B • dS = ρ = ln
2π z =0 y =
y 2π ρ
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ρ μ Ia d
Vemf = − =− • = − o uo [ln( ρ + a ) − ln ρ ]
∂t ∂ρ ∂t 2π dρ
μ o Ia 1 1 μ o a 2 Iu o
=− uo − =
2π ρ + a ρ 2πρ ( ρ + a)
where ρ = ρo + u o t
Prob. 9.6
ρ +a
μo I 3μ I ρ + a
Vemf = ρ 3a z ×
2πρ
aφ • d ρ a ρ = − o ln
2π ρ
4π × 10 −7 60
=− × 15 × 3 ln = −9.888μV
2π 20
Thus the induced emf = 9.888μV, point A at higher potential.
Prob. 9.7
∂ψ ∂ dS
Vemf = − N = − N B dS = − NB
∂t ∂t dt
d dφ
= − NB ( ρφ ) = − NBρ = − NBρω
dt dt
= −50(0.2)(30 × 10−4 )(60) = −1.8V
Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z <
= x / 3 = 5t / 3
Vemf = (u × B )dl = 5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−
Method 2:
The flux linkage is given by
5t x. 3
2
ψ=
x = o y =− x / 3
0.6 xdxdy = 0.6 ×
3
×125t 3 / 3 = 28,8675t 3
dψ
Vemf = − = −86.602t 2
dt
Prob. 9.9
Prob. 9.10
u
B
B
u θ
257
254
Prob. 9.11
dψ 0.19
Vemf = N = 10 = 95V
dt 0.02
Vemf 95
I= = = 6.33 A
R 15
Prob. 9.12
V = (u × B ) • dl , where u = ρω aφ , B = Bo a z
ρ2
ω Bo
V= ρω B d ρ =
ρ
o
2
( ρ 2 2 − ρ 21 )
1
60 ×15
V= • 10−3 (100 − 4) • 10−4 = 4.32 mV
2
Prob. 9.13
Vs
J ds = jωDs → J ds = ωεE s = ωε
max
d
10−9 2π × 20 × 106 × 50
= ×
36π 0.2 × 10− 3
= 277.8 A/m2
1000
I ds = J ds • S = × 2.8 × 10 − 4 = 77.78 mA
3.6
Prob. 9.14
∂D ∂E
Jc = σ E, Jd = =ε
∂t ∂t
| J c |= σ | E |, | J d |= εω | E |
If I c = I d , then | J c |=| J d | → σ = εω
⎯⎯
σ
ω = 2π f =
ε
σ 4
f = = = 8 GHz
2πε 10−9
2π × 9 ×
36π
258
255
Jc σE σ
Prob. 9.15 = =
J d ωεE ωε
σ 2 × 10−3
(a) = = 0.444 × 10−3
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 81×
36π
σ 25
(b) = = 5.555
ωε 10−9
2π ×10 × 81×
9
36π
σ 2 × 10−4
(c) = = 7.2 × 10−4
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 5 ×
36π
Prob. 9.16
J d ωε E ωε σ 10−4
= = =1 → ω= =
⎯⎯ = 12π × 105
J σE σ ε 10 −9
3×
36π
2π f = 12π × 105 ⎯⎯
→ f = 600 kHz
Prob. 9.17
Prob. 9.18
∇ • Es =
ρs
(a)
ε ,∇ • Hs = 0
∇ × E s = jωμ H s , ∇ × H s = (σ − jωε ) E s
259
256
Prob. 9.19
∂B ∂D
∇× E = − , ∇× H =
∂t ∂t
260
257
Prob. 9.20
∇ E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (1)
∇ H = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (2)
∂H
∇ × E = −μ ⎯⎯
→ (3)
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇× E =
0 E y ( x, t ) 0
∂E y
= a z = − Eo sin x cos ta z
∂x
1 Eo
μ
H =− ∇ × Edt = sin× sin ta z
μ o
∂E
∇× H = ε ⎯⎯
→ (4)
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇× H =
0 0 H z ( x, t )
∂H z E
=− a y = − o cos x sin ta y
∂x μo
1 Eo
ε
E = ∇ × Hdt = cos x cos ta y
με o
which is off the given E by a factor. Thus, Maxwell’s equations (1) to (3) are satisfied,
but (4) is not. The only way (4) is satisfied is for μoε = 1 which is not true.
Prob. 9.21
∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂J ∂2 E
∇×∇× E = − ∇ × B = −μ ∇ × H = −μ − με 2
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
261
258
But
∇ × ∇ × E = ∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E
∂J ∂2 E
∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E = − μ − με 2 , J =σ E
∂t ∂t
∂E ∂2 E
∇ E = μσ
2
+ με 2
∂t ∂t
Prob. 9.22
∂ρv
∇ • J = (0 + 0 + 3 z 2 )sin104 t = −
∂t
3z 2
ρv = − ∇ • Jdt = − 3z sin10 tdt = 4 cos104 t + Co
2 4
10
If ρ v |z =0 = 0, then Co = 0 and
Prob. 9.23
2
∂D ∂E 50ε o 4.421× 10−2
Jd = = εo = (−10 ) sin(10 t − kz )a ρ = −
8 8
sin(108 t − kz )a ρ A/m
∂t ∂t ρ ρ
∂H
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
∂Eρ 50k
∇× E = aφ = sin(108 t − kz )aφ
∂z ρ
1 1 50k
H =−
μo ∇ × Edt = 4π ×10 −7
10 ρ
8
cos(108 t − kz )aφ
2.5k
H= cos(108 t − kz )aφ A/m
2πρ
∂H φ 2.5k 2
∇× H = − aρ = − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
∂z 2πρ
262
259
4.421x10−2 −2.5k 2
∇ × H = Jd ⎯⎯
→ − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ = sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
ρ 2πρ
2π
k2 = × 4.421× 10−2 ⎯⎯
→ k = 0.333
2.5
Prob. 9.24
∂D ∂E 1
∇× H = J + = 0+ε ⎯⎯ → E = ∇ × Hdt
∂t ∂t ε
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 10β sin(ωt + β x)a y
0 0 10 cos(ωt + β x)
1 −10 β
ε
E= 10 β sin(ωt + β x) dta y = cos(ωt + β x)a y
ωε
∂H 1
μ
But ∇ × E = − μ → H =−
⎯⎯ ∇ × Edt
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 10 β 2
∇× E = = sin(ωt + β x)a z
−10 β ωε
0 cos(ωt + β x) 0
ωε
1 10β 2 10β 2
μ ωε
H =− sin(ωt + β x)dta z = cos(ωt + β x)a z
ω 2 με
Comparing this with the given H,
10 β 2 10−9
10 = → β = ω με = 2π × 109 4π ×10−7 ×
⎯⎯ × 81
ω 2 με 36π
β = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
−10β
E= cos(ωt + β x )a y = −148cos(ωt + β x )a y V / m
ωε
263
260
Prob. 9.25
D = ε o E = ε o Eo cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂B
∇× E = − → B = − ∇ × Edt
⎯⎯
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× E = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − β Eo sin(ωt − β z )a y
Eo cos(ωt − β z ) 0 0
β Eo
B= cos(ωt − β z )a y
ω
B β Eo
H= = cos(ωt − β z )a y
μo μoω
Prob. 9.26
∂D
(a) J d = ⎯⎯ → D = J d dt
dt
−60 ×10−3
D= cos(109 t − β z )a x = −60 × 10−12 cos(109 t − β z )a x C/m 2
109
∂H D ∂H
∇× E = μ ⎯⎯ → ∇ × = −μ
∂t ε ∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
D 1 1
∇× = = (−60)(−1) ×10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a x
ε ε ε
Dx 0 0
60β
= × 10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a y
ε
1 D 1 60 β 10−12
H =−
μ ∇×
ε μ
dt = − (−1)
ε
× 9 cos(109 t − β z )a y
10
60β
= × 10−21 cos(109 t − β z )a y A/m
με
264
261
(b) ∇ × H = J + Jφ = 0 + J d
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
(− β )(−1)60β
Jd = ∇ × H = = × (10−21 ) sin(109 t − β z )a x
με
0 Hy 0
Prob. 9.27
∂H 1
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
⎯⎯
→ H =−
μo ∇ × Edt
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇× E = (rEθ )aφ = [10sin θ cos(ωt − β r )] aφ
r ∂r r ∂r
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
r
10β
H =− sin θ sin(ωt − β r )dtaφ
μr
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
ωμo r
Prob. 9.28
(a) ∇ • A = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ E z ( x, t )
∇× A = =− ay ≠ 0
∂x
0 0 E z ( x, t )
265
262
(b) ∇•B =0
1 ∂
∇× B = [10 cos(ωt − 2ρ )] az ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ
1 ∂ sin φ sin ωt
(c) ∇•C =
ρ ∂ρ
( 3ρ 3
cot φ sin ωt −) ρ2
≠0
1 ∂ ∂
∇×C = ( cos φ sin ωt ) a z − 3ρ 2 (cot φ sin ωt )a z ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
No, C cannot be an EM field.
1 ∂
(d) ∇ • D = 2 sin(ωt − 5r ) (sin 2 θ ) ≠ 0
r sin θ ∂θ
∂ Dθ 1 ∂ 1
∇× D = − ar + (rDθ )aφ = sin θ (−5) sin(ωt − 5r )aφ ≠ 0
∂φ r ∂r r
Prob. 9.29
266
263
Rearranging terms and then taking the volume integral of both sides:
∂
∇ • ( E × H )dv = − ∂t 1 2 ( E • D + H • B)dv − J • Edv
v v v
∂W
( E × H ) • dS = −
s
∂t v
− J • Edv
∂W
or = − ( E × H ) • dS − E • Jdv as required.
∂t s v
Prob. 9.30
∂B
− = ∇ × E = β Eo sin(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z )
∂t
∂H 1
−μ = ∇× E ⎯⎯ → H = - ∇ × Edt
∂t μ
β Eo
H= cos(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z ) A/m
μω
∂E 1
∇× H = σ E +ε
∂t
(σ = 0) ⎯⎯
→ E=
ε ∇ × Hdt
But
1 ∂ Hθ 1 ∂ 12sin θ
∇× H = − ar + (rHθ )aφ = β sin(2π ×108 t − β r )aφ
r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r
12sin θ
E= β sin(2π ×108 t − β r )dtaφ
εo
12sin θ
=− β cos(ωt − β r )aφ , ω = 2π ×108
ωε o r
267
264
Prob. 9.32
With the given A, we need to prove that
∂2 A
∇ 2 A = με 2
∂t
∇ A = με ( jω )( jω ) A = −ω 2 με A
2
−1 ∂ μo − j β r jωt −1 − j β 1 − jβ r jωt
= e e = − 2 e e cos θ
jωμoε o ∂r 4π r jωε o (4π ) r r
cos θ 1 j (ωt − β r )
V= jβ + e
j 4πωε o r r
Prob. 9.33
Take the curl of both sides of the equation.
∂
∇ × E = −∇ × ∇V − ∇× A
∂t
But ∇ × ∇V = 0 and B =∇ × A. Hence,
∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
which is Faraday's law.
Prob. 9.34
∂Az x ∂V ∂V x x
∇⋅ A = = , = − xc, − μ oε o = 2c=
∂z c ∂t ∂t c c
(a)
∂V
Hence, ∇ ⋅ A = − μoε o
∂t
268
265
∂A ∂V ∂V
E = −∇V − = − ax + a z + xa z = −( za x + xa z ) + xa z
(b) ∂t ∂x ∂z
E = − za x
Prob. 9.35
∂V
∇ A = 0 = − με → V = constant
⎯⎯
∂t
∂A
(a) E = −∇V − = 0 − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂t
= − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x
Prob. 9.36
(a)
z = 4∠30o − 10∠50o = 3.464 + 2 j − 6.427 − j 7.66 = −2.963 − j5.66
= 6.389∠ − 117.64o
z1/ 2 = 2.5277∠ − 58.82o
(b)
1 + j2 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o
= =
6 − j 8 − 7 ∠ 15 o 6 − j 8 − 7 .761 − j1.812 9.841∠ 265.57 o
= 0.2272∠ − 202.1o
= 1.387 ∠ 176 .8 o
(d)
1.897 ∠ − 100 o
= 0.0349 ∠ − 68 o
. ∠ 90 o )(9.434∠ − 122 o )
(576
Prob. 9.37
(a) A = 5cos(2t + π / 3 − π / 2)a x + 3cos(2t + 30o )a y = Re( As e jωt ), ω = 2
o o
As = 5e − j 30 a x + 3e j 30 a y
269
266
100
(b) B = cos(ωt − 2π z − 90o )a ρ
ρ
100 o
Bs = e − j (2π z +90 ) a ρ
ρ
cos θ
(c) C = cos(ωt − 3r − 90o )aθ
r
cos θ − j (3r +90o )
Cs = e az
r
Prob. 9.39
We can use Maxwell’s equations or borrow ideas from chapter 10.
μ 1 120π
η= = ηo =
ε εr 9
Eo 10 × 9
Ho = = = 0.2387
η 120π
ω 2π ×109
β = ω με = εr = 81 = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
c 3 × 108
Prob. 9.40
(a)
H = Re 40e j (10 t − β z ) a x , ω = 109
9
= Re 40e − jβ z a x e jωt = Re H s e jωt
H s = 40e− jβ z a x
(b)
∂ ∂ ∂
Jd = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z
40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
2
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m
Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2
= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )
40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m
2 270
Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2
= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )
271
CHAPTER 10
P. E. 10.1 (a)
2π 2π
T= = = 31.42 ns,
ω 2 × 108
k = β = 2π / λ = 0.6667 rad/m
(c)
π
H (t = t1 ) = 0.1cos(2 × 108 − 2 x / 3)a y = 0.1cos(2 x / 3 − π / 4)a y
8 × 108
as sketched below.
μ oε o ω 16
α =ω μrε r ( xo − 1) = xo − 1
2 c 2
α c 1 / 3 × 3 × 108 1
or xo − 1 = = = xo = 9 / 8
ω 8 108 8 8
81 σ
xo 2 = = 1 + (σ / ωε ) 2 = 0.5154
64 ωε
272
β x +1
= o = 17
α xo − 1
17
(a) β = α 17 = = 1.374 rad/m
3
σ
(b) = 0.5154
ωε
μ / ε 120π 2 / 8
(c) | η |= = = 177.72
xo 9/8
η = 177.72∠13.63o Ω
ω 108
(d) u= = = 7.278 × 107 m/s
β 1.374
(e) a H = ak × a E ⎯⎯
→ a z × a x = aH ⎯⎯
→ aH = a y
0.5 − z / 3
H= e sin(108 t − β z − 13.63o )a y = 2.817e − z /3 sin(108 t − β z − 13.63o )a y mA/m
177.5
2π
(b) λ = = 2π / 2 = 3.142 m
β
ω 108
f = = = 15.92 MHz
2π 2π
ω
β = ω με = ω μoε o μrε r = (1)ε r
c
3 × 108 × 2
or ε r = β c / ω = =6 ε r = 36
108
120π
(c) θη = 0,| η |= μ / ε = μo / ε o 1 / ε r = = 20π
6
ak = a E × a H −a z = a y × a H aH = ax
273
50
H= sin(ωt + β z )a x = 795.8sin(108 t + 2 z )a x mA/m
20π
P. E. 10.4 (a)
σ 10−2
= = 0.09
ωε 10−9
10 π × 4 ×
9
36π
με ω
2
1 σ σ 109 π
α ≅ω 1 + − 1 = μ ε
r r = (2)(0.09) = 0.9425 Np/m
2 2 ωε 2c ωε 2 × 3 × 108
με 109 π
2
1 σ
β ≅ω 1 + + 1= 2[2 + 0.5(0.09) 2 ] = 20.965 rad/m
2 2 ωε 3 × 108
At t = 2ns, y = 1m,
10π
(b) β y = 10o = rad
180
or
π 1 π
y= = = 8.325 mm
18 β 18 × 20.965
1 1 1
y= ln(1 / 0.6) = ln = 542 mm
α 0.9425 0.6
(d)
μ /ε 60π
| η |≅ = = 188.11 Ω
1 1.002
[1 + (0.09) 2 ]
4
274
a H = ak × a E = a y × a z = a x
30 −0.9425 y
H= e cos(109 π t − 20.96 y + π / 4 − 2.571o )a x
188.11
At y = 2m, t = 2ns,
P. E. 10.5
w∞ w ∞
J xs (0) wδ
I s = J xs dydz = J xs (0) dy e− z (1+ j ) / δ dz =
0 0 0 0
1+ j
J xs (0) wδ
| I s |=
2
P. E. 10.6 (a)
(b)
Rac 1.3 × 10−3
= π × 2 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 3.5 × 107 = 341.7
Rdc 2
P. E. 10.7
275
P. E. 10.8
1
Pave = η H o 2a x
2
∇f a + ay
an = = x , dS = dSan
| ∇f | 2
1 a + ay
Pt = P.dS =P.San = η H o 2a x . x
2 2
1
= (120π )(0.2) 2 (0.1) 2 = 53.31 mW
2 2
1
(b) dS = dydzax , Pt = P.dS = η H o2S
2
1
Pt = (120π )(0.2) 2 π (0.05) 2 = 59.22 mW
2
μ ηo
P. E. 10.9 η1 = ηo = 120π ,η 2 = =
ε 2
2η2 η −η
τ= = 2 / 3, Γ = 2 1 = −1 / 3
η2 + η1 η2 + η1
10
Ero = ΓEio = −
3
10 j β1 z
Ers = − e a x V/m
3
where β1 = ω / c = 100π / 3 .
20
Eto = τ Eio =
3
20 − j β2 z
Ets = e a x V/m
3
276
P. E. 10.10
ω 2ω
α1 = 0, β1 = μrε r = → ω = 5c / 2 = 7.5 × 108
= 5 ⎯⎯
c c
σ2 0.1
= = 1.2π
ωε 2 8 10−9
7.5 × 10 × 4 ×
36π
ω 4
α2 = 1 + 1.44π 2 − 1 = 6.021
c 2
ω 4
β2 = 1 + 1.44π 2 + 1 = 7.826
c 2
60π
| η 2 |= = 95.445,η1 = 120π ε r1 = 754
4
1 + 1.44π 2
η2 = 95.445∠37.57o
(a)
η2 − η1 95.445∠37.57 o − 754
Γ= = = 0.8186∠171.08o
η2 + η1 95.445∠37.57 + 754
o
τ = 1 + Γ = 0.2295∠33.56o
1+ | Γ | 1 + 0.8186
s= = = 10.025
1− | Γ | 1 − 0.8186
o o
Ero = ΓEio = 0.8186e j171.08 (50) = 40.93e j171.08
o
Ers = 40.93e j 5 x + j171.08 a y
a H = ak × a E = −a x × a y = −a z
277
40.93
Hr = - sin(ωt + 5 x + 171.1o )a z = −0.0543sin(ωt + 5 x + 171.1o )a z A/m
754
(c)
o o
Eto = τ Eio = 0.229e j 33.56 (50) = 11.475e j 33.56
o
Ets = 11.475e− j β2 x + j 33.56 e−α 2 x a y
a H = ak × a E = a x × a y = a z
11.495 −6.021x
Ht = e sin(ωt − 7.826 x + 33.56o − 37.57 o )a z
95.445
(d)
Eio 2 Ero 2 1
P1ave = ax + ( −a x ) = [502 a x − 40.932 a x ] = 0.5469a x W/m2
2η1 2η1 2(240π )
P. E. 10.11 (a)
→ k = 22 + 42 = 20
k = −2a y + 4a z ⎯⎯
λ = 2π / k = 1.405m
ak × E (−2a y + 4a z )
(b) H = = × (10a y + 5a z ) cos(ωt − k.r )
ηo 20(120π )
278
| Eo |2 125 (−2a y + 4a z )
(c) Pave = ak = = −74.15a y + 148.9a z mW/m2
2ηo 2(120π ) 20
P. E. 10.12 (a)
y
ki
kt
θi
θr
z
kr
kiy 2
tan θi = = →θi = 26.56 = θ r
⎯⎯
kiz 4
μ1 ε1 1
sin θt = sin θi = sin 26.56o ⎯⎯
→θt = 12.92o
μ2 ε 2 2
tan(θt − θi ) tan(−13.64o )
Γ\ \ = = = −0.2946
tan(θt + θi ) tan(39.48o )
2cos 26.56o sin12.92o
τ \\ = = 0.6474
sin 39.48o cos(−13.64o )
Only the positive sign will satisfy the boundary conditions. It is evident that
279
Since θ r = θi ,
β1 sin θ r = 2, β1 cosθ r = 4
i.e.
Er = −(2.946a y − 1.473az ) cos(ωt + 2 y + 4 z )
V/m
β 2 = ω μ2ε 2 = β1 ε r 2 = 2 20
1 1 9
sin θt = sin θi = , cosθt =
2 2 5 20
19
β 2 cosθt = 2 20 = 8.718
20
19
Eot cosθt = τ / / Eoi cosθt = 0.6474 125 = 7.055
20
1
Eot sin θt = τ / / Eoi sin θt = 0.6474 125 = 1.6185
20
Hence
ε2
(d) tan θ B / / = →θ B / / = 63.43o
= 2 ⎯⎯
ε1
280
P.E. 10.13
1 + 0.4 1.4
Si = = = 2.333
1 − 0.4 0.6
1 + 0.2 1.2
So = = = 1.5
1 − 0.2 0.8
(b)
2π 2π
T= = = 1μ s
ω 2π × 106
2π 2π
λ= = = 1.047m
β 6
ω 2π × 106
u= = = 1.047 × 106 m/s
β 6
2π T π
At t=T/8, Ez = 25sin( − 6 x) = 25sin( − 6 x)
T 8 4
2π T
At t=T/4, Ez = 25sin( − 6 x) = 25sin(−6 x + 90o ) = 25cos 6 x
T 4
2π T
At t=T/2, Ez = 25sin( − 6 x) = 25sin(−6 x + π ) = 25sin 6 x
T 2
281
Prob. 10.2
(a)
∂E
= − sin( x + ωt ) − sin( x − ωt )
∂x
∂2E
= − cos( x + ωt ) − cos( x − ωt ) = − E
∂x 2
∂E
= −ω sin( x + ωt ) − ω sin( x − ωt )
∂t
∂2E
2
= −ω 2 cos( x + ωt ) − ω 2 cos( x − ωt ) = −ω 2 E
∂t
∂2E 2
2 ∂ E
2
− u 2
= −ω 2 E + u 2 E = 0
∂t ∂x
if ω = u 2 and hence, eq. (10.1) is satisfied.
2
(b) u = ω
Prob. 10.3
(a) ω = 108 rad/s
ω 108
(b) β = = = 0.333 rad/m
c 3 × 108
2π
(c) λ = = 6π = 18.85 m
β
(d) Along -ay
At y=1, t=10ms,
1
(e) H = 0.5cos(108 t × 10 × 10−9 + × 3) = 0.5cos(1 + 1)
3
= −0.1665 A/m
282
Prob. 10.4
c 3 × 108
(a) λ = = = 5 × 106 m
f 60
3 × 108
(b) λ = = 150 m
2 × 106
3 × 108
(c) λ = = 2.5 m
120 × 106
3 × 108
(d) λ = = 0.125 m
2.4 × 109
Prob. 10.5 If
| γ 2 |= (α 2 − β 2 ) + 4α 2 β 2 = (α 2 + β 2 ) 2 = α 2 + β 2
i.e.
α 2 + β 2 = ωμ (σ 2 + ω 2ε 2 ) (1)
Re(γ 2 ) = α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 με
β 2 − α 2 = ω 2 με (2)
με
2
σ
α =ω 1+ − 1
2 ωε
με
2
σ
β =ω 1 + + 1
2 ωε
283
j j
∇ × E = − jωμ H s Hs = ∇ × Es = (−γ Eo e −γ z a y )
ωμ ωμ
Eo jγ
But H s ( z ) = H o e −γ z a y , hence H o = =− Eo
η ωμ
jωμ
η=
γ
jωμ jωμ μ /ε
η= = =
jωμ (σ + jωε ) σ + jωε σ
1− j
ωε
−1
μ /ε ωε σ
| η |= , tan 2θη = =
2 σ ωε
σ
4 1+
ωε
σ 8 × 10−2
= =8
ωε 10−9
2π × 50 × 10 × 3.6 ×
6
36π
με
2
σ 2π × 50 × 106 2.1 × 3.6
α =ω 1 + − 1 = [ 65 − 1] = 5.41
2 ωε 3 × 108 2
με
2
σ
β =ω 1 + + 1 = 6.129
2 ωε
γ = α + j β = 5.41 + j 6.129 /m
2π 2π
(b) λ= = = 1.025 m
β 6.129
284
ω 2π × 50 × 106
(c) u= = = 5.125 × 107 m/s
β 6.129
μ 2.1
120π
(d) | η |= ε = 3.6 = 101.4
4
2 65
σ
4 1+
ωε
σ
tan 2θη = →θη = 41.44o
= 8 ⎯⎯
ωε
η = 101.41∠41.44o Ω
Es 6 6 o
(e) H s = ak × = a x × e −γ z a z = − e −γ z a y = −59.16e − j 41.44 e −γ z a y mA/m
η η η
Prob. 10.7
σ 10−2
(a) tan θ = = = 1.5
ωε 10−9
2π × 12 × 10 × 10 × 6
36π
−4
10
(b) tan θ = −9
= 3.75 × 10−2
10
2π × 12 × 106 × 4 ×
36π
4
(c) tan θ = = 74.07
10−9
2π × 12 × 10 × 81 ×
6
36π
Prob. 10.8
(a)
με 2π × 15 × 109 1 × 9.6
2
σ 1 + 9 × 10−8 − 1
α =ω 1+ − 1=
2 ωε 3 × 10 8
2
1
= 100π 4.8 × 9 × 10−8 = 0.146
2
1
δ = = 6.85 m
α
(b) A = α = 0.146 × 5 × 10−3 = 0.73 × 10−3 Np
285
Prob. 10.9
The phase difference is θη
σ 8 × 10−3
tan 2θη = = = 1.8
ωε 10−9
2π × 20 × 10 × 4 ×
6
36π
2θη = 60.9o ⎯⎯→ θη = 30.47o
Prob. 10.10
For silver, the loss tangent is
σ 6.1 × 107
= −9
= 6.1 × 18 × 108 1
ωε 10
2π × 108 ×
36π
Hence, silver is a good conductor
For rubber,
σ 10−15 18
= −9
= × 10−14 1
ωε 10 3.1
2π × 108 × 3.1 ×
36π
Hence, rubber is a poor conductor or a good insulator.
Prob. 10.11
σ 4
= = 9,000 >> 1
ωε 2π × 10 × 80 × 10−9 / 36π
5
ωμσ 2π × 105
α =β = = × 4π × 10−7 × 4 = 0.4π
2 2
2π × 105
(a) u =ω / β = = 5 × 105 m/s
0.4π
2π
(b) λ = 2π / β = =5 m
0.4π
1
(c) δ = 1 / α = = 0.796 m
0.4π
286
μ
ε μ ωε 4π × 10−7 × 2π × 105
| η |= ≅ = = 0.4443
2 ε σ 4
σ
4 1+
ωε
η = 0.4443∠45o Ω
Prob. 10.12
σ 1
= =4.5
ωε 10−9
2π × 10 × 4 ×
9
36π
με
2
σ
α =ω 1 + − 1
2 ωε
4π 10−9
= 2π × 109 × 10−7 × 4 × 9 × 1 + 4.52 − 1
2 36π
= 20π 2[ 21.25 − 1] = 168.8 Np/m
με
2
σ
β =ω 1+ + 1 = 20π 2[ 21.25 + 1] = 210.5 rad/m
2 ωε
σ
tan 2θη = = 4.5 ⎯⎯→ θη = 38.73o
ωε
μ /ε 120π 9 / 4
| η |= = = 263.38
2 4
σ 1 + 4.52
4 1+
ωε
η = 263.38∠38.73o Ω
ω 2π × 109
u= = = 2.985 × 107 m/s
β 210.5
287
Prob. 10.13
α c 100 × 3 × 108 15
ε r (1 / 3) = = =
ω 2π × 109 π
1
εr = 4.776 ⎯⎯
→ ε r = 14.32
3
σ 4
tan 2θη = = ⎯⎯
→ θη = 26.57o
ωε 3
377
μ /ε
| η |= 4 = 14.32 = 77.175
1+ x 5/3
Eo =| η | H o = 77.175 × 50 × 10−3 = 3.858
a E = − (a k × a H ) = − ( a x × a y ) = − a z
E = −3.858e −100 x cos(2π × 109 t − 200 x + 26.57o )a z V/m
2
σ
(b) Let x = 1+
ωε
1/ 2
α x −1
=
β x + 1
ω μrε r
But α= x −1
c 2
288
αc 0.1 × 3 × 108
x −1 = = = 0.06752 ⎯⎯
→ x = 1.0046
μrε r π × 108 2
ω
2
1/ 2 1/ 2
x +1 2.0046
β = α = 0.1 = 2.088
x −1 0.0046
2π
λ = 2π / β = = 3m
2.088
μ /ε 377
(c) | η |= = = 188.1
x 2 1.0046
2
σ
x = 1+ = 1.0046
ωε
σ
= 0.096 = tan 2θη ⎯⎯
→θη = 2.74o
ωε
η = 188.1∠2.74o Ω
Eo = η H o = 12 × 188.1 = 2257.2
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ a E × a x = a y ⎯⎯
→ aE = az
289
Prob. 10.15
ω
(a) β = 6.5 = ω μoε o =
c
ω = β c = 6.5 × 3 × 10 = 1.95 × 109 rad/s 8
2π 2π
λ= = 0.9666 m =
β 6.5
(b) For z=0, Ez = 0.2cos ωt
2π λ
For z=λ /2, Ez = 0.2cos(ωt − ) = −0.2cos ωt
λ 2
The two waves are sketched below.
300
z = 0
z = λ/2
200
Amplitude (mV / m)
100
-100
-200
-300
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Time t (ns)
290
Prob. 10.16
c 3 × 108
u= = = 8.66 × 107 m/s
ε r μr 3× 4
u 8.66 × 107
λ= = = 1.443 m
f 60 × 106
μr 4
η = ηo = 377 = 435.32 Ω
εr 3
(b) β = 6, ω = 2 × 108 ,
ω
β = ω με = μrε r
c
6 × 3 × 108
εr = βc / ω = =9 ⎯⎯
→ ε r = 81
2 × 108
10−9
ε = ε oε r = × 81 = 7.162 × 10−10 F/m
36π
120π
(c) η = μ / ε = μo / ε o μr / ε r = = 41.89 Ω
9
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ a E × a y = −a x ⎯⎯
→ aE = az
σ 10−6
Prob. 10.18 (a) = −9
= 3.6 × 10−4 << 1
ωε 10
2π × 107 × 5 ×
36π
2π × 107
(b) β = ω με = 5 × 750 = 12.83 rad/m
3 × 108
291
2π 2π
λ= = = 0.49 m
β 12.83
μr 750
(d) η = μ / ε = 120π = 120π = 4.62 kΩ
εr 5
Prob. 10.19
(a) E = Re[ E s e jωt ] = (5a x + 12a y )e −0.2 z cos(ωt − 3.4 z )
2π T π
At z = 4m, t = T/8, ωt = =
T 8 4
2
σ
(c) Let x = 1+
ωε
1/ 2
α x −1 1
= = 0.2 / 3.4 =
β x + 1 17
x −1
= 1 / 289 ⎯⎯⎯
→ x = 1.00694
x +1
ω
α = ω με / 2 x − 1 = εr / 2 x −1
c
εr αc
0.2 × 3 × 108
= = = 7.2 ⎯⎯
→ ε r = 103.68
2 ω x − 1 108 0.00694
μo 1
.
εo εr 120π
| η |= = = 36.896
x 103.68 × 1.00694
292
σ
tan 2θη = = x 2 − 1 = 0.118 ⎯⎯
→ θη = 3.365o
ωε
η = 36.896∠3.365o Ω
Prob. 10.20
This is a lossless material.
μ μ
η= = 377 r = 105 (1)
ε εr
ω ω c
u= = = = 7.6 × 107 (2)
β ω με μrε r
From (1),
μr 105
= = 0.2785 (1)a
ε r 377
From (2),
1 7.6 × 107
= = 0.2533 (2)a
μrε r 3 × 108
Multiplying (1)a by (2)a,
1
= 0.2785 × 0.2533 = 0.07054 → ε r = 14.175
⎯⎯
εr
Dividing (1)a by (2)a,
0.2785
μr = = 1.0995
0.2533
Prob. 10.21
ax ay az
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂E ∂E
∇× E = = − y ax + x a y
(a) ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂z
Ex ( z , t ) E y ( z , t ) 0
= −6 β cos(ωt − β z )a x + 8β sin(ωt − β z )a y
∂H 1
μ
But ∇ × E = − μ ⎯⎯
→ H =− ∇ × Edt
∂t
6β 8β
H= sin(ωt − β z )a x + cos(ωt − β z )a y
μω μω
293
2π f 2π × 40 × 106
(b) β = ω με = 4.5 = 4.5 = 1.777 rad/m
c 3 × 108
2π 2π
λ= = = 3.536 m
β 1.777
μ 120π
η= = = 177.72 Ω
ε 4.5
1 c 3 × 108
u= = = = 1.4142 × 108 m/s
με 4.5 4.5
Prob. 10.22
1
0.4 Eo = Eo e −α z ⎯⎯
→ = e2α
0.4
1 1
Or α = ln = 0.4581 ⎯⎯
→ δ = 1 / α = 2.183 m
2 0.4
λ = 2π / β = 2π / 1.6
2π
u = f λ = 107 × = 3.927 × 107 m/s
1.6
Prob. 10.23
(a)
ω
108 π π
β = ω με = = 8
= = 1.0472 rad/m
c 3 × 10 3
(b)
E =0 ⎯⎯ → sin(108 π to − β xo ) = 0 = sin(nπ ), n = 1, 2,3,...
108 π to − β xo = π
π
108 π × 5 × 10−3 − xo = π ⎯⎯
→ xo 5 × 105 m
3
(c)
H = H o sin(108 π t − β x)aH
Eo 50 × 10−3
Ho = = = 132.63 μ A/m
η 120π
a H = ak × a E = a x × a z = −a y
H = −132.63sin(108 π t − 1.0472 x)a y μ A/m
294
Prob. 10.24
ωμσ 2α 2
2 × 122
α =β = → σ=
⎯⎯ = = 36.48
2 ωμ 2π × 106 × 4π × 10−7
ωμ
η =| η | ∠θη = ∠45o
σ
ωμ 2π × 106 × 4π × 10−7
| η |= = = 0.4652
σ 36.48
Eo =| η | H o = 0.4652 × 20 × 10−3 = 9.305 × 10−3
a E = a H × a k = a y × ( −a z ) = −a x
E = Eo e−α z sin(ωt + β z )aE
= −9.305e −12 z sin(2π × 106 t + 12 z + 45o )a x mV/m
σ σ
Prob. 10.25 For a good conductor, >> 1, say > 100
ωε ωε
σ 10−2
(a) = = 1.5 ⎯⎯⎯
→ lossy
ωε 10−9
2π × 8 × 10 × 15 ×
6
36π
σ 0.025
(b) = = 3.515 ⎯⎯⎯
→ lossy
ωε 10−9
2π × 8 × 10 × 16 ×
6
36π
σ 25
(c) = = 694.4 ⎯⎯⎯
→ conducting
ωε 10−9
2π × 8 × 10 × 81 ×
6
36π
Yes, conducting.
Prob. 10.26
με 2π f
2
σ μrε r =
2π × 6 × 106 4
α =ω 1+ − 1= 1.0049 − 1 × 2.447 × 10−3
2 ωε c 2 8
3 × 10 2
α = 8.791 × 10−3
295
δ = 1 / α = 113.75 m
με
2
σ 4π
1 +
4
β =ω + 1= 1.0049 + 1 = 0.2515
2 ωε 100 2
2π × 6 × 106
u =ω / β = = 1.5 × 108 m/s
0.2515
l l 600
Rdc = = = = 2.287 Ω
σ S σπ a 2
5.8 × 10 × π × (1.2) 2 × 10−6
7
l
(b) Rac = . At 100 MHz, δ = 6.6 × 10−3 mm =6.6 × 10-6 m mm for copper
σ 2π aδ
(see Table 10.2).
600
Rac = = 207.61 Ω
5.8 × 10 × 2π × (1.2 × 10−3 ) × 6.6 × 10−6
7
Prob. 10.28
σ 3.5 × 107 3.5 × 18 × 109
(a) tan θ = = = >> 1
ωε 10−9 15
2π × 150 × 10 ×
6
36π
ωμσ
α =β = = π f μσ = 150π × 106 × 4π × 10−7 × 3.5 × 107 = 143,965.86
2
γ = α + j β = 1.44(1 + j ) × 105 /m
(b) δ = 1 / α = 6.946 × 10−6 m
ω 150 × 2π × 106
(c) u = = = 6547 m/s
β 1.44 × 105
296
Prob. 10.29
σ 4
= = 1.5
ωε 10−9
2π × 2 × 10 × 24 ×
9
36π
10−9
2 4π × 10−7 × 24 ×
με σ
α =ω 1 + − 1 = 2π × 2 × 10
9 36π 1 + (1.5 )2 − 1
2 ωε 2
= 130.01 Np/m
10−5 Eo = Eo e −α d
Taking the log of both sides gives
5ln10 5ln10
-5ln10 = −α d ⎯⎯ → d= = = 0.0886 m
α 130.01
Prob. 10.30
α = β =1/ δ
λ = 2π / β = 2πδ = 6.283δ ⎯⎯
→ δ = 0.1591λ
Prob. 10.31
5 5
t = 5δ = = = 2.94 × 10−6 m
π f μσ π × 12 × 10 × 4π × 10 × 6.1 × 10
9 −7 7
Prob. 10.32
1 1
δ= ⎯⎯
→ f =
π f μσ δ πμσ
2
1
f = = 1.038 kHz
4 × 10 × π × 4π × 10−7 × 6.1 × 107
−6
297
Prob. 10.33
Prob. 10.34
E = (2a y − 5a z )sin(ωt − β x)
The ratio E y / Ez remains the same as t changes. Hence the wave is linearly polarized
Prob. 10.35
(a)
Ex = Eo cos(ωt + β y ), E y = Eo sin(ωt + β y )
Ex (0, t )
Ex (0, t ) = Eo cos ωt → cos ωt =
⎯⎯
Eo
E y (0, t )
E y (0, t ) = Eo sin ωt → sin ωt =
⎯⎯
Eo
2 2
E Ey
cos ωt + sin ωt = 1 ⎯⎯
2 2
→ x + =1
Eo Eo
Hence, we have circular polarization.
298
(b)
Ex = Eo cos(ωt − β y ), E y = −3Eo sin(ωt − β y )
In the y=0 plane,
Ex (0, t )
Ex (0, t ) = Eo cos ωt → cos ωt =
⎯⎯
Eo
− E y (0, t )
E y (0, t ) = Eo sin ωt → sin ωt =
⎯⎯
3Eo
2 2
E 1 Ey
cos ωt + sin ωt = 1 ⎯⎯
2 2
→ x + =1
Eo 9 Eo
Hence, we have elliptical polarization.
Prob. 10.36
Prob. 10.37
(a)
When φ = 0,
E ( y, t ) = ( Eo1a x + Eo 2a z )cos(ωt − β y )
The two components are in phase and the wave is linearly polarized.
(b)
When φ = π / 2,
Ez = Eo 2 cos(ωt − β y + π / 2) = − Eo 2 sin(ωt − β y )
We can combine Ex and Ez to show that the wave is elliptically polarized.
(c)
When φ = π ,
E ( y, t ) = Eo1 cos(ωt − β y )a x + Eo 2 cos(ωt − β y + π )a z
= ( Eo1 a x − Eo 2a y )cos(ωt − β y )
Thus, the wave is linearly polarized.
299
Prob. 10.38
We can write Es as
E s = E1 ( z ) + E2 ( z )
where
1
E1 ( z ) = Eo (a x − ja y )e − j β z
2
1
E2 ( z ) = Eo (a x + ja y )e− j β z
2
We recognize that E1 and E2 are circularly polarized waves. The problem is therefore proved.
Prob. 10.39
Prob. 10.40
Let E s = Er + jEi and H s = H r + jH i
Similarly,
H = H r cos ωt − H i sin ωt
300
1
P = E × H = Er × H r cos 2 ωt + Ei × H i sin 2 ωt − ( Er × H i + Ei × H r )sin 2ωt
2
T T T T
1 1 1 1
Pave = Pdt = cos ωdt ( Er × H r ) + sin ωdt ( Ei × Hi ) −
2T 0
2 2
sin 2ωdt ( Ei × Hi + Ei × H r )
T0 T0 T0
1 1
= ( Er × H r + Ei × H i ) = Re[( Er + jEi ) × ( H r − jH i )]
2 2
1
Pave = Re(E s × H s* )
2
as required.
Prob. 10.41
(a)
ω
β = ω με = ω μoε o ε r = εr
c
β c 8 × 3 × 108
εr = = = 2.4
ω 109
ε r = 5.76
μ μo 1 377
(b) η = = = = 157.1 Ω
ε ε o ε r 2.4
ω 109
(c) u = = = 1.25 × 108 m/s
β 8
(d)
Let H = H o cos(109 t + 8 x)a H
Eo 150
Ho = = = 0.955
η 157.1
a H = ak × a E = −a x × a z = a y
H = 0.955cos(109 t + 8 x)a y A/m
(e)
P = E × H = -150(0.955)cos 2 (109 t + 8 x)a x
= -143.25cos 2 (109 t + 8 x)a x W/m 2
301
Prob. 10.42
Ex 0 Ez
P = E×H = = − Ez H y a x + Ex H y a z
0 Hy 0
= − H o Eo 2 sin α x cos α x sin(ωt − β x) cos(ωt − β z )a x
+ H o Eo1 cos 2 α x cos 2 (ωt − β z )a z
1
= − H o Eo 2 sin 2α x sin 2(ωt − β x)a x
4
+ H o Eo1 cos 2 α x cos 2 (ωt − β z )a z
1T 1
Pave =
T0
Pdt = 0 + H o Eo1 cos 2 α xa z
2
1
= Eo1H o cos 2 α xa z
2
Prob. 10.43
(a)
H
Let H s = o sin θ e − j 3r a H
r
E 10 1
Ho = o = =
ηo 120π 12π
a H = ak × a E = ar × aθ = aφ
1
Hs = sin θ e − j 3r aφ A/m
12π r
(b)
1 10
Pave = Re( E s × H s ) = sin 2 θ ar
2 2 × 12π r 2
Prob. 10.44
1 1 |E | 82 −0.2 z
(a) Pave = Re( Es H s* ) = Re( s ) = e
2 2 |η | 2 |η |
302
με
2
σ
α =ω 1+ − 1
2 ωε
με
2
σ
β =ω 1 + + 1
2 ωε
2
σ
Let x = 1+
ωε
α x −1
= = 0.1 / 0.3 = 1 / 3
β x +1
x −1 1
= ⎯⎯
→ x =5/4
x +1 9
2
5 σ σ
= 1+ ⎯⎯
→ =3/ 4
4 ωε ωε
μ
ε 120π / 81
| η |= = = 37.4657
σ
2
5
1+
4
4
ωε
64
Pave = e−0.2 z = 0.8541e −0.2 z W/m 2
2(37.4657)
P1 P1
(b) 20dB = 10log ⎯⎯
→ = 100
P2 P2
P2 1
= e −0.2 z = → e0.2 z = 100
⎯⎯
P1 100
z = 5log100 = 23 m
Prob. 10.45
βc 2 × 3 × 108
(a) u = ω / β ⎯⎯
→ ω = uβ = = = 2.828 × 108 rad/s
4.5 4.5
120π
η= = 177.7Ω
4.5
303
E az 40 0.225
H = ak × = × sin(ωt − 2 z )a ρ = sin(ωt − 2 z )aφ A/m
η η ρ ρ
9
(b) P = E × H = sin 2 (ωt − 2 z )a z W/m 2
ρ 2
4.5
(c) Pave = a z , dS = ρ dφ dρ az
ρ2
3mm 2π
dρ
Pave = Pave • dS = 4.5 dφ = 4.5ln(3/2)(2π ) = 11.46 W
2mm ρ 0
Prob. 10.46
Eo2
P=E×H = sin 2 θ sin 2 ω (t − r / c)ar
ηr 2
T
1 Eo2
Pave =
T0 P dt =
2η r 2
sin 2 θ ar
Prob. 10.47
ω
β= ⎯⎯
→ ω = β c = 40(3 × 108 ) = 12 × 109 rad/s
c
1
E=
ε ∇ × Hdt
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z
0 10sin(ωt − 40 x) −20sin(ωt − 40 x)
= −800cos(ωt − 40 x)a y − 400cos(ωt − 40 x)a z
1 800 400
ε
E= ∇ × Hdt = − sin(ωt − 40 x)a y − sin(ωt − 40 x)a z
ωε ωε
800 400
=− −9
sin(ωt − 40 x)a y −
sin(ωt − 40 x)a z
10 9 9 10−9
12 × 10 × 12 × 10 ×
36π 36π
= −7.539sin(ωt − 40 x)a y − 3.77sin(ωt − 40 x)a z kV/m
304
0 Ey Ez
P = E×H = = ( E y H z − E z H y )a x
0 Hy Hz
= 20(7.537)sin 2 (ωt − 40 x) + 37.7sin 2 (ωt − 40 x) a x 103
1
Pave = [ 20(7.537) + 37.7] a x 103 = 94. 23 a x kW/m 2
2
Prob. 10.48
Eo2
P= → Eo2 = 2ηo P = 2(120π )10 × 10−3 = 7.539
⎯⎯
2ηo
Eo = 2.746 V/m
Prob. 10.49
Let T = ωt − β z.
∂ ∂ ∂
∂B
− = ∇ × E = ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂t
cos T sin T 0
∂H
−μ = β cos Ta x + β sin Ta y
∂t
β β β
H =−
μ cos Ta x + sin Ta y dt = −
μω
sin Ta x +
μω
cos Ta y
cosT sinT 0
β
P = E×H = β β = (cos 2 T + sin 2 T )a z
− sin T cos T 0 μω
μω μω
β ε
= az = a
μω μ z
which is constant everywhere.
Prob. 10.50
E2
P = o
2ηo
Eo2 S (2.4 × 103 ) 2 × 450 × 10−4
P= PS = = = 343.8 W
2ηo 2 × 377
305
Prob. 10.51
Vo I o
P = E×H = sin 2 (ωt − β z )a z
2πρ ln(b / a)
2
T T
1 Vo I o 1 Vo I o 1
(a) Pave =
T0 P dt =
2πρ ln(b / a ) T 0
2
sin 2 (ωt − β z )dta z =
2πρ ln(b / a) 2
2
az
Vo I o
= az
4πρ ln(b / a)
2
(b)
Pave = Pave dS , dS = ρ d ρ dφ a z
S
2π b
Vo I o 1 Vo I o
=
4π ln(b / a) φ = 0 ρ = a ρ 2
ρ d ρ dφ =
4π ln(b / a)
(2π ) ln(b / a )
1
= Vo I o
2
Prob. 10.52
E 2 Ero 2 Eto 2
(a) Pi , ave = io , Pr , ave = , Pt , ave =
2η1 2η1 2η2
2
Pr , ave E 2 η −η
R= = ro2 = Γ 2 = 2 1
Pi , ave Eio η2 + η1
2
μo μo
− 2
ε2 ε 1 μ oε 1 − μ oε 2
R= =
μ μo μoε1 + μoε 2
o
+
ε2 ε1
2
n −n
R= 1 2
n1 + n2
306
2
n n
or 1 − 6 1 + 1 = 0, so
n2 n2
n1
= 3 ± 8 = 5.828 or 0.1716
n2
(Note that these values are mutual reciprocals, reflecting the inherent symmetry of the
problem.)
μ
Prob. 10.53 (a) η1 = ηo , η2 = = ηo / 2
ε
η2 − η1 ηo / 2 − ηo 2η 2 ηo
Γ= = = −1 / 3, τ= = =2/3
η2 + η1 3ηo / 2 η2 + η1 3ηo / 2
1+ | Γ | 1 + 1 / 3
s= = =2
1− | Γ | 1 − 1 / 3
1
(b) Eor = ΓEoi = − × (30) = −10
3
Er = −10cos(ωt + z )a x V/m
Let H r = H or cos(ωt + z )a H
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ −a x × a H = −a z ⎯⎯
→ aH = a y
10
Hr = cos(ωt + z )a y = 26.53cos(ωt + z )a y mA/m
120π
307
Prob. 10.54
ω 2π × 108 2π
β1 = = =
c 3 × 108 3
η1 = ηo , η 2 = 0
η2 − η1 0 − ηo
Γ= = = −1, τ =1+ Γ = 0
η 2 + η1 0 + ηo
Et = 0
E r = −50sin(2π × 108 t + β1 x)a z V/m
μr 3
(b) η1 = ηo , η 2 = ηo = ηo = ηo / 2
εr 12
η2 − η1
Γ= = −1 / 3, τ =1+ Γ = 2 / 3
η2 + η1
1+ | Γ | 1 + 1 / 3
s= = =2
1− | Γ | 1 − 1 / 3
1 10 10
Er = − (30) cos(ωt + z )a y = −10cos(ωt + z )a y , H or = =
3 ηo 120π
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ −a y × a H = −a z ⎯⎯
→ a H = −a x
10
Hr = − cos(3 × 108 t + z )a x A/m= −26.53cos(3 × 108 t + z )a x mA/m
120π
Eot2 2
(d) Pt = az , Eot = τ Eoi = (30) = 20, η 2 = 60π
2η 2 3
202
Pt = (a z ) = 1.061a z W/m 2
120π
308
μ1
Prob. 10.56 η1 = = ηo / 2, η 2 = ηo
ε1
η2 − η1
Γ= = 1 / 3, τ =1+ Γ = 4 / 3
η2 + η1
ω 108
β= μrε r = 4 =2/3
c 3 × 108
5
(a) Er = cos(108 t − 2 y / 3)a z
3
2 5 2
E1 = Ei + Er = 5cos(108 t + y )a z + cos(108 t − y )a z V/m
3 3 3
Eio 2 E 2 25 1
(b) Pave1 = (−a y ) + ro (+ a y ) = (1 − )(−a y ) = −0.0589a y W/m 2
2η1 2η1 2(60π ) 9
Eto 2 400
(c) Pave2 = ( −a y ) = (−a y ) = −0.0589a y W/m 2
2η2 9(2)(120π )
Prob. 10.57
(a) η1 = ηo
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ a E × a y = a x ⎯⎯
→ a E = −a z
μo 120π
η2 = = = 60π
4ε o 4
η2 − η1 60π − 120π
Γ= = = −1 / 3, τ =1+ Γ = 2 / 3
η2 + η1 60π + 120π
309
Eto 2 (320π ) 2
P= ax = a x = 2.68a x kW/m 2
2η 2 2(60π )
1+ | Γ | 1 + 1 / 3
(c) s = = =2
1− | Γ | 1 − 1 / 3
Prob. 10.58
(a) In air, β1 = 1, λ1 = 2π / β1 = 2π = 6.283 m
ω = 3 × 108 rad/s
ω
β2 = ε r 2 = β1 ε r 2 = 3
c
2π 2π
λ2 = = = 3.6276 m
β2 3
E 10
(b) H o = o = = 0.0265
ηo 120π
a H = ak × a E = a z × a y = −a x
H i = −26.5cos(ωt − z )a x mA/m
(c) η1 = ηo , η 2 = ηo / 3
η2 − η1 (1 / 3) − 1
Γ= = = −0.268, τ = 1 + Γ = 0.732
η2 + η1 (1 / 3) + 1
310
E2 = Et = 7.32cos(ωt − z )a y V/m
1 1
Pave1 = (a z )[ Eio 2 − Ero 2 ] = (a z )(102 − 2.682 ) = 0.1231a z W/m 2
2η1 2(120π )
Eto 2 3
Pave2 = (a z ) = (7.32) 2 (a z ) = 0.1231a z W/m 2
2η2 2 × 120π
Prob. 10.59
η1 = ηo = 120π
For seawater (lossy medium),
jωμo j 2π × 108 × 4
η2 = = = 10.44 + j 9.333
σ + jωε 10−9
4 + j 2π × 10 × 81 ×
8
36π
η2 − η1
Γ= = 0.9461∠177.16
η2 + η1
| Γ |2 = 0.8952, 1− | Γ |= 0.1084
Pr Pt
= 89.51%, = 10.84%,
Pi Pi
η − η 7.924∠43.975 − 377
Γ= 2 1 = = 0.9702∠178.2o
η 2 + η1 7.924∠43.975 + 377
The fraction of the incident power reflected is
Pr
=| Γ |2 = 0.97022 = 0.9413
Pi
The transmitted fraction is
Pt
= 1− | Γ |2 = 1 − 0.97022 = 0.0587
Pi
311
Prob. 10.60
(a)
μ 120π μ2 120π
η1 = 1 = = 188.5, = η2 =
= 210.75
ε1 4 ε2 3.2
η − η 210.75 − 188.5 2η 2 2 × 210.75
Γ= 2 1 = = 0.0557, τ = = = 1.0557
η2 + η1 210.75 + 188.5 η 2 + η1 210.75 + 188.5
Ero = ΓEio = (0.0557)(12) = 0.6684 Eto = τ Eio = 1.0557(12) = 12.668
ω β1 c 40π (3 × 108 )
β1 = ω μ1ε1 = 4 → ω=
⎯⎯ = = 6π × 109 rad/s
c 2 2
(b)
ω 6π × 109 3.2
β 2 = ω μ2ε 2 = 3.2 = = 112.4
c 3 × 108
Er = Ero cos(ωt + 40π x)a z = 0.6684cos(6π × 109 t + 40π x)a z V/m
(b) λ = 2π / β = 2π / 3 = 2.094 m
σ 4
(c) = = 2π = 6.288
ωε 9 × 10 × 80 × 10−9 / 36π
8
σ
tan 2θη = = 6.288 ⎯⎯
→ θη = 40.47 o
ωε
μ2 / ε 2 377 / 80
| η2 |= = = 16.71
σ
2 4
1 + 4π 2
4 1+ 2
ωε 2
η 2 = 16.71∠40.47o Ω
η 2 − η1 16.71∠40.47o − 377
(d) Γ= = = 0.935∠179.7 o
η2 + η1 16.71∠40.47o + 377
312
σ2
2
ω μr 2ε r 2 9 × 108 80
α2 = 1+
−1 = 1 + 4π 2 − 1 = 43.94 Np/m
c 2 ωε 2 3 × 10 8
2
9 × 108 80
β2 = 1 + 4π 2 + 1 = 51.48 rad/m
3 × 108
2
2η 2 2 × 16.71∠40.47o
τ= = = 0.0857∠38.89o
η 2 + η1 16.71∠40.47 + 377
o
Eot = τ Eo = 0.857∠38.89o
Prob. 10.62
Induced Currents on the surface
σ = 0 Standing waves of H
σ=∞
Zero fields
ε o sin 45o
sin θt1 = sin θi = = 0.3333 ⎯⎯
→ θt1 = 19.47 o
ε1 4.5
ε1 1 4.5
sin θt 2 = sin θt1 = = 0.4714 ⎯⎯
→ θt 2 = 28.13o
ε 2 3 2.25
313
Prob. 10.64
jk y − jk y
20(e jkx x − e − jk x x ) (e y + e y )
Es = az
j2 2
= − j 5 e x y + e x y − e x y − e x y a z
j (k x+ k y) j (k x−k y) − j (k x−k y) − j (k x+ k y)
j 20
Hs = − k y sin(k x x)sin(k y y )a x + k x cos( k x x) cos( k y y )a y
ωμo
Prob. 10.65
η1 = ηo = 377Ω
For η 2 ,
σ2 4
= = 1.2
ωε 2 10−9
2π × 1.2 × 10 × 50 × 9
36π
σ2
tan 2θη2 = = 1.2 → θη2 = 25.1o
⎯⎯
ωε 2
μ /ε 120π 1 / 50
| η 2 |= = = 42.658
2 4
σ 1 + 1.22
4 1+ 2
ωε 2
η 2 = 42.658∠25.1o
η − η 42.658∠25.1o − 377
Γ= 2 1 = = 0.8146∠174.4o
η 2 + η1 42.658∠25.1o + 377
Prob. 10.66
(a)
Pt = (1− | Γ |2 ) Pi
1+ | Γ | s −1
s= ⎯⎯
→ | Γ |=
1− | Γ | s +1
2
Pt s −1 4s
=1− =
Pi s +1 ( s + 1) 2
314
2
Pr P s −1
(b) Pi = Pr + Pt ⎯⎯
→ =1− t =
Pi Pi s + 1
Prob. 10.67
If A is a uniform vector and Φ( r ) is a scalar,
∇ × (ΦA) = ∇Φ × A + Φ (∇ × A) = ∇Φ × A
since ∇ × A = 0.
∂ ∂ ∂ j (k x+ k y y + k z z −ω t )
∇× E = ( ax + ay + a z ) × Eo e x
= j ( k x a x + k y a y + k z a z )e j ( k • r − ω t ) × E o
∂x ∂y ∂z
= jk × E o e j ( k • r − ω t ) = j k × E
∂B ∂B
Also, − = jωμ H . Hence ∇ × E = − becomes k × E = ωμ H
∂t ∂t
From this, ak × a E = a H
Prob. 10.68
315
Prob. 10.69
k = −3.4a x + 4.2a y
kE = 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 = −3.4 Eo + 4.2
4.2
Eo = = 1.235
3.4
k =| k |= β = ( −3.4) 2 + (4.2) 2 = 5.403
2π 2π
λ= = = 1.162
β 5.403
3 × 108
c
f = = = 258 MHz
λ 1.162
1 1
Hs = k × Es = k × Es
μω μ kc
1 −3.4 4.2 0
= A
4π × 10 × 5.403 × 3 × 10 Eo
−7 8
1 3 + j4 o
where Ao = e − j 3.4 x + 4.2 y
H s = 4.91Ao × 10 −4 4.2(3 + j 4)a x + 3.4(3 + j 4)a y + ( −3.4 − 4.2 Eo )a z
= 0.491 (12.6 + j16.8)a x + (10.2 + j13.6)a y − 8.59a z e − j 3.4 x + 4.2 y mA/m
Prob.10.70
∂ ∂ ∂ j (k x + k y y + k z z −ωt )
∇•E = ( ax + ay + a z ) • Eo e x
= j ( k x a x + k y a y + k z a z )e j ( k • r −ω t ) • E o
∂x ∂y ∂z
= jk • E o e j ( k • r − ω t ) = j k • E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ k•E =0
Similarly,
∇ • H = jk • H = 0 ⎯⎯
→ k•H =0
∂B
∇× E = − k × E = ωμ H
∂t
Similarly,
∂D
∇× H = kxH = −εω E
∂t
316
From k × E = ωμ H , ak × a E = a H and
From k × H = −εω E , a k × a H = −a E
Prob. 10.71
ηo η
If μo = μ1 = μ2 , η1 = ,η 2 = o
ε r1 εr2
1 1
cosθt − cos θi
εr2 ε r1
Γ\ \ =
1 1
cosθt + cosθi
εr2 ε r1
ε r 2 sin θi
ε r1 sin θi = ε r 2 sin θt ⎯⎯
→ =
ε r1 sin θt
sin θi
cos θt − cosθi
sin θt sin θt cosθt − sin θi cosθi
Γ\ \ = =
sin θi
cosθt + cos θi sin θt cosθt + sin θi cos θi
sin θt
sin 2θt − sin 2θi sin(θt − θi )cos(θt + θi ) tan(θt − θi )
= = =
sin 2θt + sin 2θi cos(θt − θi )sin(θt + θi ) tan(θt + θi )
Similarly,
2
cosθi
εr2 2cosθi
τ \\ = =
1 1 sin θi
cosθt + cosθi cosθt + cosθi
εr2 ε r1 sin θt
2cosθi sin θt
=
sin θt cos θt (sin θi + cos 2 θi ) + sin θi cos θi (sin 2 θt + cos 2 θt )
2
2cosθi sin θt
=
(sin θi cos θt + sin θt cos θi )(cosθi cosθt + sin θi sin θt )
2cosθi sin θt
=
sin(θi + θt ) cos(θi − θt )
317
1 1 sin θi
cosθi − cosθt cosθi −
cosθt
εr2 ε r1 sin θt sin(θt − θi )
Γ⊥ = = =
1 1 sin θi
cosθi + cosθt cosθi + cosθt sin(θt + θi )
εr2 ε r1 sin θ t
2
cos θi
εr2 2cosθi 2cos θi sin θi
τ⊥ = = =
1 1 sin θi sin(θt + θi )
cos θi + cosθt cosθi + cosθt
εr2 ε r1 sin θt
Prob. 10.72
(a) n1 = 1, n2 = c μ2ε 2 = c 6.4ε o × μo = 6.4 = 2.5298
n1 1
sin θt = sin θi = sin12o = 0.082185 → θt = 4.714o
⎯⎯
n2 2.5298
1
η1 = 120π , η 2 = 120π
= 47.43π
6.4
Ero η cosθt − η1 cosθi 47.43π cos 4.714o − 120π cos12o
=Γ= 2 =
Eio η2 cosθt + η1 cos θi 47.43π cos 4.714o + 120π cos12o
47.27 − 117.38
= = −0.4258
47.27 + 117.38
Eto 2η2 cos θi 2 x 47.43cos12o 92.787
=τ = = = = 0.5635
Eio η2 cosθt + η1 cosθi 47.27 + 117.33 164.65
Prob. 10.73
(a) ki = 4a y + 3az
ki • an = ki cosθi ⎯⎯
→ cosθi = 4 / 5 ⎯⎯
→ θi = 36.87o
(b)
1 E2 ( 82 + 62 ) 2 (4a y + 3a z )
Pave = Re( E s × H s* ) = o ak = = 106.1a y + 79.58a z mW/m 2
2 2η 2 × 120π 5
318
z
kt
Er
kr Et
θr θt
ki
θi y
Ei
Hence, kr = −4a y + 3a z
n1 c μ1ε1 3/5
sin θt = sin θi = sin θi = = 0.3
n2 c μ2ε 2 4
ηo
(0.9539) − ηo (0.8)
Ero η 2 cos θt − η1 cosθi 2
Γ/ / = = = = −0.253
Eio η2 cosθt + η1 cosθi ηo (0.9539) + η (0.8)
o
2
3 4
But ( Ery a y + Erz a z ) = Ero (sin θ r a y + cosθ r a z ) = −2.53( a y + a z )
5 5
319
Similarly, let
kt = β 2 = ω μ2ε 2 = ω 4μoε o
But ki = β1 = ω μoε o
kt
=2 ⎯⎯
→ kt = 2ki = 10
ki
kt = 9.539a y + 3az
But
Hence,
Prob. 10.74
c
(a) n = = μrε r = 2.1 × 1 = 1.45
u
(b) n = μrε r = 1 × 81 = 9
(c) n = ε r = 2.7 = 1.643
320
Prob. 10.75
ε r1 = 1, ε r 2 = 81
ε2 81
tan θ B = = =9 → θ B = 83.66o
⎯⎯
ε1 1
(b) From seawater to air,
ε r1 = 81, εr2 = 1
ε2 1 1
tan θ B = = = → θ B = 6.34o
⎯⎯
ε1 81 9
Prob. 10.76
(a)
k 1
tan θi = ix = ⎯⎯
→ θi = θ r = 19.47o
kiz 8
ε r1 1
sin θt = sin θi = (3) = 1 ⎯⎯
→ θt = 90o
εr2 3
ω 109
(b) β1 = ε r1 = × 3 = 10 = k 1 + 8 = 3k ⎯⎯
→ k = 3.333
c 3 × 108
(c) λ = 2π / β , λ1 = 2π / β1 = 2π / 10 = 0.6283 m
β 2 = ω / c = 10 / 3, λ2 = 2π / β 2 = 2π × 3 / 10 = 1.885 m
(a x + 8a z )
Ei = η1 H x × ak = 40π (0.2)cos(ωt − k • r )a y ×
(d) 3
9
= (23.6954a x − 8.3776a z ) cos(10 t − kx − k 8 z ) V/m
321
where
Hence,
ε2 εo
(f) tan θ B / / = = =1/ 3 ⎯⎯
→ θ B / / = 18.43o
ε1 9ε o
Prob.10.77
Microwave is used:
(1) For surveying land with a piece of equipment called the tellurometer. This radar
system can precisely measure the distance between two points.
(2) For guidance. The guidance of missiles, the launching and homing guidance of
space vehicles, and the control of ships are performed with the aid of microwaves.
(3) In semiconductor devices. A large number of new microwave semiconductor
devices have been developed for the purpose of microwave oscillator,
amplification, mixing/detection, frequency multiplication, and switching. Without
such achievement, the majority of today’s microwave systems could not exist.
Prob.10.78
(a) In terms of the S-parameters, the T-parameters are given by
T11 = 1/S21, T12 = -S22/S21, T21 = S11/S21, T22 = S12 - S11 S22/S21
2.5 −0.5
T=
0.5 0.3
322
Prob. 10.79
Since ZL = Zo , Γ L = 0.
= 0.5571 - j0.6266
Prob. 10.80 The microwave wavelengths are of the same magnitude as the circuit
components. The wavelength in air at a microwave frequency of 300 GHz, for example,
is 1 mm. The physical dimension of the lumped element must be in this range to avoid
interference. Also, the leads connecting the lumped element probably have much more
inductance and capacitance than is needed.
323
320
CHAPTER 11
R
Zo = (1)
G
L C
or = (2)
R G
α = RG (3)
G ωL
β = ωL = (4)
R Zo
α 0.04
(3) ÷ (1) → G = = = 5 × 10−4 S / m
Zo 80
β Zo 1.5 × 80
L= = = 38.2 nH/m
ω 2π × 5 × 108
LG 12 0.04 1
C= = × 10−8 × × = 5.97 pF/m
R π 80 0.04 × 80
P.E. 11.2
ω 2π × 103
(c) u = = = 7.069 × 105 m/s
β 8.888 × 10 −3
324
321
P.E. 11.3
(a) Z o = Z l → Z in = Z o = 30 + j 60Ω
Z in V
(b) Vin = Vo = Vg = g = 7.5∠0o Vrms
Z in + Z o 2
Vg Vg 15∠0o
I in = I o = = =
Z g + Z in 2 Z o 2 ( 30 + j 60 )
= 0.2236∠ − 63.43o A
assuming that Zg = 0.
(c) Since Zo = Zr, Γ = 0 → Vo − = 0,Vo + = Vo
−γ l Vo + 7.5∠0o
e = = o
1.5∠48o
VL 5∠ − 48
eα l e j β l = 1.5∠48o
1 1
eα l = 1.5 → α = ln (1.5 ) = ln (1.5 ) = 0.0101
l 40
o
o 1 48
e j β l = e j 48 → β = π rad = 0.02094
l 180o
γ = 0.0101 + j 0.02094 /m
assuming that Zg =0.
P.E. 11.4
(a) Using the Smith chart, locate S at s = 1.6. Draw a circle of radius OS. Locate P
where θ Γ = 300o . At P,
OP 2.1cm
Γ = = = 0.228
OQ 9.2cm
Γ = 0.228∠300o O S
325
322
(b) The minimum voltage (the only one) occurs at θ Γ = 180o ; its distance from the load
180 − 60 λ
is λ = = 0.1667λ
720 6
P.E. 11.5
Z − Z o 60 + j 60 − 60 j
(a) Γ = L = = = 0.4472∠63.43o
Z L + Z o 60 + j 60 + 60 2 + j
1+ Γ 1 + 0.4472
s= = = 2.618
1− Γ 1 − 0.4472
2π l
Let x = tan ( β l ) = tan
λ
Z + jZ o tan ( β l )
Z in = Z o L
Z o + jZ L tan ( β l )
60 + j 60 + j 60 x
120 − j 60 = 60
60 + j ( 60 + j 60 ) x
1 + j (1 + x )
Or 2 − j = → 1 − x + j ( 2x − 2) = 0
1 − x + jx
Or x = 1 = tan ( β l )
326
323
π 2π l
+ nπ =
4 λ
λ
i.e l= (1 + 4n ) , n = 0,1, 2,3...
8
Z L 60 + j 60
(b) z L = =1+ j
Zo 60
Locate the load point P on the Smith chart.
OP 4.1cm
Γ = = = 0.4457,θ Γ = 62o
OQ 9.2cm
Γ = 0.4457∠62o
P.E. 11.6
λ
ZL 57.6 º = 37.5 − 25 = 12.5cm or λ = 25cm
2
2λ
l = 37.5 − 35.5 = 2cm =
Vmax 25
l = 0.08λ → 57.6o
Z L = Z o z L = 50 (1.184 − j 0.622 )
= 59.22 + j31.11Ω
327
324
j 0.95
Ys = ± = ± j12.67 mS
75
P.E. 11.8
1 lim Z − Zo
(a) ΓG = , Γ L = Z L ⎯⎯ →0 L = −1
3 Z L + Zo
lim ZL lim
Vg Vg 12
V∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →0 Vg = 0, I ∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →0 = = = 120mA
ZL + Zg Zg + ZL Zg 100
Thus the bounce diagrams for current and waves are as shown below.
ΓG = 1 ΓL = –1 ΓG= − 13 ΓL = 1
3
4V 80mA
V=0 I=0
V=4 –4V t1 I = 80 80 t1
2t1 – 43
2t1 – 803 I = 160
V=0
V = –1.33 3t1 3t1
4
3
I = 133.3 − 803
4t1 4 V=0 4t1 80 I = 106.27
9 9
(Voltage) (Current)
328
325
V (l,t)
0V
t (μs)
V(0,t)
4V 4V
4
3
4
9
0 t (μs)
2 4 6
– 43
–4
I(l,t)
160mA
124.45
106.67
80
80
9
0 t (μs)
2 4 6
− 803
I(0,t)
133.33
115.5
80mA 80
80
9
0 t (μs)
2 4 6
329
326
1 lim Z − Zo
(b) ΓG = , Γ L = Z L ⎯⎯ →∞ L =1
3 Z L + Zo
lim ZL lim
Vg
V∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →∞ Vg = Vg = 12V , I ∞ = zL ⎯⎯ →∞ =0
ZL + Zg ZL + Zg
The bounce diagrams for current and voltage waves are as shown below.
ΓG = 1 ΓL = 1 ΓG= − 13 ΓL =- 1
3
4 V=0 80mA
I=0
V=4 4 t1 I = 80 –80 t1
2t1 4
V=8
2t1 80
3 3 I=0
V = 9.33 4
3
3t1 I = 26.67 − 803 3t1
4t1 4 V = 10.67 4t1 80 I=0
9 9
5t1 I = 8.89
V = 11.11
4
9
− 809 5t1
6t1 6t1
4 V = 11.55
27
V = 11.7
(Voltage) (Current)
V(l,t)
11.55 12V
10.67
8V
4V
4
3 4
9
0 t (μs)
2 4 6
I (l,t)
0A
t (μs)
2 4 6
330
327
11.11 12V
9.333
V(0,t)
4V 4V
4
3 4
9
0 t (μs)
2 4 6 8
I(0,t)
80mA 80
80
9
80 80
3 3
80
9
t (μs)
0 2 4 6
− 80 3
Γ= 1
2 Γ= − 1
7
100mA
– 100 7 t1
2t1
− 50 7
50
49 3t1
4t1 25
49
− 25 343 5t1
6t1 − 12.5 343
7t1
331
328
I (0,t)mA
100
1.521
0 t (μs)
2 4 6 8 10
I (l,t)mA –21.43
85.71
0 t (μs)
2 4 6 8 10
–6.122
P.E. 11.10
−1
4.8 2.8 12 2
(a) For w / h = 0.8, ε eff = + 1+ = 2.75
2 2 0.8
60 8 0.8
(b) Z o = ln + = 36.18ln10.2 = 84.03Ω
2.75 0.8 4
3 × 108
(c) λ = = 18.09 mm
1010 2.75
P.E. 11.11
π f μo π × 20 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = =
σc 5.8 × 107
= 3.69 × 10−2
R 8.686 × 3.69 × 10−2
α c = 8.685 s =
wZ o 2.5 × 10−3 × 50
= 2.564 dB/m
332
347
P.E. 11.12
ZL
Z L = (1 + j 2) Z o → zL =
⎯⎯ = 1 + j2
Zo
We locate z L on the Smith chart.
λ 720o
⎯⎯
→ = 180o
4 4
o
Sadiku & Kulkarni We move 180 toward the generator and locate point Q at which Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
z = 0.2 − j 0.4
Z = zZ o = (0.2 − j 0.4) Z o 366
Prob. 11.33
P.E. 11.13
(a) Method 1: At Y,
λ 720
Z + o
o β
jZ o tan
Z in =→Z o L = 180
4 Z4o + jZ L tan β
2π λ
β = = π, tan π = 0
λ 2
Z
Z in = Z o L = Z L = 150 Ω
Zo 65.274o
At X, Z L ' = 150Ω
2π λ
β = = π / 2, tan π / 2 = ∞
λ 4
ZL '
jZ o + tan ZβL Z 2 O(75) 2 YL
Z in = lim Z o = o
= = 37.5Ω
tan β →∞
jZ '+ Z o Z L ' 150
L tan β
A 0.07225 λ
0.4093 λ
-52.02o
At A, yin = 1 − j1.561
ystub = j1.5614
Position of the stub = 0.0723λ
Length of the stub = 0.4093λ
333
329
Prob. 11.1
πε l πε l
C= −1
≅
cosh (d / 2a ) ln( d / a)
10−9
π× × 16 × 10−3
C= 36π = 0.2342 pF
ln(2 / 0.3)
1 1
δ= = = 2.09 × 10−5 m << a
π f μσ c π × 10 × 4π × 10 × 5.8 × 10
7 −7 7
l 16 × 10−3
Rac = = = 1.4 × 10−2 Ω
π aδσ c π × 0.3 × 10 × 2.09 × 10 × 5.8 × 10
−3 −5 7
Prob. 11.2
μ 2πε
L= ln(b / a ), C=
2π ln(b / a )
2
b
ln
L μ a
=
C 2π 2πε
L ln(b / a ) μ
Zo = = = 50
C 2π ε
ln(b / a ) μo
50 =
2π ε oε r
2 2
b 20
ln η 2 ln 377 2
a 6
ε r = 2 o2 = = 2.0874
4π 50 4π 2 502
334
330
Prob. 11.3
Method 1:
Assume a charge per unit length Q on the surface of the inner conductor and –Q on the
surface of the outer conductor. Using Gauss’s law,
Q
Eρ = , a<ρ <b
2περ
b
Q
V = − E dl = ln(b / a )
a
2πε
σQ
J =σE =
2περ
2π
σQ σQ
I = J dS = (1) ρ dφ =
S φ =0
2περ ε
σQ
I ε 2πσ
G== =
V Q
ln(b / a ) ln(b / a )
2πε
Method 2:
Consider a section of unit length, Assume that a total current of I flows from inner
conductor to outer conductor. At any radius ρ between a and b,
I
J= aρ , a < ρ < b
2πρ
J I
E= = aρ
σ 2πσρ
b
I
V = - E dl = ln(b / a )
a 2πσ
I 2πσ
G= =
V ln(b / a)
335
331
Prob. 11.4
1 1
δ= = = 7.744 × 10−6
π f μcσ c π × 80 × 10 × 4π × 10 × 5.28 × 10
6 −7 7
1 1
+ −3
1 1 1 0.8 × 10 −3
2.6 × 10 103 (1.25 + 0.3836)
R= + = = = 0.6359 Ω /m
2πδσ c a b 2π × 7.744 × 10−6 × 5.28 × 107 2569.09
μ b 4π × 10−7 2.6
L= ln = ln = 2.357 × 10−7 H/m
2π a 2π 0.8
2πσ 2π × 10−5
G= = = 5.33 × 10−5 S/m
b 2.6
ln ln
a 0.8
10−9
2π × 3.5 ∗
2πε 36π = 1.65 × 10−10 F/m
C= =
b 2.6
ln ln
a 0.8
Prob. 11.5
1 1
δ= =
π f μσ c π × 500 × 10 × 4π × 10−7 × 7 × 107
6
δ = 2.6902 × 10−6
2 2
R= = = 0.0354Ω / m
wδσ c 0.3 × 2.6902 × 10−6 × 7 × 107
εow
10−9 0.3
C= = × = 221 pF/m
d 36π 1.2 × 10−2
σw
G= =0
d
336
332
Prob. 11.6
(a) Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the loop yields
∂ I1
V ( z + Δz , t ) = V ( z , t ) − RΔzI1 − LΔz
∂t
I ( z, t ) I1
C ∂ V ( z, t ) G
But I1 = I ( z , t ) − Δz − ΔzV ( z , t )
2 ∂t 2
Hence,
C ∂V G ∂ I C ∂ 2V G ∂ V
V ( z + Δz, t ) = V ( z, t ) − RΔz I ( z, t ) − Δz − ΔzV − LΔz − Δz 2 − Δz
2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂t 2 ∂ t
∂V ∂I
or − = RI + L
∂z ∂t
V ( z , t ) + V ( z + Δz ) ∂ V ( z, t ) + V ( z + Δz, t )
I ( z + Δz , t ) − I ( z , t ) = −GΔz − C Δz
2 ∂t 2
Let Δz ⎯⎯ → 0 , we get
∂I ∂V
− = GV + C
∂z ∂t
Δl Δl ∂ I
V ( z, t ) = R I ( z, t ) + L ( z , t ) + V ( z + Δl / 2, t )
2 2 ∂t
or
V ( z + Δl / 2, t ) − V ( z, t ) ∂I
− = RI + L
Δl / 2 ∂t
∂V ∂I
As Δl → 0, − = RI + L
∂z ∂t
337
333
I ( z , t ) = I ( z + Δl , t ) + GΔlV ( z + Δl / 2, t ) + C Δl
(
∂ V z + Δl 2 , t )
∂t
or
I ( z + Δl , t ) − I ( z , t ) ∂ V ( z + Δl / 2, t )
− = GV ( z + Δl / 2, t ) + C
Δl ∂t
∂ I ( z, t ) ∂ V ( z, t )
As Δl → 0, − = GV ( z , t ) + C
∂z ∂t
Prob. 11.7
(a)
R G
γ = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = jω LC (1 + )(1 + )
jω L jωC
RG R G
= jω LC 1 − + +
ω LC jω L jωC
2
(b)
R
1+ 1/ 2 −1/ 2
R + jω L L jω L L R G
Zo = = = 1+ 1+
G + jωC C 1+ G C jω L jωC
jωC
L R G L R G
≅ 1 + + ... 1 − + ... = 1 − j + j + ...
C 2 jω L j 2ωC C 2ω L 2ωC
L G R
≅ 1 + j −
C 2ωC 2ω L
338
334
Prob. 11.8
For a lossless line,
1 L
u= , Zo =
LC C
1
uZ o =
C
1
u=
Z oC
Prob. 11.9
R + jω L
Zo = (1)
G + jωC
γ = α + j β = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) (2)
0.04
α = 0.04 dB/m = Np/m = 0.00461 Np/m
8.686
Z o (α + j β ) = R + jω L ⎯⎯ → 50(0.00461 + j 2.5) = R + jω L
R = 50 × 0.00461 = 0.2305 Ω /m
50 × 2.5
L= = 0.3316 μ H/m
2π × 60 × 106
Prob. 11.10
L μd d d μ
Zo = = . =
c w εw w ε
d
Z o = ηo = 78
w
339
335
d
Z o ' = ηo = 75
w'
78 w'
= → w' = 1.04w
75 w
i.e. the width must be increased by 4%.
Prob. 11.11
R + jω L 6.8 + j 2π × 103 × 3.4 × 10−3
(a) Z o = =
G + jωC 0.42 × 10−6 + j 2π × 103 × 8.4 × 10−9
6.8 + j 21.36
= 103 = 644.3 − j 97 Ω
0.42 + j 52.78
γ = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = 10−3 (6.8 + j 21.36)(0.42 − j52.78)
= (5.415 + j 33.96) × 10−3 /mi
ω 2π × 103
(b) u== = 1.85 × 105 mi/s
β 33.96 × 10 −3
2π 2π
(c) λ = = = 185.02 mi
β 33.96 × 10−3
Prob. 11.12
Using eq. (11.42a),
Z in = − jZ o cot β
c 3 × 108
Z o = 250, λ== = 0.75 m
f 400 × 106
2π 2π × 0.1
β = = = 48o
λ 0.75
Z in = − j (250)cot 48o = − j 225.1 Ω
340
336
Prob. 11.13
Assume that the line is lossless.
L
Zo =
C
μ b 2πε
From Table 11.1, L= ln , C=
2π a b
ln
a
2
L μ 1 b
= ln
C ε 2π a
L 1 b μ ηo b
Zo = = ln × = ln
C 2π a ε 2π ε r a
b Z 75
ln = 2π ε r o = 2π 2.25 = 1.875
a ηo 120π
b
= e1.875 → a = be −1.875 = 3e −1.875 mm = 0.46 mm
⎯⎯
a
Prob. 11.14
ω
γ = jω LC ⎯⎯
→ β = ω LC = ω μo co =
c
ω 1
u= =c=
β LC
μ d πε
L= cosh −1 , C =
π 2a d
cosh −1
2a
L μ 1 d 120π d
Zo = = . cosh −1 = cosh −1
C π πε 2a π ε r 2a
120 d
= cosh −1
εr 2a
341
337
Prob. 11.15
μ d 0.32
L= cosh −1 = 4 × 10−7 cosh −1
π 2a 0.12
L = 0.655 μ H/m
10−9
πε π× × 3.5
C= = 36π
d Cosh −1 2.667
Cosh −1
2a
C = 59.4 pF/m
L 0.655 × 10−6
Zo = = = 105Ω
C 59.4 × 10−12
or
120
Zo = cosh −1 2.667 = 105Ω
3.5
Prob. 11.16
For a distortionless cable,
R G
= ⎯⎯ → RC = LG (1)
L C
L
Zo = = 60 (2)
C
ω 1 4
u= = = = (3)
β LC to 80 × 10
−6
0.24
α = 0.24dB = Np = 0.0276
8.686
α = RG = 0.00069 (4)
From (2) and (3),
1 60 × 4 8 × 10−5
= → C=
⎯⎯ = 333.3 nF/m
C 80 × 10−6 240
From (2),
L = (60) 2 C = 3600 × 333.3 × 10−9 = 1.20 mH/m
342
338
Prob. 11.17
R G R 20 × 63 × 10−12
(a) = → G = C =
L C L 0.3 × 10−6
γ = 0.2898 + j 3.278 /m
ω 2π × 120 × 106
u= = = 2.3 × 108 m/s
β 3.278
L 0.3 × 10−6
Zo = = = 69 Ω
C 63 × 10−12
Voe−α z = 0.2Vo → eα z = 5
1
z= ln 5 = 5.554 m
α
π 4
(c) β l = 45o = π →l = = = 0.3051 m
4 4 β 4 × 3.278
343
339
Prob. 11.18
(a) α = 0.0025 Np/m, β = 2 rad/m,
ω 108
u= = = 5 × 107 m/s
β 2
V 60 1
(b) Γ = o+ = =
Vo 120 2
Z L − Zo 1 300 − Z o
But Γ = → = → Z o = 100Ω
Z L + Zo 2 300 + Z o
120 0.0025l ' 60
I (l ' ) = cos (108 + 2l ' ) − e−0.0025l cos (108 t − 2l ' )
'
e
Zo Zo
= 1.2e0.0025l ' cos (108 + 2l ' ) − 0.6e −0.0025l cos (108 t − 2l ' ) A
'
Prob. 11.19
α = 10−3 , β = 0.01
γ = α + j β = 0.001 + j 0.01 = (1 + j10) × 10−3 /m
ω 2π × 104
u= = = 6.283 × 106 m/s
β 0.01
Prob. 11.20
L 0.6 × 10−6
Zo = = = 85.54 Ω
C 82 × 10−12
RC
RC = LG ⎯⎯ → G=
L
RC R 10 × 10−3
α = RG = R = = = 1.169 × 10−4 Np/m
L Zo 85.54
β = ω LC = 2π × 80 × 106 0.6 × 10−6 × 82 × 10−12
= 3.5258 rad/m
γ = 1.169 × 10−4 + j 3.5258 /m
344
340
Prob. 11.21
R + jω L = 6.5 + j 2π × 2 × 106 × 3.4 × 10−6 = 6.5 + j 42.73
R + jω L 6.5 + j 42.73
Zo = =
G + jωC (8.4 + j 0.27 ) × 10−3
Z o = 71.71∠39.75o = 55.12 + j 45.85Ω
α β
l ω
t = , but u = ,
u β
βl 0.39 × 5.6
t= = = 0.1783μ s
ω 2π × 2 × 106
Prob. 11.22
Z + Z o tanh γ
Z in = Z o L
Z 0 + Z L tanh γ
γ = α + j β = 1.4 × 0.5 + j 2.6 × 0.5 = 0.7 + j1.3
tanh γ = 1.4716 + j 0.3984
200 + (75 + j 60)(1.4716 + j 0.3984)
Z in = (75 + j 60)
(75 + j 60) + 200(1.4716 + j 0.3984)
= 57.44 + j 48.82 Ω
345
341
Prob. 11.23
(a) For a lossy line,
Z + Z o tanh γ
Z in = Z o L
Z 0 + Z L tanh γ
For a short-circuit, Z L = 0.
Z sc = Z in = Z o tanh γ
ZL = 0
Z sc 30 − j12
tanh γ = = = 0.168 − j 0.276
Z o 80 + j 60
γ = α + j β = tanh −1 (0.168 − j 0.276) = 0.1571 − j 0.2762
0.1571
α= = 0.0748 Np/m
2.1
0.2762
β= = 0.1316 rad/m
2.1
(b)
(40 + j 30) + (80 + j 60)(0.168 − j 0.276)
Z in = (80 + j 60)
(80 + j 60) + (40 + j30)(0.168 − j 0.276)
= 61.46 + j 24.43 Ω
Prob. 11.24
V ZLIL 2Z L I L
(a) TL = L+ = =
Vo 1 (V + Z I ) Z L I L + Z o I L
2 L o L
2Z L
=
Z L + Zo
Z L − Zo 2Z L
1 + ΓL = 1 + =
Z L + Zo Z L + Zo
2nZ o 2n
(b) (i) τ L = =
nZ o + Z o n + 1
2
(ii) τ L =YL ⎯⎯
lim
→0 = =2
Zo
1+
ZL
2Z L
(iii) τ L = Z L ⎯⎯
lim
→0 = =0
Z L + Zo
2Z o
(iv) τ L = =1
2Z o
346
342
Prob. 11.25
γ = ( R + jω L)(G + jωC ) = (3.5 + j 2π × 400 × 106 × 2 × 10−6 )(0 + j 2π × 400 × 106 × 120 × 10−12 )
= (3.5 + j 5026.55)( j 0.3016) = 0.0136 + j38.94
α = 0.0136 Np/m, β = 38.94 rad/m
ω 2π × 400 × 106
u= = = 6.452 × 107 m/s
β 38.94
R + jω L 3.5 + j 5026.55
Zo = = = 129.1 − j 0.045 Ω
G + jωC j 0.3016
Prob. 11.26
Z sc = jZ o tan ( β l ) , Z oc = − jZ o cot ( β l )
Prob. 11.27
1
( a ) β l = × 100 = 25 rad = 1432.4o = 352.4o
4
j 40 + j 60 tan 352.4o
Z in = 60 = j 29.375Ω
60 − 40 tan 352.4o
Z in j 29.375(10∠0o
V ( z = 0) = Vo = Vg =
Z in + Z g j 29.375 + 50 − j 40
293.75∠90o
= o
= 5.75∠102o
51.116∠ − 12
(b) Z in = Z L = j 40Ω.
Vg
Vo+ = jβ l
(l is from the load)
(e + Γe − j β l )
Vg (1 + Γ)
VL = jβ l − jβ l
= 12.62∠0o V
(e + Γe )
347
343
1
( c ) β l ' = × 4 = 1rad = 57.3o
4
j 40 + j 60 tan 57.3o
Z in = 60 = − j 3471.88Ω.
60 − 40 tan 57.3o
Vg (e j + Γe− j )
V = j 25 − j 25
= 22.74∠0o V
( e + Γe )
(d) 3m from the source is the same as 97m from the load., i.e.
1
l ' = 100 − 3 = 97 m, β l ' = × 97 = 24.25rad = 309.42o
4
j 40 + j 60 tan 309.42o
Z in = 60 o
= − j18.2Ω
60 − 40 tan 309.42
V (e j 97 / 4 + Γe− j 97 / 4 )
V = g j 25 − j 25
= 6.607∠180o V
( e + Γe )
Prob. 11.28
Z − Z o 120 − 50
(a) Γ = L = = 0.4118
Z L + Zo 170
ZL
For resistive load, s = = 2.4
Zo
Z L + jZ o tan ( β l )
(b) Z in = Z o
Z o + jZ L tan ( β l )
2π λ
βl = . = 60o
λ 6
−0.4831 + j 0.5362
348
= 113 + j 2.726Ω
Prob. 11.30
V1 = Vs ( z = 0) = Vo+ + Vo− (1)
+ −γ l − γl
V2 = Vs ( z = l ) = V e o +V e o (2)
+ −
V V
I1 = I s ( z = 0) = −
o o
(3)
Zo Zo
Vo+ −γ l Vo− γ l
I2 = −Is (z = l) = − e + e (4)
Zo Zo
1
(1) + (3) → Vo+ = (V1 + Z o I1 )
2
1
(1) - (3) → Vo− = (V1 − Z o I1 )
2
Substituting Vo and Vo− in (2) gives
+
1 1
Sadiku & Kulkarni V2 = (V1 + Z o I1 )e−γ l + (V1 − Z o I1 )eγ l Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
2 2
1 1
= (eγ l + e−γ l )V1 + Z o (e−γ l − eγ l ) I1
2 2 345
V2 = cosh γ lV1 − Z o sinh γ lI1 (5)
Substituting Vo+ and Vo− in (4),
1 1
I2 = − (V1 + Z o I1 )e −γ l + (V1 − Z o I1 )eγ l
2Z o 2Z o
1 γl 1
= (e − e −γ l )V1 + (eγ l + e−γ l ) I1
2Z o 2
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
1
I2 = sinh γ lV1 − cosh γ lI1 (6)
Zo
From (5) and (6)
cosh γ l − Z o sinh γ l
V2 V1
− I = − 1 sinh γ l cosh γ l I1
2 Z
o
But
−1
cosh γ l − Z o sinh γ l cosh γ l Z o sinh γ l
1 = 1
− sinh γ l cosh γ l sinh γ l cosh γ l
Z o Z o
Thus
cosh γ l Z o sinh γ l
V1 V2
I = 1 sinh γ l cosh γ l − I 2
1 Z
o
Prob. 11.31
Z a 80
(a) za = = = 1.6
Z o 50
Z b 60 + jCopyright
40 © 2015 by Oxford University Press
(b) zb = = = 1.2 + j 0.8
Zo 50
− sinh γ l cosh γ l sinh γ l cosh γ l
Z o Z o
Sadiku & Kulkarni Thus Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
cosh γ l Z o sinh γ l
V1 V2
I = 1 sinh γ l cosh γ l − I 2 349
1 Z
o
Prob. 11.31
Z a 80
(a) za = = = 1.6
Z o 50
Sadiku & Kulkarni Z b 60 + j 40
(b) zb = = = 1.2 + j 0.8 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Zo 50
Z c 30 − j120
(c) zc = = = 0.6 − j 2.4 346
Zo 50
The three loads are located on the Smith chart, as A, B, and C as shown next.
Prob. 11.32
Z L 210
zL = = = 2.1 = s
Z O 100
Z L − Z O 110
Or Γ = = ,
Z L + Z O 310
1+ Γ
s= = 2.1
1− Γ
V
But s = max → Vmax = sVmin
Vmin
λ λ
720o
Since the line is long, → = 120o
4 4
Copyright ©4 by Oxford University Press
2015
Hence the sending end will be Vmin , while the receiving end at Vmax
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
350
Prob. 11.32
Z L 210
zL = = = 2.1 = s
Sadiku & Kulkarni Z O 100 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Z L − Z O 110
Or Γ = = , 347
Z L + Z O 310
1+ Γ
s =
P.E.111.12 = 2.1
−Γ
Z
Z L = (1 +Vmax
j 2) Z o ⎯⎯ → zL = L = 1 + j 2
But s = → Vmax = sVmin Zo
Vmin
We locate z L on the Smith chart. o
λ λ 720
Since
λ is o long, o →
the line 720 = 120o
⎯⎯ → 4 = 180 4 4
4
Hence the sending 4 end will be V , while the receiving end at V
min max
We move 180o toward the generator and locate point Q at which
Vmin = Vmax / s = 80 / 2.1 = 38.09
z = 0.2 − j 0.4
Vsending = 38.09∠90o
Z = zZ o = (0.2 − j 0.4) Z o
Prob. 11.33
(a) Method 1: At Y,
Z + jZ o tan β Copyright
Z in = Z o L
© 2015 by Oxford University Press
Z
o + jZ L tan β
2π λ
β = = π, tan π = 0
λ 2
Z
Z in = Z o L = Z L = 150 Ω
Zo
At X, Z L ' = 150Ω
2π λ
β = = π / 2, tan π / 2 = ∞
λ 4
ZL '
jZ o + tan β Z 2 (75) 2
Z in = lim Z o = o = = 37.5Ω
tan β →∞
jZ '+ Z o Z L ' 150
L tan β
351
348
Z in = 75(0.6) = 37.5Ω
Prob. 11.34
Z + jZ o tan β
Z in = Z o L
Z o + jZ L tan β
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.75
f 4 × 108
2π 2π × 3.2
β = = = 26.81
λ 0.75
(30 − j 50) + j50 tan(26.81)
Z in = 50 = 26.13 + j 44.23 Ω
50 + j (30 − j 50) tan(26.81)
352
349
Prob. 11.35
Z 40 − j 25
zL = L = = 0.8 − j 0.5
Zo 50
We locate this at point P on the Smith chart shown below
OP 2.4 cm
|Γ L |= = = 0.3, θ Γ = −96o
OQ 8 cm
Γ L = 0.3∠ − 96o
At S, s = r = 1.81
= 0.27λ ⎯⎯
→ 0.27 × 720o = 194.4o
From P, we move 194.4o toward the generator to G. At G,
z in = 1.0425 + j 0.6133
Z in = Z o z in = 50(1.0425 + j 0.6133) = 52.13 − j 30.66 Ω
69.323o
O
S=1.81
-96.277o
353
350
Prob. 11.36
c 3 × 108
u= = = 1.5767 × 108
εr 3.62
u 1.5767 × 108
λ= = = 39.42 cm
f 400 × 106
= 132 cm ⎯⎯
→ 3.3485λ → θ = 720o × 0.3485 = 250.92o
⎯⎯
88.825o
ZL =196.03 -j109.82 Ω
P
-20.163o
Z in 40 + j 65
zin = = = 0.5333 + j 0.8666
Zo 75
We move toward the load from G (corresponding to Zin ) to
P (corresponding to the load). At P,
z L = 2.6137 − j1.4643
Z L = Z o z L = 75(2.6137 − j1.4643) = 196.03 − j109.82 Ω
354
351
Prob. 11.37
(a) 0.12λ → 0.12 × 720o = 86.4o
⎯⎯
We draw the s=4 circle and locate Vmin . We move from that
location 86.4o toward the load.
0.37λ
Min
O Max
s=4
At P, z L = 0.45 − j 0.83
Z = 50(0.45 − j 0.83) = 22.3 − j 41.72 Ω
(b) the load is capacitive.
(c) Vmin and Vmax are λ /4 apart. Hence the first maximum
occurs at
0.12λ +0.25λ = 0.37λ
355
352
Prob. 11.38
Z 75 + j 60
(a) z L = L = = 1.5 + j1.2
Zo 50
OP 3.8cm
| Γ |= = = 0.475, θ Γ = 42o
OQ 8cm
Γ = 0.475∠420
(Exact value = 0.4688 ∠ 41.76o)
(b) s=2.8
(Exact value = 2.765)
Prob. 11.39
λ
If λ → 720o , then → 120o
6
zin = 0.35 + j 0.24
356
353
Prob. 11.40
Z 100 + j 60
z= = = 2 + j1.2
Zo 50
We locate z on the Smith chart. We move 180 o toward the generator
to reach point Q. At Q, y = 0.36-j0.22
1
Y = yYo = (0.36 − j 0.22) = 7.4 − j 4.4 mS
50
357
354
Prob. 11.41
u 0.5 × 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.9375 m
f 160 × 106
Z 50 + j 30
zL = L = = 1 + j 0.6
Zo 50
We locate z at P on the Smith chart. We draw a circle that passes through P.
We locate point Q as the point where the circle crosses the Γ r − axis. At Q,
zin = 1.8
Z in = Z o zin = 50(1.8) = 90 Ω
The angular distance between P and Q is θ Γ = 73.3o.
λ
If λ → 720o , 73.3o → o
73.3o
720
o
73.3
= × 0.9375 = 0.0954 m
720o
358
355
Prob. 11.42
Z 40 − j 30
zL = L = = 0.8 − j 0.6
Zo 50
Locate this load at point P on the Smith chart.
λ 720o
→ = 180o
4 4
Draw a circle that passes through P and move 180o toward the generator.
At point Q,
zin = 0.8 + j 0.6
Z in = Z o zin = 50(0.8 + j 0.6) = 40 + j 30
1
Yin = = 0.016 − j 0.012 = 16 − j12 mS
Z in
359
356
Prob. 11.43
Z − Z o 0.5 − j − 1
(a) Γ = L = = 0.0769 − j 0.6154 = 0.6202∠ − 82.87 o
Z L + Z o 0.5 − j + 1
(b)
z −1 1 + Γ 1 + 0.4∠25o
Γ= L ⎯⎯ → zL = =
zL + 1 1 − Γ 1 − 0.4∠25o
z L = 1.931 + j 0.7771
Z L = (1.931 + j 0.7771) Z o
Prob. 11.44
Z 40 + j 25
zL = L = = 0.8 + j 0.5
Zo 50
Locate this load at point P on the Smith chart. Draw a circle that passes through
P. Locate point Q where the negative Γ r − axis crosses the circle.
θ P = 97 o. The angular distance between P and Q is
θ =180 + θ P = 277o.
720o → λ
λ
277 o → = o
277 o = 0.3847λ
720
360
357
Prob. 11.45
λ
(a) = 120cm → λ = 2.4m
2
u 3 × 108
u = fλ → f = = = 125MHz
λ 2.4
40λ λ 720°
(b) 40cm = = → = 120°
240 6 6
Z L = Z o z L = 150(0.48 + j 0.48
= 72 + j 72 Ω
(Exact value = 73.308+j70.324 Ω)
s − 1 1.6
(c) Γ = = = 0.444,
s + 1 3.9
Γ = 0.444∠120°
Prob. 11.46
(a)
Z j 60 Z j 40
zL = L = = j 0.75, zin = in = = j 0.5
Zo 80 Zo 80
The two loads fall on the r=0 circle, the outermost resistance circle. The shortest
distance between them is
106.26o
126.87o
361
358
(b) s = ∞, Γ L = 1∠106.26o
Prob. 11.47
Z in 100 − j120
(a) Z in = = = 1.25 − j1.5
Zo 80
u 0.8 × 3 × 108
λ= = = 20m
f 12 × 106
22λ
l1 = 22m = = 1.1λ → 720° + 72°
20
28λ
l2 = 28m = = 1.4λ → 720° + 72° + 216°
20
To locate P(the load), we move 2 revolutions
plus 72° toward the load. At P,
OP 5.1cm
ΓL = = = 0.5543
OQ 9.2cm
θ Γ = 72° − 47° = 25°
Γ L = 0.5543∠25°
(Exact value = 0.5624∠25.15o )
Z in , max = sZ o = 3.7(80) = 296Ω
(Exact value = 285.59 Ω)
Z 80
Z in , min = o = = 21.622Ω
s 3.7
(Exact value =22.41 Ω)
362
359
At Zin' ,
zin' = 0.48 + j 0.76
Z in' = 80(0.48 + j 0.76) = 38.4 + j 60.8Ω
(Exact=37.56+j61.304 Ω)
(c) Between ZL and Zin , we move 2 revolutions and 72°. During
the movement, we pass through Zin, max 3 times and Zin,min twice.
Thus there are:
3 Z in ,max and 2 Z in ,min
Prob. 11.48
Z o22
(a) From Eq. (11.43), Z in 2 =
ZL
Z o21 Z2 Z2
Z in1 = = Z o , i.e. Z in 2 = o1 = o 2
Z in 2 Zo ZL
Zo 50
Z o1 = Z o 2 = 30 = 24.5Ω.
ZL 75
Zo Zo2 Zo Z L
(b) Also, = → Zo2 = (1)
Z o1 Z L Z o1
2
Z o1 Z o 2
→ ( Z o 2 ) = Z o1Z L
3 2
Also, = (2)
Zo2 Z L
363
360
Z o3 Z L3
From (1) and (2), ( Z o 2 )3 = Z o1Z L2 = (3)
Z o31
or Z o1 = 4 Z o3 Z L = 4 (50)3 (75) = 55.33Ω
Prob. 11.49
λ Zo2 Z
l1 = → Z in1 = or yin1 = L2
4 ZL Zo
200 + j150
yin1 = = 20 + j15 mS
(100) 2
π
λ Z L + jZ o tan 4
l2 = → Z in 2 = Z L 0 Z o
lim = jZ o
8 Z o + jZ L tan
π
4
1 1
yin 2 = = = − j10 mS
jZ o j100
7π
7λ Zi + jZo tan Z o ( Zi − j Z o )
4
l3 = → Z in 3 = Zo =
8 7π ( Z o − jZ i )
Zo + jZi tan
4
But
yi = yin1 + yin2 = 20 + j5 mS
1 1000
zi = = = 47.06 − j11.76
yi 20 + j5
Z o − jZ in 100-j47.06-11.76
yin 3 = =
Z o ( Z in − jZ o ) 100 ( 47.06-j11.76-j100 )
= 6.408 + j 5.189 mS
If the shorted section were open,
yin1 = 20 + j15 mS
j tan π
yin 2 =
1
= 4 = j = j10 mS
Z in 2 Zo 100
364
361
7π
Zi + jZo tan
7λ 4 Zo ( Zi − jZo )
l3 = → Z in 3 = Zo =
8 7π ( Z o − jZ i )
Zo + jZi tan
4
yi = yin1 + yin 2 = 20 + j15 + j10 = 20 + j 25 mS
1 1000
Zi = = = 19.51 − j 24.39Ω
yi 20 + j 25
Z o − jZ i 75.61-j19.51
yin 3 = =
Z o ( Z i − jZ o ) 100 (19.51 − j124.39 )
= 2.461 + j 5.691 mS
Prob. 11.50
From the previous problem, Z in = 148Ω
Vg 120
I in = = = 0.5263 A
Z g + Z in 80 + 148
1 2 1
Pave = I in Rin = (0.5263) 2 (148) = 20.5W
2 2
Since the lines are lossless, the average power delivered to either antenna is 10.25W
Prob. 11.51
2π λ π
(a) β l = . = , tan β l = ∞
4 4 2
ZL
+ jZ o
Z + jZ o tan β l
Z in = Z o L tan β l
= Zo
Z o + jZ L tan β l Zo
tan β l + jZ L
As tan β l → ∞,
Z o2 (50) 2
Z in = = = 12.5Ω
ZL 200
365
362
(b) If Z L = 0,
Z o2
Z in = =∞ (open)
0
25 × ∞ 25
(c) Z L = 25 / / ∞ = = = 25Ω
25 + ∞ 1 + 25
∞
2
(50)
Z in = = 200Ω
12.5
Prob. 11.52
λ 74 1
→ 180°, z L = = 1.48, = 0.6756
4 50 zL
This acts as the load to the left line. But there are two such loads in parallel due to
2
16.892 1
z L' = = 0.3378, z in = ' = 2.96
50 zL
Z in = 50(2.96) = 148Ω.
366
363
Prob. 11.53
Z L 60 − j 50
zL = = = 1.2 − j1
Zo 50
1
yL =
zL
0.08433 λ
65.039o
125.75o
A
YL
ZL
0.1307 λ
-94.096o
At A, y = 1 + j0.92, ys = -j0.92
− j 0.92
Ys = Yo ys = = − j18.4 mS
50
Stub length = 0.1307λ
Stub position = 0.0843λ
367
364
Prob. 11.54
d A = 0.12λ → 0.12 × 720o = 86.4o
l A = 0.3λ → 0.3 × 720o = 216o
(a) From the Smith Chart below,
z L = 0.57 + j 0.69
Z L = 60 ( 0.57 + j 0.69 )
= 34.2 + j 41.4Ω
360o − 86.4o
(b) dB = λ = 0.38λ
720o
λ ( −62.4 − −82 )
o o
lB = − λ = 0.473λ
2 720o
(c) s = 2.65
(Exact value = 2.7734)
0.4721 λ
ZL
O s = 2.773
YL A
0.38 λ
-421.97o
-82.033o
368
365
Prob. 11.55
Z L 120 + j 220
zL = = = 2.4 + j 4.4
Zo 50
We follow Example 11.7. At A, ys=-j3 and at B, ys=+j3. The required stub
admittance is
± j3
Ys = Yo ys = = ± j 0.06 S
50
The distance between the load and the stub is determined as follows. For A,value =
0.2308λ)
For B,
180 + 10 + 17
lB = λ = 0.2875λ
720
The length of the stub line is determined as follows.
19
dA = λ = 0.0264λ
720
(Exact value = 0.0515 λ)
360 − 19
dB = λ = 0.4736λ
720
(Exact value = 0.4485λ)
0.2308 λ
33.863o
A
ZL
YL
-159.96o 0.05152 λ
-37.095o
369
367
Prob. 11.56
V 4V 90o
s = max = =4
Vmin 1V
s −1 3
Γ = = = 0.6
s +1 5
λ Vmin
= 25 cm − 5 cm = 20 cm ±180o 0o
2 s=4
→ λ = 40 cm
P
The load is l=5cm from Vmin, i.e.
5λ λ
l= = → 90o –90o
40 8
On the s = 4 circle, move 90o from Vmin towards the load and obtain ZL = 0.46 – j0.88 at
P.
θ Γ = 270o or -90o
Γ = 0.6∠-90o
Prob. 11.57
Vmax 0.95
s= = = 2.11
Vmin 0.45
λ
= 22.5 − 14 = 8.5 → λ = 17 cm l
2
c 3 × 108
f = = = 1.764 GHz
λ 0.17
3.2
l = 3.2 cm = λ → 135.5o
17
Vmin O
• •
S
P • ZL
Q
–44.5o
370
368
At P, z L = 1.4 − j 0.8
ZL = 50 (1.4 − j 0.8 ) = 70 − j 40Ω
(Exact value = 70.606-j40.496 Ω)
s − 1 1.11
Γ = = = 0.357, θ Γ = −44.5o
s + 1 3.11
Γ = 0.357∠ − 44.5o
(Exact value = 0.3571∠-44.471o )
Prob. 11.58
Rg − Ro 0 − 50
Γs = = = −1
Rg + Ro 0 + 50
RL − Ro 80 − 50
ΓL = = = 0.231
RL + Ro 80 + 50
Prob. 11.59
Z L − Z o 0.5Z o − Z o 1
ΓL = = =−
Z L + Zo 1.5Z o 3
Z g − Zo Zo 1
Γg = = =
Z g + Zo 3Z o 3
l Z Vo
t1 = = 2 μ s, Vo = o ( 27 ) = 9 V, Io = = 180 mA
u 3Z o Zo
ZL 0.5 V∞
V∞ = Vg = ( 27 ) = 5.4 V, I∞ = = 216 mA
Zg + ZL 2.5 ZL
The voltage and current bounce diagrams are shown below
371
369
ry = 1 ri = − 1 ry = − 1 3 ri = 1
3 3 3
z=0 z =1 z=0 z =1
9V 180mA
t1 t1
–3V 60mA
2t1 2t1
–1V –20mA
1 V 3t1 3t1
3 –6.667mA
4t1 4t1
1 V
9 2.222mA
−1 V 5t1
0.741mA
5t1
27
6t1 6t1
–0.25mA
V(0,t) 9V
5.444V
5.395V
5V
1
9
1
3
4 8 12 t(μs)
-1V
-3V
372
370
60mA
t(μs)
4 8 12
-20mA
Prob. 11.60
373
371
Γg=0.6 ΓL=1/3
2V
t1
2/3
0.4
3t1
0.133
0.08
5t1
V(l,t) 3.4136
3.2
2..667
2/3
0 t1 2 t1 3 t1 4 t1 5 t1
V ( , t ) V ( , t )
I ( , t ) = =
ZL 100
To get I(I,t), we just scale down V(l,t) by 100.
374
372
Prob. 11.61
Z − Z o 32 − 75
Γg = g = = 0.4019
Z g + Z o 32 + 75
Z L − Z o 2 × 106 − 75
ΓL = = 1
Z L + Z o 2 × 106 + 75
50 × 10−2
t1 = = = 2.5ns
u 2 × 108
The bounce diagram is shown below.
At t =20 ns = 4t1 ,
V = 8 + 8 − 3.2152 − 3.2152 = 9.57 V
Γg =-0.4019 ΓL = 1
8V
t1
8V
2t1
-3.2152
3t1
-3.2152
4t1
1,293
5 t1
Prob. 11.62
l 150
(a) t1 = = = 0.5μ s,
u 3 × 108
Z − Z o 150 − 50 1 Z g − Zo 25 − 50 1
ΓL = L = = , Γg = = =− ,
Z L + Z o 150 + 150 2 Z g + Zo 75 3
Z oVg 50 (12 ) Vg 12
Vo = = = 8V , Io = = = 160 mA
Zo + Z g 75 Z g + Zo 75
375
373
Γ= − 13 Γ= 12 Γ=1/3 Γ= − 1
2
0 0
8V 160
4 0.5μs –80 0.5μs
1μs – 43 1μs – 803
− 23 1.5μs 40
3
1.5μs
2μs 2 2μs 40
9 9
1
9
2.5μs − 209 2.5μs
3μs − 1 3μs − 27
20
27
3.5μs 3.5μs
(Voltage) (Current)
The bounce diagrams are for the leading pulse. The bounce diagrams for the second
pulse is delayed by 1µs and negated because of -12V.
(b) For each time interval, we add the contributions of the two pulses together.
For 0 < t < 1µs, V(0,t) = 8V
For 1 < t < 2µs, V(0,t) = -8 + 4 – 4/3 = -5.331V
For 2 < t < 3µs, V(0,t) = -(4-4/3)-2/3 + 2/9 = -2.667 -0.444 = -3.11V
For 3 < t < 4µs, V(0,t) = 0.444 + 1/9 -1/27 = 0.444+0.0741 = 0.518V
For 4 < t < 5µs, V(0,t)= -0.0741 – 0.0124 = -0.0864V
376
374
V(0,t)
8V
0.518V
t (µs)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.0864V
-3.11V
-5.333V
V (, t )
12V
2.333V
t (µs)
0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
-0.3886V
-14V
V ( , t ) V ( , t )
Since I (, t ) = = , we scale V (, t ) by a factor of 1/150 as shown below.
ZL 150
377
375
I (, t ) (mA)
80
15.55
t (µs)
0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 -2.59 4.5
-93,3
Prob. 11.63
Zo 50 8 × 110
Vo = 8V = Vg = Vg → Vg =
⎯⎯ = 17.6 V
Zo + Z g 50 + 60 50
2t1 = 4 μ s → t1 = 2 μ s =
⎯⎯
u
8 −6
= ut1 = 3 × 10 × 2 × 10 = 600 m
Prob. 11.64
20 Zo 50
t1 = 8
= 10−7 = 0.1μ s, Vo = Vg = (12) = 10V
2 x10 Zo + Z g 60
Z g − Zo 10 − 50
Γg = = = −2 / 3
Z g + Zo 10 + 50
Z L − Z o 0 − 50
ΓL = = = −1
Z L + Z o 0 + 50
The voltage bounce diagram is shown below
378
376
Γ g = −2 / 3 Γ L = −1
10V
t1
-10V
2t1
6.667V
-6.667 V 3t1
From the bounce diagram, we obtain V(0,t) as shown. V(l,t) =0 due to the short circuit.
V(0,t)
10
6.667
4.44
2.963
-6.667
-10
379
377
Prob. 11.65
The initial pulse on the line is
Zo
Vo = Vg (1)
Zo + Z g
The reflection coefficient is
Z − Zo
Γ= g (2)
Z g + Zo
The first reflected wave has amplitude ΓVo , while the second reflected wave
has amplitude Γ 2Vo , etc. For a very long time, the total voltage is
VT = Vo + ΓVo + Γ 2Vo + ...
1
= Vo (1 + Γ + Γ 2 + Γ3 + ...) = Vo (3)
1− Γ
Substituting (1) and (2) into (3) gives
Zo 1 1 V
VT = Vg =ZV = g
Zo + Z g Zg − Z o o g
Z g + Zo − Z g + Zo 2
1−
Z g + Zo
Prob. 11.66
w 0.4 mm
For w = 0.4 mm, = = 0.2 → narrow strip
h 2m
w
For = 0.2, ε eff = 5.851, Z o = 91.53Ω
h
w
For = 0.4, ε eff = 6.072, Z o = 73.24Ω
h
Hence,
380
378
Prob. 11.67
(a ) Let x = w h. If x < l ,
60 8
50 = ln + x
4.6 x
8
5 4.6 - 6ln + x = 0
x
we solve for x (e.g using Maple) and get x = 2.027 or 3.945
120π
50 =
4.6 [ x + 1.393 + 0.667 ln( x + 1.444) ]
x = 1.8628, w = xh = 14.9024 mm
For this w and h,
ε eff = 3.4598
ω ε eff
(b) β=
c
π ω ε eff
β = 450 = =
4 c
πc 3 × 108
= =
4 ε eff 2π f 8 × 3.4598 × 8 × 109
= 0.00252 m
381
379
Prob. 11.68
w
w = 1.5cm, h = 1cm, = 1.5
h
6 +1 εr - 1 0.6
(a) ε eff = + = 1.6 + = 1.8
2 2 1 + 12h/w 1 + 12/1.5
377 281
Z0 = = = 77.77Ω
1.8 (1.5 + 1.393 + 0.667 In (2.944)) 3.613
Rs
(b) α c = 8.686
wZo
1 μπ f 19 × 2.5 × 109 × 4π ×10-3
Rs = = =
σc σ σc 1.1 ×107
= 2.995 × 10-2
c u c 3 × 108
u = → λ = = = = 8.944 × 10−2
ε eff f f ε eff 2.5 × 109 1.8
α d = 6.6735 dB/m
20 20
α = 20dB → = = = 2.9 m
α 6.8965
382
380
Prob. 11.69
0.1 5 × 1.2
w ' = 0.5 + ln = 0.5 + 0.1279 = 0.6279
3.2 0.1
377 4 × 1.2 8 × 1.2
Zo = ln 1 + + 3.354
2π 2 π × 0.6177 4 × 0.6279
= 42.43ln {1 + 2.49(3.822 + 3.354} = 42.43ln(20.255)
= 127.64 Ω
Prob. 11.70
w 8e A 24.44
= 2A
= = 3.331 → w = 3.331h = 4mm
h e - 2 7.337
60π 2 60π 2
B= = = 5.206
Zo ε r 75 2.3
383
381
w 2 1.3 0.61
= 4.266 − ln 9.412 + ln 4.206 + 0.39 −
h π 4.6 2.3
= 1.665 <2
w
Thus = 3.331 > 2
h
3.3 1.3
ε eff = + = 1.953
2 12
2 1 +
3.331
3 × 108
u = = 2.1467 × 108 m/s
1.953
Prob. 11.71
Z L − Z o 100 − 150
Γ= = = −0.2
Z L + Zo 250
RL = −20log | Γ |= 13.98 dB
Prob. 11.72
Z L − Z o 120 − 50
Γ= = = 0.4118
Z L + Zo 170
RL = −20log10 | Γ |= −20log10 (0.4118) = 7.706 dB
384
CHAPTER 12
1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = 1 − (3 / 15) 2 = 0.96 , β o = ω / uo = 4π f / c
4π f 4π × 15 × 109
β= 0.96 = 0.96 = 615.6 rad/m
c 3 × 108
ω 2π × 15 × 109
u= = = 1.531 × 108 m/s
β 615.6
μ 60π
η'= = 60π , ηTE = = 192.4Ω
ε 0.96
4π f 4π × 15 × 109 (0.8426)
β= (0.8426) = = 529.4 rad/m
c 3 × 108
ω 2π × 15 × 109
u= = = 1.78 × 108 m/s
β 529.4
mπ nπ
Eo = 20, = 40π m=2, = 50π n=1
a b
i.e. TM21 mode.
u' 2 2 3 × 108
(b) f c = ( m / a ) + ( n / b) = 402 + 502 = 1.5 41 GHz
2 2
2π f 2π × 109
β = ω με 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = f 2 − fc 2 = 225 − 92.25 = 241.3 rad/m.
c 3 × 108
385
(c)
− jβ
Exs = (40π )20cos 40π x sin 50π ye − j β z
h2
− jβ
E ys = 2 (50π )20sin 40π x cos50π ye− j β z
h
Ey
= 1.25 tan 40π x cot 50π y
Ex
377 / 2
ηTE13 = = 229.69 Ω
1 − (28.57 / 50) 2
For m=1, n=3, the field components are:
Ez= 0
386
Ez= 0,
P. E. 12.4
3 × 108
up = = 12.5 × 108 m/s,
2
1 − (3.883 / 4)
9 × 1016
ug = 8
= 7.2 × 107 m/s
12.5 × 10
c
f c 01 = = 3.75 GHz, ηTE = 406.7Ω
2b
ωμb
Ex = − Eo sin(3π y / b)sin(ωt − β z ) , where Eo = Ho .
π
a b | Exs |2 Eo 2 ab
Pave = x =0 y = 0 2η dxdy =
4η
π Eo π × 63.77
Ho = = = 63.34 mA/m
ωμb 2π × 10 × 4π × 10−7 × 4 × 10−2
10
387
σ 10−15 10−15
= = << 1
ωε 2π × 9 × 109 × 2.6 × 10−9 / (36π ) 1.3
Hence,
1 3 × 108
u' ≅ = c / 2.6, fc = = 2.2149 GHz
με 2 × 2.4 × 10−2 2.6
For n = 0, m=1,
2 Rs 1 b
αc = [ + ( f c / f )2 ]
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 a
2
=
2 2.6 π × 9 × 109 × 1.1 × 107 × 4π × 10−7
[0.5 + (2.4 / 1.5)(2.2148 / 9) 2 ] = 2 × 10−2 Np/m
−2 7 2
377 × 1.5 × 10 × 1.1 × 10 1 − (2.2149 / 9)
jω
Exs = 2
(π / b) H o cos(π x / a )sin(π y / b)e −γ z
h
jωμ
E ys = − 2 (π / a) H o sin(π x / a) cos(π y / b)e −γ z
h
jβ
H xs = 2 (π / a ) H o sin(π x / a) cos(π y / b)e −γ z
h
jβ
H ys = 2 (π / b) H o cos(π x / a)sin(π y / b)e −γ z
h
Ezs = 0
388
dy E y
= = (a / b) tan(π x / a ) cot(π y / b)
dx Ex
dy H y
= = −(a / b)cot(π x / a) tan(π y / b)
dx H x
E H
Notice that ( y )( y ) = −1
Ex H x
showing that the electric and magnetic field lines are mutually orthogonal. The field
lines are as shown in Fig. 12.14.
P. E. 12.8
1 c
u' = =
με εr
1.5 × 1010
fTE101 = 1 / 25 + 0 + 1 / 100 = 1.936 GHz
3
1
QTE101 = , where
61δ
1 1
δ= = = 1.5 × 10−6
π f101μσ c π × 1.936 × 10 × 4π × 10 × 5.8 × 10
9 −7 7
106
QTE101 = = 10,929
61 × 1.5
P. E. 12.9
389
P. E. 12.10
i.e. 63.1 %
Prob. 12.1
1/ 2
2
u' m n
2
3 × 108 m 2 n 2
fc = +
= +
2 a b 2 2.25 × 10−2 2.28 1.01
1/ 2
15 m n
2 2
= + GHz
2.25 2.28 1.01
Using this formula, we obtain the cutoff frequencies for the given modes as shown below.
Mode f c (GHz)
TE01 9.901
TE10 4.386
TE11 10.829
TE02 19.802
TE22 21.658
TM11 10.829
TM12 20.282
TM21 13.228
390
Prob. 12.2
2 2 2 2
u ' m 2 n 2 3 × 108 m n m n
f cmn = 2
+ 2 = × 102 + = 15 + GHz
2 a b 2 6 4 6 4
15
f10 = = 2.5 GHz
6
15
f c 01 = = 3.75 GHz
4
2
f c 20 = 15 × = 5 GHz
6
1 1
f c11 = 15 2 + 2 = 15 × 0.3005 = 4.51 GHz
6 4
Possible modes are TE10 ,TE 01 ,TE 20 ,TE11 and TM11.
Prob. 12.3
u' 3 × 103
(a) For TE10 mode, f c = = = 2.5 GHz
2a 2 × 6 × 10−2
(b) f = 3 f c = 7.5 GHz
2 2
u1 m 2 n 2 3 × 102 × 102 m n
f cmn = + = +
2 a 2 b2 2 6 4
2 2
m n
= 15 + GHz
6 4
2
f c 20 = 15 × = 5 GHz
6
f c 01 = 3.75 GHz, f c 02 = 7.5 GHz
f c10 = 2.5 GHz, f c 20 = 5.0 GHz
f c 21 = 6.25 GHz, f c 30 = 7.5 GHz
2 2
1 2
f12 = 15 + = 7.91 GHz
6 4
2 2
1 1
f11 = 15 + = 4.507 GHz
6 4
The following modes are transmitted
TE01 , TE02 , TE10 , TE11 , TE20 , TE21 , TE30
TM 11 , TM 21
i.e. 7 TE modes and 2 TM modes
391
Prob. 12.4
(a)
For TE10 mode,
2
u' 1 3 × 108
fc = = = 6.25 GHz
2 a 2 × 2.4 × 10−2
For TE 01 mode,
2
u' 1 3 × 108
fc = = = 12.5 GHz
2 b 2 × 1.2 × 10−2
For TE 20 mo de,
2
u' 2
fc = = 2 × 6.25 = 12.5 GHz
2 a
For TE 02 mode,
2
u' 2
fc = = 2 × 12.5 = 25 GHz
2 b
u'
Prob. 12.5 (a) For TE10 mode, f c =
2a
u' 3 × 108
Or a = = = 3 cm
2 f c 2 × 5 × 109
u'
For TE01 mode, f c =
2b
u' 3 × 108
b= = = 1.25 cm
Or 2 f c 2 × 12 × 109
(b) Since a > b, 1/a < 1/b, the next higher modes are calculated as shown below.
Mode fc (GHz)
TE10 5
*TE20 10
TE30 15
TE40 20
*TE01 12
TE02 24
*TE11 13
TE21 15.62
392
The next three higher modes are starred ones, i.e. TE20, TE01, TE11
1 c
(c) u ' = = = 2 × 108 m/s
με 2.25
For TE11 modes,
3 × 108 1 1
fc = −2 2
+ 2
= 8.67 GHz
2 × 10 2.25 3 1.25
c 3 × 108
fc = = = 18.75 MHz
2a 2×8
(a) It will not pass the AM signal, (b) it will pass the FM signal.
Prob. 12.8
2 2
f 25
Let F12 = 1 − c12 = 1 − = 0.7806
f 40
c 3 × 108
λ' = = 9
= 0.0075 m = 7.5 × 10−3 m
f 40 × 10
λ' 7.5 × 10−3 m
λ12 = = = 9.608 × 10−3 m
F12 0.7806
u ' 3 × 108
u12 = = = 3.843 × 108 m/s
F12 0.7806
2π 2π
β12 = = = 653.95 rad/m
λ12 9.608 × 10−3
η' 120π
ηTE12 = = = 482.95Ω
F12 0.7806
393
Prob. 12.9
ω u' 3 × 108
u= = = = 6.975 × 108 m/s
β 1 − ( fc / f ) 2
1 − (6.5 / 7.2) 2
9 × 1016
ug = = 1.2903 × 108 m/s
u
2l 300
t= = = 2.325 μs
u g 1.2903 × 108
Prob. 12.10
c c 1.12 × 3 × 108
f = 1.12 f c10 = 1.12 ⎯⎯ → a = 1.12 = = 4.2 cm
2a 2f 2 × 4 × 109
The next higher-order mode is fc01 =c/2b.
Prob. 12.11
u' c
(a) f c10 = =
2a 2a ε r
3 × 108
=
2 × 1.067 × 10−2 6.8
30
= GHz
2 × 1.067 6.8
= 5.391 GHz
(b)
2
f
F = 1− c
f
2
5.391
= 1−
6
= 0.439
394
u' c 3 × 108
uρ = = = = 2.62 × 108 m/s
F F ε r 0.439 × 6.8
u'
λ' f 3 ×108c
(c) λ = = = =
F F fF ε r 0.439 × 6 ×109 × 6.8
10−1
= = 0.04368 m = 4.368 cm
2 × 0.439 6.8
Prob. 12.12
In evanescent mode,
2 2
mπ nπ
k = ω με <
2 2
+
a b
2 2
mπ nπ
β = 0, γ =α = + − k = 4π με f c − ω με
2 2 2 2
a b
2
f
α = με 4π f − 4π f = 2π με f c 1 −
2
c
2 2 2
fc
Prob. 12.13
Ez ≠ 0 . This must be TM23 mode (m=2, n=3). Since a= 2b,
c 2 2 3 × 108 ω 1012
fc = m + 4n = 4 + 36 = 15.81 GHz, f = = = 159.2 GHz
4b 4 × 3 × 10−2 2π 2π
| Exs |2 + | E ys |2
P ave = az
2ηTM
β 2 Eo 2
= 4 (2π / a ) 2 cos 2 (2π x / a )sin 2 (3π y / b) + (3π / b) 2 sin 2 (2π x / a )cos 2 (3π y / b) a z
2h ηTM
a b
Pave = Pave .dS = P ave dxdya z
x =0 y =0
β 2 Eo 2 ab 4π 2 9π 2 β 2 Eo 2 ab
= + 2 =
2h 4ηTM 4 a 2 b 8h 2ηTM
395
But
ω 1012
β= 1 − ( f c / f )2 = 8
1 − (15.81 / 159.2) 2 = 3.317 × 103
c 3 × 10
4π 2 9π 2 10π 2
h = 2 + 2 = 2 = 1.097 × 105
2
a b b
Prob. 12.14 (a) Since m=2 and n=1, we have TE21 mode
β c = ω 2 − ω 2c ωc 2 = ω 2 − β 2c 2
ω 2 β 2c 2 18 144 × 9 × 1016
fc = c = f − = 36 × 10 − = 5.973 GHz
2π 4π 2 4π 2
η 377
(c) ηTE = = = 3978Ω
1 − ( f c / f )2 1 − (5.973 / 6) 2
ωμ
Ey = (mπ / a ) H o sin(mπ x / a) cos(nπ y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h2
−β
Hx = (mπ / a) H o sin(mπ x / a)cos(nπ y / b)sin(ωt − β z )
h2
β = 12, m = 2, n =1
ωμ β
Eoy = 2 (mπ / a ) H o , H ox = 2 (mπ / a) H o
h h
Eoyωμ 2π × 6 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
ηTE = = = = 4π 2 × 100
H ox β 12
Eoy 5
H ox = = = 1.267 mA/m
ηTE 4π × 100
2
396
2π f
(b) β = β ' 1 − ( fc / f )2 = 1 − ( fc / f )2
c
But
u' 2 2 3 × 108
fc = ( m / a ) + ( n / b) = −2
(2 / 2.86) 2 + (3 / 1.016) 2 = 46.19 GHz, f = 50 GHz
2 2 × 10
2π × 50 × 109
β= 8
1 − (46.19 / 50) 2 = 400.68 rad/m
3 × 10
γ = j β = j 400.7 /m
η' 377
(c) η = = = 985.3Ω
2
1 − ( fc / f ) 1 − (46.19 / 50) 2
ηo c 3 × 108
η1 = , fc = = = 3 GHz
1 − ( fc / f )2 2a 2 × 5 × 10−2
377
η1 = = 406.7Ω
1 − (3 / 8) 2
3 × 108 80π
fc = = 2 GHz, η 2 = = 259.57Ω
2 × 5 × 10−2 2.25 1 − (2 / 8) 2
η −η
Γ = 2 1 = −0.2208
η2 + η1
1+ | Γ |
s= = 1.5667
1− | Γ |
397
ΦZ d RZ
( ρ R ') + 2 Φ ''+ RΦZ ''+ k 2 RΦZ = 0
ρ dρ ρ
Dividing by RΦZ ,
1 d Φ '' Z ''
( ρ R ') + + k2 = − = −k z 2
Rρ d ρ Φρ 2
Z
i.e. Z ''− k z 2 Z = 0
1 d Φ ''
( ρ R ') + + (k 2 + k z 2 ) = 0
Rρ d ρ Φρ 2
ρ d Φ ''
( ρ R ') + (k 2 + k z 2 ) ρ 2 = − = kφ 2
R dρ Φ
or
Φ ''+ kφ 2Φ = 0
d
ρ ( ρ R ') + (k ρ 2 ρ 2 − kφ 2 ) R = 0 , where k ρ 2 = k 2 + k z 2 . Hence
dρ
ρ 2 R ''+ ρ R '+ (k ρ 2 ρ 2 − kφ 2 ) R = 0
398
Prob. 12.18
(a)
For TE10 mode,
u' 3 × 108
fc = = = 2.083 GHz
2a 2 × 7.2 × 10−2
2 2
f 2.083
Let F = 1 − c = 1 − = 0.942
f 6.2
ωF 2π × 6.2 × 109 × 0.942
β = ω με F = = = 122.32 rad/m
c 3 × 108
ω c 3 × 108
up = = = = 3.185 × 108 m/s
β F 0.942
u g = u ' F = 3 × 108 (0.942) = 2.826 × 108 m/s
η' 377
ηTE = = = 400.21 Ω
F 0.942
(b)
1 c 3 × 108
u' = = = = 2 × 108
με εr 2.25
u' 2 × 108
fc = = = 1.389 GHz
2a 2 × 7.2 × 10−2
2 2
f 1.389
Let F = 1 − c = 1 − = 0.9746
f 6.2
ωF εr 2π × 6.2 × 109 × 0.9746 × 1.5
β = ω με F = = = 189.83 rad/m
c 3 × 108
ω 2π × 6.2 × 109
up = = = 2.052 × 108 m/s
β 189.83
u g = u ' F = 2 × 108 (0.9746) = 1.949 × 108 m/s
η' 377
ηTE = = = 257.88 Ω
F 1.5 × 0.9746
399
Prob. 12.19
1
u' με c 3 × 108
f c10 = = = = = 1.315 GHz
2a 2a 2a ε r 2 × 7.214 × 10−2 2.5
2 2
f 1.315
Let F = 1 − c = 1 − = 0.9444
f 4
ω εr F
β = ω με F =
c
ω c 3 × 108
up = = = = 2.009 × 108 m/s
β F ε r 0.9444 × 2.5
cF 3 × 108 × 0.9444
ug = u ' F = = = 1.792 × 108 m/s
εr 2.5
Prob. 12.20
u'
fc =
2a
2
f
2
fc
2
ug
2
1.8 × 10 8
ug = u ' 1 − c ⎯⎯
→ =1− =1− 8
= 0.208
f f u' 3 × 10
2.2
f c = 0.208 f = 2.0523 GHz
u' 3 × 108
a= = = 4.927 cm
2 f c 2 2.2 × 2.053 × 109
Prob. 12.21
Let F = 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 = 1 − (16 / 24) 2 = 0.7453
1 3 × 108 u'
u' = = = 2 × 108 , up = , u g = u ' F = 2 × 108 × 0.7453 = 1.491 × 108
με 2.25 F
m/s
377
ηTE = η '/ F = = 337.2Ω
1.5 x0.7453
400
Prob. 12.22
3 × 108
fc = (m / 0.025) 2 + (n / 0.01) 2 = 15 n 2 + (m / 2.5) 2 GHz
2
fc10 = 6 GHz, fc20 = 12 GHz, fc01 = 15 GHz.
Since fc20 , fc10 > 11 GHz, only the dominant TE10 mode is propagated.
u 1 1
(a) p = = = 1.193
u 1 − ( fc / f ) 2
1 − (6 / 11) 2
ug
(b) = 1 − (6 / 11) 2 = 0.8381
u
Prob. 12.23
For the TE10 mode,
π x − jβ z
H zs = H o cos e
a
jβ a π x − jβ z
H xs = H o sin e
π a
jωμ a π x − jβ z
E ys = − H o sin e
π a
Exs = 0 = Ezs = H ys
0 E ys 0
E s × H s* = * *
= E ys H zs* a x − E ys H xs* a z
H xs 0 H zs
Prob. 12.24
| Exs |2 + | E ys |2 ω 2 μ 2π 2 2 2
Pave = az = H o sin π y / ba z
2η 2η b 2 h 4
where η = ηTE10 .
ω 2 μ 2π 2 2 a b
Pave = Pave .dS = H o sin 2 π y / bdxdy
2η b h2 4
x =0 y =0
ω 2 μ 2π 2 2
Pave = H o ab / 2
2η b 2 h 4
401
π2
But h 2 = (mπ / a ) 2 + (nπ / b) 2 = ,
b2
ω 2 μ 2 ab3 H o 2
Pave =
4π 2η
Prob. 12.25
πμ f π × 12 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 2.858 × 10−2
σc 5.8 × 10 7
u' 3 × 108
f c10 = = = 4.651 GHz
2a 2 2.6 × 2 × 10−2
1/ 2
u' 1 1
f c11 = 2 + 2 = 10.4 GHz
2 a b
μ 377
η'= = = 233.81Ω
ε 2.6
α d + j β d = −ω 2 με + k x 2 + k y 2 + jωμσ d
π2
= −ω 2 / u 2 + + jωμσ d
a2
2
2π × 12 × 109 π2
= − 8 (2.6) + −2 2
+ j 2π × 12 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 10−4
3 × 10 (2 × 10 )
= 0.012682 + j373.57
α d = 0.012682 Np/m
2 Rs 1 b fc 2
αc = + ( )
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 a f
2
402
α d + j β d = −ω 2 / u 2 + 1 / a 2 + 1 / b 2 + jωμσ d
π2
= −139556.21 + + j 9.4748 = 0.02344 + j 202.14
(10−2 ) 2
α d = 0.02344 Np/m
2 Rs (b / a )3 + 1 2 × 2.858 × 10−2 (1 / 8) + 1
αc = 2 =
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 (b / a) + 1 10−2 (233.81) 1 − (10.4 / 12) 2 (1 / 4) + 1
α c = 0.0441 Np/m
σ
Prob. 12.26 ε c = ε '− jε '' = ε − j
ω
Comparing this with
μ
η'= = 30π
ε
1
Eo e −α d z = 0.8 Eo z= ln(1 / 0.8) = 9.66 m
αd
403
Prob. 12.27
For TM21 mode,
2 Rs
αc =
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2
2 × 0.0246
αc = = 0.0314 Np/m
4π × 10−2 × 30π × 0.4166
1
Eo e − (αc +α d ) z = 0.7 Eo z= ln(1 / 0.7) = 6.5445 m
αc + αd
Prob. 12.28
u' 3 × 108
f c10 = = = 2.5 GHz
2a 2 × 6 × 10−2
η' 377
ηTE = = = 483
2 2
f 2.5
1− c 1−
f 4
From Example 12.5,
Eo2 ab (2.2) 2 × 106 × 6 × 3 × 10−4
Pave = = = 9.0196 mW
2η 2 × 483
σ
(a) loss tangent = =d
ωε
10−9
σ = dωε = 3 × 10−4 × 2π × 4 × 109 × 2.11 × = 1.4086 × 10−4
36π
120π
η'= = 259.53
2.11
404
μ fπ π × 4 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
(b) Rs = = = 1.9625 × 10−2
σc 4.1 × 10 7
Prob. 12.30
π fμ
2
2 Rs 1 b f 2 σc 1 1 f 2
αc = + c = + c
f c 2 a f 2 2 f
2 2
fc
bη ' 1 − bη ' 1 −
f f
1
2 4π × 10−7 × π f × f 2
= 2 1 + c
f c f
2
0.5 × 10−2 × (120π / 2.25) 5.8 × 107 1 −
f
10−5 f f 2
= 1 + c
f c f
2
30 (5.8 / 2.25) 1 −
f
k=10^(-5)/(30*sqrt(5.8/2.25));
fc=10^10;
for n=1:1000
f(n)=fc*(n/100+1);
fn=f(n);
num=sqrt(fn)*(1 +(fc/fn)^2);
den=sqrt(1- (fc/fn)^2);
alpha(n) =k*num/den;
end
plot(f/10^9,alpha)
xlabel('frequency (GHz)')
ylabel('attenuation')
grid
405
0.3
0.25
attenuation (Np/m)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
frequency (GHz)
u' c
fc = , u' =
2a 2.11
3 × 108
fc = = 4.589 GHz
2.11(2 × 2.25 × 10−2 )
2 Rs1 b
(b) α cTE10 = + ( f c / f )2
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 2 a
π fμ π × 5 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 3.796 × 10−2
σc 1.37 × 10 7
377
η' = = 259.54
2.11
406
1.5
2 × 3.796 × 10−2 [0.5 + (4.589 / 5) 2 ]
αc = 2.25 = 0.05217 Np/m
−4
1.5 × 10 (259.54) 1 − (4.589 / 5) 2
Prob. 12.32
u' 3 × 108
(a) f c10 = = = 3.947 GHz
2a 2 × 3.8 × 10−2
2
f
u g = u ' 1 − c = 3 × 108 1 − (0.3947) 2 = 2.756 × 108 m/s
f
(b) α = α d + α c
α d = 0 since the guide is air-filled.
π fμ π × 1010 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 2.609 × 10−2 Ω
σc 5.8 × 107
2 Rs b fc
2
αc = 0.5 +
f c
2 a f
bη ' 1 −
f
2 × 2.609 × 10−2 1.6 2 5.218 × 0.5656
= 0.5 + 3.8 ( 0.3947 ) = 554.23
1.6 × 10−2 (377) 1 − ( 0.3947 )
2
Prob. 12.33
u' c 3 × 108
f c10 = = = = 3.991 GHz
2a 2a ε r μr 2 × 2.5 × 10−2 2.26
ω 2π f ε r
β' = =
u' c
2 2
f 3.991
F = 1− c = 1− = 0.8467
f 7.5
2π × 7.5 × 109 2.26
β = β 'F = 0.8467 = 199.94 rad/m
3 × 108
407
2 Rs b fc
2
αc = 0.5 +
f c
2 a f
bη ' 1 −
f
π fμ π × 7.5 × 109 × 4π × 10−7
Rs = = = 0.0519
σc 1.1 × 107
1.5 3.991
2
2 × 0.0519 0.5 +
2.5 7.5 0.1038 × 0.6698
αc = =
−2 377 3.1848
1.5 × 10 × × 0.8467
2.66
= 0.02183 Np/m
u' c 3 × 108
up = = = = 2.357 × 108 m/s
F F ε r 0.8467 2.26
3 × 108 × 0.8467
ug = u ' F = = 1.689 × 108 m/s
2.26
u' c 3 × 108
λc = = = = 0.05 m = 5 cm(= 2a, as expected)
f c f c ε r 3.991 × 109 2.26
Prob. 12.34
αc = 0.5 +
f c
2 a f
bη ' 1 −
f
f c 6.56
= = 0.781, η ' = ηo = 377
f 8.4
408
2 Rs 1 b fc 2
αc = + ( )
bη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 2 a f
2
1 π fμ
But a = b, Rs = =
σ cδ σc
π fμ 1 f
2 k f + ( c )2
σc 1 f 2 f
αc = + ( c )2 =
2 2 f
aη ' 1 − ( f c / f ) 1 − ( fc / f )2
where k is a constant.
f c 2 1/ 2 1 −1/ 2 3 2 −5/ 2 k 1 1/ 2 f
k[1 − (
) ] [ f − fc f ] − [ f + f c 2 f −3/ 2 ](2 f c 2 f −3 )[1 − ( c ) 2 ]−1/ 2
dα c f 4 2 2 2 f
= 2
df 1 − ( fc / f )
dα c
For minimum value, = 0 . This leads to f = 2.962 fc.
df
as required.
409
∂ ∂ ∂
− jωμ H s = ∇ × E s = ∂ x ∂y ∂z
Exs E ys 0
1 ∂ E ys 1
H xs = = − 2 (mπ / a )( pπ / c ) H o sin(mπ x / a ) cos(nπ y / b) cos( pπ z / c)
jωμ ∂ z h
jωε ∂ Ezs γ ∂ H zs
H xs = −
h2 ∂ y h2 ∂ x
For a rectangular cavity,
h 2 = k x 2 + k y 2 = (mπ / a ) 2 + (nπ / b) 2
Thus
jωε ∂ Ezs γ ∂ H zs
H xs = − −
h2 ∂ x h2 ∂ y
jωε
=− (mπ / a ) Eo cos(mπ x / a )sin(nπ y / b) cos( pπ z / c)
h2
From Maxwell’s equation,
∂ ∂ ∂
jωε E s = ∇ × H s = ∂ x ∂y ∂z
H xs H ys 0
1 ∂ H xs 1
E ys = = 2 (nπ / b)( pπ / c) Eo sin(mπ x / a )cos(nπ y / b)cos( pπ z / c)
jωε ∂ z h
410
Prob. 12.38
u'
fr = ( m / a ) 2 + ( n / b) 2 + ( p / c ) 2
2
u' 1 1
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with f r = 2
+ 2
2 a b
u' 1 1 u' 1 1
The lowest TE mode is TE011 with f r = 2
+ 2 < 2
+ 2
2 b c 2 a b
u' 1 1
The lowest TM mode is TM110 with f r = 2
+ 2
2 a b
u' 1 1 u' 1 1
The lowest TE mode is TE101 with f r = 2
+ 2 > 2
+ 2
2 a c 2 a b
411
Prob. 12.39
(a) Since a > b < c, the dominant mode is TE101.
c 1 1 3 × 108 1 1
fr = + = −2 2
+ = 9.014 GHz
2 a2 c2 2 (2 × 10 ) (3 × 10−2 ) 2
1 1
(b) δ= =
π f r101μoσ π × 9.014 × 10 × 4π × 10−7 × 5.8 × 107
9
1
=
4π 2 × 5.8 × 9.014 × 109
(a 2 + c 2 )abc (4 + 9)6 × 10−2 0.78
Q= = =
δ 2b(a 3 + c 3 ) + ac(a 2 + c 2 ) δ [ 2(8 + 27) + 6(4 + 9)] 148δ
0.78
= 4π 2 × 5.8 × 9.014 × 109 = 7571.5
148
Prob. 12.40
1 c 3 × 108
u' = = = = 1.897 × 108
με 2.5 2.5
2 2 2 2 2 2
u ' m n p 1.897 × 108 × 102 m n p
fc = + + = + +
2 a b c 2 1 2 3
= 9.485 m 2 + 0.25n 2 + 0.111 p 2 GHz
f r101 = 9.485 1 + 0 + 0.111 = 10 GHz
f r 011 = 9.485 0 + 0.25 + 0.111 = 5.701 GHz
f r 012 = 9.485 0 + 0.25 + 0.444 = 7.906 GHz
f r 013 = 9.485 0 + 0.25 + 0.999 = 10.61 GHz
f r 021 = 9.485 0 + 1 + 0.111 = 10 GHz
Thus, the first five resonant frequencies are:
5.701 GHz(TE 011 )
7.906 GHz (TE 012 )
10 GHz (TE101 and TE 021 )
10.61 GHz (TE 013 or TM110 )
11.07 GHz (TE111 or TM111 )
412
Prob. 12.41
(a 2 + c 2 )abc
Q=
δ 2b(a 3 + c3 ) + ac(a 2 + c 2 )
When a = b = c,
2a 2 a 3 2a 5 a
Q= = =
δ 2a × 2a + a × 2a 6δ a
3 2 2 4
3δ
Prob. 12.42
(a) Since a > b < c, the dominant mode is TE101
u' 1 1 3 × 108 × 102 1 1
f r101 = + 0 + = + = 16.77 GHz
2 a2 c2 2 22 12
(a 2 + c 2 )abc
(b) QTE101 =
δ 2b(a 3 + c3 ) + ac(a 2 + c 2 )
(400 + 100)20 × 8 × 10 × 10−3 3.279 × 10−3
= =
δ [16(8000 + 1000) + 200(400 + 100)] δ
1 1 10−4
But δ= = =
π f r101μoσ π 16.77 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 6.1 × 107 200.961
200.961
QTE101 = 3.279 × 10−3 = 6589.51
10−4
Prob. 12.43
c
fr = m2 + n2 + p 2
2a
The lowest possible modes are TE101, TE011, and TM110. Hence
c c 3 × 108
fr = 2 a= = = 7.071 cm
2a fr 2 2 × 3 × 109
a = b = c = 7.071 cm
413
Prob. 12.44
(a) a = b = c
u'
fr = m2 + n2 + p 2
2a
For the dominant mode TE101 ,
u' c
fr = 1+1 = 2
2a 2a
c 2 3 × 108 2
a= = = 0.03788 m
2 f r 2 × 5.6 × 109
a = b = c = 3.788 cm
(b)
c
For ε r = 2.05, u' =
εr
c 2 0.03788
a= = = 0.02646
2 fr ε r 2.05
a = b = c = 2.646 cm
Prob. 12.45
(a)
This is a TM mode to z. From Maxwell’s equations,
∇ × E s = − jωμ H s
∂ ∂ ∂
1 j j ∂ Ezs ∂ Ezs
Hs = − ∇ × Es = ∂x ∂y ∂z = ax − ay
jωμ ωμ ωμ ∂ y ∂x
0 0 Ezs ( x, y )
But
1 1 10−2
Ezs = 200sin 30π x sin 30π y, = =
ωμ 6 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 24π
j10−2
Hs = × 200 × 30π {sin 30π x cos30π ya x − cos30π x sin 30π ya y }
24π
H = Re (Hs e jωt )
H = 2.5{− sin 30π x cos30π ya x + cos30π x sin 30π ya y } sin 6 × 109 π t A/m
414
E = Ez a z , H = H xa x + H y a y
(b)
EH = 0
Prob. 12.46
3 × 108
(a) a = b = c ⎯⎯
→ f r101 = = 12 × 109
a 2
3 × 108
a= = 1.77 cm
2 × 12 × 109
a a π f r101μσ
(b) QTE101 = =
3δ 3
1.77 × 10−2 π × 12 × 109 × 4π × 10−7 × 5.8 × 107
= = 9767.61
3
Prob. 12.47
2 2 2
u' m n p
fr = + +
2 a b c
3 × 108 1 1
f r101 = 2
+ = 44.186 MHz
2 (10.2) (3.6) 2
1 1
f r 011 = 150 2
+ MHz = 45.093 MHz
(8.7) (3.6) 2
1 1 1
f r111 = 150 2
+ 2
+ MHz = 47.43 MHz
(10.2) (8.7) (3.6) 2
1 1
f r110 = 150 2
+ MHz = 22.66 MHz
(10.2) (8.7) 2
1 4
f r102 = 150 2
+ MHz = 84.62 MHz
(10.2) (3.6) 2
4 1
f r 201 = 150 2
+ MHz = 51 MHz
(10.2) (3.6) 2
Thus, the resonant frequences below 50 MHz are
f r110 , f r101, f r 011 , and f r111
Prob. 12.48
3 × 108
n = c/um = = 1.4286
2.1 × 108
415
Prob. 12.49 When an optical fiber is used as the transmission medium, cable radiation is
eliminated. Thus, optical fibers offer total EMI isolation because they neither emit nor
pick up EM waves.
Prob. 12.50
(a) NA = n12 − n2 2 = 1.622 − 1.6042 = 0.2271
πd π × 50 × 10−6 × 0.2271
(c) V = NA = = 27.441
λ 1300 × 10−9
N = V2/2 6 modes
Prob. 12.51
π d 2 3 π × 2 × 5 × 10−6
V= n1 − n2 = 1.482 − 1.462 = 5.86
λ 1300 × 10 −9
2
V
N= = 17.17 or 17 modes
2
Prob. 12.52
(a) NA = sin θ a = n12 − n2 2 = 1.532 − 1.452 = 0.4883
θ a = sin –1 0.4883 = 29.23o
i.e. 63.1 %
Prob. 12.53
α12 = 8686α10
416
Prob. 12.55
Pin 1.2 × 10−3
α = 10log10 = 10log10 = 30.792
Pout 1 × 10−6
0.4
α = 0.4 dB/km = Np/km
8.686
30.792 30.392 dB
= = = 76.98 km
α 0.4 dB/km
417
415
CHAPTER 13
P.E. 13.1
2π c
2π × 3 × 108 2π 1
λ= = = 6π , β= =
ω 108 λ 3
6π
(0.25) sin 30o − j 72o
100 j1 / 3 1
Hφ s = + 2
e = 0.2119∠ − 20.511o mA/m
4π 6π / 5 (6π / 5)
H = Im ( Hφ s e jωt aφ ) Im is used since I = Io sin ωt
4π (6π × 200)
P. E. 13.2
λ
(a) l = = 1.5m ,
4
(b) Io = 83.3mA
1
(c) Rrad = 36.56 Ω , Prad = (0.0833)2 36.56
2
= 126.8 mW.
36.5 + j 21.25 − 75
Γ= = 0.3874∠140.3o
36.5 + j 21.25 + 75
418
416
1 + 0.3874
s= = 2.265
1 − 0.3874
P.E. 13.3
4π U max
D=
Prad
4π (1)
D= =3
4π
3
λ
(b) For the monopole,
4
π
cos 2 ( cosθ )
U (θ ,φ ) = 2 , Umax = 1
sin 2 θ
π
π
2 2πcos 2 ( cosθ )
Prad = 2 sin θ dθ dφ = 2π (0.609)
θ =0 φ =0 sin 2 θ
4π (1)
D= = 3.28
2π (0.609)
P. E. 13.4
419
417
P. E. 13.5
π
2 2π
π2
Prad = sin θ sin θ dθ dφ =
θ =0 φ =0 2
, Umax = 1
4π (1)
D= = 2.546
π2
2
P. E. 13.6
1
(a) f (θ ) = cosθ cos ( β d cosθ + α )
2
2π λ
where α = π , β d = . =π
λ 2
1
f (θ ) = cosθ cos (π cosθ + π )
2
π (cosθ + 1) = ± π θ = ±π 2
2 2
and maxima at
Thus the group pattern and the resultant patterns are as shown in Fig.13.15(a)
1
(b) f (θ ) = cosθ cos ( β d cosθ + α )
2
where α = −π , βd = π / 2
2
1 π
f (θ ) = cosθ cos cosθ − π
2 2 2
420
418
π (cosθ − 1) = − π θ = 180o
4 2
and maxima at
cos θ − 1 = 0 θ =0
Thus the group pattern and the resultant patterns are as shown in Fig.13.15(b)
P. E. 13.7
(a)
● ● ● ●
● ●
λ
● 2 ● λ ● λ ●●
● 2 ● 2
1: 2 :1 1: 2 :1
x x
λ
2
Thus, we take a pair at a time and multiply the patterns as shown below.
● ● × x x ≡
= (1 + 1) N −1 = 2 N −1
N −1
1 N −1 1 jψ − jψ jψ
( AF ) n = 1 + e jψ = e 2
e 2
+e 2
2 N −1 2 N −1
421
419
N −1 N −1
1 ψ ψ
= 2cos = cos
2 N −1 2 2
P. E. 13.8
λ2 c 3 × 108
Ae = Gd , λ = = =3m
4π f 108
For the Hertzian dipole,
Gd = 1.5sin 2 θ
λ2
Ae = (1.5sin 2 θ )
4π
1.5λ 2 1.5 × 9
Ae,max = = = 1.074 m 2
4π 4π
By definition,
Pr 3 × 10−6
Pr = Ae Pave Pave = =
Ae 1.074
= 2.793 μ W / m 2
P. E. 13.9
1 E2
4π r 2
4π r 2 Pave 2 η 2π r 2 E 2
(a) Gd = = =
Prad Prad η Prad
G = 10log10 Gd = -20.18 dB
P. E. 13.10
1
λ 2Gd 2σ Prad 4
r=
(4π ) Pr
3
c 3 × 108
where λ = = = 0.05m
f 6 × 109
422
420
4π Ae 4π (7.125)
Gd = = = 3.581 × 104
λ 2
25 × 10 −4
1
25 × 10−4 × (3.581) 2 × 108 × 5 × 60 × 103 4
r=
(4π )3 × 0.26 × 10−3
= 1168.4m = 0.631 nm
rmax
At r = = 584.2m,
2
Prob. 13.1
50e− j β r
As = (sin θ cos φ ar + cosθ cos φ aθ − sin φ aφ )
r
∇ × As 100cosθ sin φ − j β r 50
= Hs = e ar − 2 (1 − j β r )sin φ e − j β r aθ
μ μ r sin θ
2
μr
50
− cosθ cos φ (1 + j β r )e − j β r aφ
μr 2
1
At far field, only term remains. Hence
r
j 50 − j β r
Hs = β e (sin φ aθ − cosθ cos φ aφ )
μr
− j 50 βη e − j β r
E s = −η ar × H s = (sin φ aφ + cosθ cos φ aθ )
μr
Prob. 13.2
c 3 × 108 423
421
(a) λ= = = 0.75 m
f 400 × 106
2d 2 2(0.02 λ50)ηβ
2
r ωt − β r )(sin φ aφ + cosθ cos φ aθ ) V/m
jω t
rEmin==Re E=s e = sin(
λ λ μr
i.e. r is in the far field. −50
H = RejIoH se
β dl
jω t
= − j β r β sin(ωt − β r )(sin φ aθ − cosθ cos φ aφ ) A/m
Hφ s = sin θ e μ r
4π r
Prob. 13.2 2π
c 3 × 3 ×8
10 × 0.02λ × sin 90o
I β dl λ= 0.75 m
H φ s |= λ o= sin
|(a) = θ= 6 = 5 × 10−4 = 0.5 mA/m
4π rf 400 × 10 4π (60)
|Eθ s |= 2ηdo | H φ2(0.02
2
|= 0.1885λ ) V/m
2
rmin = = s r
λ λ
i.e.
(b) r is| Hinφ sthe far field.
|= 0.5 mA/m|
jI o β dl 2
H = sinθdl e − j β r
(c)φ s R rad4π= r80π 2 = 80π 2 ( 0.02 ) = 0.3158 Ω
2
λ 2π
1 3 × 1 × 0.02λ × sin 90o
I β dl | I oθ| =R rad =λ (9)(0.3158) = 1.421
2
H φ s |=Prado = sin
|(d) = 5W
× 10−4 = 0.5 mA/m
4π r2 2 4π (60)
|Eθ s |= ηo | H φ s |= 0.1885 V/m
Prob. 13.3
2 2
2 dl 2 0.024λ
(a)
(b) R|rad |= π
H φ=s 80 0.5mA/m| = 80π = 0.4548 Ω
λ 2 λ
dl − 502
2 0.4548
RZ L − Zo
= 80π (=0.02 ) = 0.3158 Ω
2
(c) Γ =
(b) rad = 80π = −0.982
ZL + Z o 0.4548 λ + 50
1+ | Γ | 1 1.982 2 1
s = Prad == 2 | I o | R rad= 110.11
(d) = (9)(0.3158) = 1.421 W
2
1− | Γ | 1 − 0.982
Prob. 13.3
Prob. 13.4 2 2
dl 2 0.024λ
8
c 3 ×210
(a) λR=rad ==80π = 6= m 80π = 0.4548 Ω
f 50 × 10λ6 λ
Z 2− Z o −
(b)Γ = 2dL 2(5 ×0.4548
10−3 ) 2 50 = −0.982
rmin = Z +=Z = 0.4548 =+ 8.333 −6
50 × 10 m r = 15 cm
λL o 6
i.e. 1+ | Γ | far
1.982
s = r is in the
= field. = 110.11
1− | Γ | 1 − 0.982
Prob. 13.4
c 3 × 108
λ= = =6m
f 50 × 106
2d 2 2(5 × 10−3 ) 2 Copyright © 2015−6by Oxford University Press
rmin = = = 8.333 × 10 m r = 15 cm
λ 6
i.e. r is in the far field.
424
422
jI o β dl
Hφ s = sin θ e − j β r
4π r
2π
× 5 × 10−3 × sin 30o
2×
I o β dl 6 5
| H φ s |= sin θ = = × 10−2 = 2.778 mA/m
4π r 4π × 15 × 10 −2
18
|Eθ s |= ηo | H φ s |= 377 × 2.778 × 10 = 1.047 V/m
−3
Prob. 13.5
l
e− jβ r 2
2z
(a) Azs =
4π r I
−l
o (1 −
l
)e j β z cos θ ∂ z
2
e − j β r 2
l l
2z 2
2z
)sin( β z cos θ ) dz
4π r −l
= Io (1 − ) cos( β z cosθ )dz + j (1 −
l −l l
2 2
l
e− j β r 2
2z
= 2 I o (1 − ) cos( β z cosθ )dz
4π r 0 l
I oe− jβ r 2
= . 1 − cos( β l cosθ )
2π r β cos θ l
2 2 2
βl
( cosθ ) 2
If β l l , cos( β l cosθ ) = 1 − 2 .
2 2 2!
Hence
jη I o
Eθ s = β le− j β r sin θ , H φ s = Eθ s / η
8π r
2
Eθ s
Pave = , Prad = Pave dS
2η
2π π 2
n I βl 1
Prad = o 2 sin 2 θ r 2 sin θ dθ dφ
0 0 2 8π r
2
l
= 10π I o = 1 I o 2 Rrad
2 2
λ 2
2
l
or Rrad = 20π 2
λ
Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e
2
l
(b) 0.5 = 20π 2 l = 0.05λ
λ
425
423
Prob. 13.6
c 3 × 108 l 2
λ = 0.5== 20π 26= 100
(b)
m
l = 0.05λ
f 3 × 10 λ
= 4 m λ . Hence the antenna is electrically short.
Prob. 13.6
1 2 π I o dl
2
π × 3× 4
2
Prad =c I 3o R×rad
10 = 40 λ = 40 100 = 5.685 W
8
λ = 2= m
= 100
f 3 × 106
Prob.
=4m 13.7 λ . Hence the antenna is electrically short.
Let us model this as a short Hertzian 2 dipole. 2
1 2 π I o dl π2 × 3 × 4
Prad = I o Rrad = 40 =40dl = 5.685 W
2 Rrad λ= 80π 2 =100 80π 2 (1 / 8) 2 = 12.34 Ω
λ
Prob. 13.7
Prob.
Let us 13.8
model this as a short Hertzian dipole.
40Ω2
dl
Rrad = 80π 2 = 80π 2 (1 / 8)I2 = 12.34 Ω
λ
Prob. 13.8 +
24 V - 40Ω Zin = 73+j42
I
+
24 V - Zin = 73+j42
V 24
I= = = 0.1866 − j 0.0694
Rs + Z in 40 + 73 + j 42
1
Prad = | I |2 Rrad , Rrad = 73
2
1V 24
I rad
P = = (0.1991) = 2 × 73 = 1.447= W0.1866 − j 0.0694
Rs 2+ Z in 40 + 73 + j 42
1
Prad = | I |2 Rrad , Rrad = 73
2
1
Prad = (0.1991)2 × 73 = 1.447 W
2
426
424
Prob. 13.9
Change the limits in Eq. (13.16) to ± l i.e.
2
μ I oe jβ r 1 βl βl βl βl
=
2π r β sin 2 θ sin 2 cos 2 cosθ − cosθ cos 2 sin 2 cosθ
But B = μ H = ∇ × A
1 ∂ ∂A
Hφ s = ( rAθ ) − r ,
μr ∂ r ∂θ
I o e− j β r j β β l βl βl βl Io − jβ r
Hφ s = sin cos cosθ − cosθ cos sin cosθ + e (......)
2π r β sinθ 2 2 2 2 2π r
2
1
For far field, only the -term remains. Hence
r
βl βl βl βl
jI o − j β r sin 2 cos 2 cos θ − cos θ cos 2 sin 2 cos θ
Hφ s = e
2π r sin θ
βl βl
cos cosθ − cos
(b) f (θ ) = 2 2
sin θ
cos (π cosθ ) + 1
For l = λ , f (θ ) =
sin θ
427
425
3π
cos cosθ
3λ 2
For l = , f (θ ) =
2 sin θ
428
426
Prob. 13.10
(a)
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.6667 m
f 450 × 106
λ
= = 0.333 m
2
(b)
σ 4
= = 1.975
ωε 10−9
2π × 450 × 10 × 81 ×
6
36π
με 2π × 460 × 106 81
2
σ
β =ω 1 + + 1 =
1 + (1.975 )2 + 1
2 ωε c 2
2π × 460 × 106
= × 11.4086 = 109.91
3 × 108
2π
λ= = 0.0572
β
λ
= = 28.58 mm
2
Prob. 13.11
(a)
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 260.8 m
f 1.150 × 106
λ
= = 65.22 m
4
λ
= = 0.125 m
4 429
427
Prob. 13.12
(b)
This cis a monopole
3 × 108 antenna
λ = c = 3 × 1086 = 3.333 m
λ = f = 90 × 10 6 = 200
λf 1.5 × 10
= = 0.8333 m
4
l λ ,hence it is a Hertzian monopole.
(c)
2 2
c 31× 1082 dl 2 1
λ =Rrad == 80π 6 = 3.75 =m40π = 9.87 mΩ
f 80 2 × 10 λ 200
λ 1 2
= Prad==0.9375
Pt = m I o Rrad
4 2
(d)
c2 23P×t 108 8
λ = I o == R = 9.87 6
= 0.5
× 10m−3
= 810.54
f 600 × 10
rad
λ
I o== 28.47
= 0.125
A m
4
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Prob.
Prob. 13.13
13.12
8
c 3 × 10antenna
This is a monopole 428
(a) λ = = 8 = 30 m
c f3 × 1010 × 106
λ= = = 200
f 1.5 × 106
ηπ I o S Emax rλ 2
Emax = I o =
l λ ,hencerλit is a Hertzian monopole.
ηπ S
2
Prob. 13.13
Prob. 13.14
c 3 × 108
(a) λ = = 6
= 30 m
f c 10 ×310
× 108
λ= = = 3.75 m
f 80 × 106
S = Nπρ o2
320π 4 S 2 320π 4 N 2π 2 ρo4 λ 4 Rrad
Rrad = = → N2 =
⎯⎯
λ4 λ4 320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4
(3.75) 4 × 8
N2 = =2015
Copyright © 248006 ⎯⎯ → Press
by Oxford University N 498
320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4
1 2 1
Prad = I o Rrad = (9.071) 2 × 10−6 × 6.077
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
= 0.25 mW
430
Prob. 13.14
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 3.75 m
f 80 × 106
S = Nπρ o2
320π 4 S 2 320π 4 N 2π 2 ρo4 λ 4 Rrad
Rrad = = → N2 =
⎯⎯
λ4 λ4 320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4
(3.75) 4 × 8
N2 = = 248006 → N 498
⎯⎯
320π 6 (1.2 × 10−2 )4
Prob. 13.15
320π 4 S 2
(a) Rrad =
λ4
S = πρ o2 = π (0.4)2 = 0.5027 m 2
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 50 m
f 6 × 106
Sadiku & Kulkarni
320π 4 (0.5027)2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Rrad = = 1.26 mΩ
(50) 4
1 1
(b) Prad = I o 2 Rrad = (50)2 × 1.26 × 10−3429
= 1.575 W
2 2
a a a 2π R μ f π
(c) R = R dc = = π fμσ =
2δ 2δ σ S 2σπ a 2
2π a σ
R μ fπ 0.4 4π × 10−7 × 6 × 106 × π
R = = = 63.91 mΩ
a σ 4 × 10−3 5.8 × 107
R rad 1.26
η= = × 100% = 1.933%
R rad + R 1.26 + 63.91
π
cos cosθ
(a) f (θ ) = 2
sin θ
Prob. 13.16
π
cos cosθ
(a) f (θ ) = 2
sin θ
λ π
(b) The same as for dipole except that the fields are zero for θ as shown.
2 2
430
Prob. 13.17
Let Prad1 and Prad2 be the old and new radiated powers respectively.
Let Pohm1 and Pohm2 be the old and new ohmic powers respectively.
Prad 1 1
η r1 = 20% = = ⎯⎯
→ 4 Prad 1 = Pohm1 (1)
Prad 1 + Pohm1 5
1 2
But Pohm1 = I Rs Δz
2
1
Pohm2 = I 2 Rs 2Δz = 2Pohm1 (2)
2
2
1 2 1 2 Δz
Prad 1 = I o Rrad
Copyright © 2015 × 80πUniversity
= byI o2Oxford Press
2 2 λ
2
1 1 2Δz
Prad 2 = I o2 Rrad = I o2 × 80π 2 = 4 Prad 1 (3)
2 2 λ
From (1) to (3),
Prad 2 4 Prad 1 P
η r2 = = = ohm1 = 33.3%
Prad 2 + Pohm 2 4 Prad 1 + 2 Pohm1 3Pohm1
Prob. 13.18
1 2
Pohm2 = I Rs 2Δz = 2Pohm1 (2)
2
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1 1 Δz
Prad 1 = I o2 Rrad = I o2 × 80π 2
2 2 λ
432 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 Δz
Prad 2 = I o Rrad = I o × 80π = 4 Prad 1 (3)
2 2 λ
From (1) to (3),
Prad 2 4 Prad 1 P
η r2 = = = ohm1 = 33.3%
Prad 2 + Pohm 2 4 Prad 1 + 2 Pohm1 3Pohm1
Prob. 13.18
cos 2θ − j β r
(a) Let H s = e aH
ηo r
a E × a H = ak ⎯⎯
→ aθ × a H = ar → a H = aφ
⎯⎯
cos 2θ − j β r
Hs = e aφ
120π r
| Es |2 cos 2 (2θ )
(b) Pave = ar = ar
Sadiku & Kulkarni 2η 2η r 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
π
1 cos 2 2θ 2 1
Prad =
2η r 2
r sin θ dθ dφ =
240π
(2π ) cos 2 2θ sin θ dθ
0
431
But cos 2θ = cos θ − sin θ = 2cos θ − 1
2 2 2
π
1
Prad =−
120 0
(2cos 2 θ − 1) 2 d (cos θ )
π
1
120 0
=− (4cos 4 θ − 4cos 2 θ + 1) d (cos θ )
1 4cos5 θ 4cos3 θ π
=− − + cos θ
120 5 3 0
1 4 4 4 4 1 14
=− [− + − 1 − + − 1] = ( )
120 5 3 5 3 120 15
= 7.778 mW
(c)
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
120o
1
Prad =−
120 (2cos 2 θ − 1) 2 d (cos θ )
60o
Prob. 13.20
(a) Prad = Prad ⋅ dS = Pave .2π r 2 (hemisphere)
Prad 200 × 103
Pave = = = 12.73μW / m 2
2π r 2
2π (2500 × 10 )
6
= 0.098 V/m
Prob. 13.21
Gd = 8sin θ cos φ
D = Gd ,max = 8
434
433
Prob. 13.22
3λ 2π 3λ
From Prob. 13.11, set = , β = = 3π
2 λ 2
2π 1 3λ 2π 1 3λ
−β r
cos cos θ − cos
jI e λ 2 2 λ 2 2
Hφ s = o
2π r sin θ
3π 3π
−β r
cos cosθ − cos
2 jI o e cos (1.5π cos θ )
−β r
jI e 2
= o =
2π r sin θ 2π r sin θ
Hence, the normalized radiated field pattern is
cos (1.5π cosθ )
f (θ ) =
sin θ
which is plotted below.
435
434
Prob. 13.23
The MATLAB code is shown below
N=20;
del= 2*pi/N;
sum=0;
for k=1:N
theta = del*k;
term = (1 – cos(theta))/theta;
sum = sum + term;
end
int = del*sum
When the program is run, it gives the value of 2.4335. The accuracy may be increased by
increasing N.
Prob. 13.24
jη I o β dl
(a) Eθ s = sin θ e − j β r
4π r
2
dl
Rrad = 80π 2
λ
1 2
4π r 2 . Eθ s
4π r Pave
2
2η
Gd = =
Prad 1 2
I o Rrad
2
4π r 2 1 λ 1 η I o β ( dl ) sin θ
2
2 2 2 2 2
= . .
I o 2 80π 2 dl η 16π 2 r 2
Gd = 1.5sin 2 θ
λ2 1.5λ 2 sin 2 θ
(c) Ae = Gd =
4π 4π
2
1
(d) Rrad = 80π = 3.084 Ω
2
16
436
435
Prob. 13.25
120π 2 I o S
(a) Eφ s = sin θ e − j β r
r λ 2
320π 4 S 2
Rrad =
λ4
2
4π U (θ , φ ) 4π r 2 Pave 8π r 2 1 Eφ s
Gd = = = 2 .
Prad 1 2 I o 2η Rrad
I o Rrad
2
8π r 2 1 I 2 S2 λ2
= 2 . .14400π 4 o2 4 sin 2 θ
I o 2η r λ 320π 4 S 2
Gd = 1.5sin 2 θ
(b) D = 1.5
λ 2Gd λ 2
(c) Ae = = 1.5sin 2 θ
4π 4π
πd2 320π 6
(d) S = π a2 = =
4 (576) 2
Rrad = 0.927Ω
Prob. 13.26
(a)
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 250
f 1.2 × 106
λ
== 62.5 m
4
(b) From eq. (13.30), Rrad = 36.5 Ω
437
436
(c)
For λ /4-monopole,
π
cos( cosθ )
f (θ ) = 2 , 0 <θ <π / 2
sin θ
π
4π cos 2 ( cosθ )
2
4π f 2 (θ ) sin 2 θ
Gd (θ ,φ ) = =
π
f 2 (θ )d Ω 2π π / 2 cos 2 ( cosθ )
2
0 0
sin θ
dθ dφ
π π
4π cos 2 ( cosθ ) 3.282cos 2 ( cosθ )
2 1 2
= =
sin 2 θ 2π (0.6094) sin 2 θ
D = Gd ,max = 3.282
Prob. 13.27
(a) Umax = 1
Prad Ud Ω
U ave = =
4π 4π
1
sin 2θ sin θ dθ dφ
2
=
4π
π
1
(2π ) ( 2sin θ cos θ ) d ( − cosθ )
2
=
4π 0
π
= 2 ( cos 4 θ − cos 2 θ ) d ( cos θ )
0
cos5 θ cos3 θ π
= 2 −
5 3 0
2 2 8
= 2 − + =
5 3 15
U ave = 0.5333
438
437
U max
D= = 1.875
U ave
(b) Umax = 4
1 4 sin θ
U ave =
4π Ud Ω =
4π sin 2
θ
dθ dφ
π
1π 2
π
=
π dφ cos ecθ dθ =
0 π π
ln 3
3
Uave = 0.5493
U max 16
D= = = 9.7092
U ave 3ln 3
(c) Umax = 2
1 1
U ave =
4π Ud Ω =
4π 2sin 2 θ sin 2 φ sin θ dθ dφ
π π
1
= sin φ dφ (1 − cos 2 θ ) d ( − cosθ )
2
2π 0 0
1 π cos3 θ π
1 2 1
= . − cosθ = − + 2 =
2π 2 3 0 4 3 3
Uave = 0.333
U max
D= =6
U ave
439
438
Prob. 13.28
U (θ , φ )
(a) Gd (θ ,φ ) =
U ave
2π π
1
4π φ = 0 θ = 0
U ave = 10sin θ sin 2 φ × sin θ dθ dφ
−
2π π
10
sin φ dφ sin 2θ dθ
2
=
4π 0 0
10 1 sin 2θ 2π 1 sin 2φ π
= θ − 0 φ −
4π 2 2 2 2 0
10 5π
= (2π − 0)(π − 0) =
16π 4
40sin θ sin φ
2
Gd (θ , φ ) = = 2.546sin θ sin 2 φ
5π
D = Gd . max = 2.546
π π
1
2sin θ sin 3 φ × sin θ dθ dφ
2
(b) U ave =
4π φ θ
=0 =0
π π π 2
2 2
φ φ θ θ (1 − cos φ )d (− cos φ )
3 3 2
= sin d sin d =
4π 0 0 4π 0
2
1 cos3 φ π 1 4 16
= − cos φ = =
2π 3 0 2π 3 18π
18π
Gd (θ ,φ ) = 2sin 2 θ sin 3 φ = 2.25π sin 2 θ sin 3 φ
16
D = Gd . max = 7.069
440
439
2π π
1
5(1 + sin θ sin 2 φ ) × sin θ dθ dφ
2
(c) U ave =
4π φ θ
=0 =0
π 2π π 2π
5
sin θ dθ dφ + sin θ dθ sin dφ
3 2
=
4π 0 0 0 0
5 π 4 φ sin 2φ 2π
= 2π (− cos θ ) + ( − )
4π 0 3 2 4 0
5 4 20
= 4π + π =
4π 3 3
3
Gd (θ ,φ ) = 5(1 + sin 2 θ sin 2 φ ) = 0.75(1 + sin 2 θ sin 2 φ )
20
D = Gd . max = 1.5
Prob. 13.29
U max = 4
1 1 φ
U ave =
4π Ud Ω =
4π 4sin 2 θ sin sin θ dθ dφ
2
1
π π
φ 1
π
φ π
= sin 3 θ dθ sin dφ = (1 − cos 2 θ )d (− cosθ )(−2cos )
π0 0
2 π0 2 0
1 4 8
= ( )(2) =
π 3 3π
U max 3π
D= = 4× = 4.712
U ave 8
Prob. 13.30
| Er |2 I 2 sin 2 θ
P ave = ar = o ar
2η 2η r 2
2π
I o2 sin 2 θ 2 I o2
Prad =
2η r 2
r sin θ dθ d φ =
240π
(2π ) (1 − cos 2 θ )d (− cosθ )
0
I o2 cos3 θ π I2 I2
= ( − cos θ ) = o (−1 / 3 + 1 − 1 / 3 + 1) = o
120 3 0 120 90
I o2 = 90 Pave = 90 × 50 × 10−3 → I o = 2.121 A
⎯⎯
441
440
Prob. 13.31
2π π π
| E |2 2 100 r 2
Prad =
φ = 0 θ = 0 2η o
r sin θ dθ d φ =
r 2ηo
2
(2π ) sin 5 θ dθ
0
2π 5 5 1 π
= 100 − cosθ + cos3θ − cos5θ
2 × 377 8 48 80 0
100π 5 5 5 5 1 1
= + − − + + = 0.889 W
377 8 8 48 48 80 80
Prob. 13.32
This is similar to Fig. 13.10 except that the elements are z-directed.
jηβ I o dl e − j β r1 e − j β r2
E s = E s1 + E s 2 = sin θ1 aθ1 + sin θ 2 aθ 2
4π r1 r2
d d
where r1 ≅ r − cosθ , r2 ≅ r + cosθ , θ1 ≅ θ 2 ≅ θ , aθ 1 ≅ aθ 2 = aθ
2 2
jηβ I o dl
Es = sin θ aθ e j β d cos θ / 2 + e − j β d cos θ / 2
4π
jηβ I o dl 1
Es = sin θ cos( β d cosθ )aθ
2π 2
Prob. 13.33
Equation (13.33) applies except that cosθ must be replaced by sinθ. Hence, the radiation
pattern is
1
f (θ ) = sin θ 2cos ( β d cosθ + α )
2
2π λ
α = 0, d = 2(λ / 4) = λ / 2, β d= =π
λ 2
1
f (θ ) = 2sin θ cos( π cosθ )
2
Prob. 13.34
1 2π
(a) AF = 2cos ( β d cos θ + α ) , α = 0, βd = λ = 2π
2 λ
AF = 2cos(π cos θ )
442
441
cos(π cosθ ) = 0 ⎯⎯
→ π cosθ = ±π / 2, ±3π / 2,...
or
θ = 60o ,120o
df
=0 ⎯⎯
→ sin(π cosθ )π sin θ = 0
dθ
i.e. sin θ = 0 ⎯⎯
→ θ = 0o ,180o
cosθ = 0 ⎯⎯
→ θ = 90o
or
θ = 0o ,90o ,180o
443
442
Prob. 13.35
1
f (θ ) = cos ( β d cosθ + α )
2
2π
(a) α = π , β d = .λ = 2π
2 λ
(
f (θ ) = cos π cosθ + π
4 )
π 3π
Nulls occur at π cosθ + π =± ,± ,... or θ = 75.5o ,138.6o
4 2 2
∂f
Maxima occur at =0 sin θ = 0 θ = 0o ,180o
∂θ
π
Or sin π cos θ + = 0 θ = 41.4o ,104.5o
4
With f max = 0.71,1 .
Hence the group pattern is sketched below.
θ = 41.0138o, abs(f) = 1,
θ = 104.6083o, abs(f) = 1,
θ = 180o, abs(f) = 1/√2=0.707
444
443
3π 2π λ π
(b) α= ,βd = . =
4 λ 4 2
π 3π
f (θ ) = cos cosθ +
4 8
π 3π π 3π
Nulls occur at cosθ + = ± , ± ,... ⎯⎯
→ θ = 60o
4 8 2 2
π 3π
Minima and maxima occur at sin θ cos cosθ + =0
4 8
θ = 0, abs(f) = 0.3827
θ = 180, abs(f) = 0.9239
2π 3λ 3π
(c) α = 0, β d = . =
λ 4 2
3π
f (θ ) = cos cosθ
4
3π π 3π
It has nulls at cosθ = ± , ± ,... → θ = 48.2o ,131.8o
4 2 2
df 3π
It has maxima and minima at = 0 → sin θ sin cos θ = 0
dθ 4
i.e. θ = 0 ,180 → f (θ ) = 0.71,1 ,
o o
θ = ±90 , → f (θ ) = 1
o
445
444
θ = 0 o, abs(f) = 1/√2=0.707,
θ = 90o, abs(f) = 1,
θ = 180o, abs(f) = 1/√2=0.707
Prob. 13.36
1
(a) For N = 2, f (θ ) = cos ( β d cosθ + α )
2
λ
α = 0, d =
4
1 2π λ π
f (θ ) = cos . cosθ + 0 = cos cosθ
2 λ 4 4
446
445
(b) For N = 4,
sin 2 ( β d cos θ + 0 )
AF =
1
sin ( β d cosθ + 0 )
2
1
AF = 4cos ( β d cosθ ) cos β d cos θ
2
2π λ 1 2π λ
f (θ ) = cos . cosθ cos cosθ
λ 4 2 λ 4
π π
= cos cosθ cos cosθ
2 4
447
446
Prob. 13.37
for n=1:180
phi=n*pi/180;
p(n)=n;
sn=sin(2*pi*cos(phi));
cn=cos(0.5*pi*cos(phi));
sd=sin(0.5*pi*cos(phi));
fun=sn*cn*cn/sd;
f(n)= abs(fun);
end
polar(p,f)
The polar plot and the xy plot are shown below.
448
447
Prob. 13.38
I ∠ 0o
I ∠ 0o I ∠ 0o I ∠ 0o
x =
449
448
x =
λ/4 λ/4 λ/4
λ/2, π
x =
Prob. 13.39
450
449
Prob. 13.40
Pr Pr 2η Pr
Ae = = =
Pave | Er |2 | Er |2
2η
Prob. 13.41
Friis equation states that
2
Pr λ
= Gr Gt
Pt 4π r
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 1.5 m, r = 238,857 × 1.609 × 103 = 3.843 × 108
f 200 × 106
Gt (dB ) = 15dB = 10log10 Gt → Gt = 1015/10 = 31.623
⎯⎯
2 2
4π r Pr 4π × 3.843 × 10 4 × 10
8 −9
Gr = = = 34.55 × 1010
λ Pt
−3
1.5 120 × 10
Gr (dB ) = 10log10 Gr = 10log10 34.55 × 1010 = 115.384 dB
Prob. 13.42
2
λ
Pr = Gr Gt Pt
4π r
2
4π r Pr
Pt =
λ Gr Gt
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.1, r = 42 km
f 3 × 109
Gt (dB ) = 10log10 Gt = 25 → Gt = 102.5 = 316.23
⎯⎯
Gr (dB ) = 10log10 Gr = 20 → Gt = 102 = 100
⎯⎯
2
4π × 42 × 103 3 × 10−6
Pt = = 2.642 kW
0.1 31623
451
450
Prob. 13.43
c 3 × 108 1
λ= = 9
= 0.02m =
f 15 × 10 50
2 2
λ 0.02
Pt = 10 (1585 )
4
Pr = Gdr Gdt 7
320
4π r 4π × 2.456741 × 10
Prob. 13.44
Using Frii’s equation,
2
λ
Pr = G 2 Pt
4π r
2
4π r Pr
Pt = 2
λ G
G (dB) = 25 → G = 102.5 = 316.23
⎯⎯
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.5
f 600 × 106
2
4π × 450 4 × 10
−3
Pt = 2
= 5.1163 W
0.5 (316.23)
Prob. 13.45
Pt P
30dB = log → t = 103 = 1000
Pr Pr
2 2
3 Gd
But Pr = ( Gd )
2
Pt = Pt
50 × 4π × 12 800π
2 2
Gd Pr 1 1
= = =
800π Pt 1000 10 10
800π
or Gd = = 79.476
10 10
Gd = 10log 79.476 = 19 dB
452
451
Prob. 13.46
2
E Prad Gd 240π Prad Gd
(a) Pi = = → Ei =
2ηo 4π r 2 4π r 2
1 1
Ei = 60 Prad Gd = 60 × 200 × 103 × 3500
r 120 × 103
= 1.708 V/m
2
Ei σ 1.7082 × 8
(b) Es = = = 11.36 μ V/m
4π r 2 4π × 14400 × 106
1.7082
(c) Pc = Piσ = ( 8) = 30.95 mW
240π
(11.36 ) × 10−12 = 1.712 × 10−13 W/m 2
2 2
E
(d) Pi = =
2ηo 240π
3 × 108 λ 2G 0.04 × 3500
λ= = 0.2 m, A2r = =
15 × 108 4π 4π
or Pr = =
( 4π ) r 4 ( 4π ) × 124 × 1016
3 3
= 1.91 × 10−12 W
Prob. 13.47
(λGd ) 2 σ Prad
Pr =
(4π )3 r 4
Gd (dB) = 30dB = 10log10 Gd → Gd = 103
⎯⎯
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.075 m
f 4 × 109
(0.075 × 103 ) 2 × 12 × 80 × 103
Pr = = 272.1 pW
(4π )3 (10 × 103 ) 4
453
452
Prob. 13.48
2
4π 4π r1r2 Pr
Prad =
Gdt Gdr λ σ
r1 = 3km , r2 = 5km
2
4π 4π × 15 × 106 8 × 10−12
Prad =
3981.1 × 100 6 × 10−2 2.4
= 1.038 kW
Prob. 13.49
( λGd ) σ Prad ( 4π ) r 4 Pr
2 3
Pr = → Prad =
( 4π ) r 4 ( λGd ) σ
3 2
c 3 × 108 1
λ= = 9
= << r = 250m
f 6 × 10 20
40 = log10 Gd → Gd = 104
Prad =
( 4π )
3
( 0.25 × 10 )
3 4
× 2 × 10 −6
= 77.52 W
2
1 4
× 10 × 0.8
20
Prob. 13.50
(a)
π fL π × 300 × 106 × 50 × 10−9
F= = = 2.356
R 20
IL = 10log10 (1 + F 2 ) = 10log10 (1 + 2.3562 ) = 8.164 dB
454
453
(b)
F = π fRC = π × 300 × 106 × 10 × 103 × 60 × 10−12 = 180π = 565.5
IL = 10log10 (1 + F 2 ) = 10log10 (1 + 565.52 ) = 55.05 dB
Prob. 13.51
Zg I1 I2
+ +
A B
C
Vg V1 A DB V2 ZL
C D
- -
By definition,
V1 = AV2 – BI2 (1)
I1 = CV2 – DI2 (2)
Let V2 and V2 be respectively the load voltages when the filter circuit is
present and when it is absent.
I1Z L
V2 = − I 2 Z L =
CZ L + D
Vg Z L Vg Z L
= =
V1 AV2 − BI 2
Z g + ( CZ L + D ) Zg + ( CZ L + D )
I1 CV2 − DI 2
Vg Z L
=
AZ L + B
Zg + ( CZ L + D )
CZ L + D
Vg Z L
=
( Z ( CZ
g L + D ) + AZ L + B )
Vg Z L
V2 =
(Z g + ZL )
455
454
V2
=
( Z g ( CZ L + D ) + AZ L + B )
V2 Zg + ZL
Insertion loss =
IL = 20log10
V2
= 20log10
( Z ( CZ
g L + D ) + AZ L + B )
V2 Zg + ZL
which is the required result
Prob. 13.52
Ei 6
SE = 20log10 = 20log10 = 20log10 (3 × 105 )
Eo 20 × 10−6
= 109.54 dB
456
455
CHAPTER 14
P. E. 14.1 The program in Fig. 14.3 was used to obtain the plot in Fig. 14.5.
y (0) = 0 A =0
y ( x + Δ) − 2 y ( x) + y ( x − Δ)
y’’ + y = 0 + y=0
Δ2
or
y ( x + Δ) + y ( x − Δ)
y ( x) = , y (0) = 0, y (1) = 1, Δ = 1 / 4
2 − Δ2
With the MATLAB program shown below, we obtain the exact result ye and FD
result y.
y(1)=0.0;
y(5)=1.0;
del=0.25;
for n=1:20
for k=2:4
y(k)=(y(k+1) +y(k-1))/(2-del*del)
x=(k-1)*del;
ye=sin(x)/sin(1.0)
end
end
457
456
P. E. 14.3 By applying eq. (14.16) to each node as shown below, we obtain the
following results after 5 iterations.
0 0 25
10.01 28.3
9.82 28.17
9.35 27.06
8.19 25
5.56 19.92
4.69 18.95
0 0 0
50
12.05 28.3 44.57
11.87 28.17 44.46
11.44 27.85 44.26
10.30 27.06 43.76
7.76 25.06 42.48
2.34 19.92 37.5
0 0 0
0
50
10.01 28.3
9.82 28.17
9.35 27.85
8.19 27.06
5.56 25
4.69 19.92
0 0
0 50
0 0 25
P. E. 14.4 (a) Using the program in Fig. 14.16 with nx = 4+1=5 and ny = 8+1=9, we
obtain the potential at center as
V(3,5) = 23.796 V
458
457
(b) Using the same program with nx = 12+1=13 and ny = 24+1=25, the potential at the
Sadiku & Kulkarni center is Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V(7,13) = 23.883 V
472
P. E.
P. E. 14.7
14.5 By ͲǤͻ (the solution
ܸ ൌcombining the ideasimproves further
in Figs. 14.23 and
and gets closer
14.27, to the expected
and dividing each wirevalue into
due to a finer grid).
N segments, the results listedθin Table 14.2 is obtained. C (in pF)
Code: It is the same as in Example
10 14.5 except the following lines:
8.5483
P. E. 15.2 20 9.0677
grid_size=0.05; 3
nt=90; %% Top plate at 90th 30
(a) grid row from the upper8.893 boundary
nB=110; %% Bottom plate at40 110th grid row from 8.606
the upper boundary
50
Sadiku & Kulkarni ns1=90; %% Both plates start from 90th grid column
13.004 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
60
ns2=110; %% Both plates ends at 110th grid column 8.5505
70 9.3711 2 2
v = V((nt×lx)+100) 80 4 457 8.7762 1
90 8.665
100 8.665
(b) Using
P. E. 14.6the
Thesame
codeprogram
remains with nx = 12+1=13
essentially
110 the sameand nyExample
as in
10.179 = 24+1=25,
14.6the potential
except at the
for boundary
center iswhich need to be120
conditions explicitly defined 8.544
as explained at the end of Section 14.4
above Practice Exercise 14.6. 130 9.892 1
V(7,13) = 23.883140V 8.7449
150 9.5106
P.
ForE.element
14.7 By1, combining
local 1-2-3 the ideas in
corresponds
160 Figs.
with 14.23
globaland 14.27,
1-3-4
8.5488 and A
so that dividing each wire into
1 = 0.35,
P. E. 14.9 Consider Poisson’s170 equation as the partial
11.32differential equation and Dirac delta
N
P 1 segments,
= 0.8, as
function =the
P2the results
0.6, listed
P3 =function.
forcing in
-1.4,180Q1Table 14.2
= -0.5, Q2is=obtained.
0.5, Q3 = 0
8.6278
P. E. 15.2 ଶ ܩൌwe െ݃ 3 the program in Fig. 14.23.
P.E. 14.8 To determine V and E at (-1,4,5), use
(a) 0.6357 0.1643 −0.8
Green’s function is the impulse response of the given differential equation. So forcing
C (1) = ρ0.1643 0.4357 −0.6
L
L dl
= ݂ in, the
Vfunction aboveRexpression
where y ') 2
= 26 + (4is−Dirac-delta function.
4
0 πε − o R
0.8 − 0.6 1.4
2
સଶ ܩൌ െ݃2
For Δ N 2, localρ1-2-3
V = element corresponds 4with global 1-2-3 1 so that A2 = 0.7,
By considering axial
k
v = V((nt×lx)+100)
E z = −5 E x
P.
ForE.N14.6
= 20,The
Vocode remains
= 1V, essentially
L = 1m, a = 1mm,the
thesame as in in
program Example 14.6isexcept
Fig. 14.23 for boundary
modified. The
result is: which need to be explicitly defined as explained at the end of Section 14.4
conditions
above Practice Exercise 14.6.
V = 12.47 mV, E = -0.3266 ax + 1.1353ay + 1.6331az mV/m
P. E. 14.9 Consider Poisson’s equation as the partial differential equation and Dirac delta
function as the forcing function.
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
ଶ ܩൌ െ݃
Green’s function is the impulse response of the given differential equation. So forcing
function ݂ in the above expression is Dirac-delta function.
સଶ ܩൌ െ݃
ͳ ߲ ߲ܩ
સଶ ܩൌ ൬ߩ ൰
ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ
ͳ ߲ ߲ܩ ߲ܩ
ඵ ߩ ߩ݀ߩ݀ ൌ ඵ ߲ ൬ߩ ൰ ݀ ൌ െͳ
ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ ߲ߩ
ଶగ
߲ܩ ߲ܩ
න ߲ ൬ߩ ൰ න ݀ ൌ ߩ ʹߨ ൌ െͳ
߲ߩ ߲ߩ
is distance between the source and observation points.
460
461
Prob. 14.1 (a) Using the Matlab code in Fig. 14.3, we input the data as:
(b) Using the MATLAB code in Fig. 14.3, we input the required data as:
461
462
Prob. 14.2
∂ 2V 1 ∂ V ∂ 2V
∇ 2V = + + =0
∂ρ 2 ρ ∂ρ ∂ z 2
V ( ρ o + Δρ , zo ) − 2V ( ρo , zo ) + V ( ρo − Δρ , zo ) 1 V ( ρ o + Δρ , zo ) − V ( ρ o − Δρ , zo )
+
(Δρ ) 2 ρo 2Δρ
V ( ρo , zo + Δz ) − 2V ( ρo , zo ) + V ( ρ o , zo − Δz )
+ =0
(Δz ) 2
1 1 h
V ( ρo , zo ) = V ( ρ o , zo + h) + V ( ρo , zo − h) + (1 + )V ( ρ + h, zo )
4 4 2 ρo
h
+(1 − )V ( ρ − h, zo )
2 ρo
as expected.
dV 2.0134 − 1.00
= = 10.117
dx 0.05 X 2
462
463
Prob.14.4
Exact solution:
( D 2 + 4) y = 0 → y ( x) = A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x
⎯⎯
y (0) = 0 ⎯⎯ → 0= A
10
y (1) = 10 → 10 = B sin 2
⎯⎯ → B=
⎯⎯
sin 2
sin 2 x
y ( x) = 10
sin 2
sin 0.5
y (0.25) = 10 = 5.272
sin 2
Finite difference solution:
y ( x + Δ) − 2 y ( x) + y ( x − Δ)
+ 4 y ( x) = 0
Δ2
y ( x + Δ ) + y ( x − Δ) = 2 y ( x) − 4Δ 2 y ( x) = (2 − 4Δ 2 ) y ( x)
or
y ( x + Δ) + y ( x − Δ)
y ( x) = , Δ = 0.25
(2 − 4Δ 2 )
Using this scheme, we obtain the result shown below. The number of iterations is not
enough to get accurate result. The numerical results are compared with the exact
solution as shown in the figure below.
463
464
Prob. 14.5
2 ∂ 2V 1 ∂ V 1 ∂ 2V
∇V = + + =0, (1)
∂ρ 2 ρ ∂ρ ρ 2 ∂φ 2
∂ 2V Vm n +1 − 2Vm n + Vm n −1
= , (3)
∂φ 2 (Δφ ) 2
∂V V n m +1 − V n m −1
m, n = . (4)
∂ρ 2Δρ
464
465
1 1 1 1
= (1 − )Vm −1n − 2Vm n + (1 + )Vm −1n + (Vm n +1 − 2Vm n + Vm n −1 )
(Δρ ) 2 2m 2m (mΔφ ) 2
as required.
Prob. 14.6
Iteration 0 1 2 3 4 5
V1 0.0000 25.0000 35.6250 38.9063 39.7266 39.9316
Prob. 14.7
V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 10 − 40 + 50 + 80
Vo = = = 25V
4 4
Prob. 14.8
1 V
V1 = [ 20 + 20 + 40 + V4 ] = 20 + 4
4 4
1 V
V2 = [ −10 + 20 + 0 + V3 ] = 2.5 + 3
4 4
1 1
V3 = [ 0 + 20 + V2 + V4 ] = 5 + (V2 + V4 )
4 4
1 1
V4 = [ 0 + 40 + V1 + V3 ] = 10 + (V1 + V3 )
4 4
Using these relationships, we obtain the data in the table below.
465
466
Prob. 14.9
(a) We follow Example 6.5 with a=b.
nπ x nπ y nπ y nπ x
sin sinh sin sinh
4V ∞
a a + 4Vo
∞
a a
V = V1 + V2 = o
π n = odd n sinh(nπ ) π n = odd n sinh(nπ )
(b) At the center of the region, finite difference gives
1 V
V (a / 2, a / 2) = (0 + 0 + Vo + Vo ) = o = 25 V
4 2
Prob. 14.10
h2 ρs 50 × 10−9
k= = 10−4 × = 0.18π = 0.5655
ε 10−9
36π
At node 1,
1
V1 = [0 + V2 + V3 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V1 − V2 − V3 = k (1)
4
At node 2,
1
V2 = [0 + V1 + V4 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V2 − V1 − V4 = k (2)
4
At node 3,
1
V3 = [0 + 2V1 + V4 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V3 − 2V1 − V4 = k (3)
4
At nde 4,
1
V4 = [0 + 2V2 + V3 + k ] ⎯⎯ → 4V4 − 2V2 − V3 = k (4)
4
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form,
4 −1 −1 0 V1 0.5655
−1 4 0 −1 V 0.5655
2 =
−2 0 4 −1 V3 0.5655
0 −2 −1 4 V4 0.5655
Using a calculator or MATLAB, we obtain
V1 = V2 = 0.3231 V, V3 = V4 = 0.4039 V
466
467
Prob. 14.11
(a)
−4 1 0 1 0 0 Va −200
1 −4 1 0 1 0 V −100
b
0 1 −4 0 0 1 Vc −100
=
1 0 0 −4 1 0 Vd −100
0 1 0 1 −4 1 Ve 0
0 0 1 0 1 −4 V f 0
[A] [B]
(b)
−4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 V1 −30
V
1 −4 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 −15
0 1 −4 0 0 1 0 0 V3 −30
1 0 0 −4 1 0 1 0 V4 = −7.5
0 1 0 1 −4 1 0 1 V5 0
0 0 1 0 1 −4 0 0 V6 −7.5
0 0 0 1 0 0 −4 1 V 0
7
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 −4 V8 0
[A] [B]
Prob. 14.12 (a) Matrix [A] remains the same. To each term of matrix [B], we add
−h 2 ρv / ε .
H=0.25;
for I=1:nx –1
for J=1: ny-1
X = H*I;
Y=H*J;
RO = 36.0*pi*X*(Y-1);
V(I,J) = 0.25*(V(I+1,J) + V(I-1,J) + V(I,J+1) + V(I,J-1) + H*H*RO);
end
end
467
468
v1 = 0.0;
v2 = 10.0;
v3 = 20.0;
v4 = -10.0;
nx = 5;
ny = 5;
Prob. 14.13
1 1
V1 = (0 + 0 + V2 + V4 ) = (V2 + V4 )
4 4
1 1
V2 = (0 + 50 + V1 + V3 ) = (50 + V1 + V3 )
4 4
1 1
V3 = (0 + 100 + 50 + V2 ) = (150 + V2 )
4 4
1 1
V4 = (0 + 50 + V1 + V5 ) = (50 + V1 + V5 )
4 4
1 1
V5 = (0 + 0 + V4 + V6 ) = (V4 + V6 )
4 4
1 1
V6 = (0 + 50 + V5 + V7 ) = (50 + V5 + V7 )
4 4
1 1
V7 = (0 + 100 + V6 + 50) = (150 + V6 )
4 4
Initially set all free potentials equal to zero. Apply the seven formulas above iteratively
and obtain the results shown below.
n 1 2 3 4 5
V1 0 6.25 9.77 10.63 10.97
V2 12.5 24.22 25.83 26.15 26.25
V3 40.625 43.55 43.96 44.04 44.06
V4 12.5 14.84 16.70 17.73 17.97
V5 3.12 7.03 10.29 10.93 11.05
V6 13.281 24.46 25.98 26.23 26.28
V7 40.82 43.62 43.99 44.06 44.07
468
469
Prob. 14.14
j +1 j −1 j
1 Φ m , n + Φ m , n − 2Φ m , n Φ j m +1, n + Φ j m −1, n − 2Φ j m , n
=
c2 (Δt ) 2 (Δx) 2
Φ j m , n +1 + Φ j m, n −1 − 2Φ j m , n
+
(Δz ) 2
where α = (cΔt / h) 2 .
Prob. 14.15
∂ 2V ∂ 2V V ( x + Δx, t ) − 2V ( x, t ) + V ( x − Δx, t )
2
= 2 ⎯⎯ → =
∂x ∂t (Δx) 2
V ( x, t + Δt ) − 2V ( x, t ) + V ( x, t − Δt )
(Δt ) 2
2
Δt
V ( x, t + Δt ) = [V ( x + Δx, t ) − 2V ( x, t ) + V ( x − Δx, t ] + 2V ( x, t ) − V ( x, t − Δt )
Δx
or
V (i, j + 1) = α [V (i + 1, j ) + v(i − 1, j ) ] + 2(1 − α )V (i, j ) − V (i, j − 1)
2
Δt
where α = . Applying the finite difference formula derived above, the following
Δx
xd=0:.1:1;td=0:.1:4;
[t,x]=meshgrid(td,xd);
Va=sin(pi*x).*cos(pi*t);%Analytical result
subplot(211) ;mesh(td,xd,Va);colormap([0 0 0])
% Numerical result
N=length(xd);M=length(td);
v(:,1)=sin(pi*xd');
v(2:N-1,2)=(v(1:N-2,1)+v(3:N,1))/2;
for k=2:M-1
v(2:N-1,k+1)=-v(2:N-1,k-1)+v(1:N-2,k)+v(3:N,k);
469
470
end
subplot(212);mesh(td,xd,v);colormap([0 0 0])
The results of the finite difference algorithm agree perfectly with the exact solution as
shown below.
Prob. 14.16
y
θ
x
h
To find C, take the following steps:
(1) Divide each line into N equal segments. Number the segments in the lower conductor
(2) Determine the coordinate (xk, yk) for the center of each segment.
470
471
(3) Calculate the matrices [V] and [A] with the following elements
Vo , k = 1,..., N
Vk =
−Vo , k = N + 1,...2 N
Δ
,i ≠ j
Aij = 4πε Rij
2ln Δ / a, i = j
where Rij = ( xi − x j ) 2 + ( yi − y j ) 2
N
Q = ρk Δ = Δ ρk
k =1
Taking N= 10, Vo = 1.0, a program was developed to obtain the following result.
471
472
θ C (in pF)
10 8.5483
20 9.0677
30 8.893
40 8.606
50 13.004
60 8.5505
70 9.3711
80 8.7762
90 8.665
100 8.665
110 10.179
120 8.544
130 9.892
140 8.7449
Sadiku & Kulkarni 150 9.5106 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
160 8.5488
170 11.32
180 473 8.6278
P.E. 14.8
Prob. 14.17To determine
CombiningVthe E at in
andideas (-1,4,5), we use in
the programs theFigs.
program
14.23inand
Fig.14.27,
14.23.we develop a
MATLAB
L code which gives
ρ L dl
V = , where R = 26 + (4 − y ') 2
0 4πεN oR= 20 C = 19.4 pF/m
Δ N ρk
V=
N = 40
4πε k =1 26 + ( y − yk ) 2 C = 13.55 pF/m
L
N = 100 ρ L dlR C = 12.77 pF/m
E= 4πε R
0 o
3
Δ N (4 − yk ) ρ k
EProb.
y ≅
14.18 We may
4πε k =1 [26 + (4 − ymodify
2 3/ 2 the program in Fig. 14.27 and obtain the result in the table
k) ]
below. Z o ≅ 100 Ω .
E z = −5 E x
N Zo, in Ω
For
10 N = 20, Vo = 1V, L = 1m, a = 1mm, the program in Fig. 14.23 is modified. The
97.2351
result
20 is: 97.8277
30 98.0515
V
40 = 12.47 mV, E = -0.3266 ax + 1.1353ay + 1.6331az mV/m
98.1739
50 98.2524
Copyright
Copyright ©© 2015
2015 byby Oxford
Oxford University
University Press
Press
Sadiku
Sadiku &
& Kulkarni
Kulkarni Principlesof
Principles ofElectromagnetics,
Electromagnetics,6e
6e
472
474
Prob. 14.19
We make use of the formulas in Problem 14.18.
2N
Vi = Aij ρi
j =1
aa=0.001;
L=2.0;
N=10; %no.of divisions on each arm
NT=N*2;
delta=L/(NT);
x=zeros(NT,1);
y=zeros(NT,1);
%Second calculate the elements of the coefficient matrix
for i=1:N-1
y(i)=0;
x(i)=delta*(i-0.5)
end
for i=N+1:NT
x(i)=0;
y(i)=delta*(i-N-0.5);
end
for i=1:NT
for j=1:NT
if (i ~=j)
R=sqrt((x(i)-x(j))^2 + (y(i)-y(j))^2)
A(i,j)=-delta*R;
else
A(i,j)=-delta*(log(delta)-1.5);
end
end
end
%Determine the matrix of constant vector B and find rho
B=2*pi*eo*vo*ones(NT,1);
rho=inv(A)*B;
473
475
Segment x y ρ in pC/m
1 0.9500 89.6711
2 0.8500 0 80.7171
3 0.7500 0 77.3794
4 0.6500 0 75.4209
5 0.5500 0 74.0605
6 0.4500 0 73.0192
7 0.3500 0 72.1641
8 0.2500 0 71.4150
9 0.1500 0 70.6816
10 0.0500 0 69.6949
11 0 0 69.6949
12 0 0.0500 70.6816
13 0 0.1500 71.4150
14 0 0.2500 72.1641
15 0 0.3500 73.0192
16 0 0.4500 74.0605
17 0 0.5500 75.4209
18 0 0.6500 77.3794
19 0 0.7500 80.7171
20 0 0.8500 89.6711
474
476
N C (pF/m) Z o (Ω)
10 82.386 40.486
20 80.966 41.197
40 80.438 41.467
100 80.025 41.562
N C (pF/m) Z o (Ω )
10 109.51 30.458
20 108.71 30.681
40 108.27 30.807
100 107.93 30.905
Prob. 14.21 We modify the MATLAB code in Fig. 14.27 (for Example 14.7) by
changing the input data and matrices [A] and [B]. We let
and calculate
Rij = ( xi − x j ) 2 + ( yi − y j )2 + ( zi − z j )2
-1
q i
[q] = [A] [B], [ ρv ] = [q]/(ht Δ ), C = i =1
10
The computed values of [ ρv ] and C are shown below.
Vo = (V1 + V2 + V3 + V4)/4
475
which is the same result obtained using FDM.
Prob. 14.22
The MATLAB code is similar to the one in Fig.14.34. When the program is run, it gives
Z o = 40.587 Ω .
Prob. 14.23
489
On the interface,
ε1 1 ε2 3
= , =
2(ε1 + ε 2 ) 8 2(ε1 + ε 2 ) 8
V 3V
V1 = 2 + 3 +Copyright
12.5 © 2015 by Oxford University Press
4 8
3V V
V2 = 12.5 + 4 + 1
8 4
1
V3 = (V1 + V4 )
4
1
V4 = (V2 + V3 )
4
Applying this iteratively, we obtain the results shown in the table below.
Prob. 14.24
1 V
V1 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V2 ) = 25 + 2
4 4
1 V +V
V2 = (0 + 100 + V1 + V3 ) = 25 + 1 3
4 4
1 V
V3 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V2 ) = 25 + 2
4 4
1 V
V4 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V5 ) = 25 + 5
4 4
1 (V4 + V6 )
Sadiku & Kulkarni V5 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V4 + V6 ) = 25 + Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
4 4
1 V5
V6 = (0 + 0 + 100 + V5 ) = 25 +
4 4 490
Prob. 14.25
V3 32.81 35.35 35.67 35.71 35.71
V4 25 23.81 35.35 35.67 35.71
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V5 31.25 41.41 42.68 42.83 42.85
V6 32.81 35.35 35.67 35.71 35.71
477
V1 = V4 = 35.71 V, V2 = V5 = 42.85V, V3 = V6 = 35.71 V
Alternatively, if we take advantage of the symmetry, V1 = V3 = V4 = V6 and V2 = V5 . We
need to find solve two equations, namely,
V1 = 25 + V2 / 4
V2 = 25 + V1 / 2
Solving these gives
V1 = 35.714
V2 = 42.857
Other node voltages follow.
Prob. 14.25
The finite difference solution is obtained by following the same steps as in Example 14.10.
We obtain Z o = 43 Ω
Prob.14.26
1 1
V1 = (V2 + 100 + 100 + 100) = V2 + 75
4 4
1
V2 = (V1 + V4 + 2V3 )
4
1 1
V3 = (V2 + V5 + 200) = (V2 + V5 ) + 50
Sadiku & Kulkarni 4 4 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1
V4 = (V2 + V7 + 2V5 )
4
1 491
V5 = (V3 + V4 + V6 + V8 )
4
1 1
V6 = (V5 + V9 + 200) = (V5 + V9 ) + 50
4 4
1 1
V7 = (V4 + 2V8 + 0) = (V4 + 2V8 )
4 4
1
V8 = (V5 + V7 + V9 )
4 Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
1 1
V9 = (V6 + V8 + 100 + 0) = (V6 + V8 ) + 25
4 4
Using these equations, we apply iterative method and obtain the results shown below.
1
V8 = (V5 + V7 + V9 )
4 478
1 1
V9 = (V6 + V8 + 100 + 0) = (V6 + V8 ) + 25
4 4
Using these equations, we apply iterative method and obtain the results shown below.
Prob. 14.27
Iterations 0 1 2 3 4 5… 100
479
CHAPTER 15
P. E. 15.1 From Table 15.1, the functional for the two-dimensional diffusion equation
is
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
The function of the functional is 457
(b) Using
Putting theinsame
this program with nx
the Euler-Lagrange = 12+1=13 and ny = 24+1=25, the potential at the
equation,
center is
V(7,13) = 23.883 V
P. E. 14.7 By combining the ideas 14.23 and
in Figs. 14.27,
and dividing each wire into
Hence, minimizing the above functional leads to the solution of the diffusion equation.
N segments, the results listed in Table 14.2 is obtained.
P. E.
P. E. 15.2
15.4
3
Using
(a) Eq. (15.22):
Energy stored =
2
2
4 1
P. E. 15.5
¡
1
For element 1, local
corresponds
1-2-3 with global
1-3-4 so that
A1 = 0.35,
P1 = 0.8, P2 = 0.6, P = -1.4, Q1 = -0.5, Q2 = 0.5, Q3 = 0
3
¢ £¤ ¥ ¤
0.6357 0.1643 −0.8
C (1) = 0.1643 0.4357 −0.6
¤¦
£ −
0.8 −0.6 1.4
For element 2, local 1-2-3 with global 1-2-3 so that A2 = 0.7,
corresponds
458
The global coefficient matrix is given by
(b) 3
2
2
4
1
A1 = 0.6750;
For element 2, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds with global numbering 2-3-4.
P1 = 0.8000; P2 = -0.9000
Copyright ;© P3 =by Oxford
2015 0.1000 ;
University Press
Q1 = -0.5000 ; Q2 = 1.5000 ; Q3 = -1 ;
1
Sadiku & Kulkarni For element 1, local 1-2-3 corresponds with global 1-2-4 . Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
P1 = 0.9000 ; P2 = 0.6000 ; P3 = -1.5000
Q1 = -1.5000 ; Q2 = 0.5000; Q3 = 1;
481
A1 = 0.6750;
1.1333 -0.0778 -1.0556
C (1)
= -0.0778 0.2259 -0.1481
-1.0556 -0.1481 1.2037
Sadiku & Kulkarni For element 2, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds with global numbering 2-3-4.
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
P1 = 0.8000; P2 = -0.9000 ; P3 = 0.1000 ;
Q1 = -0.5000 ; Q2 = 1.5000 ; Q3 = -1 ;
459
A2 = 0.3750 ;
P.E. 15.3 We use the MATLAB program in Fig. 15.8. The input data for the region in
Fig. 15.9 is as follows:
With this data, the finite element (FEM) solution is compared with the finite
difference (FD) solution as shown in the table below.
Node # X Y FEM FD
5 1.5 0.5 11.265 11.25
10 1.5 1.0 15.06 15.02
13 0.5 1.5 4.958 4.705
14 1.0 1.5 9.788 9.545
15 1.0 1.5 18.97 18.84
18 0.5 2.0 10.04 9.659
19 1.0 2.0 15.32 15.85
20 1.5 2.0 21.05 20.87
P. E. 15.4
Using Eq. (15.22):
Energy stored =
P. E. 15.5
¡
¢ £¤ ¥ ¤
¤¦
£
Therefore, for an node of an element having
nodes, the shape function is
P. E. 15.6
Using eq. (15.38),
University Press
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Therefore, for an node of an element having
nodes, the shape function is
484
P. E. 15.6
Using eq. (15.38),
P. E. 15.7
P. E. 15.8
For element 1 the local node numbers are assigned as 1-2-3 for the global node numbers
1-2-4. Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
From eq. (15.11b) shape function of node 2 in element 1 is
2 1 1 0
1 4 2 1 0.5 106
Sadiku & Kulkarni T Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
1 2 4 1 12
0 1 1 2
485
P. E. 15.8
For element 1 the local node numbers are assigned as 1-2-3 for the global node numbers
1-2-4.
From eq. (15.11b) shape function of node 2 in element 1 is
From eq. (15.12), the area of element 1:
Similarly for element 2 the local nodes are assigned as 1-2-3 for the global node
numbers 2-3-4
From eq. (15.12), the area of element 2 is
Line equation of segment 4-2:
The expression of the two shape functions of node 2 can be rewritten by eliminating
form eq. (A) and eq. (B) using eq. (C).
The expression of the shape function in element 1:
The expressionof the shape function in element 2:
Thus, we can conclude that the expressionof the shape function is same on the segment
4-2 for both elements.
P. E. 15.9
% The geometry is the same as that in Example 14.4
% The geometry is drawn in the pde toolbox and p e t matrices are imported into
% the MATLAB code using procedure described in Section 15.7
clc;
clear all;
load meshdata;%% loading p, e,©t2015
Copyright matrices
by Oxford University Press
[A3 n_elements]=size(t);% A3=4
The expressionof the shape function in element 2:
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
Thus, we can conclude that the expressionof
486the shape function is same on the segment
4-2 for both elements.
P. E. 15.9
% The geometry is the same as that in Example 14.4
% The geometry is drawn in the pde toolbox and p e t matrices are imported into
% the MATLAB code using procedure described in Section 15.7
clc;
clear all;
load meshdata;%% loading p, e, t matrices
[A3 n_elements]=size(t);% A3=4
[A2 n_edges]=size(e);% A2=7
[A1 n_nodes]=size(p);% A1=2
C=zeros(n_nodes,n_nodes);% Initialization of the global coefficient matrix
K=zeros(n_nodes,n_nodes);
V1=40;% Potential of the top plate
V2=100;% Potential of the plate on the right hand side
V3=0;% Potential of the plate on the left hand side
V4=10;% Potential of the bottom plate
V=zeros(n_nodes,1);% Initialization of matrix of unknown potentials
B=zeros(n_nodes,1);% Initialization of the right hand side matrix
%contributed by boundary conditions
%Formation of coefficient matrices for all elements
for element=1:n_elements
nodes=t(1:3,element);% 'nodes' is a 3 by 1 matrix containing global
% node numbers of element under consideration
Xc=p(1,nodes'); % X coordinates of nodes
Yc=p(2,nodes'); % Y coordinates of nodes
P=zeros(3,1);
Q=zeros(3,1);
P(1)=Yc(2)-Yc(3);
P(2)=Yc(3)-Yc(1);
P(3)=Yc(1)-Yc(2);
Q(1)=Xc(3)-Xc(2);
Q(2)=Xc(1)-Xc(3);
Q(3)=Xc(2)-Xc(1);
% eq. (15.21c)
delta= 0.5*abs((P(2)*Q(3))-(P(3)*Q(2)));%Absolute value is taken since
% the three nodes may not have been numbered in the anticlockwise direction
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
% eq. (15.21b)
c(element,i,j)=((P(i)*P(j))+(Q(i)*Q(j)))/(4*delta);
end
end
end
for element=1:n_elements
nodes=t(1:3,element);
% Formation of the global coefficient matrix
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
C(nodes(i),nodes(j))=c(element,i,j)+C(nodes(i),nodes(j));
end
end Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
end
for i=1:3
Sadiku & Kulkarni for j=1:3 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
% eq. (15.21b)
c(element,i,j)=((P(i)*P(j))+(Q(i)*Q(j)))/(4*delta);
end 487
end
end
for element=1:n_elements
nodes=t(1:3,element);
% Formation of the global coefficient matrix
for i=1:3
for j=1:3
C(nodes(i),nodes(j))=c(element,i,j)+C(nodes(i),nodes(j));
end
end
end
% Imposing boundary conditions
K=C;
for edge=1:n_edges
if e(5,edge)==1
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V1;
B(node2)=V1;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
if e(5,edge)==2
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V2;
B(node2)=V2;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
if e(5,edge)==3
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V4;
B(node2)=V4;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
if e(5,edge)==4
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V3;
B(node2)=V3;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
Sadiku & Kulkarni B(node2)=V4; Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes); 488
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
if e(5,edge)==4
node1=e(1,edge);
node2=e(2,edge);
B(node1)=V3;
B(node2)=V3;
K(node1,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node1,node1)=1;
K(node2,:)=zeros(1,n_nodes);
K(node2,node2)=1;
end
end
% When the goemetry of Fig. 14.14 is drawn using the "rectangle"
% option in the pdetoolbox, the four corner nodes get numbered as 1,2,3 and 4
% These nodes need to be made floating to represent gaps between the
% different plates.
for i=1:n_nodes
if (i==1||i==2||i==3||i==4)
K(i,:)=C(i,:);
B(i)=0;
end
end
%solving for unknown potentials
V=K\B;
figure(1);
pdeplot(p,e,t,'xydata',V,'mesh','off','colormap','jet','colorbar','on',
'contour','on','levels',20);
[Ex,Ey]=pdegrad(p,t,V);% Calculation of E field if required
E=sqrt(Ex.^2+Ey.^2);
figure(2)
pdeplot(p,e,t,'xydata',E,'colorbar','off')
disp('potential at the point (0.5, 0.5)')
x=0.5;
y=0.5;
for i=1:n_nodes
xc=p(1,i);
yc=p(2,i);
dist(i)=((x-xc)^2+(y-yc)^2)^0.5;
end
[d,node]=min(dist);
V(node,1)
P. E. 15.10
The code remains essentially the same as in Example 15.10 except for boundary
conditions which need to be explicitly defined as explained in the code for TM modes
and at the end of Section 14.4 above Practice Exercise 14.6.
C = 17.02 pF
1 x y
A1 1 1
α1 = = 1 x2 y2 = [( x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + ( y2 − y3 ) x + ( x3 − x2 ) y ]
A 2A 2A
1 x3 y3
Prob. 15.2
490
478
1 1/ 2 1/ 2
2A = 1 3 1 / 2 = 15/4
1 2 2
4 1 4
α1 = [(6 − 1) + (−1 ) x + ( −1) y ] = (5 − 1.5 x − y )
15 2 15
4 3 3 4
α2 = [(1 − 1) + x − y ] = (1.5 x − 1.5 y )
15 2 2 15
4 5 4
α3 = [(1 / 4 − 3 / 2) + 0 x + y ] = (−1.25 + 2.5 y )
15 2 15
(b) At (2,1),
4 6 5
α1 = , α 2 = , α3 =
15 15 15
491
479
Prob. 15.4
1 0 0
2A = 1 2 −1 = 9
1 1 4
1 1
α1 = [(0 − 0) + (4 − 0) x + (0 − 1) y ] = (4 x − y )
9 9
1 1
α 2 = [(0 − 0) + (0 + 1) x + (2 − 0) y ] = ( x + 2 y )
9 9
1 1
α 3 = [(8 + 1) + (−1 − 4) x + (1 − 2) y ] = (9 − 5 x − y )
9 9
V(center) = (8 + 12 + 10)/3 = 10
Prob. 15.5
(3,12) (8,12)
(3,12)
(8,0)
(0,0) (8,0)
For element 1, local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds to global numbering 4-2-1.
492
480
A = (0 + 12 x 8)/2 = 48
1
Cij = [ Pj Pi + Q j Q j ]
4 x 48
A = (0 + 60)/2 = 30
1
Cij = [ Pj Pi + Q j Q j ]
4 x 48
1.2 0 −1.2
C (2)
= 0 0.208 −0.208
−1.2 −0.208 1.408
493
481
Prob. 15.6
4 3
(0,2) 3 2 (2,2)
1 3
1
1
1
2
2 2
(0,0) (4,0)
For element 1,
P1 = 0, P2 = 2, P3 = −2, Q1 = −2, Q2 = 0, Q3 = 2
1
A = (4 − 0) = 2, 4 A = 8
2
4 0 −4 0.5 0 −0.5
1
(1)
C = 0 4 −4 = 0 0.5 −0.5
8
−4 −4 8 −0.5 −0.5 1
For element 2,
C11 C12
C13 C14 C11(1) + C11(2) C12(2) C12(1) + C13(2) C13(1)
C
C23 C24 C21(2)
C22 C22(2) (2)
C23 0
C = 21 =
C31 C33 C34 C21(1) + C31(2)
C32 C32(2) (1)
C22 + C33(2) (1)
C23
C41 C42
C43 C44 C31(1) 0 C32(1) C33(1)
1 0 −0.5 −0.5
0 0.5 −0.5 0
=
−0.5 −0.5 1.5 −0.5
−0.5 0 −0.5 1
494
482
Prob. 15.7
4 4
(2,2) (2,2)
3 1
(0,1) 1 1 1 2
2 2 2 2 3 3
(1,0)
(1,0) (3,0)
P1 = -2, P2 = 1, P3 = 1, Q1 = 1, Q2 = -2, Q3 = 1,
1
Cij = [ Pj Pi + Q j Q j ]
4A
5 −4 −1
1
C (1)
= −4 5 −1
6
−1 −1 2
A = 2, 4A = 8
4 −2 −2
1
C (2)
= −2 5 −3
8
−2 −3 5
495
483
NE = 2;
ND = 4;
NP = 2;
NL = [1 2 4
4 2 3];
X = [ 0.0 1.0 3.0 2.0];
Y = [ 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0];
NDP= [ 1 3 ];
VAL = [ 10.0 30.0]
10
18
The result is V = 30
20
From this,
V2 = 18 V, V4 = 20 V
496
484
Prob. 15.9
2
4 5
2 1
1
5
4
3 2 3
1 2
The local numbering 1-2-3 in element 3 corresponds with the global numbering 5-4-
1, while the local number 1-2-3 in element 4 corresponds with the global numbering
5-1-2.
C5,5 = 1 + 1 + ½ + ½ = 3
1
But C31(3) = (P3P1 + Q3 Q1) = 0 since P3 = 0 = Q3
8
1
C21(4) = (P2P1 + Q2 Q1) = 0 since P3 = 0 = Q3
8
C5,1 = 0
Prob. 15.10 As in P. E. 15.3, we use the program in Fig. 15.8. The input data based
on Fig. 15.19 is as follows.
497
485
4 11 10
4 5 11
5 12 11
5 6 12
7 14 13
7 8 14
8 15 14
8 9 15
9 16 15
9 10 16
10 17 16
10 11 17
11 18 17
11 12 18
13 20 19
13 14 20
14 21 20
14 15 21
15 22 21
15 16 22
16 23 22
16 17 23
17 24 23
17 18 24
19 26 25
19 20 26
20 27 26
20 21 27
21 28 27
21 22 28
22 29 28
22 23 29
23 30 29
23 24 30
25 32 31
25 26 32
26 33 32
26 27 33
27 34 33
27 28 34
28 35 34
28 29 35
29 36 35
29 30 36];
X = [0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0];
498
486
Y = [0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0];
NDP = [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 18 24 30 36 35 34 33 32 31 25 19 13 7];
VAL = [ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0];
With this data, the potentials at the free nodes are compared with the exact values as
shown below.
Prob. 15.11 We use exactly the same input data as in the previous problem except that
the last few lines are replaced by the following lines.
VAL = [0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.4 58.8 95.1 95.1
58.8 29.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0];
499
487
The potential at the free nodes obtained with the input data are compared with the exact
solution as shown below.
Prob. 15.12
For element 1, the local numbering 1-2-3 corresponds with nodes with V1 , V2 , and V3.
500
488
1 4
Vo = − ViCio
Coo i =1
4
1 1
Coo = Coj ( e ) = 2
(hh + hh) × 2 + 2
(hh + 0) × 4 = 4
j =1 4h / 2 4h / 2
2 ×1 2
Co1 = 2
[ P3 P1 + Q3Q1 ] = 2 [−hh − 0] = −1
2h 2h
2 ×1 2
Co 2 = 2
[ PP
1 2 + Q1Q2 ] = [−h × 0 + h × (−h)] = −1
2h 2h 2
Vo = (V1 + V2 + V3 + V4)/4
Prob. 14.22
The MATLAB code is similar to the one in Fig.14.34. When the program is run, it gives
Z o = 40.587 Ω .
Prob. 14.23