FORM ATE TE CH N I CA L M A N UA L C A B O T

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

SECTION A7
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
A7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................2

A7.2 Practical importance ..................................................................................................................2

A7.3 Coefficient of thermal conductivity .......................................................................................2

A7.3.1 Medium temperature range .........................................................................................2
A7.3.2 Lower temperature range (<10°C / 50°F) ................................................................3
A7.3.3 Higher temperature range (>70°C / 160°F) ............................................................3
A7.3.4 Pressure dependence ...................................................................................................3

A7.4 Specific heat capacity .............................................................................................................. 4

A7.4.1 Medium temperature range .........................................................................................4
A7.4.2 Lower temperature range (<10°C / 50°F) ................................................................4
A7.4.3 Higher temperature range (>70°C / 160°F) ............................................................5

References ................................................................................................................................................... 5

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VERSION 5 – 05/16
 C AB O T FORMATE TECHNICAL MANUAL

A7.1 Introduction
Heat can be transferred by three means: conduction, When comparing the properties of two fluids, higher
convection, and radiation. Conduction and convection heat transfer coefficients indicate a greater ability to
are important properties in well operations. move heat.

• Conduction is the movement of heat through a

A7.2 Practical importance
substance by the collision of molecules. Conductive
heat transfer occurs when two objects at different For drilling fluid applications, high thermal conductivity
temperatures are in contact with each other. Heat and high specific heat capacity are favorable as
flows from the warmer to the cooler object until they they contribute to lower bottom-hole circulating
are both at the same temperature. temperatures. Low bottom-hole circulating
• Convective heat transfer is usually the most efficient temperatures provide the following benefits:
heat transfer method in liquids and gasses. Convection
occurs when warmer bodies of a liquid or gas rise to • Prevents exposure of logging / MWD tools to high
cooler areas in the liquid or gas. As this happens, cooler temperatures
liquid or gas takes the place of the warmer bodies, which • Protects polymers from thermal degradation
have risen higher. This cycle results in a continuous • Allows quicker temperature equalization when
circulation pattern and heat is transferred to cooler areas. the well is left static, resulting in much faster well
stabilization. This means that flow checks can be
Nu = C Re m Pr n
There are several dimensionless numbers used in completed in a shorter period
calculations of heat transfer in fluids:
Water-based fluids, such as formate brines, have a
• The Nusselt number (Nu) is a function of the pipe relatively high thermal
hD conductivity and specific heat
diameter, the convective heat coefficient, and the fluid’s Nu =
capacity. Therefore they are better than oil-based
k
thermal conductivity. This number relates to the heat muds at maintaining a low bottom-hole circulating
transfer properties of a specific fluid in a specific system. temperature. Field experience with formate-based
• The Prandtl number (Pr) is the number used to describe drilling fluids has shown that they provide lower
a fluid’s heat transfer properties and is a function of the bottom-hole circulating temperatures than OBMs and,
C Re mheat
Nu = fluid’s Pr n capacity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. when the well is ρDleft
υ static, the temperature equalizes
• The Reynolds number (Re) is a function of a fluid’s Re = µ
much quicker.
density, viscosity, flowing velocity, and pipe diameter.
This number assists in defining a flow regime for a
Nu =specific
C RehDm n
Prfluid in a specific system. A7.3 Coefficient of thermal conductivity
Nu =
k Thermal conductivity is defined as the quantity of heat,
The following correlation applies: Cp µ
Q, transmitted through a thickness, L, in a direction normal
P=
m n
to a surfacer of area
k A, due to a temperature difference ΔT,
Nu = Nu
C Re
= CPhD
Re
r
m n
P (1) under steady state conditions and when the heat transfer
Nu = r
k is dependent only on the temperature gradient.
where ρD υ
Re = µ
k = (Q × L ) ( A × Δ T) (5)
hD hD
Nu = Nu = is the Nusselt number, (2)
k k
Where:
ρD υ
Re = µ is the Reynolds number, (3) k = coefficient of thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1)
Cp µ
Q = heat flow rate (W)
Pr = is the Prandtl number, and (4) L = distance (m)
k
ρD υ ρD υ A = area (m2)
= Reµ= µ
Rewhere: ΔT = temperature gradient (K)
h C µ = convective heat transfer coefficient
p
Pr =
D = internal pipe diameter A7.3.1 Medium temperature range
k = ( Q × L ) ( A × ΔkT )
k = coefficient of thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity coefficients have been measured
Cp =
Cp µ
heat capacity on 12 formate brines / blends by the Thermophysical
ρ CPpr =µ = fluid density Research Laboratory (Gembarovic and Taylor, 2003).
Pr μ
= k
k = ( Q × L ) ( Ak× Δ T )
= fluid viscosity These were single-salt sodium formate brines in the
ν = fluid velocity lower density range, blends of concentrated sodium
C, m, n = correlation parameters and potassium formate brines in the middle density
k = ( Q × L ) ( AP ×AΔGTE) 2
SECTION A7 VER S IO N 5 – 05 / 16
k = (Q × L ) ( A × Δ T)
SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C A B O T

range, and blends of concentrated cesium and
potassium formate brines in the higher density range.
Exact compositions of the brines are shown in Table 1.
Figure 1 shows thermal conductivity coefficients as a
function of fluid density at the three test temperatures.
Table 2 lists thermal conductivity at 10°C / 50°F as
a function of fluid density with linear temperature
corrections. This data is guaranteed within an
experimental error of +/- 7%.
A7.3.2 Lower temperature range (<10°C / 50°F)
Some data is available in the literature for water (CRC
Handbook) and diluted single-salt potassium formate
brine used in the coolant industry (Addcon, 2007; Addcon,
2014; Eastman, 2016). These are plotted in Figure 2 along
with the TPRL data for the same density brines. The
spread in these data makes it difficult to determine if the
linear relationship is valid in the lower temperature range.
A7.3.3 Higher temperature range (>70°C / 160°F)
No reliable data have been found for the conductivity
of formate brines in the higher temperature range. The
only data that have been found are for water (JacobCHR)
and zinc chloride brine (Abdulagatov and Magomedov,
1998). The available data for these fluids systems are
shown in Figure 3. Both fluids show a maximum thermal
conductivity at about 140°C / 284°F. Previous thermal
conductivity data for other aqueous salt solutions have
shown that the thermal conductivity temperature curves
at constant concentration are parallel to those of pure
water (Abdulagatov and Magomedov, 1998). It is likely
that this would also be the case for formate brines.
A7.3.4 Pressure dependence
No pressure dependence data is available in the
literature for the thermal conductivity of formate brines.
A study of zinc chloride (up to 25 wt%) (Abdulagatov
and Magomedov, 1998) at pressures up to 100 MPa /
14,500 psi has shown that the thermal conductivity
increases linearly with pressure at all isotherms for
each concentration, typically in the range of 0.0003 –
0.0006 W/m/k/MPa. Based on this, one could assume
that thermal conductivity also increases with pressure
in formate brines.

Table 1 Compositions for 12 formate brines used for testing of thermophysical properties at the Thermophysical Properties
Research Laboratory (TPRL).

Sodium formate Potassium formate Cesium formate

Brine Freshwater [1.33 g/cm3 / [1.57 g/cm3 / [2.20 g/cm3 /
11.25 lb/gal] 13.08 lb/gal] 18.33 lb/gal]
[g/cm3] [lb/gal] [mL] [g] [mL] [g] [mL] [g] [mL] [g]
Water 1.00 8.3
Na formate 1.10 9.2 71.43 71.43 28.57 38.57 - - - -
Na formate 1.20 10.0 42.86 42.86 57.14 77.14 - - - -
Na formate 1.30 10.8 14.29 14.29 85.71 115.71 - - - -
Na/K formate 1.40 11.7 - - 77.27 104.32 22.73 35.68 - -
K/Na formate 1.50 12.5 - - 31.82 42.95 68.18 107.05 - -
K/Cs formate 1.60 13.4 - - - - 95.24 149.52 4.76 10.48
K/Cs formate 1.70 14.2 - - - - 79.37 124.60 20.64 45.40
K/Cs formate 1.80 15.0 - - - - 63.49 99.68 36.51 80.32
Cs/K formate 1.90 15.9 - - - - 47.62 74.76 52.38 115.24
Cs/K formate 2.00 16.7 - - - - 31.75 49.84 68.25 150.16
Cs/K formate 2.10 17.5 - - - - 15.87 24.92 84.13 185.08
Cs/K formate 2.20 18.4 - - - - - - 100.00 220.00

V ERSION 5 – 0 5/ 16 SECTION A7 PAGE 3

 C AB O T FORMATE TECHNICAL MANUAL

Table 2 Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of formate brine density. The temperature correlations are valid
in the temperature range 10 – 70°C / 50 – 160°F. The data is based on measurements of single-salt sodium formate in the
lower density range, blends of concentrated sodium and potassium formate in the medium density range, and blends of
concentrated potassium and cesium formate in the higher density range.

METRIC FIELD
Temperature correction K at 50°F Temperature correction
Density K at 10°C increase per 10°C Density [BTU/ increase per 10°F
[g/cm3] [W/(m·K)] Valid in the range 10 – 70°C [lb/gal] (hr·ft·°F)] Valid in the range 50 – 160°F
1.00 0.584 0.014 8.34 1.011 0.013
1.10 0.555 0.013 8.5 1.002 0.013
1.20 0.524 0.013 9.0 0.971 0.013
1.30 0.492 0.011 9.5 0.940 0.012
1.40 0.462 0.010 10.0 0.907 0.012
1.50 0.434 0.009 10.5 0.874 0.011
1.60 0.410 0.008 11.0 0.841 0.011
1.70 0.389 0.007 11.5 0.809 0.010
1.80 0.373 0.007 12.0 0.779 0.009
1.90 0.361 0.006 12.5 0.751 0.009
2.00 0.351 0.006 13.0 0.725 0.008
2.10 0.344 0.006 13.5 0.702 0.008
2.20 0.338 0.005 14.0 0.681 0.007
14.5 0.662 0.007
15.0 0.646 0.007
15.5 0.632 0.006
16.0 0.621 0.006
16.5 0.610 0.006
17.0 0.602 0.006
17.5 0.595 0.005
18.0 0.589 0.005
18.35 0.585 0.005

formate brines in the middle density range, and blends

A7.4 Specific heat capacity
Heat capacity is a physical quantity that characterizes
the ability of a body to store heat. It is defined as the
amount of heat required at the given conditions and
state of the body (foremost temperature) to raise its
temperature by one degree. The specific heat capacity
(Cp) of a substance is defined as heat capacity per unit
mass, which is the amount of energy required to raise
the temperature of one kilogram of the substance by
one Kelvin. Water has the highest heat capacity of all
common substances.
A7.4.1 Medium temperature range
Specific heat capacity as a function of formate
brine density is shown in Table 3 and Figure 4. The
data are based on measurements carried out by
Thermophysical Research Laboratory (TPRL) on
brines covering the whole formate density range
(Abdulagatov and Magomedov, 1998). These were
single-salt sodium formate brines in the lower density
range, blends of concentrated sodium and potassium
of concentrated cesium and potassium formate in the
higher density range. Exact compositions of the brines
are shown in Table 1. The data, which were measured
with a Perkin-Elmer DSC-2 instrument, is guaranteed
to be valid within an experimental error of +/- 7% in
the temperature range 10 – 70°C / 50 – 160°F. Within
this temperature range, the temperature dependence
has been found to be insignificant compared to the
dependence on the brine composition.
A7.4.2 Lower temperature range (<10°C / 50°F)
Some specific heat capacity data is available in the
literature for diluted single-salt potassium formate
brines used in the coolant industry (Addcon, 2007;
Addcon, 2014; Eastman, 2016). These data are shown
in Figure 5 together with the data measured by TPRL.
Both these data sets, which indicate a slight decrease
in heat capacity with decreasing temperature, seem
to show some more temperature dependence, also in
the medium temperature range. This is not consistent
with the measurements conducted by TPRL or with

PAGE 4 SECTION A7 VER S IO N 5 – 05 / 16

SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C A B O T

Table 3 Heat capacity as a function of brine density for formate brines. The data is based on heat capacity data measured
on diluted single-salt sodium formate in the lowest density range, blends of concentrated sodium and potassium formate
brines in the medium density range, and blends of concentrated potassium and cesium formate brines in the highest
density range. Temperature dependence is insignificant in the temperature range where the measurements are performed,
i.e. 10 – 70°C / 50 – 160°F.

METRIC FIELD
Density Cp Density Cp
[g/cm3] [J/(g·K)] [lb/gal] [BTU/(lb·°F)]
1.00 4.18 8.34 0.999
1.10 3.84 8.50 0.985
1.20 3.42 9.00 0.936
1.30 2.99 9.50 0.879
1.40 2.60 10.00 0.818
1.50 2.27 10.50 0.755
1.60 2.02 11.00 0.695
1.70 1.82 11.50 0.638
1.80 1.68 12.00 0.588
1.90 1.57 12.50 0.543
2.00 1.49 13.00 0.505
2.10 1.43 13.50 0.472
2.20 1.38 14.00 0.444
14.50 0.421
15.00 0.401
15.50 0.385
16.00 0.371
16.50 0.360
17.00 0.350
17.50 0.342
18.00 0.335
18.35 0.331

reference data on water. The reliability of these data References

sets is therefore uncertain. The data do, however,
Abdulagatov, I.M. and Magomedov, U.B. 1998. “Thermal
indicate that diluted potassium formate brine has a
Conductivity of Aqueous ZnCl2 Solutions at High
lower heat capacity than diluted sodium formate brine
Temperatures and High Pressures”, Ind. Eng. Chem.
of the same density.
Res., 37, 4883 – 4888.
A7.4.3 Higher temperature range (>70°C / 160°F)
Addcon 2007. “HYCOOL 50 Product Specification”.
There is no specific heat capacity data on formates
available in the higher temperature range. Reference
Addcon 2014. “HYCOOL 20 Product Specification”.
data available for water up to 100°C / 212°F (Gembarovic
and Taylor, 2003) is plotted in Figure 5 together with
CRC Press 1980. “Handbook of Chemistry and Physics”,
the heat capacity data from TPRL. From this, one
60th edition.
could expect that at least for low-density formate
brines the temperature dependence, also in the higher
Eastman 2016. “Freezium™ -60°C Material Data Sheet”.
temperature range, is negligible compared with the
dependence on the brine composition / density.
Gembarovic, J. and Taylor, R.E.: “Thermophysical
Properties of Twelve Water Solutions”, report # 2965,
Thermophysical Research Laboratory Inc., April 2003.

JacobCHR: Water reference (from jjj.JacobCHR.com

accessed in September 2013).

V ERSION 5 – 0 5/ 16 SECTION A7 PAGE 5

 C AB O T FORMATE TECHNICAL MANUAL

METRIC
Thermal conductivity vs. density
0.70
Thermal conductivity vs. density
0.70
0.65
NaFo
0.65
k [W/(m·K)]

0.60 NaFo
Na KFo
k [W/(m·K)]

0.60
0.55
Na KFo
conductivity

22°C 66°C
0.55
0.50 10°C
conductivity

22°C 66°C
KCsFo
0.50
0.45 10°C
Thermal

KCsFo
0.45
0.40
Thermal

0.40
0.35

0.35
0.30
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2
0.30 Density [g/cm3]
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2
Density [g/cm ] 3

Thermal conductivity vs. density

FIELD
1.2
Thermal conductivity vs. density
1.2 NaFo
1.1
NaFo
k [BTU/(hr·ft·°F)]

1.1
1.0
NaKFo
k [BTU/(hr·ft·°F)]

1.0
0.9 72°F NaKFo
50°F 151°F
conductivity

0.9 72°F
0.8 50°F 151°F KCsFo
conductivity

0.8
0.7 KCsFo
Thermal

0.7
Thermal

0.6

0.6
0.5
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0.5 Density [lb/gal]
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Density [lb/gal]

Figure 1 Coefficient of thermal conductivity (metric and field units) as a function of formate density. The data are based
on single-salt sodium formate in the lower density range, blends of concentrated sodium and potassium formate in the
medium density range, and blends of concentrated cesium and potassium formate in the higher density range.

PAGE 6 SECTION A7 VER S IO N 5 – 05 / 16

SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C A B O T

METRIC
Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low-density brines)

0.70 Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low-density brines)

Water – CRC Handbook
0.70
0.65 Water 1.00g/cm3
Water – CRC Handbook
k [W/(m·K)]

NaFo 1.10 g/cm3 3

0.65 Water 1.00g/cm
k [W/(m·K)]

0.60 NaFo 1.20 g/cm33

NaFo 1.10 g/cm
conductivity

0.60 NaFo 1.30 g/cm33

NaFo 1.20 g/cm
0.55
conductivity

Na/KFo 1.40 g/cm3

NaFo 1.30 g/cm3
ThermalThermal

0.55 K/NaFo 1.50 g/cm33

0.50 Na/KFo 1.40 g/cm
KFo 1.19 g/cm3 (HYCOOL 20)
K/NaFo 1.50 g/cm3
0.50
KFo 1.35 g/cm33 (HYCOOL 50)
0.45 KFo 1.19 g/cm (HYCOOL 20)
KFo 1.34 g/cm33 (Freezium)
KFo 1.35 g/cm (HYCOOL 50)
0.45
0.40
KFo 1.34 g/cm3 (Freezium)
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.40 Temperature [°C]
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature [°C]

Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low-density brines)

FIELD
1.20 Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low-density brines)
1.15 Water – CRC Handbook
1.20
1.10 Water 8.3 lb/gal
k [BTU/(hr·ft·°F)]

1.15 Water – CRC Handbook

1.05 NaFo
1.10 Water9.2
8.3lb/gal
lb/gal
k [BTU/(hr·ft·°F)]

1.00 NaFo 10.0 lb/gal

1.05 NaFo 9.2 lb/gal
0.95 NaFo 10.8 lb/gal
conductivity

1.00 NaFo 10.0 lb/gal

0.90 Na/KFo 11.7 lb/gal
0.95 NaFo 10.8 lb/gal
conductivity

0.85 K/NaFo 12.5 lb/gal

0.90 Na/KFo 11.7 lb/gal
ThermalThermal

0.80 KFo 10.0 lb/gal (HYCOOL 20)

0.85 K/NaFo 12.5 lb/gal
0.75 KFo 11.3 lb/gal (HYCOOL 50)
0.80 KFo 10.0 lb/gal (HYCOOL 20)
0.70 KFo 11.1 lb/gal (Freezium)
0.75 KFo 11.3 lb/gal (HYCOOL 50)
0.65
0.70 KFo 11.1 lb/gal (Freezium)
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0.65 Temperature [°F]
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Temperature [°F]

Figure 2 Comparison of thermal conductivity data for low-density formate brines (1.0 – 1.35 g/cm3 / 8.34 – 11.3 lb/gal) over
the low to medium temperature range.

V ERSION 5 – 0 5/ 16 SECTION A7 PAGE 7

 C AB O T FORMATE TECHNICAL MANUAL

METRIC
M E T R IC
Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)

M E T0.70
R IC
Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)
Water – CRC Handbook
0.70
0.65 Water reference
Water–1.00
Water CRCg/cm 3
Handbook
k [W/(m·K)]

0.65 NaFo 1.10

Water g/cm3
reference
0.60
NaFo 1.20
Water 1.00g/cm
g/cm33
k [W/(m·K)]

NaFo 1.10
NaFo 1.30g/cm
g/cm3 3
0.60
0.55
conductivity

Na/KFo
NaFo 1.201.40 g/cm
g/cm 3 3

K/NaFo
NaFo 1.301.50 g/cm
g/cm 3 3

0.55
0.50
conductivity

K/CsFo 1.40
Na/KFo 1.60 g/cm
g/cm33
K/CsFo 1.50
K/NaFo 1.70 g/cm
g/cm33
ThermalThermal

0.50
0.45 K/CsFo 1.60
K/CsFo 1.80 g/cm33
Cs/KFo 1.70
K/CsFo 1.90g/cm
g/cm33
0.45
0.40 Cs/KFo1.80
K/CsFo 2.00g/cm
g/cm3 3
Cs/KFo 1.90
Cs/KFo 2.10 g/cm33
Cs/KFo 2.20
Cs/KFo 2.00 g/cm g/cm33
0.40
0.35
ZnCl 2 152.10
Cs/KFo wt% g/cm3
ZnCl 2 25
Cs/KFo wt%
2.20 g/cm3
0.35
0.30 ZnCl 2 15 wt%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 40 160 1 80 200 220 ZnCl 2 25 wt%
0.30 Temperature [°C]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 40 160 1 80 200 220
Temperature [°C]

FIELD Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)

1.2 Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)

Water – CRC Handbook
1.2 Water reference
1.1
Water–8.3
Water CRC lb/gal
Handbook
k [BTU/(hr·ft·°F)]

NaFo 9.2
Water lb/gal
reference
1.1 NaFo 10.0
1.0 Water 8.3 lb/gal
k [BTU/(hr·ft·°F)]

NaFo 9.2
NaFo 10.8lb/gal
lb/gal
1.0 Na/KFo
NaFo 11.7lb/gal
10.0 lb/gal
0.9 K/NaFo 12.5 lb/gal
NaFo 10.8 lb/gal
conductivity

K/CsFo11.7
Na/KFo 13.4lb/gal
lb/gal
0.9 K/CsFo12.5
K/NaFo 14.2 lb/gal
lb/gal
0.8
conductivity

K/CsFo13.4
K/CsFo 15.0 lb/gal
lb/gal
0.8 Cs/KFo 14.2
K/CsFo 15.9lb/gal
lb/gal
ThermalThermal

0.7 Cs/KFo 15.0

K/CsFo 16.7 lb/gal
Cs/KFo 15.9
Cs/KFo 17.5 lb/gal
0.7
Thermal Cs/KFo16.7
Cs/KFo 18.3lb/gal
lb/gal
0.6 Conductivity, k [BTU/hr/ft/F]
ZnCl2 1517.5
Cs/KFo wt% lb/gal
Thermal
0.6 Conductivity, k [BTU/hr/ft/F] Cs/KFo
ZnCl2 25 18.3
wt% lb/gal
0.5 ZnCl2 15 wt%
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
ZnCl2 25 wt%
0.5 Temperature [°F]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature [°F]

Figure 3 Thermal conductivity for various water and brine systems as a function of temperature in the high temperature
range. Data for water and zinc chloride are taken from the literature.

PAGE 8 SECTION A7 VER S IO N 5 – 05 / 16

SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C A B O T

METRIC
Cp vs. density 10 — 70°C
4.5
Cp vs. density 10 — 70°C
4.5
4.0
NaFo
Cp [J/(g·K)]

4.0
3.5
NaFo
Cp [J/(g·K)]

3.5
heat capacity

3.0
NaKFo
heat capacity

3.0
2.5
NaKFo
SpecificSpecific

2.5
2.0
KCsFo

2.0
1.5 KCsFo

1.5
1.0
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20
1.0 Density [g/cm3]
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20
Density [g/cm3]

FIELD Cp vs. density 50 — 100°F

1 .1
Cp vs. density 50 — 100°F

11 .0
.1
Cp [BTU/(lb·°F)]

1 .0
0.9
NaFo
Cp [BTU/(lb·°F)]

0.9
0.8 NaFo
heat capacity

0.8
0.7
NaKFo
heat capacity

0.7
0.6 NaKFo
SpecificSpecific

0.6
0.5
KCsFo

0.5
0.4 KCsFo

0.4
0.3
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0.3 Density [lb/gal]
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Density [lb/gal]

Figure 4 Heat capacity as a function of density for typical formate brines. The brines are diluted single-salt sodium
formate in the lowest density range (red curve), blends of saturated sodium formate and saturated potassium formate
in the middle density range (purple curve), and blends of saturated potassium and saturated cesium formate in the
higher density range (black curve), and it is valid for these exact brines and blends only. The temperature dependence is
insignificant within the temperature range where the measurements are performed, i.e. 10 – 70°C / 50 – 160°F.

V ERSION 5 – 0 5/ 16 SECTION A7 PAGE 9

 C AB O T FORMATE TECHNICAL MANUAL

METRIC
Specific heat capacity vs. temperature
Water – CRC Handbook
4.2 Specific heat capacity vs. temperature
Water 1.00 g/cm3
4.0 Water – CRC Handbook
4.2 NaFo 1.10 g/cm3
3.8 Water 1.00 g/cm33
4.0 NaFo 1.20 g/cm
3.6
Cp [J/(g·K)]

NaFo 1.10 g/cm3 3

3.8 NaFo 1.30 g/cm
3.4 NaFo 1.20 g/cm3 3
3.6
Cp [J/(g·K)]

3.2 Na/KFo 1.40 g/cm

3.4 NaFo 1.30 g/cm3 3
3.0 K/NaFo 1.50 g/cm
heat capacity

3.2 Na/KFo 1.40 g/cm33

2.8 K/CsFo 1.60 g/cm
3.0 K/NaFo 1.50 g/cm33
heat capacity

2.6 K/CsFo 1.70 g/cm

2.8 K/CsFo 1.60 g/cm33
2.4 K/CsFo 1.80 g/cm
2.6 K/CsFo 1.70 g/cm33
Specific

2.2 Cs/KFo 1.90 g/cm

2.4 K/CsFo 1.80 g/cm3 3
2.0 Cs/KFo 2.00 g/cm
Specific

2.2 Cs/KFo 1.90 g/cm33

1.8 Cs/KFo 2.10 g/cm
2.0 Cs/KFo 2.00 g/cm33
1.6
1.8 Cs/KFo 2.20 g/cm
1.4 Cs/KFo 2.10 g/cm 3

1.6 KFo1.19 g/cm3 (HYCOOL 20)

1.2 Cs/KFo 2.20 g/cm3
1.4 - 50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 KFo1.35 g/cm3 (HYCOOL 50)
KFo1.19 g/cm3 (HYCOOL 20)
1.2 Temperature [°C] KFo1.34 g/cm3 (Freezium)
- 50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 KFo1.35 g/cm3 (HYCOOL 50)
Temperature [°C] KFo1.34 g/cm3 (Freezium)

Specific heat capacity vs. temperature

FIELD
1 .1 Specific heat capacity vs. temperature Water – CRC Handbook
Water 8.3 lb/gal
11.0
.1 Water – CRC Handbook
NaFo 9.2 lb/gal
Water 8.3 lb/gal
Cp [BTU/(lb·°F)]

1.0
0.9 NaFo 10.0 lb/gal
NaFo 9.2 lb/gal
NaFo 10.8 lb/gal
Cp [BTU/(lb·°F)]

0.9 NaFo 10.0 lb/gal

0.8 Na/KFo1 1.7 lb/gal
NaFo 10.8 lb/gal
K/NaFo12.5 lb/gal
heat capacity

0.8
0.7 Na/KFo1 1.7 lb/gal
K/CsFo13.4 lb/gal
K/NaFo12.5 lb/gal
heat capacity

0.7
0.6 K/CsFo14.2 lb/gal
K/CsFo13.4 lb/gal
K/CsFo15.0 lb/gal
0.6
0.5 K/CsFo14.2 lb/gal
Specific

Cs/KFo15.9 lb/gal
K/CsFo15.0 lb/gal
0.5 Cs/KFo16.7 lb/gal
Specific

0.4 Cs/KFo15.9 lb/gal

Cs/KFo17.5 lb/gal
Cs/KFo16.7 lb/gal
0.4
0.3 Cs/KFo 18.3 lb/gal
Cs/KFo17.5 lb/gal
KFo 1 0.0 lb/gal (HYCOOL 20)
0.3
0.2 Cs/KFo 18.3 lb/gal
KFo 1 1.3 lb/gal (HYCOOL 50)
- 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 KFo 1 0.0 lb/gal (HYCOOL 20)
0.2 Temperature [°F] KFo 1 1.2 lb/gal (Freezium)
KFo 1 1.3 lb/gal (HYCOOL 50)
- 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Temperature [°F] KFo 1 1.2 lb/gal (Freezium)

Figure 5 Comparison of specific heat capacity data from CRC Handbook (water reference), TPRL, and other heat capacity
data available on formate brines as a function of temperature.

PAGE 10 SECTION A7 VER S IO N 5 – 05 / 16