REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS USING RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS

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The scalar components of A are

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Ax = A cosθx Ay = A cos θy Az = A cos θz
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A = Axî + Ayĵ + Azƙ

A = Az2 + Ay2 + Az2

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 = 1 (a unit vector, along vector A)

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 = xî + yĵ + zƙ  = x2 + y2 + z2

cos θx = x cos θy = y cos θz = z

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cos θx2 + cos θy2 + cos θz2 = 1

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Position Vector (d) – A position vector d is defined as a fixed vector which locates a point in space
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relative to another point. For example, if d is from the origin of ordinates, A, to point B, then d
can be expressed in Cartesian vector form as
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d = dxi + dyj + dzk

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 dx = xB - xA dy = yB - yA dz = zB - zA

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ǀABǀ = d = dx2 + dy2 + dz2 = (xB – xA)2 + (yB – yA)2 + (zB – zA)2

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AB (xB – xA)i + (yB – yA)j + (zB – zA)k
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 = ----- = -----------------------------------------
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ǀABǀ d

The components of  are

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xB - xA yB – yA zB - zA
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x = --------- y = --------- z = ---------

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d d d

Vector in Rectangular Form

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(dxi + dyj + dzk)

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F = F = F(xi + yj + zk) = F --------------------

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dx Fx dy Fy dz Fz
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cos θx = x = ---- = ----- cos θy = y = ----- = ---- cos θz = z = ----- = ------

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d F d F d F
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Examples:

Obtain the rectangular representation of the force P, given that its magnitude is 30 lb.

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 Pz

P’ (dash line)
Pz = Psin 500 = (30 lb)(sin 500) = 23 lb P’ = Pcos500 = (30 lb)(cos 500) = 19.28 lb

Px P’

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300 +y

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Py

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+x

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Py = P’cos 300 = (19.28 lb)(cos 300) = 16.70 lb
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Px = P’cos 600 = - (19.28 lb)(cos 600) = -9.64 lb
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P = (-9.64î + 16.7ĵ + 23ƙ) lb

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The length of the position r is 240 mm. Determine the rectangular components of (a) r, and (b)
the unit vector directed from O toward A.
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A’
(a) rz = rcos 40o = (240 mm)(cos 400) = 183.85 mm

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 A’ = r cos 500 = (240 mm)(cos 500) = 154.27 mm
rx = A’cos 50 = (154.27 mm)(cos 500) = 99.16 mm
ry = A’cos 400 = (154.27 mm)(cos 40) = 118.18 mm
r = (99.16i + 118.18j + 183.85k)mm

(b) x = rx/r r = (99.16)2 + (118.18)2 + (183.85)2 = 240 mm

x = 99.16/240 = 0.41 y = 118.18/240 = 0.49 z = 183.85/240 = 0.77

 = (0.41)2 + (0.49)2 + (0.77)2 = 1

Determine a) the rectangular representation of the position vector A; and b) the angles between A and
each of the positive coordinate axes.

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a) Let Axy = a
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a = A sin 300 = (12 m)(sin 300) = 6 m; Ax = (a)( cos 400) = (6 m)(cos 400) = 4.6 m

Ay = a sin 400 = a cos 500 = (6m)(sin 400) = (6 m)(cos 500) = 3.86 m

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Az = A cos 300 = (12 m)(cos 300) = 10.4 m

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A = 4.6 m i + 3.86 m j + 10.4 m k

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Cos θx = Ax/A = 4.6 m/12 m θy = cos-1 Ay/A θz = 300

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 Θx = cos-1(4.6 m/12 m) = cos-1 (3.86 m/12 m)

Θx = 67.50 θy = 71.20

(a) Compute the value of θz between the force vector F and the z-axis. (b) Determine the
rectangular representation of F given that F = 240 N. ( 54.50, 154.3i +120.0j + 139.3j)

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cos2θx + cos2θy + cos2θz = 1

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cos2θz = 1 – cos2θx – cos2θy

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cos2θz = 1 – (cos 500)2 – (cos 600)2

cos θz =  1- 0.41 – 0.25
θz = cos-1(0.583) = 54.330
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b) F = F[(cos 500)i + (cos 600)j + (cos 54.330)k

F = (240 N)[(0.64)i + (0.5)j + (0.58)k

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F = 153.6i + 120j + 139.2k

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Find the rectangular representation of the force F, given its magnitude 240 N.
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 dx = xA – xO = -4 m – 0 = -4m dy = 5 m dz =3

d = (-4 m)2 + (5 m)2 + (3 m)2 = 7.07 m

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F = F(dxi + dyj + dzk)/d = (240)(-4i + 5j + 3k)/7.07

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F = -136.78i + 169.73j + 101.84k

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The magnitude of the force F is 120 lb. Find its rectangular representation. (63i – 52.5j -87.6k)
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01. Determine the resultant of the two forces shown. F1 = 120 lb F2 =100 lb (-96i + 123j -85.8k)
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 Solutions:

d1 = - 4i + 3j d1 = √(−4)2 + (3)2 = 5 ft d2 = 3j – 5k = √(3)2 + (-5)2 = 5.83 ft

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F1 = F1(dxi + dyj + dzk)/d = 120 lb(-4i + 3j)/5

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F1 = (-96i + 72j)lb

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F2 = 100 lb(3j – 5k)/5.83

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F2 = (51.46j – 85.76k) lb
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F1 = -96.00i + 72.00j
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F2 = 51.46j – 85.76k
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FR = -96.00i + 123.45k – 85.76k

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