Chapter 11 and 12 Notes

3/21/11
 Railroad Boom – 1830-1860 – no standardized track
o No good braking system
o 1840’s – use of air pads
o Train schedules  standard time zones
o Telegraph – Morse Code
o Burned wood  burn coal
3/21/11
 Railroads financed privately, stocks and bonds  New York Stock Exchange
o Stock broker gets commission
o 1860 – more miles of track in United States than rest of world altogether
o Rail hubs – Chattanooga, TN; Atlanta, GA; Chicago
o Increased settlement in west
o Government support – 10 miles north and south of railroad given to train people
 Grain elevators in silos  train, market
 Evolution of middle class
o Income levels increase, so does standard of living
o Omnibus – horse-drawn trolley – mass transportation to cities
 Growth of suburbs
o Gap between rich and poor
4/4/11
 Slavery – 1830’s – slavery dead in north
o Abolition movement heating in north
o West Virginia farmers wanted end
 House of Burgesses’ vote not to end it caused end of debate in south
 Upper South (Old South) = Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee
o Decrease in slavery because more diverse economy
o Tomatoes, vegetables, hemp, rice
 Land had become exhausted from cotton
 Lower South (Dynamic South) = South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama,
Louisiana, Florida – called black belt because rich fertile black soil
o Greatest climate for short staple cotton
o Demand constantly high because demand in Great Britain and New England
textile mills
o 1840’s – migration to deep south
 Upper and Lower South relationship questioned
o Kinship – many deep south people had relatives in upper south
o All white southerners benefited from 3/5 compromise
o Abolition was an insult to entire south
 Preachers called slavery good for the slaves because slaves introduced to
Christianity
 North/South differences
o Urbanization vs. Rural Living
 o Education – low priority in south, high in north
 Fear of education for blacks
o Slavery stifled southern economy, depressed wages
4/5/11
 Elite planters – 20+ slaves (up to 100-200) – Whigs – pro big banking
o Large acreage – bought on credit
o Architecturally beautiful homes
o Master of domain
 Black mistresses  mullatos
 Gentlemen’s code
 Plantation wives – isolated from society, ran plantations whern husbands
away
 Small slave owners – less than 20 slaves – small farmers
o Considered “ne’er do wells” – wanted to be elite planters
o Always in debt, had to resort to slave trading
 Yeoman farmers – Jacksonian Democrats
o Non slave holders
o Independent and self-sufficient
o Children provided labor
o Worked as overseers for planters (part time job)
o Sell surplus to planters
 Pine Barren People – poor of south – uneducated, lived in backwoods
o Independent, but hated
 North: PBP proof of evils of slavery
 South: PBP lazy, lack industry
o Used to being outside come civil war
o Better off, though poor, than a plantation slave
 ALL – slavery is only option, part of lifestyle
o No socially dominant group because all isolated
o Southern way of life – violent dueling, fighting
o Slavery – paternalism – Christian obligation
 Broke spiritual bond between North and South
Vocabulary
Gammagraph – Engraving tool
Dividend – share of profits in stock
Rail hubs – cities centered around rail stations
Standard of Living – Birth rate ratio to death rate
Mullato – half black, half white
Driver – black man in charge of punishing slaves on a plantation

People
Eli Whitney
 Turned to gun making, made 10,000 muskets in 10 years
John Hall
 Made precision grooves in barrels of guns
Samuel Colt
 Used gammagraph to make engravings on guns
Isaac Singer
 Sewing machines
Cyrus McCormick
 McCormick Reaper for wheat and barley, baler
John Deer
 Steel tipped plow for deeper, uniform rows
George Pullman
 Coaches for trains, made rides more comfortable
Nat Turner
 Slave that led revolt in Virginia
 Could read and write
 Saw self as prophet and preacher
William Lloyd Garrison
 published first antislavery paper, The Liberator, said slavery is sin
Edmund Ruffin
 Southerner who encouraged use of better farming technologies like crop rotation
George Fitzhugh
 Wrote Cannibals All – said slaves taken care of
o Northern factory workers also enslaved

Timeline/Events
1831
 Nat Turner’s Revolt – wanted to overthrow government, start all-black state in
Appalachia similar to Haiti
o Killed 55-65 whites, Virginia sent into state of panic, 100-200 mostly innocent
blacks killed in retaliation