Written by

AHMED ATEF K-719610990

AHMED KHALIL K-719610923
ANATOMY ASSIGNMENT 2
DR.GMALI
Q1.
Reproductive system can be divided in two parts, the external sex
organ and the internal sex. The external sex organs also known as
vulva in case of females. It is consist of the mons pubis, which is a
soft mound of fatty tissue in front of the pubic bone. The word mons
means mound and the pubis refers to pubic bone. The word labia is
derived from Latin word, which means lip labia majora are the outer
folder the skin that protect the other external reproductive organs.
They also contain sweat and the oil glands. Labia minora lie inside the
labia majora and surround the vaginal as well as the urethral
openings. The two labia minora meet at the front and form the clitoris
which is a highly sensitive as it contains many nerve ending. Clitoris
is homologous to glans penis in case of males the central part is
vulva vestibule, which contains the vaginal. The internal sex organs
consist of the vagina and the cervical canal, two fallopian tubes, the
central uterus and pair of ovaries. The vagina is fibromuscular canal,
which is 10 cm long it is lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium. The vagina provides a path for menstrual blood and fetus
to leave the body. The vaginal mucosa glands provide lubrication it
also receives the male sex organs and the sperms. The cervix is the
lower cylindrical part of the uterus it is lined by column inner cells. Is
also contains numerous mucous glands which help in production of
mucus for lubrication. The cervix prepares the sperms for fertilization
and delays several folds during the childbirth. Each fallopian tube is a
10 cm long hollow organ, which is made up of four paths. The
infundibulum is the lateral end of the fallopian tube to which
numerous finger ship projections. The fimbria pick up the oocyte
once it is released from the ovary. The ampulla is a central dilated
part of the fallopian tube and it is the most common site for the
fertilization. The medial of the fallopian tube is the isthmus which
connects the tube to the uterus. The uterus is also known as a womb
or the childbearing organ. The fertilized egg implants in the uterus
and through a series of changes grows into a fetus. The uterus is 7.5
cm long 5 cm broad and 2.5 thick. It is made up of the following parts
the fundus body, the cavity of the uterus which is lined by mucous
membrane and coronal or the corners of the uterus to which fallopian
tubes are attached. The wall of the uterus is made up of three layers.
Perimetrium, myometrium and the inner endometrium. Perimetrium is
a thin layer of epithelial cells that covers the uterus from outside it is
the visceral Peritoneum of the uterus. The myometrium is a central
thickest layer made up of smooth muscle cells. It has important role
in childbirth as it undergoes a series of contraptions and relaxation,
which propels the fetus outside. Its main site for development of
fibroids and adenomyosis. Endometrium is the innermost and most
active layer of the uterus. It undergoes a series of changes
throughout the month under the influence of hormones estrogen and
progesterone. It is a site for development of endometrial hyperplasia
and cancer. The ovary is the main reproductive organ, which is 4 into
3 into 2 cm in dimension. The cross-section of the ovary it is made up
of the central medulla and the outer part known as cortex. The
medulla consists of the dense connective tissue it also contains all
blood vessels, nerve and the lymphatics. The cortex consists of
numerous ovarian follicles in various stages of development.

Q2.
Mammary glands are pair of external organ of the female. They are commonly
called breast. Their main function is to produce milk to nature a baby. The
mammary glands are modified sweat glands, which remain undeveloped until
puberty. They develop when progesterone and estrogen are secreted by the
ovaries. The surface of a mammary gland has a projection called the nipple.
Which are surrounded by a circular pigmented area called the areola. The
mammary glands are composed of glandular tissue and variable amounts of fat.
This glandular tissue of each breast is divided into compartment called mammary
lobes ranging from 15 to 20. Milk is secreted and stored in the clusters of alveoli
within each mammary lobe. The secreted milk passes through the mammary
tubules at the end of the alveoli. The tubules of each lobe come together to form
the mammary ducts. The mammary docks enlarged near the nipple to store milk.
These enlarged memory ducts are called memory ampullae or lactiferous
sinuses. These mammary ampullae supply milk to the numerous lactiferous ducts
present in the nipple.
Q3.
The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ, in its narrow part, an opening down
to the vagina, the normal size being the size of a fist.

In each menstrual cycle, the endometrium (the inner wall) turns into a spongy
layer saturated with blood, by the effect of the estrogen hormone:

It is implanted with the mass of cells that resulted from the fertilized egg and
turns into the placenta, which is responsible for providing food and breathing to
the fetus during pregnancy.

In the event that the egg is not fertilized in the fallopian tube, the spongy layer
dissolves and descends in the form of blood, which is called menstruation or
menstruation. The volume of fluid secreted on menstruation days ranges from
30-180 grams and lasts from three days to seven.
Uterine parts
The bottom of the uterus

Below is the meeting point with the fallopian tube.

Endometrial

It consists of smooth muscles, supported by connective tissues and the mucous membrane
covering the uterus and through which the fertilized egg is implanted and the pregnancy
develops inside it. It communicates directly with the muscle, and the endometrium
undergoes major changes during the menstrual cycle in response to ovarian hormones.

Uterine tube

It is a muscle tube lined with epithelial membrane that helps the egg pass from the ovary to
the uterine cavity. The length of the tube is about 10 cm, and the tube consists of a wall
segment, isthmus and trumpet; the trumpet opens in the peritoneal cavity, and the opening is
surrounded by a number of thin fingers called fingers, and these fingers help guide the egg
from the surface of the ovary to the tube cavity. The egg is usually fertilized in the lateral
part of the uterine tube, then transferred humanly to implant in the womb.

It is the meeting point with the vagina. Enriched with glands that secrete sticky fluids after
sexual arousal to help moisturize the vagina during sexual intercourse. It has no sensory
nerves and therefore has nothing to do with sexual pleasure even if it has been surgically
removed. In some types of cancer, the entire uterus is removed, as well as the ovaries, and
this does not affect a woman's sexual ability and enjoyment.

Uterine ligaments

The function of the uterus is reproductive, not sexual, because its eradication does not affect
a woman's sexual ability or her desire and responses. The fetus is formed in nine months
before birth, and the empty uterus is located inside the pelvis between the bladder and the
rectum, but when pregnant, it gets bigger and rises to the abdomen gradually. The uterus is
fixed in its position by several ligaments, which are:

Rounded ligament: attaches the uterus body to the anterior wall of the abdomen.

Cervical Ani Ligament: The cervix is fixed to the easing of the ani and the pubic body, one on
each side.

Brutal ligament: It extends across the base of the broad ligament from the cervix laterally to
the wall of the pelvis, one on each side.

Sacral uterine ligament: It extends from the cervix to the back on both sides of the rectum to
insert into the anterior surface of the sacrum, one on each side.

Section two q2.

Genes are important information for the formation of organs of the fetus and the vital
organic functions of it. Genes are usually found within the genetic material of organism
represented by DNA or in some rare cases in RNA.
Thus, these genes determine the formation, evolution, and behavior of the organism. The
physical differences and some psychological differences between individuals are due to
differences in the genes that these individuals carry.
A gene is a segment of one of two DNA strings occupying a specific position on this chain.
The gene is determined by the number of nucleotides involved in its structure, type and
arrangement, and it is subject to change as a result of mutations that may occur in it.
Genetic material is passed on from one generation to another, during the reproduction
process, so that every new individual acquires half of his genes from one of his parents and
the other half from the other parent. In some cases, the genetic material can be transferred
between individuals who are not related by operations such as infection or by viruses.
Genes control inheritance from parents to children, as well as the multiplication of cells and
their continuous daily functions, genes control the cell's functions by determining the
substances that they install inside the cell, from determining the structures, enzymes, and
chemicals in which they will be born mainly.
Genetics contain the basic information for building proteins, enzymes and vital materials
needed to build body organs, and producing materials (proteins and enzymes) in different
organs to carry out their functions. They also carry the biological clock in which the organism
develops from a fertilized egg to the formation of organs to childhood, then puberty, maturity
and aging.

Q4.
Male genital tract installation

The scrotum, which includes the testicles, is sperm-producing.

The genital channels that make up the epididymis are connected to a vector vessel that in
turn reaches the urethra.

The gonads include the seminal vesicle, the prostate and the Cooper gland, which together
form the rest of the semen components or perform auxiliary functions.

Ancillary external genital organs, represented by the penis, whose mission is to deliver sperm
to the female uterus through penetration.

The reproductive system in the male consists of two testes, each of which is surrounded by a
scrotum that hangs outside the abdominal cavity, and comes out from each testicular
epididymis, as well as the carrier vessel that leads to the seminal vesicle in which the sperm is
stored. There are also glands attached to the reproductive system to the urethra
Male reproductive system functions

Sperm production.
- The production of male hormones that cause the appearance of secondary qualities of the
adult male, such as roughness of sound, muscle strength, and hair growth in the face and pubis.

The testicle is composed of a large number of microscopic twisted tubes. Each tube is lined
from the inside with active cells that divide and the male gametes "sperm" exist. Between these
tubes, intercellular cells secrete the male hormones. Each testicle is encased by a fibrous wallet
called the white tunic, which condenses at the back to form the testicle mediastinal, which
sends into the testicle a fibrous chamber that divides it into about 250 lobules. Each lobule
consists of a tube into four spermatic tubes, each of which is about 60 cm high winding. The
testicle, where it excuses each other to form the testicular network from which the tubes
emanating from the testicle flow into the epididymis. The space between the testic tubes is
filled with connective tissue containing the Leidig cells that secrete testosterone. The sperm
tube consists of a basement membrane over which Sertoli cells and spermatogonium cells are
located. The testicle arises in the fetal life below the kidney, then it displaces its place towards
the scrotum, usually reaching it in the seventh month of pregnancy, and each testicle is drawn
with it during its descending blood and lymphatic vessels and its nerves through the inguinal
canal, and one or both of the testicles may remain above the inguinal canal after birth , Which
is called the disappearance of the cryptorchidism of the testicle.

Epididymis.
The epididymis surrounds the testicle on one of its sides and is in the form of a thin tube
wrapped in the form of a mass and its end is connected to a muscular canal which is the
transporting vessel. The carrier vessel fuses into the abdominal cavity of the urinary canal as it
leaves the bladder and the urogenital tract extends through the penis. The head of the
epididymis is attached to the testicle by means of the tubes issued by it.

The epididymis consists of a twisted tube like a scarf, 6-10 meters long, surrounded by
connective tissue and blood vessels. The epididymis is connected to the shoe of its tail with the
vas deferens.
Seminal vesicle

It is located behind and above the sperm under the base of the
bladder in front of the rectum. Its length is 6 cm. It joins with
the end of the adjacent vas deferens from the medial to form
the ejaculatory duct. Each vesicle contains small, connected
chambers covered with cutaneous cuticles for many
substances, the most important of which are fructose. These
substances nourish sperm and help ripen and protect them,
and these secretions constitute about half of the semen
volume. The vas deferens below the bladder ends slightly in
the urethra prostatic urethra, where semen is poured during
the flow into the urethra.
Fetish
A small gland located under the bladder behind the pubis in
front of the rectum, weighing about twenty grams, penetrates
into its center the first section of the urethra, called the
urethral urethra. On the back wall there is a protrusion called
the al-Shankhoub, on its side that leads to 25 pericular cannula,
and the two flushing channels that penetrate the prostate open
to it From back to front. The surrounding of the contaminated
urethra makes it susceptible to infection with everything that
affects this gland, such as being subject to obstruction when
infected with hypertrophy. The sperm is secreted during sexual
intercourse before the semen flows, secretions that make up
about a quarter of the volume of this fluid.
Penis
It is a member of sexual intercourse and urination consisting of the corpus corpus cavernosa
formed by two spongy cylinders in the back and sides and the spongiosum corpus in the
abdomen of the penis, through which the urethra transporting urine and semen passes, begins
with bulbous expansion in the perineum, and ends at the height of the penis with a conical
mass called Glans covered with prepuce foreskin
Prostate
These glands surround the bladder neck and produce a fluid that nourishes the sperm and
facilitates its movement, as well as the urine acidity around the sperm.
Semen
Semen consists of hundreds of millions of sperms (500 - 300 million) produced in each
intercourse. If the number of spermatozoa decreased to about a hundred million or less, the
hope of procreation is weak, as the enormous numbers of them play an important role in the
journey to reach the female egg and fertilize it and dissolve the material of the envelope of the
egg.

Q5.
What is the urinary system
A group of organs involved in urine excretion, which is water and waste from metabolism. In
humans, the kidneys have two small organs located in the back near the spine, and the left
kidney is higher than the right. It is bean shaped, about 10 cm long and about 6.4 cm wide. Its
purpose is to separate urea, mineral salts, toxins, and other waste products from blood,
conserve water, salts, and electrolytes. At least one kidney must work properly in order to
preserve life. Each kidney contains 1.2 million purification units called a nephron. The end of
each nephron extends to a structure called a renal particle, or glomerulus, that surrounds a
group of capillaries. The remainder of the kiln is made of very narrow and long tubes, in
twisted parts. The blood that contains the waste enters the glomerulus through an artery
contained in the renal artery. The glomerulus cells withdraw water and waste while the blood
is excreted through an artery from the glomerulus. In a process called filtration. The blood
coming out of the glomerulus passes through a network of hairs that surround the tubules
there, it recovers substances that the body still needs, such as water and some salts. The
purified blood returns to the bloodstream through the blood vessels that lead to the renal vein.
The ends of the tubes unite to form a collective tubule that discharges urine in the kidney basin,
a gathering room in the middle of the kidney. Then the urine passes from the kidney to the
ureter, which are two tubes each about 40-45 cm long. The muscles in the ureter walls send
urine in small mutations to the bladder, a flexible sac located behind the pubic bone and allows
urine to be stored. The outlet of the bladder is controlled by the sphincter muscle. The bright
bladder stimulates the sensory nerves in the bladder wall to relax the sphincter muscle and
allow urine to escape. Relaxing the sphincter muscle, in part, is a voluntary, controlled action
that can be learned. The urine that comes out into the urethra, which is a tube covered with a
mucous membrane that transports urine to the outside. The male urethra is about 20 cm in
length, ends at the tip of the penis, and also acts as a vector for semen. The female urethra is
about 5 cm long and is located directly in front of the vaginal opening, and has no other
function than urinary excretion. There are several disorders of the urinary system, including
congenital anomalies, injury, trauma, sepsis, the presence of kidney stones, or sand, and other
types of disabilities, and tumors. In addition to pelvic pain and frequent urination (sometimes
more than 60 times per day) that interfere with sleep, work, and daily life.

Urinary system parts The urinary system is made up of a number of parts, which will be
described in some detail below: Kidneys are located in the normal position in humans.
Kidneys are two of the most important organs, and each kidney is located on one side of the
spine at the back of The abdominal cavity, each kidney weighs approximately 125-170 grams
in men, and approximately 115-155 grams in women, knowing that the kidney that is located
on the right side of the body is slightly smaller than the kidney that is located on the left side,
in addition to the right that is located Slightly down compared to the left, in order to allow
space for the liver, it is worth tasting Repeat that above each kidney lies a gland known as
the adrenal gland. Although the kidneys are considered relatively small, they receive 20-25%
of the total blood released from the heart, and the renal arteries are responsible for feeding
the kidneys with blood. , While the renal veins are the blood vessels responsible for blood
transfusion outside the kidneys. As for the parts of the kidney, they can be described as
follows: The renal tubular unit: Also known as nephron, there are approximately one million
units in the kidney. Renal tubular, and these units are the most important parts of the
college As blood enters the blood to complete the metabolism of nutrients, then rid the body
of waste products in the blood after purification. Renal corpuscle, as blood enters the kidney
after the tubular unit’s renal entry into this capsule, and it consists mainly of two parts,
namely: glomerulus (Glomerulus): a group or bundle of capillaries responsible for absorbing
proteins from the blood When passing through the kidney capsule. Bowman capsule: The
part responsible for passing the remainder of the blood after filtering to the renal tubules.
Renal tubules: It is a group of small tubes, each of which consists of several parts, so that
when the liquid reaches the end of the tube it is diluted, i.e., not concentrated, in addition to
containing urea due to protein metabolism. As for the parts of these tubes, they can be
shown as follows: Proximal convoluted tubule (proximal convoluted tubule), the part
responsible for reabsorbing water, glucose and sodium sugar into the blood. Henley
curvature or loop of Henle, the part responsible for absorbing potassium, chlorine, and
sodium into the blood. Distal convoluted tubule, the part responsible for excluding
potassium and acids from the blood, and absorbing sodium into it. Renal cortex: It is the
outer part of the kidney, and it contains the glomerulus and twisted tubes, and the renal
cortex plays an important role in protecting the inner parts of the kidney. Renal medulla:
Renal medulla represents the internal tissue of the kidney. It consists of the following parts:
Renal pyramids, which are the structures that consist of renal tubular units in addition to the
tubes responsible for transporting fluids to the kidneys. Collecting ducts system, where there
is a university channel at the end of each renal tubular unit inside the core of the college, and
its importance lies as the part from which the fluid comes out of the renal tubular unit after
its purification. Renal pelvis (renal pelvis): Renal pelvis, the shape of the funnel, which is the
part that receives the fluid after it leaves the collecting ducts. Renal calyx), this part in the
form of cups or cups that collect fluid before moving to the urinary bladder, which is the part
in which the excess fluid and excreta are converted into urine. The hilum (Hilum), which is
the part where the renal artery responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart
passes to the kidney for filtering, and the renal vein responsible for transporting the
oxygenated blood to the heart. The ureter The two ureters represent two tubes responsible
for transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The diameter of the ureter
ranges between 4-5 mm, while the length of the ureter is between 25-30 cm. It is worth
noting that the ureter wall consists of three main layers, which is the outer layer , And the
middle layer that represents the muscle layer, and the inner layer is a mucous membrane.It
should be noted that the muscles of the ureteral wall contract continuously and relax with
the goal of pushing the urine down away from the kidneys, and it has been shown that during
every 10-15 seconds it is pushed A small amount of urine passes through the ureters to the
urinary bladder, if not Urine in the ureter or its return to the kidneys, i.e. in the opposite
direction to the correct position, causes inflammation in the kidneys.the urinary bladder is an
important member of the urinary system, and it is expandable, and in fact when the urinary
bladder is empty, its wall is thick and is uniform in shape to the extent What, if urine reaches
the bladder through the ureters, its wall becomes thin and the bladder moves upward
towards the abdominal cavity, and this causes an increase in the size of the urinary bladder,
so it may expand to change its length from approximately 5 cm to approximately 15 cm, but
as for its capacity; It ranges between 470-710 AD Almost liter, but a person feels the urgent
need to urinate when only a quarter of the bladder fills, and it should be noted that the base
of the bladder is in the form of a triangle, and is responsible for preventing urine reflux into
the ureters and preventing the expansion of the urethra.Based on the foregoing, the role of
the bladder can be summarized In the performance of the urinary system Temporarily
storing urine in the body. Helping to release urine out of the body, as the muscles of the
urinary bladder help push urine out while urinating. The sphincter muscles represent the
part responsible for controlling urinary retention and excretion, and the fact that the urinary
system has two sphincters, the first is an inner involuntary muscle, which is part of the lower
muscle of the urinary bladder, and is responsible for preventing urine passage into the
urethra, and the second External voluntary control, which is the second way to prevent urine
from leaving the body. The urethra represents a hollow tube responsible for transporting
urine out of the body, located between the urinary bladder and urinary meatus, and the role
and structure of the urethra can be explained in some detail According to the jinn It also
comesThe urethra in females: The function of the urethra in females mainly consists in
transporting urine out of the body, preventing urine reflux in the opposite direction, in
addition to providing protection for the urinary system against pathogenic bacteria, and the
urethra in females lies behind what is known as easing ani ( Pubic symphysis) is just above
the vaginal opening and below the clitoris. It is worth noting that the length of the urethra in
females is approximately 4 cm, and the urethra consists of the internal sphincter, the urethral
vaginal muscle, and the external sphincter. The urethra in males: The function of the urethra
in males is to expel urine outside the body, push the semen when it is tossed, and prevent
either of these fluids from bouncing in the opposite direction, in addition to preventing
bacteria from entering the body, and the length of the urethra in males is much longer than it
is in Females, as the length reaches approximately 22 cm, and it is worth noting that the first
part of the urethra in males is known as the Prostatic urethra, which starts from the neck of
the urinary bladder and continues until it reaches the prostate gland. Bladder nerves The
nerves work in tandem with the muscles to trap urine in the urinary bladder and release it
when necessary, as these nerves carry messages from the urinary bladder to the brain to
deliver information that the bladder is full, as well as nerves carry messages from the brain to
the bladder to communicate information that either the bladder contracts or Their
relaxation. Functions of the urinary system There are multiple functions that the urinary
system performs, the most important of which can be summarized in the following ridding
the body of many waste products through urine, and among the most prominent of these
products are urea which results from the breakdown of proteins, and the resulting uric acid
About DNA breakdown. Reabsorb some important nutrients such as glucose, security acids,
water, phosphates, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, potassium, and bicarbonate. Regulating
blood pH to remain within the normal range 7.38-7.42. Osmolality regulation, which is a
measure of the balance of water and electrolytes, or the ratio between fluids and mineral
salts in the body, and in the event that this percentage rises above the permissible limit, the
hypothalamus region will soon send a signal to the pituitary gland to release the anti-diuresis
hormone Antidiuretic hormone), and the kidneys respond to this hormone with a number of
things, shown Increased urine concentration. Increase the amount of water that the urinary
system reabsorbs into the blood. Urea retention in the heart of the kidney instead of
disposal, because the disposal of the body of urea is accompanied by the disposal of water.
Opening parts in the collecting ducts that the water could not pass through in the normal
position, which gives the opportunity to re-absorb more water into the body. Regulating
blood pressure in cases of necessity. The excretion of a number of important compounds in
the body, such as: erythropoietin or the erythropoietin component, which is responsible for
the manufacture of red blood cells in the body, and Renin, which is responsible for controlling
the size of plasma, lymph and intercellular fluid, and among the compounds that The kidneys
also secrete calcitriol, which is responsible for increasing the amount of calcium absorbed by
the intestine as well as reabsorbing phosphates from the kidneys.