Chapter 3: Periodicity
9.1 Physical Properties of Elements of Period 2 and Period 3
Variation in Physical Properties
1) Atomic radius : - covalent radius
- metallic radius
- van der Waals radius
2) Factors Affecting Atomic radii :
a) Screening effect:
- is caused by the mutual repulsion between electrons in the
inner shell with those in the outer shell
- the screening effect of the inner shell electrons causes the
atomic size to increase .
- the greater the number of filled inner shells, the greater the
screening effect and the larger the atomic size.
b) Nuclear charge:
- the nuclear charge pulls all the electrons closer to the nucleus
& causes the atomic size to decrease.
- effective nuclear charge , Zeff
𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑍 − 𝜎 ; 𝑍 = 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 &
𝜎 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
- higher the effective nuclear charge, the smaller the atomic size
Atomic Radii across Period 2 & 3
- atomic radius decreases across the period bcs :
→ nuclear charge increases & the number of electrons also increases
→ screening effect remains almost unchanged within same period
bcs the electrons are added to the same shell
→ Thus, effective nuclear charge increases, the valence electrons are
pulled closer to the nucleus & the atomic radius decrease.
Atomic Radii down a group
- atomic radius increase going down the group bcs :
→ the nuclear charge increase and increase in the number of shells
filled with electrons between the valence electrons and the nucleus.
→ Increase in screening effect of outer electrons by inner electrons
→ Increase in screening effect > increase in nuclear charge
→ the effective nuclear charge decreases and the outermost shell
electrons are held less tightly by the nucleus causing the atomic
radius to increase.
Ionic Radii
- isoelectronic : ions that have same number of electrons
- Cationic radius is smaller than its atomic radius.
→ Na, Mg & Al with bigger atomic radii tends to lose electron to form
+ve ions. Therefore, they are reducing agents
→ cation are reducing agents : 𝑁𝑎 > 𝑀𝑔 > 𝐴𝑙 with –ve 𝐸 °
- Anionic radius is bigger than its atomic radius.
→ anion are oxidising agents : 𝐶𝑙2 > 𝑆 > 𝑃 with +ve 𝐸 °
- The cations from same element, cation with higher ionic charge is
smaller.
The cations Li+ to B3+ are The anions N3- to F- are
isoelectronic isoelectronic
Ionic radii decrease bcs the number of electrons remains constant but
the number of protons increases. Screening effect remains constant &
effective nuclear charge increase.
Ionisation energy
-magnitude of IE depends on:
a) electronic configuration of the atom :
→ an atom with a stable electronic configuration has higher IE
b) atomic radius :
→ for a bigger atom, outermost electrons are further from nucleus
and are more shielded by the inner electrons, they are less
attracted to the nucleus & are easier to remove.
c) the effective nuclear charge :
→ higher effective nuclear charge, stronger attractive force of
electrons towards the nucleus, more difficult for the electron to
be removed.
- Across the period, atomic size becomes smaller (due to the higher
effective nuclear charge), the ionisation energy becomes higher.
- Ionisation energy of the lithium is the lowest in the period bcs the
atomic size is the biggest.
- Ionisation energy of neon atom is the highest in the period bcs the
smallest atomic size & its stable octet structure
YongJie
- Boron atom has first ionisation which is lower than expected.
Be: 1s22s2 B: 1s22s22px1
More energy is needed to remove electron from a fully filled s orbital
than from a singly occupied p orbital.
- Oxygen atom has 1st IE lower than nitrogen atom bcs nitrogen has
stable half-filled p orbitals. By removing one electron from oxygen
atom, O+ ion can form a stable electronic configuration.
N : 1s22s22p3 O : 1s22s22p4 O+ : 1s22s22p3
The p4 configurations of the oxygen atoms, the two electron in the same
orbital result in greater electrostatic repulsion. This makes it easier to
remove an electron from p4 configuration than p3 configuration. Thus,
more energy is required to remove an electron from half-filled p orbitals
- Variation of 1st ionisation energy for the third period elements has
the shape of the graph as the elements of second period. The 1st
ionisation energy of third period elements is always lower than the
corresponding elements of second period.
- lower the ionisation energy, the elements are most likely to be a metal.
Successive ionisation energies
-There is an increase in effective nuclear charge when successive
electrons being removed, therefore the successive ionisation
energies for an atom are always increasing.
- when first electron from the inner shell is being removed, there is
great difference in ionisation energy compared to previous
ionisation energy.
- the determination of the position of the elements in the periodic
table by successive ionisation method only applicable to s and p
block elements.
Electronegativity
- is the ability of the atom in a covalent bond to attract shared
electrons to itself
- the greater an atom’s electronegativity, the greater its ability to
attract electrons to itself.
- the electronegativity increases across a period from left to right
→ atomic radius decreases while nuclear charge increases. The
attractions for electrons increases and electronegativity increases.
- the electronegativity decreases down a group
→ the nuclear charge increases but the screening effect also
increases as the atomic size increase. The attractions for electrons
decreases and hence electronegativity decreases.
Al2O3 is suitable used as inside coating at high temperature bcs :
- it is ionic compound - high charged density of Al3+
- high melting & boiling point - enthalpy of formation is exothermic
Ion with high charge density :
- high charge & small size - high polarising power
- has covalent characteristic - ionic oxide is amphoteric
- has high hydration energy - will form complex ion
Metallic bond : - no. of valence electrons ↑ , bond ↑ .
- atomic radius ↑ , bond ↓
Van der Waals force : RMM ↑ , bond ↑
Covalent bond : radius ↑ , bond ↑
Ionic bond : charge ↑ , size ↓ , bond ↑
SUMMARY
** Oxides of P, S and Cl exists as simple covalent molecules. Atoms in the
molecules are bonded covalently but the intermolecular forces are
weak van der Waals force.
** Sulphur have stronger van der Waals forces compare to phosphorus.