Sujbadbandb

Subject : political science.
Topics.
The supreme court
The welfare state
: CJI is appointed by president
president consults the chief justice when he appoint other judges of the
Supreme Court .
qualification of Supreme Court judge
he must be citizen of India must be working for 5 consistent year as the
judge of one or more high courts
: at present strength 1 chief justice an 32 other judges present....
parliament can increase number of judges from time to time or
decrease president administer the oath to CJI, other judges while
appointed
: A. SC judge shld be a distinguished jurist ( expert) in president opinion
Today's topic Supreme Court out of three organs constitution Supreme
Court comes under judiciary our Judiciary is independent judiciary we
have taken the system from American constitution Supreme Court
came into existence January 28 1950 it consisted of 1 chief justice of
india CJI and seven other judges
He must be working for 10 consecutive ( continuously) as the advocate
in 1 or more high court from the date of the appointment
Retirement age of SC judge is 65 & other allowances too.
Salaries are withdrawn from consolidated fund which is under the
control of parliament
They will get pension etc. & other allowances after retirement : Sc
judge will submit the resignation letter to president.
Parliament will decide the salaries of chief justice & other judges of SC
time to time
Present salary of CJI 2 8 Lacs.
Judges 2.5 per month
On national issues
Or president can suggest any isuess of national interest to them
Ex. RAM mandir case 5 panel was assigned. In many cases it's been
done.
Highest panel appointed of 13 members as jury in keshavanda Bharti
case
Retired judges are not allowed to practice in any court after retirement.
Govt rule.
A 5 member bench panel can be appointed by president in important &
crucial decision, judgement
For this above purpose bench panel is appointed to give their advice.
Thru vote in judgement
: Powers of supreme court......
It the highest judicial court take up cases of all the states referred or
petitioned in SC.
Civil , criminal, constitutional, properties, all etc etc. Final judgements
delivered in SC . Once the judgement passed no other court can
challenge the decision....
1. Original jurisdiction.
To solve disputes between the centre and state govts of India. It can be
with one or more states.
Disputes may be related to allocation of funds, Bill's, ordinances or
regulations.
4. Writ jurisdiction
Constitution Grant's an extensive original jurisdiction to the supreme
court regarding to the enforcement of fundamental right's. : Appellate
jurisdiction:
It deals with hearing of the Civil criminal and other cases.
It deals with criminal matters irrespective of all constitutional issues.
: 5. Habeas corpus
This is a legal action or writ (petition) through which a person can seek relief from the
unlawful detention of him /her from anotherprotects the individual from harming
himself. It's been an important safeguard of individual freedom against state action.
This is the important aspect of SC.
Once a judgement is given by the supreme court , it cannot be
challenged in any other lower courts such as high courts 3. Advisory
jurisdiction
Supreme court gives advice on any question of law or fact of public
importance for the consideration by the president of India. Supreme
court opinion is not considered as judgement. The president is bound
by the advice of supreme court. It ensures the govt to get an
authoritative opinion of the legal matters before taking action upon it.
Mainly advices are given by the supreme court to the president and the
govt if India arising disputes of treaty or agreement before the
commencement of constitution.
: Supreme court judgement will be final decision
Such judgements are called judicial review and can be done only by
supreme court
Recently 2 days back 1 more judgement is reviewed related with
padmanabha swamy temple in a previous statement supreme court
gave a judgement the temple will be under the control of kerala govt. 3
days back in review judgement the authority is given to the royal family
of padmanabha swamy temple .
Now this judicial review means only supreme court is having the
authority to Review its given judgements and pass a new judgement
after petitions
: Ex. We can take sabarimala case. Judgement is reviewed again after
given allowing women later they passed judgement that its upto the
temple authorities ( devasom) to allow women or not to temple
Next chapter .
THE WELFARE STATE
Functions of welfare state :
1. Protection of health
2. Creation of condition for personality development
3.increase in literacy
4. Improving economic conditions
5.Rendering social service
IMPEACHMENT:
Supreme court judges can be removed by impeachment motion passed
by 2/3 house of the parliament based on misbehaviour and incapacity
President has the power to appoint retired judges to the supreme court
temporarily.
Supreme court has the power to reconsider their own decisions /
judgements
: Govts are forced to take up welfare functions out of necessity rather
than out of luxury
The concept gained prominence after 1945. Performed by modern
states. From cradle to grave situation
Means from beginning to the end
: Welfare functions are performed by indian states.
Through.
Directive principles of state policy
Preamble
5 yr plans now nitiayog
Various other programmes thru. Panchayat system ,local self govts.
Mjncipalites called nagarpalikas
Functioning with consistency to ensure welfare for its citizens
are of SC chapter.
All texts are the explanation of powers functions Working for provision
of basic amenities to poorest of poor
: Good afternoon students
Today subject : GEOGRAPHY
Topic : WEATHERING
1. Mechanical &
2. chemical weathering
: Today covered 2 topics
Supreme court
Welfare state.
A video will be forwarded to you on some discussion with you . Some
details regarding subject will be discussed with you.
Watch it.
Weathering involves in breaking up of Rocks with a process of
disintegration( breaking of rocks)& decomposition ( decaying of Rocks)
I may drop the video at any time today / tmro after recording.
: Rocks are broken into fragments by integration through external
agents.
Rocks are decayed due to chemical changes. This process is called
decomposition. Weathering helps erosion by exposing rocks to break.
This process is done by natural agents related to Atmosphere.
Factors affecting weathering :
1. Structure of Rocks includes minerals, nature and their hardness.
Joints permit water to enter rocks and help weathering. Hard rocks are
resistant and soft rocks are easily broken.
2. Weathering is active on steep slopes
3. Mechanical weathering takes place in dry areas chemical weathering
in wet climate.
4. Bare surfaces weathered to a greater extent whereas vegetation
protects the surface from weathering .
Above are natural transporters of weathering
Types of weathering:
Two types
1. Mechanical / physical weathering
2. Chemical weathering
1. Physical weathering :
It includes disintegration of Rocks without changing mineral
composition present in rocks. This process is done by action of
temperature, frost, wind , rainfall.
Factors of physical weathering:
1.Temperature changes daily range in deserts. During day Rocks are
heated and expanded ; at night temperature falls and rocks begin to
contract . There will be a rapid expansion and contraction of Rocks
every day . Rocks are split by granular/block disintegration. These
fragments are called Talus / scree.
Weathering takes the form of exfoliation(peeling of the layer). The
removal of thin shells of rock is known as exfoliation.
Factors of physical weathering:
1.Temperature changes daily range in deserts. During day Rocks are
heated and expanded ; at night temperature falls and rocks begin to
contract . There will be a rapid expansion and contraction of Rocks
every day . Rocks are split by granular/block disintegration. These
fragments are called Talus / scree.
Weathering takes the form of exfoliation(peeling of the layer). The
removal of thin shells of rock is known as exfoliation.
2. Frost :
It's an important factor of weathering in cold climates, high in mountain
areas. Water enters the rocks through fissures , cracks and the joints.
This water freezes into ice during in night and increase its volume 1/11
times. It expands, exerting pressure of Rocks causing widening of
cracks. Finally rocks are split into blocks, shape edges Rocks are formed
by repetition process of expansion and long action continued of frost.
B. Hydration :
The chemical union of water with a mineral is called hydration. When
rain water enters the rock it increases volume. As a result the pressure
reduced the minerals to powder.
2. Chemical weathering
Decomposition of Rocks by chemical process.
This weathering results from the action of weak acids and gases like
oxygen carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
Chemical weathering produces a chemical change in mineral of Rocks.
High temp. and humidity cause the rocks to decompose. Chemical
weathering is done through following 4 processes.
A. Oxidation
B. Hydration
C. Carbonation
D. Solution
Feldspar is reduced to kaolin due to hydration .
[27/09, 21:38] Suryateaj Officers Academy: BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND
WEATHERING : Biological weathering is contribution or removal of
minerals or irons from the weathering environment and physical
changes due to growth or movement of organisms. Burrowing ,
wedging by organisms like earthworms , termites, rodents with
chemical attack help in exposing the penetration of moisture and air.
Man by disturbing vegetation, ploughing, cultivating soils helps in
mixing air , water , minerals in the earth materials.
: A. Oxidation :
Oxygen combined with mineral of Rocks especially iron compounds to
form oxides. The result is Rocks get rusted as iron is rusted due to the
presence of air and water . Original colour of Rocks changes into red,
yellow, brown. Rocks begin to decay and crumbles to a powdered mass
of brown dust . This process is called Oxidation
D. Solution :
Some minerals like rock salt and gypsum are dissolved in water. These
minerals are removed in solution from the rocks .
C. Carbonation:
Rain water mixed with carbon dioxide is slightly acidic .it dissolves
limestone chalk and marble rocks. This acidic water sinks into the
ground and form huge caves by the process of carbonation.
Decaying plant and animal matter produce humic ( organic
compound) ,carbonic and other assets which enhance decay and
solubility of elements .
Resume back on Monday. With other topics .
: chemotropic bacteria which are active in water logged and reducing
environment produce sulphites and oxidised iron ,manganese and
other minerals and assist in the solution of silica. Algae utilise mineral
nutrients for growth and help in concentration of Iron and
manganese oxides as desert vanishes on the surfaces. plant root exerts
a tremendous pressure on earth materials mechanically breaking them
apart.
Topics of political science.
Subject: GEOGRAPHY
Topic : 1.Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure
: Temperature means degrees of a hotness of a body ,
The temperature of a place means temperature of the air at that place
is measured. temperature is measured in six maximum & minimum
temperatures.
Thermometer is the instrument used.
On it ..temp. is shown in units.
1.Centigrade scale
2.Fahrenheit scale
The difference btwn maximum and minimum temp recorded in a
particular day at a place is called diural - daily range of temperature.
The difference btwn mean temp of the hottest month , mean temp of
the coldest month is called Annual range of temp.
Factors controlling horizontal distribution of temp:
1. Latitude :
Temp decreases gradually from equator to poles.
The intensity of insolation depends on angle of incidence of Sun Ray's.
Vertical Ray's are hotter than slanting Ray's. Vertical Ray's heat up
smaller surface area, travel through shorter distance in dense
atmosphere. Hence the heat received per unit area is large .
Slanting rays heat up large area, travel through long distance in
atmosphere where much heat is absorbed by clouds water vapour &
dust particles.
Equatorial region 0° get maximum temp bcoz sun Ray's fall vertically on
equator through out the year
The other factors of controlling horizontal temperature is the below
picture forwarded.
: The temp decreases with increasing height . 1°C for every 500ft or 1°C
per 165mts.
The lower layers near to earth are warmer than the higher layers of
Atmosphere.
Mountains are cooler than plains bcoz absence of dust particles , water
vapour on mountains so there will be an unchecked radiation.
: Ocean currents modify the temp of winds blowing over them .
Warm current Raise temp and cold currents lower the temp of coastal
areas
: Prevailing winds affect the temp of an area by transporting their heat
and coldness.
A wind from the sea lower the summer temperature and raise the
winter temp .
: The nearness to sea has moderating influence on temp of coastal area.
Due to the presence of land and sea breezes in coastal areas
the summers are warm and winters are cool .
Due to the difference btwn heating and cooling of land and water .
: Mountains act as climate barriers. The Himalayas check the cold winds
coming from central Asia and protect india from Cold wave .
Tibet is surrounded by high mountains . No oceanic influences are on it.
South facing slopes are warmer than north facing slopes bcz northern
slopes are exposed to cold winds . These lie in shadow or shady slopes.
They receive slanting rays of sun .
Southern slopes receive sun Ray's more directly for longer period . They
are Sunny slopes . Southern slopes ( Himalayas-warmer)
Northern slopes (Tibet- cooler)
Gulf of stream is warm current
Labrador is the cold current
Forests have a cooling effect on the air , sandy soils are heated and
cooled very quickly as in rajasthan desert . Clay soils warm up or cool
more slowly.
The above are the important points from the above pic forwarded of
Clouds check sun Ray's and reduce temp during day . At night clouds
check outgoing radiation. Does not allow the temp to fall .
: NOW THE FACTORS ON WHICH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE DEPENDS
[2. Sub-tropical high pressure belt :

Two sub tropical high pressure belts occur near tropics and extend
btwn 30° to 35° north and south latitudes.
The air raises from the equator and move towards the poles.
While moving these winds are forced to descend near 30° to 35°
latitudes.
Due to descending air currents the pressure is high and this belt is
known as Horse Latitudes .
: Next topic - Main pressure belts on earth's surface are seven
4 high pressure belts
3 low pressure belts
1. The equatorial low pressure belt:
Extends from the equator to 5° north and 5° south latitudes.
Intense heating is present due to constant high temp.
The air expands and raises upwards as convection currents.
This region is called CALMS or DOLDRUMS
INSOLATION :
means the amount of heat received by earth from the sun in the form
of Solar radiation is called Insolation .
: 4. Polar high pressure belt:
2 high pressure belts are found around the north and south pole.
This region is of permanently low temp.
Due to cold dense air , high pressure surrounds the arctic ocean and the
Antarctic ice cap.
Below is the picture pressure belts 👇👇👇 🏻👇 🏻👇 🏻
: ISOTHERM - means equal temperature
ISOBAR- means equal pressure
Isotherms are imaginary lines joining the places of equal temp, reduced
to the sea level.
They show the distribution of temp as if the whole earth were a level
plain .
Read the illustration of isotherm below in the pic👇👇👇🏻👇 🏻👇 🏻
3. Sub - polar low pressure belt :
Two sub polar low pressure belts are located btwn 60 ° to 65° north and
south latitudes known as Arctic low and Antarctic low .
In this belt the pressure decreases from tropics towards poles .
Therefore low pressure is found .
The centrifugal force and frictional drag resulting from Rotation of the
earth displace btwn 60° to 65° latitude and move it towards poles .
So low pressure is developed near the poles . It is a zone of
convergence (meet) and cyclonic activity .
Due to the warm ocean currents and rarefied atmosphere low pressure
is found in these latitudes .
FERALS LAW:
The reflective force of the earth rotation is know as Coriolis force.
Al moving bodies are deflected to right on the northern hemisphere
and left in the southern hemisphere . Its known as feral's law .
In northern hemisphere trade winds become north east trade winds .
Westerlies are defected to their right as South western westerlies.
: ISOBARS(equal pressure) is an imaginary line joint the places of equal
pressure reduced to sea level to eliminate the effects of altitude.
Read and learn illustation below 👇👇 🏻👇 🏻
: Remaining topics of the same chapter
"Temperature and atmospheric pressure"
will be discussed tmro : Read Above 👆👆 🏻👆 🏻 pic about the importance of
insolation. Learn it
GREEN HOUSE : Atmosphere is heated by radiation from earth's surface
below.
This action can be compared to that of a glass house/ green house.
Vegetable & flowers are grown in polar areas.
Glass house permits radiation to get in but does not allow it to escape
out.
Therefore G.house is warmer.
Due to the presence of carbon dioxide in Atmosphere it (G. House) has
ability to absorb radiation
Carbon dioxide acts as a glass roof for G.house.
Vegetation is possible in it.
Any doubts you can text me after reading today's full messages & pages
pictures
Temperature zones.
Greek philosopher divided the globe into 3 regions in the basis of temp
and latitudes .
1. Torret zone 23.1/2 ° north and south latitudes
2. Temp zone
66.1/2 ° north and south latitudes
3. Frigid zone
Btwn 66.1/2 ° and poles
HEATING OF ATMOSPHERE : atmosphere is not heated directly by the
sun Ray's but indirectly heated by the radiation of earth below.
Conduction, convection, radiation are 3 process of heating Atmosphere.
The land surface is heated by sun Ray's, & the lower layers are heated
through out going radiation from the land.
When lower layers are heated these expand and rise upward as
CONVECTION CURRENTS.
They distribute the heat to upper layers.
Good afternoon students.
Today I'm continuing yesterday chapter from GEOGRAPHY.
Roaring forties
The brave west winds are known as Roaring forties located btwn
40°and 50° south latitudes.
Westerlies are developed in southern hemisphere due to vast expanse
of oceans .
They blow here strongly and regularly throughout the year.
They are meanest to shipping along "Cape horn route "
JET STREAM :
The high velocity winds blowing at high altitudes are called Jet streams.
This strong current of air is located near 30° north latitude.
It affects weather pattern of the world .
High flying planes use this stream to save time and fuel.
AIR MASS:
It's a thick extensive mass of air having uniform temp and humidity.
It consists of many layers .
Horizontal layers are arranged one above the other.
In each layer the conditions are more or less uniform.
Air masses appear as large currents of polar and tropical origin .
Polar region -above 66.1/2°
Tropical region - tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn
ALBEDO : insolation is reflected by clouds and the earth
This combined reflecton send back some radiation into space is called
albedo......
Learn this definition.
Read the above pics . They are From the same chapter
Temperature and atmospheric pressure chapter over
State governor & UNO explained in voice messages a week ago....
Today I'm forwarding the notes for that 2 chapters...... .
Today HISTORY. Chapters are below 👇👇
1. Paleolithic age. 500,000 to 10,000 BC
2. Mesolithic age. 10,000 to 6 000 BC
3. Neolithic age. 6,000 to 1,000 BC
4. Chalcolithic age. 3,500 to 2,300 BC.
5. Indus valley civilization ( harrappan ) 2,500 to 1750 BC
: Now the other topic from GEOGRAPHY: SEASONAL CHANGES.
Read the pics forwarded below 👇👇👇
NOTE.: today I'm starting history.
should be learnt as it is....coz it can't be renovated ....
becoz it DEALS WITH....PAST
: Paleolithic age:
This age sites are spread in all parts of India ....except indus & The River
Ganga, brahmaputra forms as northern plain.
People of this age were hunters , food gatherers. They have No
knowledge of agriculture, fire, pottery or metals.
indus valley civilisation 👇
The Harappan civilisation feature a modern town which was divided
into two parts .
1. Citadel - where the merchant guilds stayed. They were the rulers.
2. The other part of the town lived by common people .
The town planning of this civilisation was remarkable.
Streets were with 30 feet wide road.
It was laid out on a grid plan .
The drainage system of harappa was unique constructed , maintained
and repaired timely well . No drainage water was allowed to flow on
the streets.
: CHALCOLITHIC AGE :
In this phase tools, hand axes and other objects were made of stone
and copper.
Chalcolithic people of south east rajasthan, west madhya pradesh and
western maharashtra domesticated animals and produced wheat , rice ,
lentil , black gram, green gram, Bajra and grass pee.
People used different types of pottery of which black and red pottery
are popular.
They lived in thatched houses made of mud and Reed.
It was village economy.
They venerated mother goddess and worshipped the bull.
Mesolithic Age :
Characteristic Tools of mesolithic age are known as Microliths
Eg: points, blades, scrapers etc.
The last phase of this age saw the beginning of plant cultivation
NEOLITHIC AGE:
During this phase people used stones other than quartzite for making
tools.
This age men cultivates land and domesticated cattle , sheep and goats
They knew the technique of making fire and also made pottery first by
hand and then by using potters wheel .
They were familiar with only one metal that is gold.
They could also spin cotton, wool and weave cloth.
During this age people lead more settled life and lived in circular and
rectangular houses made of mud .
: Terracotta-a baked earthen clay was to make the pottery, SEALS and
toys .
People were vegetarian and non-vegetarian .
During excavation a beard man statue , a dancing girl bronze statue and
two bronze swords were recovered on Harappa.
Their principle food was wheat and barley.
Harappan script was noticed in 1853 which was excavated found on
seals .
So far , till date , harappan script was not deciphered( de coded)
This script was written right to left.
Horse and metal iron were unknown to this people.
This civilisation is mainly known for town planning and architecture.
GREAT BATH
A tank made of bricks with water tight 9 gates was used for rituals.
GRANARY - is the largest building of this civilisation.
All houses were made arranged in grid system with wide roads.
This civilisation used burnt bricks instead of sun dried bricks.
In this age warriors , traders, artisans, manual labourers are the
grouped people of Harappan civilisation.
Oxen, goats, camels, elephants, dogs were the known animals of this
civilisation .
Pottery of this civilisation was red , yellow and black .
Lord Pasupathi ( SHIVA) , Mother Goddess were worshipped.
Seal made of red clay called terracotta
: animals appears on the seals of harappa and Mohenjodaro .
They produced wheat , barley, rice , peas , mustard and seasmum.
Harappan culture belongs to bronze age.
Decimal system for the measurement of length was known by the Indus
valley people .
They had trade links with Mesopotamia .
Indus valley people followed Theocratic unitary ( form of govt in which
GOD is the supreme ruler)
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Other seals were also
excavated were bull / unicorn/ scripts were unscripted on this clay
seals.
Harappan engaged in internal and external trade .
Copper, bronze , silver, gold were the known metals to them .
both men and women wore jewellery.
SEALS - On the seals LORD SHIVA in the middle surrounded with
animals was been found . And seal was made of terracotta.
Historians says that this civilisation declined due to earth quakes .
In ancient period , even it is believed INDRA called as Purandhara as the
destroyer forts in the vedic texts, destroyed the harappan civilisation.
Evidence of burial and cremation was found in Harappa.
They had trade links bahrain.
Today subject. HISTORY.
Topics .
1.EARLY VEDIC CIVILISATION
2. LATTER VEDIC CIVILISATION
You should remember the topics covered .....
: Gayatri Marta is for Solar deity.
There are 4 Vedas
1. Rig veda
2. Yajur veda
3. Sama veda
4. Athurvana veda
1984 hymns are t in yajur veda - deals with prayers and karma kanda
( rituals after death) .
SAMA VEDA
deals with different melodies of music .
1603 slokas are in it .
ATHARVANA VEDA
Deals with magic medicine 711 in 20 books
Deals with magic , medicine (711 in 20 books)
EARLY VEDIC CIVILISATION
Meaning of Veda- " knowledge of par excellence ".
This civilization existed - 2500 to 1750 BC.
The word ARYAN is derived from word ARYA in sanskrit.
Upanishads are the philosophical books . They are 108 in number.
THE RIG VEDA - it's the oldest religious text in the world written btwn
1500 to 1000 BC .
10,500 verses and 1028 hymns are there in Rig veda.
Rig veda is divided into 10 mandalas/books.
The supreme god in the Rig veda is VISHNU .
The term Bharatha named BHARATH VARSH appeared in Rig veda.
Two great priests who played a major part in the rig veda are
VASHISHTA & VISHWAMITRA.
The 10th mandala of rig veda consists of sacred GAYATRI MANTRA.
Purusha sukta (hymn in rig veda) explained origin of 4 Varnas . 👇👇 🏻👇 🏻
1.Brahmin
2.Kshtriya
3.Vaishya
4.Sudra
These are called the 4 varnas .
BATTLE OF TEN KINGS was fought btwn allied ten tribal regions of south
and north west india and fought with king Bharatha of Sudas( place )
And king bharatha won the battle .
Reference of slaves was found in Atharvana veda.
The word ATHARV denotes "holy magic "
Use of improved iron implements helped increasing the area of Aryan
expansion.
The whole northern India ruled by Arynas was called Aryavartha.
Four stages of Varn ashram Dharmas are
1.Bramhacharya (celibacy)
2. Grihastha (married life )
3. Vanaprastha ( retiring and leaving to forests)
4. Sanyaas (turn to spirituality)
These above 4 aspects were followed during Early Vedic Civilisation
: In Rig vedic society Gopa or Gopathi means chief of the tribe , Raja.
The term SABHA means house of elders
SAMITI - house of common people
Both are under the authority of King.
Judicial officer was the Purohitha (preist) during vedic age.
The ancient term forced labour was called Vishti .
Guest called as Goghana.
Tax of aryan society was called Bali.
The coins were named as Nishaka during Early vedic civilisation (EVC)
Remember
4 Varnas
4 Vedas
4 Dharmas
Which are taught above in this chapter .
Superior military equipment of the Aryans was the main reason for the
victory of Aryans.
Monarchy was the govt during vedic period.
Three metals were used during vedic period. Gold , copper and bronze .
Various occupational groups of weavers , Smith's, carpenter, leather
workers, chariot makers, priests are also mentioned during early vedic
civilisation.
DHARMA SUTRAS
A book deals with the duties of King and the 4 Varnas of social order
and provide laws regarding taxation and protection of the property.
Valmiki was the first poet of Bharat.
Vedantha - a philosophical text also called as Uttara mimansa
Staple diet of Aryans- barley , rice , milk , meat
EVC people worshipped nature .
Lord INDRA known as Purandhara- 250 hymns were devoted to praise
INDRA which was almost 1/4th part of Rig veda.
: LATER VEDIC CIVILISATION (LVC)
Existed between 1,000 to 600 BC
During LVC varna system (4 casts system)was rigid means tough.
No caste is allowed to follow other caste or marry or take up
occupation etc.
: Crime during the vedic period was - theft, cattle stealing .
The house of the Aryans were made of timber, un baked bricks .
They even worshippe God RUDRA ( shiva ) .
Spiritual discipline is the meaning of Yoga.
And that was the fourth system of philosophy .
The chief impact of the vedic culture on Indian history was progress of
philosophy.
The difference btwn Jati and Varna :
Varna - only 4
Jati - many
Lord shiva ,vishnu, brahman are the gods worshipped during LVC.
The used a kind of pottery called PGW...painted grey ware
Thakshashila, kausambhi, hastinspur were the important trade centres
of LVC.
Coins were termed as Satmana, karshapan in this period
Lvc people had a settled life with agriculture led to production if surplus
and it was collected in the form of taxes
108 upanishads were complied by various persons between 800 BC to
500 BC
The term RASHTRA appeared for the first time in LVC period. Therefore
leading to expansion of kingdoms & warfare
2,3,4 vedas are known as latter vedas as they were compiled after first
veda
I.e. Rigveda
Upanishads & brahmanas were written during this period
Upanishads..philosophical texts.
Brahmanas the explanation of the hidden meaning of philosophical
texts from vedas & other books
Gold ,tin,lead silver,iron were the known metals in LVC
THE YAGNAS were performed during this period.
Types of Yagnas.
Upveadasare also 4 . They are:
1.Ayurveda-medical science
2. Dhanur veda- military science
3. Gandharva veda- deal with music
4. Shilpa veda - architectural science
: Explanatory prose manuals related to rituals ,social religious etc. Are
also included , called brahmanas.
Aranyakas are the philosophical texts compiled & taught to pupils in
forests
Tapasya is the philosophy of aranyakas emphasizes meditation.
During LVC education began with a ceremony called Upanayana(thread
wearing ceremony for boys) he then became bramhachary and led a
austere life as student at the home of his teacher (gurukul).
Types of marriage during LVC :
Learn all the above pictures along with texts forwarded . They are
important .
The philosophy of upanishads emphasizes on GYANA ...knowledge
Holy BHAGAWADGITA
contains 18 chapters 700 slokas are the part of EPIC MAHABHARATA
There were 33 deities during LVC included Prithvi (earth) , Aditi
( mother goddess) Rudra (shiva) , Usha ( goddess of dawn) , Aryani
( goddess of forest) .
All were worshipped.
Religious sacrifices became more important in LVC .
6 schools of Indian philosophy
: Good afternoon students.
Topic - 1.BUDDHISM
2.JAINISM
They discarded sanskrit and practiced apabhrama, prakrit
asdhamagadh. Which are from the origin of pali lang.
above buddhism. Read those 3 pictures
STAVIRAVADHA & MAGASANGHIKA- they are the Buddhist schools
TRIPTIKAS - holy texts of Buddhism. They are written in Pali languages.
These words are in the pictures forwarded.
: Jainism
Any doubts from today topics...
Will be clarified...
Sallinkana Vrat means its fast until death ...
1. MAGADHAS
Bimbisara- founded magadha
He belongs to Haryanaka dynasty.
His capital - Rajgir
He was a contemporary of Buddha.
He conquered Ang .
He strengthens his positions by marriage alliances
Married the princess of kosala, Lichchaavi and third from a chief of
Madra clan .
Ajatashatru (son of bimbisara): succeeded bimbisara after killing him.
He expanded his kingdom by conquering Kashi and Vaishali .
History……………..
Topics
1. Magadhas
2.The Mauryas ...
GEOGRAPHY .
1. TREWARTHA TYPES OF CLIMATE
Learn the topics as it is....table etc.
: Anga kimgdom*
Academy ajatashatru .
He founded the city of Pataliputra.
Shishunga dynasty was founded by shishunga in 413 BC.
Shifted their capital to Vaishali.
Shishunga greatest achievement is that they destroyed Avanti and
made it part of Magadha.
The NANDAS:
Usurped the throne and Mahapadmananda founded the Nanda dynasty
.
He added kalinga to the Magadhan kingdom.
Finally in 321 BC Nandas were replaced by Chandragupta Maurya when
he established the Mauriyan empire.
: Magadhan empire ruled from 684 BC -320 BC
: Chandragupta maurya liberated North western part of India from
selucus .
Junagarh rock edict of Rudra daman inscription shows the
chandragupta maurya 'a rule over western india .
Nagarjuna was the jain teacher of Chandra Gupta maurya .
Bhadrabahu was a jain saint who has given him Sallinkana Vrath at
Sravana belagola in Karnataka .
THE MAURYAS
Chandra gupta maurya - 321 BC to 297 BC
Mauryan dynasty was founded by Chandra gupta with the help of his
mentor Chanakya also called Kautilya after defeating the last Nanda
ruler in 321 BC
In 305 BC he fought against Selucus nikator general of Alexander and
conducted a treat with him in 303 BC .
Selucus surrendered a large territory including Paropanisadai (Kabul) ,
Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Gandhara ) and Gedrosia ( Baluchistan)
In return for 500 elephants .
Selucus has also sent an ambassador Megasthanis to the Mauryan
court .
According to Jain tradition Chandragupta converted to Jainism
abdecated the throne in favour of BINDUSARA .
He took Sallinkana Vrath in Sravana belagola and died after 45 days
fast.
BINDUSARA : 297 BC to 272 BC
Bindusara succeeded chandra Gupta maurya. He conquered Deccan .
His title was Amitraghata (destroyer of foes)
He Sent his son ASHOKA to destroy a rebellion in Takasha shila .
Important years of Ashoka's rule.
9th year - fought malinga war
10th year- went to Bodhgaya
12th year - went to Nigali sagar
13th year - Dhamma(wheel of law) inscribed in the inscriptions
14th year - Maha matras appointed
17th year - 3rd buddhist council held
After kalinga war he was greatly influenced by buddhist preaching
Ashoka banned animal sacrifice .
Permitted slaughter of animal only for food.
: ASHOKA : 268BC to 232 BC
After his father Bindusara's death ASHOKA ascended the throne .
While going to Ujjain he said Vidisa he met Mahadevi and married her.
Mahendra and Sangamitra were his son and daughter.
: DEVANAMPIYA DASI RAJA - Was the title of king Ashoka .
means a king loved by gods and the people.
The important officers in Muryan administration were called as Dharma
maha matras.
According to a buddhist texts it is said Ashoka killed his 99 brother to
ascend the throne.
Chola, Pandya, Satyputras, Keralputras, Tamrpanis are mentioned as his
neighbours .
The first scholar to visit china was kashyapa malinga
Rock edict XIII is the principle source of information on ashoka's
campaign against kalinga .
Moderation was the corner stone of ashoka's policy of dhammma.
Ashoka designed Sanchi stupa having 4 lions and a chakra having 24
spokes which is adopted as National symbol is located in Chattisgarh.
NATIONAL EMBLEM ( National symbol)
Kalinga war was fought in 261 BC.
It is unscripted on Rick edict XIII.
King ashoka designed 84000 stupa's and erected them in 84,000 towns
and cities.
: Megasthanis during muryan period divided INDIAN population into 7
classes
1. Philosophers
2. Farmer
3. Shepherd
4. Artisans
5. Military
6. Counsellors
7. Assessors
Ashoka promoted universal brotherhood.
Ajatashatru , king of mauryan empire, before bindusara, built 64 gates
to pataliputra to protect the kingdom from Lichchavi's attack.
During Ashoka's rule , stone building was used on a greater scale.
THE ARTHASHASTRA is a book compiled by kautilya/Chanakya on
politics and economy.
After Kalinga war, Ashoka was converted to buddhism.
Historian princet deciphered (decoded) the ashoka script in 1837.
Ashokan inscriptions were composed prakrit language.
Polished surface is unique about the ashokan pillar
: Next topic from GEOGRAPHY.
Trewartha climate classification.
Above is the pic of taxes collected during Mauryas period.. Ashoka's
rule.
subject HISTORY
Topics.
1. The satvahana dynasty
2. Sangam age....
With three combined cholas, cheras, pandyas
3 . Indo Greeks
4. The sakas
SANGAM AGE …………………………………………………
Sangam signifies the "assembly of poets and writers"
The southern land of the Krishna river was divided into 3 kingdoms
1. Chola
2. Chera
3. Pandya
Sangam corresponds post Mauryan and pre Gupta period .
to you.
1. Satavahanas dynasty : 235BC to 100BC
They ruled over 300 years with their capital Paithan or Prathisthanpur
on the banks of river Godavari in Aurangabad district.
Simuka was the first important ruler.
The greatest competitor of satavahanas were the Saka's.
Gautami putra satakarni defeated the Sakas to protect and enlarge his
kingdom.
Satavahanas didn't use or issue gold coins. They mostly issued coins of
lead, tin , copper and bronze.
King Sri Mukha is the real founder.
Naganika , wife of King Satakarni - I designed NANAGHAT INSCRIPTION
which explains the greatness of her husband.
Gautami Balasree mother of King Gautami putra Satakarni designed
NASIK INSCRIPTION which describes the greatness of her son.
NASIK INSCRIPTION prohibited Varna Sankramana (caste conversion)
King Gautamiputra titles were Trisamudra Tri Pitamaha.
King Yagnasri Satakarni title was Trisamudrapathi
Hala wrote GATHASAPTHASTI & LEELAVATHI.
Gunaddhya wrote BRIHAT KATHA in Paishachi language. ( originated
from prakrit language)
Gautamiputra satakarni constructed a new city called BENAKATAKA
King Pulamavoi was the last Satavahana king after him the kingdom
declined.
Term Vishti means Bonded labour.
Kodduru and China gangulu were sea ports in the east.
Sopara and Bharuch were sea ports in the west
[27/09, 21:39] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Total 127 points I'm
forwarding in pics.
Read & learn them. The way they are written.
Battle of takkolam took place in vellore tamil nadu
Muslin in cloth : Varnas means 4 castes. Brahmins ,kshtriya, vaishyas,
shudras
: 19. Point commemorated.... means celebrated or to re call and show
respect to their victories....they built temples.
He built brihadeeshwara temple in tanjvur in tamil nadu
Above words are in pic. I cleared their meaning
7 .point shivapada shekhar & Mummadi chola are the titles of KING
Raja Raja chola
33. Point
Embassy means 72 merchant delegates were sent to china on a mission
for trade
26. Point. Local self govt. Means at that time they followed gram
sambhas & panchayat was the feature of chola administration
Point. Pashupati means lord shiva.
Kaapalika means
Kaali mata.
Were worshipped
38. Point. Devadasi system means a woman was dedicated and married
in the name of God..
Even her girl child born also will be again married to god. Knot is tied by
the priest in the name of God.
She has to be dedicated to temple....
Later this system is abolished after independence by the govt of India
Ur ..means village assembly ... means gram sabha. Gram pachayat
36. Point. Valanadu ..means district...
[Nadu means state
39 .point. sati system ...
Means if husband dies wife also should get into the fire to die ...
This system is also abolished by govt.
60 point. Jivika chintamani is a book
Above many points are related to literature
NOTE: AS ALL THE NAMES OF AUTHORS &BOOK ARE RELATED TO
TAMIL
THE NAMES ARE LITTLE TOUGH TO PRONOUNCE
BUT THERE IS NO ALTERNATIVE
YOU HAVE TO READ , LEARN.
ITS IMP
64. Silappadikaram is a tamil epic
Like our ramayana & mahabharata.
It's a epic of tamil
47. Point...gopuram means which we find above on the top of every
temple.
Thd anklet was taken to the queen...she tells that it's not her anklet....
Now it's clear that an innocent was been killed with wrong justice by
king
76.point deals with a human story
Its about kovalan & kannagi
Two are husband and wife.
To start their livelihood they set out to go to madhurai.
As they were in crisis.
They decide to start some small business.
Wife tells to husband as we don't have money to start.
Take my anklet and sell it in the market ,bring the money, and you can
start some petty business.
And kovalan goes to market to sell.
When he reaches the gold shop
The owner after seeing the anklet he calls the kings soldiers.
And they capture kovalan and took him to King...
Nedunjeliyan...
Actually the issue was queen lost her anklet.
And the merchant thought that kovalan was theif who stole the anklet
of queen and came to sell it to him .& he called soldiers. ...
When kovalan was present in the court of king Nedunjeliyan. He
thought him as theif without any TRIAL means enquiry ....he orders to
kill kovalan who was innocent...
He was been killed by the kings order...
94. Point muziris means harbour at malabar coast
88. Point.Ma & veli means they kno the measurement of land at that
time called
Then she curse the king that this city madhurai will be destroyed....
And it starts to happen ..
Then the goddess meenakshi appears and calm her down ...
This is the story of epic silappadikaram
: Later when wife kannagi comes to market in search of her she comes
to know that he was taken to king...she goes to kings court and found
her husband was killed by king. .
124 point the author was not tirumalamba
Its GANGA DEVI.
101. Carp means fish
126. Point. Barbosa Portuguese traveller came to India during Krishna
devaraya rule
104 ecstatic mean joyful . Overjoyed performance
INDO GREEKS :
Demetrius, king of Bactria invaded India around 190 BC and conquered
considered part of the Mauryan Empire in the north -west.
The most famous Indo Greek ruler was Menander (165-145 BC) invaded
till Ayodhya and reached Pataliputra .
His capital was Sakala or Sialkot.
Menander was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena or Nagarjuna.
The conversation between the two is recorded in a book named
Milinda Panha or Questions of Milinda.
Indo Greeks were the first to issue gold coins in India .
The Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a pillar in honour of Vishnu at
Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh .
The Indo Greeks introduced Hellenistic features in north western India
which culminated(highest development) in the Gandhara Style of Art .
THE SAKAS…………………..
The greeks were followed by sakas
The first saka king in india was MAVES OR MOGA.
He established Saka rule in gandhara kingdom.
The most famous saka ruler was Rudradaman l
130 A.D to 152 A.D
His achievements are written in his junagarh inscription in 150 A.D
It's written in sanskrit.
GEOGRAPHY
Topics .
1. Important Articles of constitution.
2. Koeppens classification of climate
3. World climatic types
: . Article No. 25:- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice
and propagation of religion
11. Article No. 30:- Right of minorities to establish and administer
educational institutions
12. Article No. 31C:- Saving of laws giving effect to certain Directive
Principles
13. Article No. 32:- Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights
including writs
14. Article No. 38:- State to secure a social order for the promotion of
the welfare of the people
15. Article No.40:- Organisation of village panchayats
16. Article No. 44:- Uniform Civil Code for the citizens
17. Article No. 45:- Provision for early childhood care and education to
children below the age of 6 years.
18. Article No. 46:- Promotion of educational and economic interests of
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections
19. Article No. 50:- Separation of judiciary from the executive
20. Article No. 51:- Promotion of international peace and security
21. Article No. 51A:- Fundamental Duties
22. Article No. 72:- Powers of President to grant pardons, suspend,
remit or commute sentences in certain cases
23. Article No. 74:- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President
24. Article No. 76:- Attorney-General of India
25. Article No. 78:- Duties of the Prime Minister as respects the
furnishing of information to the President, etc.
26. Article No. 110:- Definition of Money Bills
27. Article No. 112:- Annual Financial Statement (Budget)
28. Article No. 123:- Power of President to promulgate ordinances
during recess of Parliament
29. Article No. 143:- Power of President to consult Supreme Court
30. Article No. 148:- Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
31. Article No. 149:- Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-
General of India
32. Article No. 155:- Appointment of the Governor
33. Article No. 161:- Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to
suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases
34. Article No. 163:- Council of Ministers to aid and advise the Governor
35. Article No. 165:-Advocate-General of the state
Which British Laws are still used in India
36. Article No. 167:- Duties of Chief Minister with regard to the
furnishing of information to the Governor, etc.
37. Article No. 168:- Constitution of Legislatures in the states
38. Article No. 169:- Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in the
states
39. Article No. 170:- Composition of Legislative Assemblies in the states
40. Article No. 171:- Composition of Legislative Councils in the states
41. Article No. 172:- Duration of State Legislatures
42. Article No. 173:- Qualification for membership of the State
Legislature
43. Article No. 174:- Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and
dissolution
44. Article No. 178:- Speakers and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly
45. Article No. 194:- Powers, privileges, and immunity of Advocate-
General
46. Article No. 200:- Assent to bills by the governor (including
reservation for President)
47. Article No. 202:-Annual financial statement of the State Legislature
48. Article No. 210:- Language to be used in the State Legislature
49. Article No. 212:- Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the State
Legislature
50. Article No. 213:- Power of governor to promulgate ordinances
during recess of the State Legislature
51. Article No. 214:- High courts for the states
52. Article No. 217:-Appointment and the conditions of the office of the
judge of a High Court
53. Article No. 226:- Power of high courts to issue certain writs
54. Article No. 239AA:- Special provisions with respect to Delhi
55. Article No. 243B:- Constitution of Panchayats
56. Article No. 243C:- Composition of Panchayats
57. Article No. 243G:- Powers, authority and responsibilities of
Panchayats
58. Article No. 243K:- Elections to the Panchayats
59. Article No. 249:-Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a
matter in the State List in the national interest
60. Article No. 262:- Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-
state rivers or river valleys
61. Article No. 263:- Provisions with respect to an inter-state council
62. Article No. 265:- Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law
63. Article No. 275:- Grants from the Union to certain states
64. Article No. 280:- Finance Commission
65. Article No. 300:- Suits and proceedings
66. Article No. 300A:- Persons not to be deprived of property save by
authority of law (Right to property)
67. Article No. 311:- Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons
employed in civil capacities under the Union or a state.
68. Article No. 312:- All-India Services
69. Article No. 315:- Public Service Commission for the Union and for
the states
70. Article No. 320:- Functions of Public Service Commissions
71. Article No. 323-A:- Administrative Tribunals
72. Article No. 324:- Superintendence, direction and control of elections
to be vested in an Election Commission
73. Article No. 330:- Reservation of seats for scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes in the House of the People
74. Article No. 335:- Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
to services and posts
75. Article No. 352:- Proclamation of Emergency (National Emergency)
76. Article No. 356:- Provisions in case of failure of constitutional
machinery in states (President’s Rule)
77. Article No. 360:- Provisions as to Financial Emergency.
78. Article No. 365:- Effect of failure to comply with or to give effect to,
directions given by the Union (President’s Rule)
79. Article No. 368:- Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution
and procedure therefor
80. Article No. 370:- Temporary provisions with respect to the state of
Jammu and Kashmir
: Learn all the above chapters..
1. Article No. 1:- Name and territory of the Union
2. Article No. 3:- Formation of new states and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing states
3. Article No. 13:- Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the
Fundamental Rights
4. Article No. 14:- Equality before the law
5. Article No. 16:- Equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment
6. Article No. 17:- Abolition of untouchability
7. Article No. 19:- Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of
speech, etc.
8. Article No. 21:- Protection of life and personal liberty
9. Article No. 21A:- Right to elementary education
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: According to 370 & 35A
article inserted by nehru in constitution.
Depriving rights of citizens of india no rights on Kashmir. ...now it's
been removed.
We can live & settle even jk .
: Article 370 was been abolished last year.
: Its xerophytic...means thorny plants or bushes.
Resume back tmro with other topics...
Learn today's 3 topics
: Koeppens climate classification
Below are the amendments
Read & Learn them. Its imp.
World climatic types
Good morning students.
Today subject :
POLITICAL SCIENCE
& HISTORY
Topics..
1. Important amendments
2. THE GUPTA AGE
3. harshavardhana
4. The Rashtrakutas
5. The palas
6. The pratiharas
THE GUPTAS
Important Amendments in Indian Constitution
The Constitution of India is neither flexible nor rigid enough but it is a
synthesis of both. Constitution of India (under article 368 of Part XX)
provided the powers to Parliament to amend the Constitution and its
procedures but cannot amend those provisions which form the ‘basic
structure’ of the Constitution (As ruled by the Supreme Court in the
Keshashavananda Bharti Case, 1973).
The Constitution can be amended in three ways:
1. Amendment by simple majority of the Parliament.
2. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament.
3. Amendment by special majority of the Parliament and the ratification
of half of the state legislature.
Important Amendments to the Constitution
First Amendment Act, 1951
1. Empowered the state to make the advancement of socially and
economically backward classes.
2. Provided for the saving of laws providing for the acquisition of
estates etc.
3. Added 9th Schedule to protect the land reform and other laws
included in it from the judicial review.
4. Added three more grounds of restrictions on freedom of speech and
expression, viz., public order, friendly relations with foreign states and
incitement to an offense. It also made the restrictions ‘reasonable’ and
thus, justifiable in nature.
5. Provided that state trading and nationalisation of any trade or
business by the state is not to be invalid on the ground of violation of
the right to trade or business.
The Constitution (6th Amendment) Act, 1956
1. Included a new subject in the Union list i.e., taxes on the sale and
purchase of goods in the course of inter-state trade and commerce and
restricted the state’s power in this regard.
Constitutional (8th Amendment) Act,1960
1. It Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and
the State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
2. It Amended article 334 of the constitution.
Constitutional (10th Amendment) Act, 1961
1. Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory,
consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
2. It amended article 240 of the constitution.
Constitutional(13th Amendment) Act,1963
1. Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article
371A.
2. It amended article 170.
1. Enabled the High court’s to issue writs to any person or authority
even outside its terrorist’s jurisdiction if the cause of action arises
within its territorial limits.
2. Increased the retirement age of high court judges from 60 to 62
years.
3. Provided for the appointment of retired judges of the high court’s as
acting judges of the same court.
4. Provided the compensatory allowance to judges who are transferring
from one High court to another.
5. Enabled the retired judge of the High Court to act as ad-hoc judge of
the Supreme Court.
6. Provided for the procedure for determining the age of the Supreme
Court and High Court judges.
1. Affirmed the power of Parliament to amend any part of the
Constitution including Fundamental Rights.
2. Made it compulsory for the president to give his assent to a
constitutional Amendment Bill.
The Constitution (31st Amendment) Act, 1973
1. Increased the elective strength of the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545.
Under the Act, the upper limit of representatives of the States goes up
from 500 to 525 and that of the Union Territories decreases from 25 to
20.
1. By this Act, Sikkim became the 22nd State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (37th Amendment) Act, 1975 ..1. It was passed by
Parliament on April 26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative Assembly and
a Council of Ministers to Arunachal Pradesh, the country’s north-
easternmost Union Territory.
1. The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on August 7 and received
Presidential assent on August 9,1975.
2. The Act places beyond challenge in courts the election to Parliament
of a person holding the office of Prime Minister or Speaker and the
election of President and Vice-President.
1. Empowered the Parliament to specify from time to time the limits of
the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) and the maritime zones of India.
2. Included 64 more Central and state laws, mostly relating to land
reforms, in the 9th Schedule.
The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976
1. It was enacted during the period of internal emergency. It was
passed by Parliament on November 11, 1976 and received Presidential
assent on December 18, 1976.
2. The Amendment established beyond doubt the supremacy of
Parliament over the other wings of Government; gave the Directive
Principles precedence over the Fundamental Rights; enumerated for
the first time a set of ten Fundamental Duties.
3. It further imposed limits on the power and jurisdiction of the
judiciary; raised the term of the Lok Sabha and the Vidhan Sabha from
five to six years; authorised the use of Central armed forces in any State
to deal with law and order problems, made the President bound by the
advice of the Council of Ministers and envisaged the establishment of
administrative tribunals for service matters of Government employees
and also other tribunals for economic offences.
4. The Act also clearly laid down that no Constitutional Amendment
could be questioned in any court of law.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment) Act, 1978
1. It received the Presidential assent on April 13, 1978.
2. This Act repeals the obnoxious provisions of the Constitution (42nd
Amendment) Act passed during the Emergency. It restores civil liberties
by deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to Parliament to
curtail even legitimate trade union activity under the guise of legislation
for the prevention of anti-national activities.
3. The new law, which was ratified by more than half of the States in
accordance with the Constitution, also restores legislative powers to
the States to make appropriate provision for anti-national activities
consistent with the Fundamental Rights. Under the Act, the judiciary
has also been restored to its rightful place.
4. The Supreme Court will now have the power to invalidate state laws,
a power taken away by the 42nd Amendment Act. The High Courts will
also be able to go into the question of the constitutional validity of
Central laws thereby enabling persons living in distant places to obtain
speedy justice without having to come to the Supreme Court.
Amazing facts about Prime Minister’s Residence
1. The Constitution (45 th Amendment) Bill, re-numbered as the 44th
Amendment came into force on April 30, 1979, when the President
gave his assent.
2. The Act removes major distortions in the Constitution introduced
during the Emergency. The duration of the Lok Sabha and State
Legislative Assemblies has been reduced from six to five years—the
normal term which was extended during the Emergency under the
42nd Amendment to achieve some political purposes.
3. The Right to Property ceases to be a Fundamental Right and becomes
only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th Amendment.
4. The Act also extends, for the first time since independence,
constitutional protection for publication of the proceedings of
Parliament and State Legislatures, except in cases where it is proved to
be “malicious”. Another important feature of the Act is that any
proclamation of Emergency needs henceforward, be issued by the
President only after receiving the advice of the Cabinet as a whole in
writing. The President will not be called upon to act on the basis of
advice by the Prime Minister on his own without consulting his Cabinet.
Other safeguards provide that the proclamation will have to be
adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of both Houses of
Parliament within a month.
5. The 44th Amendment provides safeguards against future subversion
of the Constitution for establishing an authoritarian regime. It contains
provisions that are designed to make it impossible to impose the kind
of emergency the country had experienced for 19 months.
1. The Act extends reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and the State Assemblies and the
representation of Anglo-Indians by the nomination for a further period
of 10 years.
The Constitution (46th Amendment) Bill, 1982
1. It seeks to authorise the government to prepare an authoritative text
of the Constitution, in Hindi.
1. The Act has made defection to another party, after elections illegal.
Any member defecting to another party after elections will be
disqualified from being Member of Parliament or State Legislature.
1. It confers Statehood on Mizoram and ensures against unnecessary
interference by the Central Government with the laws relating to
spheres of social relationship and community conduct tution (54th
Amendment) Act, 1986
1. It enhances the salaries of Judges of the High Courts and Supreme
Court of India. The salary of Chief Justice of India will be Rs 10,000;
Chief Justice of High Courts Rs 9000; Judges of Supreme Court Rs 9000;
and Judges of High Courts Rs 8000.
1. It grants Statehood to Arunachal Pradesh which consequently
became the 24th State of the Indian Union.
Special Status of the Jammu and Kashmir
1. It confers Statehood on Goa and forms a new Union Territory of
Daman and Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State of the Indian Republic.
1. It made a special provision for the setting up of the new State of Goa.
Consequently Daman and Diu were separated from the former to form
a Union Territory.
1. It provides for special arrangements with regard to reservation of
seats for Scheduled Tribes in the States of Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya. By amending Article 322 the
adjustment of seats has been frozen until 2000 A.D.
1. It empowered the Central Government to impose Emergency in
Punjab when deemed necessary. Under the amendment, the
President’s rule can be extended up to three years. The earlier
maximum period was two years.
1. It lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
What is the difference between Nationality and Citizenship?
1. It provided for the extension by another 10 years of reservation of
seats in the Parliament and State Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes
and Tribes and reservation for the Anglo Indian community by
nomination.
1. It repealed Amendment 59 which empowered the government to
impose emergency in Punjab.
1. It extended the President’s rule in Punjab by six months.
1. To bring land reforms within the purview of 9th Schedule of the
Constitution.
1. Delhi made National Capital Region. The Act also made provision for
Legislative assembly and a council of ministers for Delhi.
1. Before this act was made Article 54 relating to the election of the
President provided for an electoral college consisting only of the
elected members of Parliament as well as the legislative assemblies of
the States (not of Union Territories). The amendment provides for the
inclusion of members of the legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
1. The act amends the 8th Schedule to the Constitution to include
Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the 8th Schedule of the
Constitution.
1. To make temporary provision for the determination of the number of
seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State assembly of
Tripura, until the re-adjustment of seats is made on the basis of the first
census after the year 2000 under article 170 of the Constitution.
1. To ensure direct election to all seats in Panchayats; to reserve seats
for SCs and STs in proportion to their population; and for reservation of
not less than one-third of the seats in Panchayats for women.
1. It was made to ensure direct election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and
Municipalities.
The Constitution (75th Amendment) Act 1994
1. It provides for setting up of State-level Rent Tribunals to exclude the
jurisdiction of all courts, except that of the Supreme Court, under
Article 136 of the Constitution.
1. It relates to the Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutes and of
appointments or posts in the Services under a State, for Backward
Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Supreme Court
had ruled on November 16, 1992, that the total reservations under
Article 16(40) of the Constitution should not exceed 50 percent.
1. According to this Act, the Government has decided to continue the
existing policy of reservation in promotion for the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes.
1. It includes land reform laws in the Ninth Schedule so that they
cannot be challenged before the courts.
1. It extends the reservation of seats for SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the
Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for next 10 years.
1. It deals with an alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the
Union and the States.
1. It provides that the unfilled vacancies of a year reserved for SC/ST
kept for being filled up in a year as per Article 16, shall be considered
separately for filling vacancies in the succeeding year and the previous
list will not be considered for filling the 50% quota of the respective
year.
Constitution of India: features taken from other countries
1. It provides that nothing in Article 355 shall prevent the State from
making any provisions in favour of the members of SC/ST for relaxation
in qualifying marks with respect to examination/job/promotion.
1. The Act amended Article 243 M to provide that no reservation in
Panchayats be made in favour of SC/ST in Arunachal Pradesh where the
whole population is tribal.
1. Extended ban on the readjustment of seats in the Lok Sabha and the
state legislature assemblies for another 25 years (i.e., up to 2026) with
the same objective of encouraging population limiting measures.
1. Provided for ‘consequential seniority’ in the case of promotion by the
virtue of rule of reservation for the government servants belonging to
the SCs and STs with retrospective effect from June 1995.
1. Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and early
childhood care until the age of six.
1. Provided for readjustment and rationalisation of territorial
constituencies in the states on the basis of the population figures of
2001 census and not 1991 census as provided earlier by the 84th
Amendment Act of 2001.
1. Made provision for service tax (Article 268-A)
1. Bifurcated the erstwhile combined National Commission for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two separate bodies,
namely, National Commission of SCs (Article- 338) and National
Commission of STs (338-A).
1. Provided for maintaining the erstwhile representation of the
Scheduled Tribes in the Assam legislative assembly from the Bodoland
Territorial Areas District (Article-332 (6))
1. Restricted the size of the Council of Ministers (CoM) to 15 percent of
legislative members & strengthened the Anti Defection laws.
1. Included Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as official languages.
1. Provided for 27 percent reservation for other backward classes in
government as well as private higher educational institutions.
1. To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created
Jharkhand and the Chhattisgarh States including Madhya Pradesh and
Orissa.
Union-State Relations/Centre-State Relations
1. To extend the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and
Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from
Sixty years to Seventy years
1. Substituted Odia for Oriya
1. Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or
unions" in Article 19(l) (c) and inserted article 43B related to the
promotion of co-operative societies and added Part-IXB that is The Co-
operative Societies.
1. To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the
Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.
1. The amendment provides for the formation of a National Judicial
Appointments Commission.
1. The term the Constitution (100th Amendment) Act, 2015 was in
news in the fourth week of May 2015 as the President of India Pranab
Mukherjee gave his assent to the Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill,
2013 that related to the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) between
India and Bangladesh.
The Constitution (101th Amendment) Act,2017: Introduced the Goods
and Services Tax in the country since 1 July 2017.
The Constitution (102th Amendment) Act,2018: It gave Constitutional
status to National Commission for Backward Classes.
The Constitution (103th Amendment) Act,2019: It provided a maximum
of 10% Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs).
The Constitution (104th Amendment) Act,2020: It extended the
reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states
assemblies.
So, till date, there are 104 amendments have been made in the Indian
Constitution since its inception in 1950.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Chandragupta ll
vikramaditya period 380 to 415 .A.D
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Chandragupta l period .320
A.D to 335
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: CE means it's common era
or christian calculated era
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Samudragupta period 335
time 375 CE
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Skandagupta 455 to 467 CE
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Kumargupta 415 to 455 A.D
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Above all were the Gupta
rulers of Gupta period
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Above 3 are palas
pratiharas, Rashtrakutas dynasties
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read & Learn all the above
topics of history & amendments from political science
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Good afternoon students
Today subject: GEOGRAPHY
Topics : 1.patterns of pressure belts & planetary winds.
2. TYPES OF MOUNTAINS
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Due to the descending of air
currents, the pressure is high called as CALMS and known as horse
latitudes
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The rising air from the
Equator moves towards the poles.it results in the piling up of air in the
sub tropics, these winds are forced to descend near 30 to 35 degrees
latitudes
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Sub tropical high pressure
belts; two sub tropical high pressure belts occur near the tropics and
extend between 30 to 35 degrees north and south latitudes
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Polar high pressure belt
Two high pressure belts are found around North Pole and South Poles.
This is a region of permanently low temperature. Due to cold dense air
high-pressure surrounds the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic ice cap.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Planetary winds
The pattern of distribution of pressure belt is almost permanent on the
globe. Winds blow constantly from the high pressure belts to low
pressure builds. These winds are permanent winds which blow
throughout the year and are known as planetary wins. These winds are
three types.
1. Trade Winds 2.westerlies
3. polar winds
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Subpolar low pressure. Belt:
Two subpolar low pressure belts are located between 60 degree to 65
degree north and south latitude. These are also known as Arctic low
and Antarctic low on the basis of their location.
These are also called as temperate lows. The origin of these laws is
mostly dynamic
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Change in direction : winds
do not blow in a North south direction.
Earth's rotation and the coriolis force deflect the direction of winds.
This is known as FERRALS LAW.
According to this.
Winds are deflected right in the Northern hemisphere
,left in the southern hemisphere
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Effects of trade winds :
They blow from cooler areas to warmer areas
They are generally dry wind
They gathers moisture from the oceans
They are on shore of east continents giving heavy rainfall.
Trade wind deserts are found btwn 20-30° latitudes on the western
margin of the continents.
The pole ward parts of trade winds are cool and dry .
But the equator ward becomes warm and wet.
Theses winds are regular and steady, blow with great force in a
constant direction over oceans.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Causes:
As a rule the pressure decreases from Tropics towards poles therefore
Midway.
These low pressure is found the centrifugal force and the frictional drag
resulting from rotation of the earth displace are between 60 degree. To
65 degree latitudes and move it towards poles.
So low pressure is developed near the poles.
It is a zone of convergence and cyclonic activity these temperature lows
are due to passage of cyclones and depressions.
Due to warm ocean currents and rarefied atmosphere low pressure is
found in these latitudes due to contrast between Land and Water a
series of low pressure cells are found in this region.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Polar winds:
They blow from polar high pressure to sub polar low pressure
They are called easterly winds due to effect of CORIOLIS FORCE
They are generally irregular and of low velocity .
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Westerlies
A high pressure is developed along tropics due to descending winds,
rotation, centrifugal force a sub-par low pressure is developed along
arctic and Antarctic circles.
So the westerlies blow from sub tropical high pressure towards sub
polar low pressure between 35° to 60 ° latitudes.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read above pic
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Types of mountains:
1. Folded mountains :
Most of the fold and mountains are the youngest mountains in the
world.
The main examples are the Himalayas,the Alps, Rockies and the Andes.
These mountains are formed by compression when two horizontal
forces act towards a common point that compresses the intervening
rock strata to produce fold mountains.
On the basis of the period of origin of fold mountains , They are divided
into
a) Old fold mountains:
All the folded mountains originating before the tertiary period come
under the category of old fold mountains
Ex: the old for mountains of Calledonian and Hercynian periods such as
our Aravalis, Appalachians Etc.
b) New fold mountains :
In this category come the alpine Fold mountains of the tertiary period.
Ex: the Alps, Himalayas Rockies and Etc.
These are gigantic mountains characterized by glacier capped high
peaks, intense erosion, complex folding and faulting, volcanism Etc
2. Volcanic mountains:
volcanic mountains are formed by the extrusion of lavas and pyroclastic
materials, which if continued long enough produces gigantic volcanic
piles.
The Kilimanjaro (Africa) Cotapaxi(Andes) Mount Aconcagua (The
highest volcanic Mountain) Etc are some of the examples.
3. Block mountains:
These are the result of faulting caused by tensile and compressive
forces.
Ex : Vosges and black forest mountains bordering the Rhine Rift Valley,
Salt range of Pakistan, Sierra Nevada USA Etc.
Sierra Nevada mountain of California is considered to be the most
extensive black mountain of the world.
4. Relict mountains :
when mountains, plateau, or High Plains take the form of mountains by
continued erosion over a long period of time they are known as a relict
mountains
Example : Aravalli, satpura, Vindhyachal in India, mountains of Scotland
and Pennine range of Europe.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Westerlies :
The westerlies blow, within the temperature region, from the sub-
tropical high pressure towards the sub-par low pressure .
These winds cover roughly a zone btwn 35-60° North and south
latitudes.
Their northern limit is variable due to polar fronts and cyclones.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Tropics means tropic of
cancer & capricorn. 231/2 ° north & south
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: TYPES OF MOUNTAINS
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: JET STREAM
Jet stream is a very high-speed wind blowing from west to east in a
Meandering course at high altitude usually near the level of
tropopause. The speed of jet stream varies from a mean of 110
kilometer per hour in summer to 190 km/h in Winter.
It has an important influence in the formation of Global climatic
phenomena.
Ex : Cyclones, variability of monsoons Etc.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: MUSLIM INVASION
Arab conquest of sindh :
As harshavardhana and Pulakesin II p were struggling for Supremacy in
India a revolutionary change was taking place not too far from these
Shores; the emergence of Islam in Arabia.
The Arabs for long the carriers of Indian trade with Europe where
attracted by Rich seaports of Sinda. However, two Expeditions sent by
al-hajjaj the governor of Iraq failed.
The third, under his nephew and son-in-law Muhammad bin qasim
managed to acquire control over synth after a tough fight in AD 712
Multan was conquered in AD 713
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Good morning students
Today subject History
Topic : Delhi Sultanate
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: MOHAMMAD GHORI
The king of Delhi prithviraj Chauhan completely routed ghori's forces in
ad 1191 at Tarain the during the first battle of tarrain.
Prithvi Raj was defeated in the Second Battle of tarrain ad 119.
Delhi and ajmer were captured by Mohammed ghori.
He captured Delhi ajmer and thus laid Foundation Of Muslim rule in
India.
Also defeated Jai Chandra (ruler of Kannauj) at Chhandwar in ad 1194
Bakhtiar khilji, his General annexed Eastern India and destroyed
nalanda and vikrama Shila universities.
Died in ad 1206 leaving with Qutub-ud-din-aibak, the charge.
Khwaja moinuddin chisti ,sufi saint came with him from Afghanistan.
The tomb moinuddin chisti in ajmer is also known as ajmer. Shah. He is
a founder of Chisti silsila.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Mahmud of ghazni (AD 997
-AD 1030)
Mahmud came to the throne of Gazhni In AD 997.
He started his raids on India in ad thousand won by attacking and killing
Jaipala, the king of Punjab in the first battle of Waihind.
The first attack was made against Frontier Post in hundred and many
Forts and districts were captured.
The sixth Expedition the Second Battle of Waihind was against Ananda
Pala Hindu Shahi ruler of Punjab in AD 1008.
The next expedition in AD 1009 was against nagarkot in kangra Hills.
Ghajini Led 17 Expeditions between AD 1001 and 1027 AD.
He plundered Thaneswar, Mathura, Kannauj and somnath.
The Temple of somnath dedicated to Shiva was plundered AD 1026
situated on the Seacoast of Khatiawar ,Gujarat
Utbi, regarded as a great literary figure at that time. He was mahmud's
court historian.
His kitab-ul-yanmi or Tarikh-i-yanmi is a book of Mahmud's life and
times.
Firdausi known as The Immortal Homer of the East, wrote the
shabnamah
Al-beruni a brilliant scholar from Central Asia wrote Tahqiq-I-hind.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Slave Dynasty :
(AD 1206 to 1290)
After the death of Mohammed ghori there insured a struggle for
Supremacy between Tajuddin yaldoz , Naseeruddin qabocha and
Qutub-ud-din aibak.
Aibak was crowned and officially in 1206.
His Capital was at Lahore.
His title was 'Lakh baksh'.
Hasan nizami, the famous historian adorned his coat.
He built Quwat-ul-Islam mosque and Arhai-din-ka-Jhonpra , the first city
of Delhi.
He started the construction of Qutub Minar and constructed its first
story, but he died in 1210 ,falling from a horse ,while playing polo .
After the death of qutubuddin his inexperienced and incapable son are
Aram shah ascended the throne, but he was deposed and Illtumish was
crowned the new sultan.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Razia sultan daughter of
Illtumish has appointed Yakut as master of royal stables.
The Turkish nobles were not in favour of this appointment.
Malik Altunia the governor of sirhind revolted .
To settle the dispute Razia sultan went to capital along with yakut. He
was killed & she was captured and imprisoned.
Later she married Altunia but Bahram khan killed both of them at
kaithal near delhi.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Illtumish restricted Mongols
from invading kingdoms in India by Chengiz khan.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE DELHI SULTANATE (AD
1206 - 1526)
a) The Iibari (slave) (ad 1206 -1290)
b) The Khilji (ad 1290-1320)
c) The Tuglaq (ad 1320-1414)
d) The Sayyid (ad 1414-1451)
e) The Lodis (ad 1451 -1526)
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Muizzuddin Bahram shah &
Alauddin masud shah ascended the throne after Razia sultan. Her rule
period was 1236 to 1240 A.D 4 yrs only
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Shamshuddin:
He was the real founder of Turkish rule in India.
He refused to Grant Asylum to Jalalunddin mankbarni who entered
India after being chased by chengiz khan and hence saved the infant
Turkish Kingdom from The Wrath of chengiz Khan and fury of Mongol
hordes.
In 1233 He attacked malva and captured Bhilsa.
He also conquered gwalior and Jalore.
He issued a purely Arabic coinage in silver and introduced jital and
tankas.
Illtumish Sultan created Chalisa (40 Turkish Nobles who took care of his
administration.)
Illtumish declared Razia(daughter)to be his successor.
But with disproving wishes of nobles of his court , Ruknuddin Firoz
Shah(son of illtumish) was given the throne.
He was later executed and Razia became the sultan.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Ghiyasuddin Balban 1265 to
86 A.D
He succeeded in complete control after death of nasruddin mahmud
He founded the military department known as
diwan- i-arz
He introduced Iranian system of sajda and paibos....means courtiers has
to kiss his feet
He followed the policy blood & iron to suppress the revolt.
He destroyed the mewari Rajput
Called himself
zil- i- illahi or the shadow of god on earth.
He appointed his son bughra khan as governor of Bengal
He introduced Persian Navroz festival in court.
He prohibited drinking.
His chief achievement was consolidation of Turkish empire in india.
After his death kaiquibad 1287 to 90 A.D
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Bahram shah *
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Alauddin conquered Gujarat
in 1297 AD
He destroyed anilhara & sonata temples
He married kamladevi daughter of Rajkiran of Gujarat
Malik kafur was his general
In 1300 he captured Rathambore which was under hamindeva
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Jalaluddin khilji 1290 to 96
AD founded the dynasty.
He retaliated mongols attack.
Mongols settled near delhi and were called as new musalmans
.mongols kept on attacking to enter into delhi but was crushed by delhi
sultane
Jalaluddin was assassinated in kara ( place ) by his nephew alamuddin
khilji to become the king
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: In 1303 chittor under Rawal
Ratan singh was captured because of his obsession for Rani padmini
queen of chittor
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read the above features of
the rule of alauddin khilji
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Nasuruddin mahmud 1244
to 65 A.D
He ascended the throne but the real power was with Balban
Balban or ulugh khan was a member of member of chahalgani ( forty
nobles) founded by Illtumish
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: KHILJI DYNASTY
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Tmro the remaining
dynasties of delhi sultanate will be continued
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Good morning students.
Today's subject : History continuation of delhi sultanate
GEOGRAPHY: Humidity condensation and precipitation
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Class concluded
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Feroz Shah tughlaq
(1351 to 1388 )
He led two unsuccessful campaigns in Bengal.
He led a campaign against jajnagar and destroyed the Jwalamukhi
Temple during his nagarkot campaign.
Earlier, he had destroyed the jagannatha Puri Temple.
1300 manuscripts from the Jwalamukhi temple were translated from
Sanskrit to Persian by arizuddin under the title Dalail-i-Firuz Shahi
He refused to exempt the brahmins from Jaziya.
He banned in human punishments.
He prohibited Muslim women from going to worship the Grave of
Saints.
He organized Diwan-i-Bandagan (Department of slaves).
He built cities like Hissar, Firoza, Firozabad and jaunpur.
Ashokan pillars from tapara and meerut were brought to Delhi.
He built a number of canals
1.Sirs to Hansi
2.Sutlej to Diplapur
3. Yamuna to sirmur
During his reign, Jaziya tax was collected from Hindus.
He built the Diwan-i-khairat and Dar-ul-shifa a charitable hospital.
His wazir was Khan-I-jahan II as he made the post hereditary.
He repaired the Qutub Minar which had been struck by lightning.
The Chief Architect of Firoz was Ghazi Shaha.
Firoz shah tughlaq wrote Fautuhat - i- firoz Shahi.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: TUGHLAQ DYNASTY
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq: (1320-1414)
After killing Khusrau Shah, Ghazi malik or ghiyasuddin tughlaq ascended
the throne in 1320 and ruled for five years.
He sent his son Jauna Khan(Mohd. Bin tughlaq) to warangal.
Jauna khan led a successful expedition of Jajnagar (Orissa)
Ghiyasuddin was the first Sultan to start irrigation Works.
He built a strong Fort called the Tughlaqabad near Delhi.
After his death due to collapse of a wooden structure Muhammad bin
tughlaq ascended
the throne (1524 2051 )
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Muhammad bin tughluq
(1325 to 1351)
He was dubbed as an ill started idealist.
Ziauddin Barni mentions his five experiments or campaigns.
He transferred his capital from Delhi to devgiri (daulatabad)
In 1330 he became the first Sultan to introduce token currency (bronze
coin)
After repulsing an attack on Mongol he planned to occupy who's
khurasan and Iraq
His qarachill expedition was launched in the kumaon hills to counter
Chinese incursions.
His army suffered heavy setbacks.
He instituted agricultural reforms.
He fixed the land Revenue at half the produce to be paid as tax.
He set up a separate Department Diwan-i-amir-kohi
He encouraged the farmers to grow Superior crops and loans were
given them.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Lodhis (1451 to 1526 )
The lodhis were the first Afghans to rule India
Bahlol Lodi (1451 -89) annexed the Sharky Empire and introduce the
bahloli ,copper coin.
He was succeeded by sikandar Lodi 1489 to 1517. His mother was a
Hindu gold Smith's daughter.
Sikandar lodhi introduced a new measurement yard call gazz-I-
sikandari.
He also founded Agra in 1504.
He wrote persian versus under the name Gulrukhi
He was succeeded by Ibrahim Lodi 1517 -26.
He was defeated by Rana Sanga of mewar.
He was also defeated by babur in the Battle of panipat in 1526.
Babur was invited by governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodi.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Later tughlaqs
After firoz Shah tuglaq, Muhammad khan and ghiyasuddin tughlaq shah
II, Abu Bakr, Nasiruddin muhammad, Humayun and finally Nasiruddin
mahmud ascended the throne.
Nasiruddin Mahmud gave Malik Sarvar the title of Malik-us-sharq.
The later founded the Sharqi Dynasty in jaunpur
During nasiruddin Mahmud's reign, Timur invaded India in 1398.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Learn the above pics
content
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Sayyid Dynasty (1414-51)
Khizr khan(1414-21)
Post mahmud's death, daulat Khan, Lodi became the sultan but he was
defeated by Khizr khann, Governor of Multan who founded sayyid
Dynasty in 1414.
He claimed his descendant from the prophet
The last saiyyad Alauddin alam Shah was defeated by bahlol Lodi who
founded the Lodi Dynasty.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Evaporation:
The process by which water is changed into water vapor (liquid to
gaseous) is known as evaporation.
The amount and rate of evaporation depends upon the following
factors.
Aridity:
dry air can absorb and retain more moisture than humid air
Temperature :
the higher the temperature. The higher is the rate of evaporation
Movement of air :
The greater the moment of are the greater is the evaporation.
Water bodies :
Evaporation is greater on the oceans than on land.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Humidity and condensation
and precipitation
Humidity :
Humidity means the amount of water vapor present in an air about two
percent of the atmosphere consists of water vapor the process by
which water is changed into water vapor liquid into gaseous is known
as evaporation.
Absolute humidity:
Total amount of water vapor present in air at a particular temperature
is absolute humidity. It is defined as the weight of water vapor per unit
volume of air it is expressed as grams per cubic meter of air absolute
humidity is not reliable index.
It changes with the changes in volume of air so absolute humidity varies
with the contraction or expansion of the air distribution.
Absolute humidity is maximum in the equatorial region.
It is more in summer than in Winter.
Similarly it is higher during the day then night absolute humidity is
higher over oceans then over land masses in areas of high pressure
absolute humidity is low due to descending winds.
Relative humidity:
relative humidity is expressed as percentage the actual amount of
water vapor present in the air at the temperature and the maximum
amount of water vapor, which the same volume of air can hold at the
given temperature.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Relative humidity Changes
with temperature and the amount of water vapor as the temperature
increases the air expands and it's vapor capacity increases resulting in a
lower relative humidity the relative humidity increases with the
decrease in temperature or addition of water vapor.
Distribution :
Relative humidity is maximum and the equator and decreases pole
words.
It is maximum in early morning and minimum in the afternoon.
It is low in hot deserts in Continental interiors and in areas of
anticyclonic conditions.
It is high during rainy season.
Relation between relative humidity and rainfall :
Relative humidity determines the rate and amount of evaporation.
So it is an important climatic Factor as a relative humidity increases the
air becomes saturated.
The relative humidity of the saturated air is hundred percent at this
stage are cannot hold any additional amount of moisture water vapor is
condensed into water the possibility of rain depends upon a high
relative humidity.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Rainfall is shown by
Isohytes on maps.
Isohytes are lines joining the places of equal amount of rainfall for a
certain period these lines are drawn by joining the places of equal
rainfall.
Adiabatic heating:
when air moves downward or descends along a Leeward slope, It is
compressed.
Compression result in heating of air ,it is known as adiabatic Heating.
Adiabatic cooling:
when the air moves upwards it expands expansion results in cooling of
the air.
It occurs in ascending winds or convection currents.
It is known as adiabatic cooling.
It is the process by which the temperature of air is reduced below the
dew point this adiabatic cooling is responsible for the formation of
clouds and precipitation.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Continuation of the same
chapter topics read & learn
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Good morning students
Today topic .
History.
VIJAYNAGAR Empire
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: read the chapters above
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Image of adiabatic cooling &
heating . Look at it
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Means citizen of India have
the right to approach law if he have objection on any issue .
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Types of rainfall
1.Convectional rainfall :
this type of rainfall generally occurs in th e equatorial climate where
constant high temperature and high humidity produces conventional
rainfall.
It occurs Early In Summer.
2.Orographic rainfall :
moisture-laden winds are formed to rise with the slope of the
mountains and the air gets cooled area basically causing rainfall on the
windward side of the mountains.
The leeward side of the mountain becomes a rain shadow area
orographic rainfall is larger than any other type of rainfall in the world.
3. Cyclonic or frontal rainfall :
These rain are associated with the passage of a cyclone or depression
and are caused by a warm moist air mass moving upwards over colder
heavier.
It usually occurs in the middle and high latitudes.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Some small topics of
political science.
PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION def:
PIL is the use of the law to advance human rights & equality, or raise
issues of broad public concern.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Solicitor general will be
assisting him
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Examples. PIL can be filed in
court if he hve objection on any isuess
Recently PIL of rathayatra of jagannath filed a pil to stop during this
pandemic
One more example. PIL against 5 times azaan in loudspeakers ....
Etc many were filed.
And court will give judgement to the petitioner in courts....
That's public interest litigation PIL
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: ADVOCATE GENERAL .
Legal advisor of the state.
Same role he plays of attorney general in the state
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: He represents isuess of
govt.
In centre all related legal matters
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Difference is attorney at
centre
Advocate general in the state
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Attorney general is
appointed by president
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Advocate general is
appointed by governor of the state
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Mughal Empire (1526 to
1707)
BABUR:
Babur was the founder of Mughal Empire in India.
He led five punitive Expeditions in India from 1519 to 1525.
Taking advantage of the anarchical condition under the lodhis.
Barber marched towards India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first
battle of panipat in 1526.
In this battle, he used his famous Tulguma system of warfare to
overwhelm his adversary.
He defeated Rana Sanga in the Battle of khanwah 1527.
In 1528 he defeated Medini Rai in Chanderi in 1529.
He defeated Afghans in the Battle of Ghagra
He was buried in Arambagh in Agra but later shifted to Kabul.
He wrote in his Memoir in Turkish called Tuzuk-i-babri or Baburnama,
which was later translated into Persian by Abdul Rahim Khan.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Write and learn the topics.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: JAHANGIR
he married manbai had a son khusrau
He revolted against akbar in 1599 . He ascended the throne in 1605
In 1611 he married meherunnisa and named her Noormahal.
Amarsingh of mewar submitted to him in 1615 .
Malik amber captured ahmednagar from mughals
in 1620 jahangir annexed kangra.
The British visited machilipatnam in his reign.
The fifth Sikh guru Arjun was sentenced to death ( killed) by jahangir for
blessing and preaching his son khusrau
Kandahar was occupied from Shah Abbas of Persia in 1622.
Jahangir was patronized art literature ,painting.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Raja Todarmal was the
revenue minister of Akbar.
Three salient features of Zapti system during akbar's time.
1. Measurement of land
2. Classification of land
3. Fixation of rates.
Zapti system us also called Ryotwari system which came into existence
since 1562.
Abul fazl wrote Ain-I-Akbari.
Introduced Mansabdari system and organised Land revenue systems.
Akbar built - Fatehpuri Sikri , Agra fort and Allahabad fort and Humayun
tomb at Delhi, Fatehpuri sikri palace near Agra.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Good morning students.
Today's subject HISTORY
MUGHAL EMPIRE
1526 TO 1707 AD
The bhakti movement & Sufi movement
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Humayun :
Humayun )1530 -56) succeeded Barbur
He built a new city Dinapanah.
He was defeated by Sher Shah at Chausar near Buxar in 1539.
He again lost to sher shah in the Battle of Kannauj.
He came back from the Exile and captured Lahore in 1555 with the help
of bairam Khan.
He defeated the Afghans near Sirhind in 1555.
He was successful in regaining his crown in 1555.
He died after falling from the steps of his library in 1556.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Akbar :
He was born in Amarkot in the Palace of Rana Virasaal.
He was crowned at kalanaur at the age of 13 years, bairam Khan was
his regent.
He defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of panipat in 1556.
Hemu was the commander-in-chief of Mahmoud Adil Shah.
The period 1556 -60 is known as bairam Khan's Regency
Akbar besieged Chunar in 1561
Raja ramachandra submitted the fort of Kalinga
In 1570 Bikaner and Marwar surrendered to Akbar
In 1576 was fought the famous battle of Haldighati between Akbar and
Rana Pratap.
Mansingh and Asif Khan, led the Mughal forces in which Moguls won
In 1581 Kabul was taken from Mirza Hakim.
Khandar was incorporated in the empire in 1595 , Khandesh fell in
1593.
Despite resistance by Chand Bibi, Ahmadnagar was conquered in 1600.
The last campaign of Akbar was against Asigarh in 1601.
Abdul Rahim was given the title of Khan-i-Khana for suppressing the
Revolt of Gujarat.
Birbal died in a campaign against yusuf-zahis.
In 1575 he constructed the ibadat Kana for religious discussions
purushotham, Das(Hindu) Maharaji Rana (Parsi) HarVijaya. Suri (Jain)
Monserate and aqua Viva (Christian) participated in the discussions
Akbar read the khutba composed by Farzi in his own name in 1579
In 1579 The proclamation of Mazhar took place.
Akbar became the Imam-I-Adil in 1582
The discussions on ibadat Khanna were closed.
In 1582 Din-i-Illahi, was enunciated
According to Badauni Akbar wanted to create a new religion.
Birbal, Abul fazl and farzi joined the din-i-illahi.
Abul fazl was murdered by Bir singh bundela on the order of Salim
Akbar died after an attack of dysentery.
He was buried at Sikandara.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read & learn above pics. It's
about books art architecture & paintings during mughals
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: AURANGAZEB
He had to fight a war of succession to gain the throne after the rumor
of death of Shah Jahan, shuja declared himself the king at the Raj
Mahal.
He was defeated by Suleiman Shikohr, son of Dara
Aurangazeb and Murad defeated. Jaswant singh and Qasim Khan at the
Dharamat in 1658.
They again defeated Dara at Samugarh.
Murad was arrested and executed. Aurangazeb crowned himself at
Delhi.
In 1659 shuja was defeated by at Khajwah by AurangaZeb.
Dhara was defeated at Deorai
Shah Jahan died in 1666
aurangzeb took the title of alamgir in 1659.
Aurangazeb received embassies from Sharif of Mecca, King of Persia,
balkh, bukhara, bass and Constantinople Etc .
He re-imposed Jaziya, the religious tax on Hindus
The first anti-imperial reaction took place in the form of Jatt rebellion,
under Gokla in 1679
In 1685 They rose again under Raja Ram who plundered akbar's Tomb
at Sikandara . Later Churaman Also Rose in Rebellion
The second armed took place under the bundel prince Chatrasaal.
The Satnamis of sect of Hindu devotees ofNarnaul and mewat Rose in
Revolt insist 1672.
The immediate cause of the Revolt was a murder of Satnami by a mogul
foot soldier.
Aurangazeb Deccan policy is divided into four phases phase one. 1658-
68 was led by Jai Singh
the Moguls failed to lay Siege on Bijapur in 1665. And Jaisingh died in
1667.
However, sholapur was secured by bribery
Phase 2 1668 to 84 was unsuccessful because of Tripartite alliance
between Golconda shivaji and Bijapur in which Madanna and Akkanna
played a crucial role
phase 3 saw the capture of Bijapur in 1686 and Golconda 1687
Phase 4 saw the capture of Sambhaji at Sangameshwar, where he was
executed.
Aurangazeb died in 1707 in Aurangabad.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Mughals chapter completed
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read above pic .travellers
.learn
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Shershah
His childhood name was Faris
He entered the service of bahar khan lohani Afghan governor of south
bihar and he received the title sher khan
He defeated humayun at the battle of chausa & adopted the title of
SHERSHAH and declared himself as emperor of Hindustan.
He once again defeated humayun at battle of kanauj/ bilgram
His last campaign was against kalinjar he succeeded but died of an
explosion in war in 1545 .
Succeeded by his islam shah
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Shershah divided his empire
into 47 districts which were divided into 7 sub districts.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Learn them as it is. It's
about literature . Authors etc
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Sufi movement first point.
Khankhana means place where the sufi saints lived like our sages lived
lin aashrams...they live in khankhanas
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Sufi movement second
point beshara means not bound by muslim law
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Next chapter from history
The bhakti movement
The Sufi movement
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: TODAY SUBJECT HISTORY
TOPIC : LATER MUGHALS
Important points
After the death of aurangazeb 1707 a war of succession started among
his 3 sons. Muazzam governor of Kabul Azam governor of gujarat
kambaksh governor of bijapur.
Muazzam defeated two of his brothers the ascended the mughal
throne
With the title of Bahadurshah ...
.he was also as SHAH ALAM l
Today's subject History
Topics
1.LATER mughals.
2.THE MARATHAS
3.RISE OF SIKHS
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Prince ali Gauhar took the
title of Shah Alam II
He crowned himself under Shuja-ud-daula's protection in bihar.
Another prince shah jahan III was placed on the throne of Delhi .
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Ahmad shah Abdali invaded
Delhi many times , punjab and Multan was ceded to them .
The Maratha snatched Malwa and Bundelkhand .
His wazir Imad-ul-mulk blinded him and placed Alamgir II on the throne.
Azizuddin took the title of Alamgir II
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Bahadur shah II was the last
Mughal emperor .
After the revolt of 1857 he was deported to Rangoon , where he died in
1862.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Jahandar shah son of shah
alam ascended the throne.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Shah Alam had to remain in
exile for 12 years.
He was defeated by british in 1764 at the battle of Buxar and lived for
several years at Allahabad as a prisoner of East India Company.
According to the treaty of Allahabad, the emperor received the
territories of Allahabad and Kara and an annual tribute of 26lakh from
Bengal.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Shah alam adopted more
tolerant attitude towards hindus. He abolished jaziya religious tax .
Declared mewar, marwad independent.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: He gave high mansab to
guru govind singh.
Banda bahadur rebelled fighting against him . Shahalam died in 1712
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Bajirao I :
(1720 to 1740)
Bajirao the eldest son of Balaji vishwanath became peshwa at the
young age of 20.
He was considered the great exponent of Guerilla tactics after shivaji
and maratha power reached its Zenith under him.
He led innumerable successful Expeditions into the north India to
weaken the Mughal Empire and to make the marathas the supreme
power in India.
He said "let us strike at the trunk of the withering tree and the
branches will fall off themselves".
Balaji bajirao:( 1740 -61 )
Popularly known as an Nana saheb.
He succeeded his father Bajirao I at the age of 20
After the death of shahu 1749 the management of all state affairs was
left in his hands.
In an agreement with the Mughal Empire (Ahmad shah Adbali) the
peshwa 1752 was to protect the Mughal Empire from internal and
external enemies in the return for the Chauth.
Third battle of panipat :
fought in 1761. The murata forces were routed by the forces of Ahmad
Shah. Abdali vishwasrao, son of Nana sahib lost his life.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: MARATHAS
Shivaji :
Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of Marathas.
His father shaji was a military commander under the nizam Shahi rulers
of Ahmadnagar
After the decline of Admadnagar he transferred his services to bijapur.
He had two wives.
Shivaji was born to Jijabai in the hill Fortress of Shivner in Pune in 1627
apart from Jijabai the two persons who influenced his life where Dadaji
kondev and Guru ramdas.
Shahji gave him the Jagir of Pune. He captured torna in 1646.
In the next two years he conquered Chakan , Kondanaand Purandhar in
1657.
He captured Javli from Chandra Rao More.
He also acquired the Port Towns of kalyana and Bhivandi.
He raided the Portuguese settlement Daman and received tribute from
them.
Ali Adil shah of Bijapur sent Afzal khan to teach shivaji a lesson in 1659.
Shivaji killed Afzal Khan with his Tiger Claws.
Shaista khan the Viceroy of Mughal Deccan was sent Aurangazeb in
1660 to strike at the maratha territories.
The war continued till 1663.
In 1664 Shivaji sacked the rich Port Town of Surat for the first time
Aurangazeb sent Mirza Raja Jai Singh and Diler khan to destroy the
maratha power.
After two months of fighting the Treaty of purandhar was signed in
1665.
In 1670 he sacked Surat second time.
He defeated the mughals in the Battle of Salher in 1672.
He was coronated at Raigarh in 1674.
He received the title of Maharaja chatrapathi.
He died in 1680 at the age of 53.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: In 1739 Nadir shah invaded
india.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Shambhaji :
(1680 to 1689)
Shambhaji the eldest son of shivaji found a faithful advisor in kanauji
Brahman to whom he conferred the title of kavi kalash.
Aurangazeb was determined to crush shambhaj in 1689.
Shambhaji and kavi kalash were captured by a mughal General and put
to death.
Raja Ram was crowned by the marata ministers at Raigarh as
Shambhaji's son Shahu who was too young.
Then Raigarh was captured by Mughals.
By the end of 1689 Aurangazeb Deccan policy appear to have achieved
complete success.
However inspired by desire to avenge their losses the maratha bands
spread over Mughal territories
Defeating armies and destroying their outposts.
The Mughals could could not deal effectively with marata invaders.
Shahu emerged Victorious.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE RISE OF PESHWAS
Balaji Vishwanath (1713 to 1720):
He began his career as small Revenue official and was given the title of
Sena Karte a maker of the army by shahu in 1708.
He became peshwa in 1713 and made the post the most important and
Powerful as well as hereditary.
He played a crucial role in the final victory of shahu over the Mughals
by winning over almost all maratha sardars the side of shahu
He Included the agreement with Sayyid Brothers 1719 by whichthe
Mughal Emperor recognized Shahu as the king of swarajya.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Above pic is of treaty of
purandar. Its imp learn it
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The Third Battle of Panipat
took place on 14 January 1761, at Panipat, north of Delhi between a
northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and a coalition of
the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah abdali with two Indian Muslim
allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The Second Battle of
Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556, between the Hindu emperor
of north India Hem Chandra Vikramaditya and forces of Akbar.
Date: 5 November 1556
Result: Mughal Empire victory
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The First Battle of Panipat,
on 21 April 1526, was fought between the invading forces of Babur and
the Lodi dynasty. It took place in north India and marked the beginning
of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate
Date: 21 April 1526
Panipat
Territorial changes: Delhi Sultanate annexed by the Mughals
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The Anglo–Maratha War
were three wars fought in the Indian sub-continent between the
Maratha Empire and the British East India Company over territory. They
were:
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)
Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)
Third Anglo-Maratha War, also known as the Pindari War (1817–1818)
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The Second Anglo-Maratha
War (1803–1805) was the second conflict between the British East India
Company and the Maratha Empire in India.
British won the war
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The Third Anglo-Maratha
War (1817–1818) was the final and decisive conflict between the British
East India Company (EIC) and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left
the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of
the Maratha territory by British East India Company troops,[2] and
although the British were outnumbered, the Maratha army was
destroyed
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE SIKHS
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Today's topic History.
1 . British policies.
Land Revenue settlements.
2. 1857 Revolt. Sepoy mutiny.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The First Anglo-Maratha
War (1775–1782) was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars wars
fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in
India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the
Treaty of Salbai.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Above are economical,
social and other causes of 1857 Revolt. Which is also called as first war
if independence.
Read the notes pics above
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Land Revenue settlement
In 1773 Warren Hastings Introduced the system of auctioning the right
of collecting revenue from an area to the highest bidder.
Permanent settlement or Istamarari Bandobast
This settlement was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal and
Bihar according to it.
The zamindar's co formerly collector land Revenue only were
recognized as landlords.
Their right to ownership was made hereditary and transferable and way
to pay in 10/11 of the revenue collection in a specific time.
Cultivators were reduced to a low status of me or tendons and where
the pride of long-standing rights to the soil and other customary rights
In 1799 Zamindar's were given power to evict or confiscate their
denon's property for non-payment of friends in parts of central India
and other words, the British introduced a temporary zamindari
settlement under which the zamindar's where made owners of land but
the revenue to be paid was revised.
Ryotwari settlement :
This system was introduced in 1820 in Madras.
It is connected with the name of Thomas Monroe under the system
rent was directly settled with the ryots.
The revenue was fixed for a period not exceeding 30 years on the basis
of quality of soil in the nature of crop.
The advantage of the system was absence for intermediaries
The government's share was about half of the net value of crop.
Mahalwari system
In Western UP, Punjab , ganga Valley and parts of central Province a
modified Mahari system was introduced and estate was called Mahal in
the Indian language.
Revenue settlement was to be made by Village or estate Mahal.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Below are economical,
social and other causes of 1857 Revolt. Which is also called as first war
if independence.
Read the notes pics below
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The Revolt of 1857 :
On 29th, March 1857 the sepoys at barrackpore refuse to use greased
cartridges and a brahmins sepoy Mangal Pandey of 34 native infantry
wounded the European officer.
The regiment was disbanded and Pandey executed at meerut in May
1857.
85 sepoys of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment on their refusal to use the
greased cartridges where court marshalled and was sentenced to long-
term imprisonment
On 10th may 1857 the sepoys broke out in open Rebellion short their
officers release their Fellowship voice and headed towards Delhi with
the slogan. Delhi Chalo.
Delhi was seized by the Rebels on 12 May 1857
Bahadur Shah II was proclaimed the Emperor of India Delhi became the
center of revolt and bahadur Shah was its head.
Very soon the Rebellion spread to Lucknow allahabad, Kanpur, Barelli
,Banaras, in parts of Bihar, Jhansi and other places.
In many Indian States the rulers maintain loyal to British government by
their soldiers revolted.
South India remained practically undisturbed.
kanpur was captured by rebels on 5th, June 1857. Nana sahib was
proclaimed the peshwa General Sir Hugh wheeler commanding the
station surrendered on 27 June at kanpur.
Nana sahib was joined by his able Lieutenant Tantiya Tope and
Azimullah.
Later on kanpur was captured by Campbell on December 6th 1857.
The Revolt of Lucknow was led by begum hazrat Mahal who declared
her son Birjis kadir as the nawab of awadh.
They were helped by sepoys at Lucknow and zamindar's and peasants
of awadh the begum organized and all-out attack on the British .
Sir Henry Lawrence was killed during the course of Siege of
The Residency
Later on General outram and Havelock forced their way into the
residency.
They were also be seized but later on we're relieved.
Rani Laxmi Bai of jhansi joined the rebels when the British refused to
acknowledge her right to adapt a hair to the goodie of jhansi.
She was tried to be driven out by Jhansi by British forces.
After a fierce battle She captured gwalior with the help of the Tantya
rope.
Maharaja scindia tried to fight against a Rani of jhansi, but most of his
troops deserted to her and he took Refuge at Agra.
Rani of jhansi died fighting on 17 June 1858
At Bareilly, bahadur Khan had proclaimed himself the nawab nizam.
In Bihar a local zamindar Kunwar singh raised the banner of revolt.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Resume back with other
topics on Monday
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Good afternoon students.
Today's subject GEOGRAPHY.
Topic .INDIAN GEOGRAPHY.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Learn today's topics
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 4.The trans Himalayas or
Tibetan Himalayas :
It consists mainly at karakorum ladakh and kailash ranges
The range acts as a water divide between Rivers draining into Bay of
Bengal and into the Tibetan Lakes.
Karakoram range determines India's Frontiers with Afghanistan and
China
The ladakh plateau lies to northeast karakoram range and the highest
Plateau lies to the northeast karakoram range.
It has been disinfected into a number of plains and mountains the
important ones being Soda Plains, Aksai-Chin Depsang plains Etc. ⁹
Mount Godwin Austin (K2) is the highest peak of India.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: PHYSIOGRAPHY
Physical division of the Indian subcontinent the following are the five
major physiographic divisions of India a)the Himalayan Mountains
b)the Great Plains of North India,
c)the peninsula Plateau
d)the coastal plains
e)the islands.
The Himalayan Mountains the Himalayas are the youngest for
mountains and the loftiest mountain chains in the world.
The Himalayas run in the East-West Direction along the entire Northern
boundary of India for 2,400 kilometers from the indus River in the west
to brahmaputra in the East.
The average breadth of Himalayas is between 250 kilometers to 400
kilometers.
The total area of Himalayan Mountain region is nearly 5,00,000 sq.km
The Himalaya have 14 Peaks Which is higher than 8000 meters and 20
Peaks Which is higher than 7,500 meters above sea level.
The Himalayas consists of three parallel mountain ranges
1. The greater Himalayas :
This is the most continuous loftiest a northernmost region of
Himalayas.
It has a core of Archean rocks flogged by metamorphosed sedimentary
rocks.
The average height of Himadri is 6100 meters.
Most of the peak exceed 8,000 meters such as Mount Everest 8848
meters the highest peak in the world kanchenjunga. 8598 meters
Makalu 8481 meters dhaulagiri 8172 meters.
This range is penetrable through some passes existing at very high
altitude. They are Burzila and Zozila in Kashmir Baralapchala and
Shipkila in Himachal Pradesh , Phagala, Niti pass and lipu lekh pass in
Uttaranchal and Nathula and Jelepla in Sikkim.
Himadri runs in a dark shape to a length of 2500 km from nanga parbat
in the west to NamchaBarwa in East.
There exists a number of glaciers of which Gangotri ,Milan and Zemu
are important.
Between hamari and Himachal exist the famous Valley of Kashmir.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
Location :
Latitude 8°4 North to 37°6 N longitude 68°7 Eas to 97°25 East
Area and physical features:
Area 3287263 square kilometer.
India is the seventh largest country by geographical area the second
most populous country with 1.3 billion .
It accounts 2.4% of the total area of the world and 16% of population
Bounded by Indian Ocean on the south the Arabian on the Southwest
and the Bay of Bengal and the southeast, it shares land borders with
Pakistan.
To the West , China Nepal
Bhutan to the Northeast
Burma and Bangladesh to the east.
In addition India and Indian Andaman and nicobar Islands share a
maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
India's Coast is 7517 kilometers long Indian state of Gujarat has the
longest coastline followed by Andhra Pradesh.
In India of the total land mass planes are 43.3% plateaus - 27.7%
Hills are 18.6%
mountains - 10.7%
Major Himalayan origin rivers that substantially flow through India
include ganga and brahmaputra both of which drain into Bay of Bengal
Major Peninsula Rivers includes godavari the mahanadi the kaveri and
the Krishna which also drain into the Bay of Bengal and Nrmada and
Tapti which drain into the Arabian Sea.
India stretches 3214 kilometers from North to South and stretches
2933 kilometer from east to west.
82°30 East Meridian helps in calculating the Indian Standard time,
which is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time.
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India.
It passes through eight states Gujarat Rajasthan. Madhya Pradesh
chhattisgarh. Jharkhand Paschim Bunga, tripura and mizoram.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 2. The Lesser Himalaya,
Himachal or middle Himalaya :
To the south of Greater Himalayas lies the middle Himalaya, which is
separated from the shivalik range in South through the Main boundary
Trust (MBT).
It comprises parallel ranges in Nepal and Punjab but of scattered
mountains in Kumaun, the Dhauladhar, Pir Panjal, Nag Tiba,
Mahabharata and mussoorie range
Pir Panjal range of Kashmir is the longest one running from for 400
kilometers between jhelum and beas .
Shimla, Ranikhet , Chakrate, Mussorie, Nainital, almora, Darjeeling
Dalhousie Etc are Situated over the Lesser Himalaya
The famous Hill Resort of Shimla is situated on Dhauladhar range
Between pir panjal and Zaskar range of Main Himalayas lies the famous
valley of Kashmir.
The Kangra Valley in Himachal Pradesh extends from the foot of the
whole other range to South to beas River.
Kangra Valley is a strike Valley.
Kullu Valley is transverse Valley in Upper cores of Ravi River
Eastward of this lies the Katmandu Valley in Nepal
Steep Bare Southern slopes and gentle forest-covered Northern slopes
of Himachal present a typical Hogback topography.
Along slopes of lesser Himalayas are found a number of small pastless
called Merg in Kashmir and Bugyal and Payar uttarakhand.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 3.The outermost or shivalik
Himalayas :
This usually comprises the southernmost range of Himalayas
This chain of Hills runs almost parallel to the Lesser Himalayas for a
distance of 2,400 kilometers from the Patwar Plateau to brahmaputra
Valley.
Yhe altitude varies from 600 to 1500 kilometers.
The width of shivaliks varies from 50 kilometers in Himachal Pradesh to
15 kilometers in arunachal Pradesh.
These are called Jammu Hills in Jammu and Dufla, Miri , Abor and
Mishmi Hills in arunachal Pradesh
The Dundwa range of uttarakhand and churia- Muria hills of Nepal are
also part of it.
Between Shivalik and Himachal there are some flat floored structured
valleys known as Dunes
The dunes are Intensively cultivated and densely populated eg:
Dehradun Patlidun etc.
In the East these duns are known as Duars
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Regional division of
Himalayas.
A Punjab Himalayas.
560 km long . Stretch lies between indus & sutlej rivers.
Karakoram, laddakh,pirpanjal, zanskar, dauldhar are main ranges while
Zozila is the major pass
B. Kumaon Himalayas it lies between sutlej & kali rivers. Elevation is
higher than Punjab Himalayas
Nandadevi ,Kramer, badrinath,kedarnath,Gangotri all are important
peaks.
Nainital, bhimtal are important lake regions
C . Nepal Himalayas situated between kali & tista river.
Mount Everest, kanchanjunga, makalu, dhaulagiri etc. Are located in
this region.
D. Assam Himalayas ranges from tista to brahmaputra rivers. Important
peaks are Namcha barua ,kulakangri etc.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The bhabar is a narrow belt
running in east west direction along the foot of shivalik.
The Tarai is a wide marshy tract in the south of bhabhar running
parallel to it.
Bhabhar belt is a zone of excessive dampness, thick forest, rich wildlife.
Bangar plain is made up of old alluvial soil.
Khadar plains is the younger allium of flood planes called as khadar or
BET in punjab.
A new layer is deposited by river floods almost every year.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 5.The Eastern Hills or
purvanchal
After Crossing the the Dihang gorge the Himalaya takes a sudden
Southward turn and forms a series of comparatively low hills called
purvanchal.
In the north is Patkaibum which forms the international boundary
between arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar.
It merges into Naga Hills southwards where Saramati is highest peak
To its West is kohima Hills where highest peak is Japvo
South of Naga hills are Manipur hills forming boundary between
Manipur and Myanmar.
The barail range separates Naga Hills from Manipur Hills
South of Manipur are Mizo hills whose highest point is Blue Mountain.
Dapha-bum is the highest peak of Mishmi Hills
Mizo Hills are the South most part of North Eastern range.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The bhabar is a narrow belt
running in east west direction along the foot of shivalik.
The Tarai is a wide marshy tract in the south of bhabhar running
parallel to it.
Bhabhar belt is a zone of excessive dampness, thick forest, rich wildlife.
Bangar plain is made up of old alluvial soil.
Khadar plains is the younger allium of flood planes called as khadar or
BET in punjab.
A new layer is deposited by river floods almost every year.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The Great Plains is a
transition zone between Northern mountains And peninsular Uplands
in the south
It is formed by depositional work of three major river systems , The
Indus the ganga and the brahmaputra
Hence also known as indo-gangetic brahmaputra plane
This is the largest alluvial trace of the World extending for a length of
3200km from mouth of Indus to mouth of Ganga of which India sector
comprises 2400 Kilometer.
It covers a total area of 7.8 lakh kilometer.
This plane is characterized by extremely low gradient.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Regional division of the
Great Plains :
1. The Rajasthan plains :
The Great Indian Desert or Thar Desert covers the Western extremity of
the Great Plains in Western Rajasthan.
The eastern part of marusthali is rocky while its western part is covered
by shifting sand dunes locally known as Dharian.
The eastern part of Thar Desert up to aravalli range is a semi arid plain
called Rajasthan bagar.
Luni Salt River is the only living River in the Arid plain, which is
originated from Anna Sagar and is last in the Run of Kuchch.
The track north of Luni is known as Thali or Sandy Plain.
A part of the plane has also been formed by the recession of the sea as
is evidenced by the occurrence of several salt water lakes.
example : Sambhar, Degana, Kuchmau , Pachpadra, Didwara, Lun
karanka etc.
The Rajasthan plane has several dry breds of rivers.
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The peninsular plateau
Forwarding pics.
Read & learn
[27/09, 21:40] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 2. Punjab haryana belt :
To the East and Northeast of the Thar Desert is Punjab-Haryana plain.
Its eastern boundary is formed by yamuna river.
It is characterized by a flat narrow strips of low-lying floodplains known
as beds formed by shifting of river courses.
This Plane formed by deposits of Five Rivers is called Doab.
From east to west these doabs are
Bist :
Between beasts and satluj
Bari :
between beas and Ravi
Rachna :
between Ravi and chenab
Chaj :
between chenab and Jhelum
Sindh Sagar :
between Indus and jhelum-chenab
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE ISLANDS pics below
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE GANGA PLAIN
This is the largest unit of the Great Plains stretching from Delhi to
Kolkata in the states of uttar Pradesh Bihar and West Bengal
physiographically This Plane can be subdivided into following three
divisions :
A . Upper ganga plain
This part is bordered by the yamuna in the west and hundred meter
contour line in the East
The upper ganga plane can be divided into three micro units.
1. Ganga yamuna doab between the river ganga and yamuna forming
the largest doab.
It comprises three sections :
UPPER DOAB : haridwar to aligarh
MIDDLE DOAB : aligarh to kanpur
LOWER DOAB : kanpur to allahabad
2. Rohelkhand plain :
east of Ganga yamuna doab it lies entirely in UP and drained by Ram
ganga, Gomati an Sarda rivers.
3. Awadh plains :
eastwards of rohelkhand plain drained by ghagra.
B. Middle ganga plain :
it occupies Eastern European Bihar planes, its eastern boundary
corresponds to the Bihar Bengal border. This is very low plain.
No part of which exceeds 150 meters in elevation and alluvium deposits
have less concur formations.
Besides ganga gomati, ghagra, rapti, Gandhak , Kosi and Son are other
important rivers.
It has two parts North bihar plain and South Bihar plain.
A long line of marshes along Chchapra are known as chauras.
On its outer word side occur washed lowlands called Jala near Patna
and Tal near Mokama.
C. Lower ganga plain:
It extends from the Eastern margin of Chota nagpur plateau in the west
to the Border of Bangladesh and assam to the East.
Most of these plains is perceived as deltaic.
This plane can be subdivided into
a) North Bengal plain :
Its eastern part is drained by reverse joining brahmaPutra and western
part by tributes of Ganga Etc.
Further Southward lies the older Delta of Ganga Which has been
eroded into traces known as Barind plain.
b) Bengal Basin :
the heavily forested sundarbans in South and the East Baghirathi plain
in the north offer contrasting features.
c) Rarh plains :
lowland of the west of bhagirathi.
It comprises BirBum , Asansol and Rarh, bankurah and midnapur Rarh
d) Brahmaputra plains :
This is the easternmost part of the Great Plains these planes extend
from Sadiya in the East to dhubri near Bangladesh Border in the west.
The region is surrounded by high mountains from all side except on the
west.
Majuli is the largest river island in the world.
The right Bank tributaries of brahmaputra from trellis pattern while Left
Bank tributaries from Dendritic pattern
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Today's subject history
Topic .important governor generals.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Learn the complete topics
senf today of indian GEOGRAPHY.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Resume back tmro with
other topics
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read all the forwarded topic
pics
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: ROBERT CLIVE 1757-60
Governor of Bengal from 1757 to 60 and again from 1765-67
Start a dual government in Bengal in 1765.
He forbade the Servants of company from indulging in private trade
and made payment of internal duties obligatory
Bengal while Mutiny by white brigades at allahabad and Monghyr they
were arrested and tried.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Dual Government means in
Bengal it was introduced by Robert Clive in 1765 and continued till
1772. Under this system the administration of Bengal was divided in to
two parts- Diwani and Nizamat. Diwani means right to collect revenue
was given to company and Nizamat means administrative rights were
given to nawab.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: And viceroy's
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Meaning of Subsidiary
alliance
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: LORD WELLESLEY (1793 to
1798)
Described himself as Bengal tiger.
Created The Madras presidency after the annexation of the kingdoms
of tanjore and carnatic
Introduce the system of subsidiary Alliance.
The states that signed the alliance where Hyderabad in 1788 followed
by Mysore ,tanjore Awadh, peshwa, Bhonsle, Sindhia, Jodhpur ,Jaipur,
mecheri, bundi bharatpur, berar.
Signed a treaty of Basse with the peshwa and fought second anglo-
maratha war.
Lord Lake captured Delhi and Agra and the Mughal Emperor was put
under companies protection.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy wrote Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhiddin.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: According to this system,
every ruler in India had to accept to pay a subsidy to the British for the
maintenance of British army
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The three systems during
British.
The zamindari
Ryotwari
Mahalwari .
Notes below. Read it.
Also wavell plan & cabinet mission plan.
Read it
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: WARREN HASTINGS
(1772 to 1785)
Imposed the regulating Act of 1773.
Imposed pitts India Act of 1784
Strained the relationships with Chait singh the Maharaja of Banaras,
which led to a subsequent impeachment in England.
Foundation of Asiatic Society of Bengal - 1784
when he returned to England he was impeached.
Dual garment was abolished by him in 1772.
He made appointments of Collections and other Revenue officials.
Codified Hindu and Muslim laws.
The regulating at 1773 appointed by him the first governor-general
along with four counselors - covering, Francis Monson and barwell .
First anglo-maratha war took place
Wilkins translated Gita and Hitopadesha in English in 1780
James August hickey started a weekly paper called Bengal Gazette or
Calcutta General Advertiser.
In 1776 Manu's law was translated into English code of gentoo laws.
Regret for delay. Till now I was in other batch class of NDA
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Other generals and their
reforms are in pics. . Read & learn them.
Important
other topics
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 1. The Himalayan river
systems:
It consists of three principal rivers and their tributaries
a)the Indus
b)the ganga
c)the brahmaputra
a) The Indus
It is a western most of the Himalayan Rivers along with its tributaries.
It forms one of the largest drainage system of the world.
It rises near Mansarovar Lake for from the glacier of the kailash range
at an altitude of 5180 meters.
It flows in a Northwest direction between the ladakh and the Zaskar
ranges.
The total length of the Indus is about 2880 kilometer out of which only
7.9 kilometers length is in India, 27.6% of the Indus basins falls in India.
The important Himalayan tributaries are Zaskar, Synok, Gilgit, Gortang ,
dras, Shigar, Hariza.
It also receives the combined water of the five Eastern tributaries called
Panjad or Panchmad.
The jhelum, chenab, Ravi, beas and sutlej.
Today subject GEOGRAPHY
Topics.
1. Drainage systems of india.
2. Soils of india.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF
INDIA
Rivers are the greatest source of water for irrigation industry and
domestic purpose and offer innumerable sites for producing
hydroelectricity.
Over 98% of water carried by the Indian Rivers is housed in to Bay of
Bengal.
The rest is drained into Arabian Sea or forms inland drainage depending
upon the origin of the rivers to Broad drainage systems are
1. The Himalayan river systems include the Indus the ganga the
brahmaputra and their tributaries
2. The peninsula river systems include the mahanadi godavari, Krishna,
kaveri, narmad, Tapi and their tributaries
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE GANGA SYSTEM
The gangs raises from the gangotri glacier in uttarkashi, River
Alaknanda joins it at DevPrayag.
Thereafter it flows as ganga after travelling in the Hills, it enters plain
area at haridwar.
Yamuna joins in allahabad. It goes east towards to reach Bihar Plains
near Raj Mahal Hills.
It turns to East and South African it is known as ganga it divides itself
into bhagirathi-hubli in paschim-banga and Padma meghna in
Bangladesh.
It joined by brahmaputra and after meeting meghna the ganga joins the
Bay of Bengal.
The ganga along with brahmaputra forms, the largest Delta of the
world.
The Delta region was dense forest called sundarbans (Mangrove
vegetation).
The yamuna is the largest and the most important tributary of Ganga.
Yamuna rises from the yamunotri
Glacier in garhwal, which is very close to gangotri.
Yamuna joins the ganga at allahabad.
The chambal , the sindh, the betwa and the ken are important.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE BRAHMAPUTRA
SYSTEM
The brahmaputra one of the largest rivers of the world rises in the
kailash range.
It passes through Tibet India and Bangladesh.
It is known as tsangpo in Tibet and yarlung, zangbo, XingXiang in
Chinese language and Padma and Bangladesh.
It's important tributaries are the Tista, Dibong Lohit Etc.
World's largest freshwater island. Majuli is and brahmaputra River it
flows to Bay of Bengal after joining Ganga.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The West flowing rivers:
It is the largest Of all West flowing rivers of Peninsular India and rises
from Amarkantak in madhya Pradesh.
It Springs from amarkantak and flows through a rift valley between the
Vindhya range on the North and Satpura range on the south
it forms Estuary in Gulf of khambhat
The narmada forms the most spectacular and world-famous Dhuan dar
(cloud of mist) Falls at jabalpur.
Hiran and Tawan are it's tributaries.
The Tapi :
It is the second largest West flowing river of the Peninsular India.
It is known as the twin or the handmaid of the narmada
it Springs from the sacred tank of multai on the satpura plateau.
The Tepee makes an estuary as it enters the Gulf of khambhat.
The Sabamati :
It is in the name given to the combined steams the sabar and hemati
Hills of mewar in the aravalli range is the birthplace of this River.
It drains into Gulf of Khambat.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Rowlatt act is called as
"black act "by Gandhi.
This act is passes by british 21 march 1919 .
In this act it empowered the British to detain, arrest any person without
any trials or judgements.
Indian activists freedom fighters were arrested with out informing their
crime and were imprisoned. Even the punishment in jail duration was
not informed to them. They were not under trial in courts.
Any person can be arrested through this act
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: THE PENINSULAR SYSTEM
East Flowing Rivers :
The mahanadi:
The 857 kilometers long mahanadi Rises near Sihawa in raipur District
of chattisgarh.
It's important tributaries are Ib, Mand, Hasdo, Sheonath, Ong, Jonk and
Tel.
The godavari :
it is the largest river of Peninsular India and Rises near nasik in
Maharashtra. It is also called Dakshin ganga or Vridha ganga
Having the length of 1465 kilometres, It passes through Maharashtra
chattisgarh, Karnataka, orisha and Andhra Pradesh. Manjeera,
wainganga, Indrawati, Sabri, Parmara are the important tributaries.
The Krishna :
second largest river of Peninsular India Rises near mahabaleshwar. It
passes through Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra.
The koyna ,the ghatprabha, the malprabha, the bhima ,the
thungabhadra the Muri and Munneru are it's tributaries
The kaveri :
it is the most sacred River of South India and is designated as the ganga
of South the sources of the river lies at Talakaveri on the Brahma giri
range of hills and Western ghats.
It passes through Tamil Nadu Karnataka Kerala.
The amaravathi, hemavathi, Shimsa, Kabbani, Noyil and bhavani are its
Chief tributaries.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: History
Some sub topics.
1. Rowlatt act.
2.Jallianwalabagh massacre
3. Poona pact.
4.Direct action day
5.Cripps mission
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read the below table
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Arrested person has to pay
a huge amount for bail to free from prison. Our Indians couldn't afford
such amount.
Somehow if they manage to free .then they are restricted , prohibited
from all social activities.
This is the reason for gandhi called Rowlatt act as black act in Indian
history . He was against this act
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Jallianwalabagh massacre
April 13 1919
On baisakhi celebration people have assembled in jallianwalabagh to
protest against the Repressive policies of British.
General Dyer sent troops to bagh ,opened firing on unarmed men ,
women, children and brutally killed. During freedom struggle
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Sardar udham singh killed
general Dyer on 13 march 1940 in London. For jallianwalabagh
massacre
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: POONA PACT .
An agreement was signed between Gandhi & Ambedkar on September
25 1932 .
This pact is for Reservation of backward classes sc/st. Reservation s
To uplift their status.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: DIRECT ACTION DAY
16 august 1946
Mohd Ali jinnah called all the muslims to create riots in kolkata.
Thousands of people were killed by muslims in Calcutta.
This day is called as direction action day by jinnah who was demanding
partition of india and wanted separate country Pakistan.
To divide India he called muslims for this riots
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: CRIPPS MISSION
British member named cripps was sent to India by British to lay a
proposal.
Date 22 march 1942.
Cripps came with a proposal that
If india will participate in WORLD WAR 2 ( 1939 to 45)
Then british will grant independence to india.
Its called as cripps mission where british want india to join WW 2
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: DAV schools & colleges are
all over india still existing with great education module producing
qualified professionals with their education in all spheres
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Worked to abolish of sati , child marriages.
He supported widow marriages for the betterment of their lives
Today's subject history & geography
History topic.
1 .Social religious Reform Movement
2. Geography topic.
Lakes of India
3. Climate regions of india.
We have learnt trewartha climate classification & koeppens
classification & world climate.
Now today it will be climate regions of india.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 27 point. Swami vivekanda
attended conference in Chicago and he spoke about india and hinduism
only.
He got a standing ovation applaud from all the countries
representatives who were present at conference.
He promoted
vedas, education. His slogan was go back to vedas
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 48. Point. English education
introduced in india by macaulay
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 31 point vivian derozian
started young bengal movement from hindu college Calcutta.
He was the head master of the college.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 50. service to nation. For
freedom & for reform
Servants of india was founded by gopal krishn gokhale
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 58. Jyotiba phule was a
social activists , worked for reformation and improvisation of lives of
backward classes.
He is from satara district maharashtra
He worked for education of backward classes. Sanitation, health, girl
education. Etc. He started a school for girls along with his wife in his
locality.
Wrote books also ...names in pic.
Founded satya shodhak samaj. An organisation working for deprived
backward classes
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 52. Bal gangadhar tilak.
Started 2 festivals to promote nationalism , patriotism among Indians
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 44 point. Bhil was a tribe
.they were discriminated & exploited economically, socially in society as
they were tribal s
To improve their conditions a mandal founded by amritlala ....
To improvise their life ,and rights. It was founded
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: He worked for the rights of
backward classes. And for the improvement of their lives with
education, and equality for them
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 56. Panacea means solution
to all problems
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read all above social
reforms in pics
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Some more brief points
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Continuation of Arya samaj
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read & learn above all
topics are important.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: GEOGRAPHY.
Lakes of india
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Kandla :
It was the first Port developed soon after the independence to ease the
increased pressure on Mumbai port in the wake of loss of Karachi port
to Pakistan.
In order to cater to the Northwestern part of the country Kandla was
developed as major port.
The traffic handled at kandla consists of crude petroleum, petroleum
products, fertilizers ,food, cotton, cement, sugar ,edible oils and scrap.
Mormugao :
It is a natural Harbor located in Goa.
It is mainly involved in export of iron ore ,fish, products, coconut and
spices.
Among important Consignments are fertilizers, chemicals ,food articles
Etc.
New Mangalore:
Located in the state of Karnataka caters to the export of Kundremukh
iron ore and iron concentrates.
It also handles petroleum products ,edible oils ,coffee, tea, wood
,pulp ,yarn, Granite Stone, molasses Etc.
Cochin:
Cochin in state of Kerala handles crude petroleum and petrol products
along with fertilizers and raw materials.
It caters to the needs of Kerala South karateka and Southwestern Tamil,
Nadu
Kolkata:
It is a tidal port and requires constant degrading of hooghly for
maintaining a minimum level of water in the river.
To ensure it's navigability water is supplied from farakka barrage on the
ganga.
Kolkata Port serves very large and Rich Hinterland. Another port at
haldia , 5 kilometers Downstream from Kolkata has been constructed to
remove the congestion at Kolkata air port.
These ports jointly handle a variety of cargo.
Among them engineering Goods ,machines petroleum, petroleum
products, chemicals ,Tea, sugar ,Iron and Steel, jute products ,cotton
and cotton yarn are major ones.
Paradeep
It is supposed to mainly handle iron ore and coal exports.
Vishakapatnam :
vishakapatnam in Andhra Pradesh is the deepest landlocked and
protected Port
The traffic handled by the port consists of iron or crude oil, petroleum
products and fertilizers.
Chennai :
Chennai is also one of the oldest but artificial port on the East Coast. It
handles petroleum and its products fertilizers, iron ore and general
cargo.
Ennore :
A Newport has recently been constructed
25 kilometers north of Chennai.
It has been developed to reduce the pressure on Chennai Port the
Ennore Port Company Limited manages the port.
Tuticorin :
Tuticorin located in the extreme South is a new button Tamil Nadu.
It deals with a variety of cargos including coal, salt food , grains, edible
oils, sugar, chemicals and petroleum products.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Climatic regions of india
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: SEAPORTS
India has 12 major Seaport six on each coast and 185 minor.
Major ports are Mumbai, Jawarhar lal Naru , Kandla, Mormugao, new
Mangalore, Cochin on the west coast and Kolkata, paradeep,
vishakhapatnam,
Chennai , Ennore tuticorin on the East Coast.
The major ports are in the jurisdiction of central government while
minor poets come under the jurisdictions of the respective state
governments.
Maharastra has the largest number of minor ports (53) followed by
Gujarat (40)
Mumbai :
Mumbai is a natural Harbor and the biggest port of the country.
This sport played very crucial role in the industrial development of the
country to release the pressure of Mumbai port a new mechanized Port
named Jawahar all nehru port has been developed at Nhava Sheva of
the Mumbai port.
Today's subject GEOGRAPHY
Topics . Transport. Highways, sea ports.
Post & telegraph
Industries in India
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Post and telegraph
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Indian Industries
Topics. 1. Natural vegetation of India
2 Indian Flora & Fauna
3 important wild life sanctuaries
4.important River valley projects
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Indian flora and fauna :
Forest :
Four regions of Indian forests :
The Indian Flora belongs to tropical monsoonal category, but due to
complex physiographic climatic and pedological conditions, It is divided
into 174 natural orders and over 30,000 plant species ranging from
thorny bushes to evergreen forest.
Most of our Himalayan and Peninsula areas are covered with
indigenous or endemic Flora while ganga plain and Thar Desert contain
plant species which are exotic.
Both forests and Forest cover vary from state-to-state on basis of the
percentage of the actual Forest cover the states have been grouped
into four regions
A)The region of high concentration :
the region includes states were percentage cover of the forest is more
than 40 .
All the eastern states except Assam fall in this category.
Mizoram has the highest percentage of actual Forest cover in the
country 86 to 97 percent followed by nagaland and arunachal Pradesh
and the union territory of Andaman and nicobar islands forests
occupied more than 92% of the geographical area.
B) the region of moderate concentration.
It includes Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Goa ,Kerala, Assam and Himachal
Pradesh
C) The region of low concentration
It includes Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh ,Tamil Nadu, uttar
Pradesh and Bihar
D)The region of very low concentration :
The North western part of India Falls in this category, which includes
West Bengal also.
Three categories of Indian forests based on the administrative
consideration Indian forests were classified under following three
categories.
A) Reserved Forest :
Under the direct supervision of the government where no public entry
is allowed for collecting Timber and grazing of cattle. It constitutes 53
percent total Forest area in the country
B) protected forests :
Here Local people were allowed to collect Timber and grazing their
cattle these occupy about 29% of the total Forest Area.
C) Unclassified forests
Here , there is no restriction on The Cutting of trees and cattle grazing.
These occupy about 18% of the country's forests.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: IMPORTANT WILD LIFE
SANCTUARIES learn
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Natural vegetation of India :
The Indian vegetation can be classified into five major categories.
1. Tropical evergreen or rainforest type :
These are further subdivided into three categories on the basis of
rainfall
A) tropical wet evergreen forest :
In areas receiving more than 300 centimeters of rainfall and a short dry
season strip along the Sahara dries up to 1370 meter the hilly regions of
North East India, the Tarai regions of Eastern Himalaya and the
Andaman and nicobar Islands have Evergreen forests.
B) Tropical semi-evergreen forest :
In areas of 200 centimeters of rainfall found along the margins of wet
evergreen forest.
C) Tropical moist deciduous forest :
Typical Monsoon Forest found in the areas of western ghats eastern
guards Chota nagpur Plateau. Madhya Pradesh and the bhabar and
Tarai regions of the Himalaya receiving 102 to 200 centimeter rainfall
open forests all teak and Sandalwood a trace of economic importance.
2. Dry tropical types :
Occurs in areas of 75 to 125 centimeters of rainfall and subdivided into
three types.
A) Tropical dry deciduous :
biotic variation of most dissidence forested degenerating on the drier
side into Thorny Forest occurs over large areas between Thar and
Himalayan and the interior of Sahayasris.
Teak, tendu, Sal, Palm, Laurel, Khair are important Trees.
B) tropical dry Evergreen forests :
Confined it to the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
because these areas receive 100 Centimeters of rainfall mostly during
winter season through Northeast monsoon.
Neem, Tamarind, Palm , Casuarina are important trees.
C) Tropical Thorn Forest :
Occurs in low rainfall less than 75 centimeter regions of Rajasthan and
Gujarat.
Stunted trees like Acacia are common with scrubs and xerophytic
bushes in the dryer side
such forests also occur in the interior regions of peninsula having rain
shadow effect of Western ghats
3. Himalayan Mountain vegetation
In is called as tropical temperate and Alpine mainly on the basis of
altitude and rainfall tropical evergreen montane forest is confined to
the humid foothills of Eastern and Central Himalayas up to the height of
1500 meters.
Iron Wood, Oak, Chestnut, bamboos Etc are found in this Forest.
Temperate forests are formed at altitudes between 1500 and 3,500
meters containing conifers.
And broad-leaved temperate trees pine is the dominant species at 920-
1640 meter altitude.
The other highly valued species grows mainly in the western part of the
Himalayan range up to 2,700 metres.
The Alpine Zone begins above the tree line at an altitude of 3,200 to
3,500 meter.
Extending up to 3,900m in the western Himalayas.
Juniper Rhododendron mosses and lichens are the characteristic
vegetation.
4. Peninsular mountain vegetation :
The subtropical forests occur on the lower slopes of Sahayadris and
Satpura and Maikal range at higher levels, the temperature is lower.
But rainfall is higher, therefore temperate forests are denser and are
called shola's in the nilgiri annamalai and Palani Hills.
Magnolia, Laurel, Rhododendron, eucalyptus. Cinchona are found in the
forest.
5. Tidal forests :
In the tide washed Coast dense mangrove forest flourish with peculiar
added a fake adoptions adaptations.
The see what fingers and islands of the Deltas of the ganga mahanadi
Krishna and godavari are belt of Dense tidal Forest.
The great sundarban is a typical example inhabited by sundari trees.
Today's subject history
1. Indian national movement phase l
Phase ll
Many other sub topics from history......
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Indian national movement
phase l 1885 to 1905
6 th point Pherozshah mehta founded the Bombay Presidency
Association was established in 1885, and remained so for the rest of his
years. He encouraged Indians to obtain western education and
embrace its culture to uplift India. He contributed to many social causes
for education, sanitation and health care in the city and around India.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Important River valley
projects. Learn
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 8. Point. During first phase
of INM Indian ( nonviolent reformers, leaders, freedom fighters of
Congress)
Appealed to british govt to include indians in administration ....if they
are included in British admin, they could help solve problems of Indians.
Mainly of farmers , workers who were under exploitation.
Moderates went on 3 mode appeal.
Pray ... request, appeal
Petition....legal action
Protest ...strikes.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Indian national movement
phase ll 1905 to 1920
5 th point
The Indian Home Rule movement was a movement in British India on
the lines of Irish Home Rule movement The movement lasted around
two years between 1916 to 1918 and is believed to have set the stage
for the independence movement under the leadership of Annie Besant
and Bal Gangadhar Tilak to the educated English speaking upper class
Indians. In 1921 All India Home Rule League changed its name to
Swarajya Sabha.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Champaran Satyagraha
• This satyagraha formed the base of the transition of peasant
movement from a localized one to mass movement.
• The cultivation of indigo on tinkathia system was in existence in
Champaran earlier.
• In the 20th century, with the declining market of indigo in the face of
synthetic dyes, the planters were now willing to release the farmers
from their irksome crop, but only by recurring increase in revenue and
other dues.
• In 1917, Gandhiji offered civil disobedience in Champaran on the
persuasion of Raj Kumar Shukla.
• The Government ordered an enquiry involving men like Rajendra
Prasad and J. B. Kriplani and recording statements of peasants.
• Ultimately, the first experiment of Mahatma Gandhi in India
succeeded with the abolition of the tinkathia system.
j) Kheda Satyagraha
• Again led by Gandhiji, this Satyagraha was directed against the
distress of the Kunbi Patidars peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.
• It was well-supported by leaders like Indu Lal Yagnik and Vallabbhai
Patel.
• Gandhiji urged the peasantry to withhold the revenue.
• At the end, Gandhiji withdrew the movement in 1918, with the
government passing orders that revenue should be recovered only
from those peasants who could pay.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 11 point. Tinkathiya system.
...means compulsory growth of indigo color crop by indian farmers....
It was beneficial for British but Indian farmers went under trouble.
As the consuming crops were been neglected nd not permitted to grow.
With the growth of indigo cultivation after few crops the land will turn
sterile ( banjar)
Farmers were under starvation along with it even tax pay to british
pushed them into the clutches of money lenders to borrow money to
pay taxes to British.
No consumers crops peas them to starvation and a complete
exploitation.
Gandhiji went on with a satyagraha to support this farmers...stood
against British rule...that is champaran satyagraha.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Above are the 2 satyagrahas
Champaran
Kheda.....
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 13th point
The khilafat movement :
The main object was to force the British government to changed its
attitudes towards turkey and restored the Khalifa to his former
position.
A khalifat committee was formed under the leadership of Ali Brothers,
Jafar Ali and Muhammad Ali Maulana Azad Hakim ajmal Khan and
hasrat Mohani .
Gandhi suggested the khilafat committee to adopt a policy of non-
violence non-cooperation
In June 1920 the khilafat committee at allahabad accepted the
suggestion of Gandhi and asked him to lead the movement.
Gandhi became the chairman of khilafat movement in India.
very soon the khilafat movement lost its relevance.
Ends because Mustafa Kamal Pasha abolished khilafat and made turkey
a secular state.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 17 th point
WC Rand Walter Charles Rand killed by chepekar brothers in 1897
he was an Indian Civil Service officer in British India.
An epidemic of bubonic plague spread in Poona in 1896. In February
1897, Rand was appointed as plague commissioner of the city. Rand
took measures that he noted as "perhaps the most drastic that had
ever been taken to stamp out an epidemic Rand's efforts to control
plague were considered tyrannical and brutal by many in Poona
including Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Rand was shot by Chapekar brothers on 22 June 1897. while Rand died
of his injuries on 3 July.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 18 point The Kakori
Conspiracy (or Kakori train robbery or Kakori Case) was a train robbery
that took place between Kakori and, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925
during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Indian
Government. The robbery was organised by Hindustan Republican
association HRA
The robbery was conceived by Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan
who belonged to the HRA, which later became the Hindustan Socialist
Republican Association. This organisation was established to carry out
revolutionary activities against the British Empire in India with the
objective of achieving independence. Since the organisation needed
money for purchase of weaponry, Bismil and his party decided to
plunder a train on one of the Northern Railway lines.
The robbery plan was executed by Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan,
Rajendra Lahiri, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sachindra Bakshi, Keshab
Chakravarty, Manmathnath Gupta, Mukundi Lal (Mukundi Lal Gupta),
Banwari Lal , Kundan Lal, and Pranawesh Mukherjee .[ One passenger
was killed unintentionally.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 14 the point .
The Wahabi Movement
• The Muslims lost their political power with the replacement of the
Mughals by the East India Company.
• The spread of Christianity and the Western culture were viewed as a
threat to Islam. They resisted English education and remained aloof
from Western influences.
• The Wahabi movement was introduced in India by Syed Ahmed of
Rae Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh.
• The Wahabi movement aimed at the purification of Islam and to
return to the simplicity of religion.
• In India the Wahibis did not restrict to the religious reforms only.
• They aimed at the replacement of the British rule by the rule of the
true believers.
• The Wahabi movement took the nature of the political revolt.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 19 the point.
1929, April
Bhagat singh & batukeshawar Dutt. Name is miss print on the pic as
birender Kumar dutt* its error.
Its batukeshwar dutt
Threw bomb in assembly.
None was harmed.
Public safety bill: Trade dispute bill: jail and fine for striking workers and
trade unions.
This bill was not in favour of Indians. Its exploration, arrests. Restriction
of social activities by British.
After bombing, they voluntarily surrendered.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Anshumilan samithi
Hindustan socialist Republic association are been founded to fight for
freedom .
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Moderates nonviolent
Extremists who fought for freedom with violence
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 29 point
The Ghadar Movement was an international political movement
founded by expatriate Indians to overthrow British rule in India.
Founded: 1913
President: Sohan Singh Bhakna
Founders: Har Dayal, Sohan Singh
The Ghadar Party, initially the Pacific Coast Hindustan Association, was
formed in 1913 in the United States under the leadership of Har Dayal,
with Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president. It drew members from Indian
immigrants, largely
The movement as well as the Ghadar Party was indigenous to California
and was founded to overthrow the British Rule. The political activism
and radicalism of the Ghadar movement was first and foremost
directed at promoting Indian Independence.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Moderates like gandhi
Extremists means Bose, bhagat singh. Azad etc
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 2 nd point. Hunter
commission was formed to investigate about jallianwalabagh massacre
which killed many indians in it
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT PHASE ll
And other topics related with it.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 1 st & 3rd points champaran
satyagraha & khilafat movement ystrdy explained to you.
Refer it.....
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 4th , 5th point
commemorated Non-cooperation movement :
the Congress at its Calcutta session in 1920 supported Gandhi's plan for
non-cooperation movement, which three main demands from the
government 1.redressal of Punjab grievances.
2.Khilafat wrongs
3. establishment of swaraj.
Tilak passed away on August 1 ,1920.
Tilak swaraj funds was started to found the non-cooperation
movement.
The visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 led to observance of harthal all over
the country.
The main activities where surrender of titles and honorary offices,
refusal to attend government darbars, withdrawal of children from
government schools, boycott of courts, boycott of foreign Goods.
In the nagpur annual sessions, the Congress subscription was fixed at 4
annas and minimum age of membership was reduced to 18 years of
age.
Tana bhagat movement was started in Chota nagpur.
The kashi Vidyapeeth was established.
Madras Lawyers Association was started by Singravellu chettiyar, the
first communist of South India.
At palnad Forest, Satyagraha took place.
On 5th, February 1922, 22 policemen were killed in chauri chaura.
On 12 February 1922 in the badoli session of the Congress, the moment
was suspended and then March 1922 Gandhi was imprisoned and
sentenced to six years jail.
He was released in February 1924.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 9 th & 10 th point Swaraj
party :
The sudden calling off of non-cooperation movement disappointed
many congress leaders.
C.R.Das and moti Lal nehru advocated the end of boycott of the
legislators So as to enter the council and expose the garments
weaknesses.
Sardar vallabhbhai Patel, rajendra Prasad another opposed Council
entry and were known as no changes.
In December 1922, CR Das and moti Lal nehru formed the congress
khilafat swaraj party, with Das as president.
The Belgaon session to Congress presided over by Gandhi endorsed the
council entry.
Swaraj party won 42 seats out of 101 elected seats in the Central
Assembly with clear majority in the central province.
The swarajists were split by communalism.
The responsivist group included Madan Mohan, Malaviya Lala, Lajpat
Rai and NG kelkar offer cooperation with the government of Safeguard
Hindu interests.
The swarajists finally walked out of legislature in 1930 as a result of the
Lahore Congress resolution and the beginning of the Civil Disobedience
movement.
When british laid a proposal for participation of India in WW2 on British
side.
All the Congress leaders resigned to protest .
Jinnah was happy to see that all Congress leaders resignation & he
celebrated it.
Calling it as national deliverance day
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 11 th point Nehru Report.
Chittagong armoury raid,
also known as the Chittagong uprising, was an attempt on 18 April 1930
to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong
armoury in the Bengal Presidency of British India by armed Indian
independence fighters led by Surya Sen.
Surya sen was freedom fighter.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 12 th 13th points.
Civil disobedience movement started CDM
Civil Disobedience movement :
The Civil Disobedience movement started on March 12th, 1930 with
the dandi march from sabarmati ashram to Dandy in Gujarat coast.
On April 6 Gandhi reached Dandi and broke the salt law.
In Gujarat, no tax movement was launched in Bardoli.
In Tamil Nadu C rajagopalachari conducted a Salt March from
Trichnopalli to Vendaranayyam on the tanjore coast.
In Bengal, the Chittagong Army raid was carried out in April 1930.
No tax moment started at midnapore.
In Orissa, Gopa Bandhu choudry was the leader.
In Bihar there was a protest against chowkidar attacks in sarna,
bhagalpur and Monghyr.
In Peshawar, the Khudai khidmatgar movement was launched by Abdul
ghaffar Khan.
There was a Defianse of forest loss in Maharashtra Karnataka and
Central provinces.
There was a wide participation of women.
The moment was suspended after Gandhi-irwan pact.
It was resumed after the failure of Second Round Table conference.
In 1932 Gandhi was arrested.
In 1933 Gandhi confessed to the failure of the moment.
The Gandhi even pact was signed due to the efforts of Tej Bahadur
Sapru, Dr. Jaykar and others to bring out a compromise between the
government and the Congress
the government decided to withdraw all ordinances release all political
prisoners and permitted free collection or manufacture of salt. The
Congress agreed to suspend CDM and participate in the second round
Table conference.
Muddinman Committee (1924)
The British Government had set up a committee under Sir Alexander
Muddinman which was popularly known as Muddinman Committee to
meet the demand of the Indian Leaders and in view of the resolution
adopted by Swaraj Party in early 1920s. The Committee was consisting
four Indian members other than British members.
Indian members of the Committee
1. Sir Sivaswami Aiyar
2. Dr. R P Paranjape
3. Sir Tejbahadur Sapru
4. Mohammad Ali Jinnah
The concept behind the appointment of the committee for making an
investigation on diarchy issue on the Constitution into the working of
the Constitution as set up in 1921 under the Indian Council Act of 1919.
The report was submitted in 1925 that consisted of two parts- Majority
and Minority Report.
The Majority Report: It consisting of officials and loyalists declared that
Dyarchy had not been established. They also felt that the system had
not been given a fair trial and hence recommended only minor
changes.
Remember dyarchy means dual govt. So it was not recommended.
The 'Gandhi - Irwin Pact' was a political agreement signed by Mahatma
Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931
before the second Round Table Conference in London.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: When civil disobedience
movement was launched & continues for freedom and demand of
dominion status
After that this agreement was been proposed and signed.
Irwin viceroy of india by British demanded to stop CDM .
And demands were forwarded by Gandhi to suspend the movements ...
Below are conditions proposed
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: agreed to:-
Withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions
Release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence
Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops
Restore confiscated properties of the satyagrahis
Permit free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the sea-
coast
Lift the ban over the Congress.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: GANDHI IRWIN PACT
Below are the proposed conditions:-
Discontinuation of Salt March by the Indian National Congress
Participation by the Indian National Congress in the Second Round
Table Conference
Withdrawal of all ordinances issued by the Government of India
imposing curbs on the activities of the Indian National Congress
Withdrawal of all prosecutions relating to several types of offenses
except those involving violence
Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the Salt March.
Removal of the tax on salt, which allowed the Indians to produce, trade,
and sell salt legally and for their own private use
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 21 point is said bcoz Gandhi
didn't include release of bhagat Singh, sukhdev, Rajguru to release from
the prison in irwin pact.
Read 21 point nd read my statement
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Agreed by irwin nd signed
by Gandhi
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Dropping the pics of first,
second, third ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 27 point. Small printing
error in pic.
Bal gangadhar tilak was imprisoned for 18 months not 18 yrs. In 1897
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Non-cooperation
movement :
the Congress at its Calcutta session in 1920 supported Gandhi's plan for
non-cooperation movement, which three main demands from the
government 1.redressal of Punjab grievances.
2.Khilafat wrongs
3. establishment of swaraj.
Tilak passed away on August 1 ,1920.
Tilak swaraj funds was started to found the non-cooperation
movement.
The visit of Prince of Wales in 1921 led to observance of harthal all over
the country.
The main activities where surrender of titles and honorary offices,
refusal to attend government darbars, withdrawal of children from
government schools, boycott of courts, boycott of foreign Goods.
In the nagpur annual sessions, the Congress subscription was fixed at 4
annas and minimum age of membership was reduced to 18 years of
age.
Tana bhagat movement was started in Chota nagpur.
The kashi Vidyapeeth was established.
Madras Lawyers Association was started by Singravellu chettiyar, the
first communist of South India.
At palnad Forest, Satyagraha took place.
On 5th, February 1922, 22 policemen were killed in chauri chaura.
On 12 February 1922 in the badoli session of the Congress, the moment
was suspended and then March 1922 Gandhi was imprisoned and
sentenced to six years jail.
He was released in February 1924.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 29 th point connected with
above
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Point 30.
Cripps proposal already told you ystrdy. It was participation of india in
ww2.
Gandhi said it's a post dated cheque on a crashing bank.
He said it bcoz. Indiand were fighting for freedom and started quit india
movement in 1942
British has anyhow to leave india.
So he called British as a crashing bank and the proposal of giving
independence to India after participation in WW2.
other topics
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 35 & 36 points
The quit India movement :
Congress meet at Bombay 8 August 1942 and past famous 'Quit India
resolution'.
Gandhi gave slogan do-or-die 9th, August 1942 Gandhi.
Another Congress leaders were arrested and Congress party was
declared illegal, once again.
Violence broke out in different parts of the country.
Government offices were destroyed, Telegraph wires were cut and
communication paralyzed.
Movement was finely crushed span of the was short-lived.
Muslim League did not support this movement.
Achyuth patwardhan, Ram manohar lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan and
Aruna Saif ali were moment leaders.
The failure of the Crips mission was immediate cause of quit India
movement.
The people took to Violent action and that attack the symbols of British
Authority the police stations post offices Railways Etc
In some areas such as Ballia in UP, Bengal and satara in Maharashtra
the Revolutionary set up parallel governments.
In general the students ,workers and peasants provided the backbone
of the Revolt while upper class and bureaucracy remained loyal to the
government.
In Satara, prati sarkar was established by YB, Chauhan and Nana patel
were its leaders.
In Delhi Aruna Asif Ali , C.Krishna Nari and jugal Kishore were active.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Learn all the point from
forwarded pages of INM today
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Political science. 1 topic
remaining that is of keshavananda Bharti & golaknath brothers case.
Will finish it in 2 days.
Then pol.science is completed
GEOGRAPHY 1 topic remaining is minerals will finish it soon
Then GEOGRAPHY will be finished.
Topics
1. Agriculture in India
2. Minerals of india
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Wheat :
India is the fourth largest wheat producing country in the world wheat
ranks second in terms of area of production after ice in the country it
occupies 15% of the total cropped area and 20% of total area devoted
to food grain cultivation in the country.
100 cms ISO Heights line is regarded as the dividing line between wheat
and rice producing regions.
The two important wheat zones in the country are ganga sutlej plain In
the Northwest and the Deccan black soil region in the central part.
In the North western part loamy soil ,winter cyclonic rainfall,
enterprising farmers and most importantly development of irrigation
and other infrastructure facilities are favorable factors making this
region the wheat land of the country.
sonar ,sonali, Kalyan, Sona Etc are high-yielding varieties of wheat in
the country.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Indian agriculture
Due to climatic Variability all three types of props tropical subtropical
and temperate are grown in India.
The average size of agricultural Land Holdings is largest in Rajasthan
and lowest in Kerala.
75% of the total agricultural land of the country is devoted to food
grain crops, the percentage of areas shown more than once is about
25% of the total agricultural land in the country.
HYV seeds are grown on about 55% of the net cultivated area of the
country.
India has been divided into 15 Agro climatic regions by the Planning
Commission of India.
The crops in India can be grouped under three categories.
A) Rabi crops.
These are shown in October and harvested in April wheat ,barley,
Gram, peas, mustard Etc are important rabi crops.
B)Kharif crops
Crops of rainy season which are sown in July and harvested in
November to December .rice, Jawar, bajra ,maize , cotton ,soya bean,
groundnut, jute, Tobacco Etc are important crops
C) Zaid crops.
So on and March and harvested in June.
Maize ,groundnut, vegetables and fruits are grown with the help of
irrigation.
Major crops Rice, it occupies one fourth of the total cultivated land and
one-third of area devoted to food grains.
India is the second largest producer of rice after China in the world .
rice is grown in three agronomic seasons
1. Aman - sown in July, August and harvested in november/december
contributes 3/4 of the total rice production.
2. Aus- sown in May June and harvested in september/october
contributes one fifth of the total production
3. boro - sown in November December and harvested in March and
April.
In Assam, West Bengal, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh all three Aman, Aus,
Boro rice are cultivated.
Hansa ,Annapurna, I R8 ,ratna, jamuna, Krishna, kaveri, Padma Etc are
important varieties of rice in India.
Basmati rice of dehradun is famous for its special Aroma and flavor rice
is cultivated mainly in middle and lower ganga plain, Mahanad Valley
and brahmaputra Valley.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Jawar :
India is the largest producer of jawar in the world.
Jawar is both kharif and Rabi crop.
And it ranks third in area among food grains.
CSH-1, CSH-5, CSH-9, CSH-10 etc are the high yielding varieties of jawar.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Coarse Cereals :
Mainly jowar ,bajra, maize, ragi ,Sawa Etc are the course cereals
cultivated in India.
These are mainly from rain-fed crops.
They occupy 17% of the total crop area and 25% of area devoted to
food grains.
They contribute 14% of total food grains production in the country.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Barley
Is a rabi crop, Which can be grown in more dry and cold conditions.
It's producing regions coincides with the weed growing regions of the
country.
Punjab has the highest productivity of barley in the country.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Maize :
originated in Central America.
It is grown in mid-july and harvested in August November.
Production of maize has increased five times between 1951 and 2001
use of yield Rising hybrid varieties fertilizers and irrigation help in
enhancing productivity.
Ganga 101, Ranjit, Deccan, Himalaya, Jawahar, Sartaj, dhawal, Vijay,
Navjot, Shaktimaan etc are the more yielding varieties of Maize.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Jawar :
India is the largest producer of jawar in the world.
Jawar is both kharif and Rabi crop.
And it ranks third in area among food grains.
CSH-1, CSH-5, CSH-9, CSH-10 etc are the high yielding varieties of jawar.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Bajra
Bajra can withstand more dryness than Jawar.
Bajra is mainly cultivated west of 80 degrees east latitude in the low
fertile land.
Pusa 23, HHB-67,
ICMS- 7703, ICTP-8203 Etc are the high-yielding varieties of bajra.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Pulses.
They are leguminous crops and enhance soil fertility.
They are the main source of protein in Indian diet.
India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world.
The country also has the largest area under pulses.
Turn, urad, moong and Moth are the major Kharif crops and gram,
peas, masoor are rabi crops.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Oil seeds :
Principal oil seeds are soyabean rape seeds and mustard and
groundnuts .
1/5th total area under oil seeds in the world is in India.
Oil seeds occupied 12% of the cropped area of the country.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Gram :
The principal pulse crop is cultivated mainly in North India.
The Major Gram growing area in the is the Malwa plateau of madhya
Pradesh, Northeastern Rajasthan and Southern uttar Pradesh
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Cotton
India is the third largest cotton producing country in the world after
China and USA contributing 14% of the world output.
India has the largest area under cotton cultivation in the world.
India produces three types of cotton
1. long staple cotton - contributes 40% of total production
2. medium staple cotton - 45% of total production
3. Short staple cotton -15% of the total production.
Black soil especially suited to this fiber crop because of its moisture
retentive capacity.
Major areas of cotton cultivation are
a) Plateau area east of Western guard in Maharashtra
b) Gujarat plane and Khatiawar in Gujarat
c) Western Andhra Pradesh Southern Tamil, Nadu and Southern
Karnataka and
d) Punjab and haryana and Western uttar Pradesh.
American, Bengal malwi, jurina sujata MCU 4, DHB 105 Etc important
varieties of cotton cultivated in the country.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Sugar cane :
sugar cane is a tropical and subtropical crop.
India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and sugar in the world.
India also has the largest area under sugarcane traditionally Northern
plain was the main producing region of sugar cane but its cultivation
has also developed in South India in recent times.
High-yielding varieties like Co 421, Co 427, Co 116, Co 313 of sugarcane.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Tea:
India is the largest producer and consumer of tea in the world.
More than half of the total area lies in brahmaputra valley of Assam.
High rainfall high temperature and well drained the land are favorable
conditions of Tea Plantation here.
Assam tea grown in the brahmaputra valley has poor flavor, but good
liquor and West Bengal Darjeeling jalpaiguri and cooch Behar important
tea producing districts.
Darjeeling tea has good flavor.
In South India lower slopes of Western ghats, nilgiri, Cardamom Hills
are important tea producing areas.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Coffee
India produces only 4% of the world coffee, but the Indian coffee is
regarded very high in quality.
Robusta and Arabica varieties of coffee produced in the country are in
the Great demand all over the world.
Coorg and chilkmagloor districts in Karnataka and Nilagiri's in Tamil
Nadu are major copy producing regions in the country.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 20 th point in Renaissance
chapter.
Weakening of feudalism means , feudal lords , land lords influence
became weak. Feudal lords lost their control on lands ,people.
Church which was very influential over people was also lost influence
due to corruption in officials nd members of church.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Renaissance.. is a change or
rebirth of past.
Its Refornary
People who lived in constantinople after its fall by the ottoman empire
migrated to different places in Europe
With their manual scripts...( written)
They spread the greek & Roman art architecture, literature in Europe. It
was been promoted, patronized in 1400 to 1600 century.
Today's subject history.
1. Renaissance
2. American Revolution/ war of independence
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 8 th point. Privy
council ....means a council of British kings nd generals. They were
decision makers in America. As the colonies of America was under
British control
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: American Revolution
The way British colonised india
British colonised America too.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Many discoveries inventions
took place ..
All are in the above forwarded pic. .learn them as it is.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 10 th point.
Mercantilism & navigational act imposed by britihsh on American
colonies is that all Raw materials, goods are imported nd exported /
sold only to British & purchase only from British.
Economical exploration of America by british by not permitting trade to
colonies ....its high rate of imperialism imposed on america by British.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 10 the point
Staple act
1663--The Staple Act of 1663 altered preexisting regulations so that any
goods picked up in foreign ports had to be taken back to England,
unloaded, inspected, paid for in duties, and repacked for shipment to
the colonies. ... The colonial traders would not be allowed to trade with
foreign countries.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Navigational act
Parliament (British Government) decided to enforce the laws The
Navigation Acts had several regulations: Colonists had to sell certain
products (sugar, tobacco, indigo) only to England or English colonies
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The acts imposed on
Americans to sell all its produced commodities only to british was the
imposition with molasses act too.
It had lead colonies to penury( peasantry)
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Read the above pictures of
chapters. ..point by point
Any doubts will be clarified....
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: 21 point. Townshend
programme of heavy taxation of British on Americans on all
commodities was an act of exploitation of colonies.
And they decided to boycott the britush goods , revolted against them
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The February Revolution
1917
In February 1917, on the international Women's Day Festival in Saint
Petersburg turned into a Citywide demonstration as exasperated
women workers left factories to protects against food shortages.
Men soon joined them and on the following day encouraged by political
and social activists the crowd had swelled and virtually every industry
shop and Enterprise has seized to function as almost the entire
population went on strike.
Nicholas ordered the police and Military to intervene.
However, the military was no longer loyal to the tsar and and many
mutinied or joined the people in demonstrations fights broke out and
the whole city was in Chaos.
On October 28 over 80,000 troops mutinied from the Army and looting
and rioting Was widespread.
Faced with this untenable situation Tsar Nicholas abdicated the throne
handing power to his brother Michael.
However, Michael would not accept leadership unless he was elected
by the Duma(Parliament)
He resigned the following day leaving Russia without a head of state.
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The October Revolution
(1917)
With the Russian politics still in a state of consgtant flux Lennon
realized that now was the time to capitalize on his party's popularity.
He planned a coup that would overthrow the increasingly ineffective
provisional government and replace them with the Bolsheviks.
On October 10th he held a famous meeting with twelve leaders and try
to persuade them that revolution was required despite receiving the
backing of only 10 of them plotting went ahead.
October 24 was the date decided upon and on that day troops loyal to
the Bolsheviks took up crucial positions in the city and major Bridges
guards commissioned by the provisional government who had got wind
of the plot fled or surrendered without a fight .
By the 25th of October every key building in st. Petersburg was under
Bolshevik control except the Winter Palace where kerensky and the
other ministers were holed up with a small guard.
Topics.
1. French Revolution
2. Russian Revolution
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Keshavananda bharti vs
state of kerala
Golaknath vs state of Punjab
Below are the 2 cases....
Read them
[27/09, 21:41] Suryateaj Officers Academy: HISTORY PORTION
COMPLETED
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: This case is totally related
with parliament and fundamental rights
Today subject political science.
Topic
2 landmark cases of SC.
Keshavananda bharti
Golaknath brothers cases
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Kesavananda Bharati Case
(1973): The judgment that upheld basic structure of India's constitution.
Exactly 47 years ago, the Supreme Court passed its landmark judgment
in Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala, considered among the most
significant constitutional cases in India's judicial history
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Keshavananda Bharti VS
state of kerala.
Keshavananda bharti was the head pontiff of Edniar Mutt in kerala ...
Ex. its like kanchi Mutt etc.
Kerala govt ordered him to surrender the land of Mutt to the state govt.
1973.
And keshavananda bharti challenged this decision of state govt. In
supreme court.
At that time indira gandhi was the P.M of India.
She gave full powers to parliament to amend the fundamental rights.
While this case in supreme court
Gave the judgement in favour of keshavananda bharti with a long run
battle on this case with 13 judges jury.
It stated that though parliament has the power to amend rights but it
can be done only according to the basic doctrine structure of
constitution...
So democracy was been restored in bharti case .he won in Supreme
court.
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The family of Henry and
William golaknath were in possession of over 500 acres of farmland in
Jalandhar, Punjab. Under the Punjab security and Land Tenures Act, the
government held that the brothers could keep only thirty acres each, a
few acres would go to tenants and the rest was declared surplus. This
was challenged by the family of golaknath in the courts. Further, this
case was referred to the Supreme court in 1965. The family filed a
petition under Article 32 challenging the 1953 Punjab Act on the
grounds that it denied them their constitutional rights to acquire and
hold property and practice any profession (Article 19 (f) and (g) and to
equality before the protection of the law (Article 14). They sought to
have the seventeenth amendment – which had placed the Punjab Act in
ninth schedule – declared ultra vires (beyond the powers). Golaknath.
I.C v State of Punjab is one of the landmark cases in the Indian history.
With its ruling, in this case, the court developed jurisprudence around
what is known as the doctrine of basic structure. The court in 1967
ruled that the Parliament can not curtail any of the fundamental rights
enshrined under the constitution of India
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Fundamental rights are considered to be necessary for the
development of human personality. These rights are the rights which helps a man to figure out his/her
own life in a manner he/she wants. Our constitution has given us the fundamental rights which also
includes the rights of minorities and other backward communities. According to the Constitution,
Parliament and the state legislatures in India have the power to make laws within their respective
jurisdictions. But, this power is not absolute in nature. The Constitution rests with the judiciary and the
power to adjudicate upon the constitutional validity of all laws also rests with the judiciary.
If a law made by Parliament or the state legislatures violates any provision of the Constitution, the
Supreme Court has the power to declare such a law invalid, unconstitutional or ultra vires. This check
notwithstanding, the founding fathers wanted the Constitution to be an adaptable document rather
than a rigid framework for governance. They wanted it to be a flexible document which can adjust or
adapt itself according to the changing situations.
Parliament was invested with the power to amend the Constitution. Article 368 of the Constitution gives
the impression that Parliament’s amending powers are absolute and encompass all parts of the
document. But the Supreme Court has acted as a brake to the legislative enthusiasm of Parliament ever
since independence. With the intention of preserving the original ideals envisioned by the constitution-
makers, the apex court pronounced that Parliament could not twist, damage or alter the basic features
of the Constitution under the pretext of amending it. The phrase ‘basic structure’ itself cannot be found
in the Constitution. The Supreme Court recognised this concept for the first time in the historic
Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973.
The basic structure of the constitution consists of:
Supremacy of the
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Jurisprudence..
means theory of law.
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: The issue which came before the court was whether the
parliament has the absolute power and the power to amend the fundamental rights enshrined under
the constitution or not
[27/09, 21:42] Suryateaj Officers Academy: Fundamental rights are considered to be necessary for the
development of human personality. These rights are the rights which helps a man to figure out his/her
own life in a manner he/she wants. Our constitution has given us the fundamental rights which also
includes the rights of minorities and other backward communities. According to the Constitution,
Parliament and the state legislatures in India have the power to make laws within their respective
jurisdictions. But, this power is not absolute in nature. The Constitution rests with the judiciary and the
power to adjudicate upon the constitutional validity of all laws also rests with the judiciary.
If a law made by Parliament or the state legislatures violates any provision of the Constitution, the
Supreme Court has the power to declare such a law invalid, unconstitutional or ultra vires. This check
notwithstanding, the founding fathers wanted the Constitution to be an adaptable document rather
than a rigid framework for governance. They wanted it to be a flexible document which can adjust or
adapt itself according to the changing situations.
Parliament was invested with the power to amend the Constitution. Article 368 of the Constitution gives
the impression that Parliament’s amending powers are absolute and encompass all parts of the
document. But the Supreme Court has acted as a brake to the legislative enthusiasm of Parliament ever
since independence. With the intention of preserving the original ideals envisioned by the constitution-
makers, the apex court pronounced that Parliament could not twist, damage or alter the basic features
of the Constitution under the pretext of amending it. The phrase ‘basic structure’ itself cannot be found
in the Constitution. The Supreme Court recognised this concept for the first time in the historic
Kesavananda Bharati case in 1973.
The basic structure of the constitution consists of:
Supremacy of the

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[2. Sub-tropical high pressure belt :

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