EEE301 Digital Electronics

Lecture 2
Part -3

Dr. A.S.M. Mohsin

Assistant Professor, Department of EEE
BRAC,UB50511
E-mail:asm.mohsin@bracu.ac.bd

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Universality of NAND Gates and NOR Gates
• All Boolean expressions consist of various combinations of the basic
operations of OR, AND and INVETER.
• Therefore, any expression can be implemented using combinations of
OR gates, AND gates and INVERTERS.
• It is possible to implement any logic expression using only NAND
gates or NOR gates

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Universality of NAND Gates and NOR Gates

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Universality of NAND Gates and NOR Gates

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Example
• In a certain manufacturing process, a conveyor belt will shut down
whenever specific condition occurs.
• A logic circuit need to generate signal x that will go HIGH if either of
the following two conditions are satisfied.
• Condition 1: conveyor belt speed is too fast (A) and collection bin at
the end of belt is full (B)
OR
• Condition 2: Belt tension is too high (C) and manual control is off (D)
• The logic expression will be, x=AB+CD

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 Example
• The straightforward method will be using two AND gate and one OR gate.
• Another implementation can be accomplished by replacing each AND gate and
OR gate by its equivalent NAND implementation.

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 Example
At first glance this circuit looks as if it requires seven NAND gates. However, NAND gates 3 and 5 are connected as
INVERTERs in series and can be eliminated from the circuit since they perform double inversion of the signal out of NAND
gate 1. Similarly NAND gates 4 and 6 can be eliminated as well.
The final circuit is more efficient because it uses three two input NAND gate which can be implemented from one IC
instead of one AND gate and one OR gate IC separately.

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Example

2 input NAND Gate

2 input AND Gate

Quad 2 input OR Gate

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Alternate Logic Gate Representation

• Obtained from the standard symbol

• Invert each input and output of the standard symbol. This is done by
adding bubbles (small circles) on the input and output lines that do
not have bubbles and by removing bubbles that are already there.
• Change the operation symbol from AND to OR or from OR to AND.
• In the special case of the INVERTER, the operation symbol is not
changed.
• It can be easily proved that the alternate symbol is equivalent to the
standard symbol by using DeMorgan’s theorem and recalling that the
bubble represents an inverting operation

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Alternate Logic Gate Representation

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Active logic levels
• Each of the logic gate symbol represents a unique interpretation of
how the gate operates.
• When an input or output line on a logic circuit symbol has no bubble
on it that line is said to be active-HIGH.

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 Logic Symbol Representation

When an input or output line on a logic circuit symbol does have a bubble on it that line is said to be active-
LOW.
The presence or absence of a bubble then determines active-HIGH or active-LOW status of a circuit’s input and
output and is used to interpret the circuit operation.
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Example

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Interpreting Logic Circuit: Assignment
• The logic circuit in Figure generates an output, MEM, that is used to
activate the memory ICs in a particular microcomputer. Determine
the input conditions necessary to activate MEM.

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Interpreting Logic Circuit: Assignment
The logic circuit in Figure is used to control the drive a motor for a disk drive when the
microcomputer is sending data to or receiving data from the disk. The circuit will turn on
the motor when DRIVE =1.
Determine the input conditions necessary to turn on the motor.

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