COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

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Program:
Trade Technical Education
Major:
Architectural Drafting Technology
Unit of Competency:
Outline of Intellectual Property Rights
Module Title:
Outlining of Intellectual Property Rights
Course Code & Title:
IPR 1: Intellectual Property Rights

ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

College of Technical Education
R.T. Lim Blvd., Baliwasan, Zamboanga City
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

How to Use this Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

List of Competencies .............................. 3

Module Content .................................. 4

Learning Experience .............................. 6

Technical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Information Sheet 1.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Self-Check 1.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Information Sheet 1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Self-Check 1.2.1 .............................. 15

Information Sheet 1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Self-Check 1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Task Sheet 1.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Answer Keys.........................................................................................22

References ................................... 23

CBLM on IPR 1 Date Developed: Document No.

Outline of Intellectual August 2020
Property Rights Developed by: Issued by:
Amor A. Manso CTechEd Page - 1 - of 23
Visiting Lecturer
 VISION MISSION INSTITUTIONAL CORE VALUES
ZCSPC as the Provide effective and OUTCOMES Love of God; Social
leading provider of services through Globally competitive Responsibility;
globally competitive advance graduates who can Commitment/
human resources. technological studies perform advanced Dedication to the
and researches for technological Service; and
the empowerment of competencies in Accountability
the nation’s human their field of
resources. specialization.

How to Use this Module

Welcome to the module “Outlining of Intellectual Property Rights”.

This learner’s guide contains activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “Outline of Intellectual Property Rights”

contains the knowledge, skills and attitudes required for the course IPR 1:
Intellectual Property Rights.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order

to complete each learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Information Sheets and Resource Sheets and Reference
Materials for further reading to help you better understand the required
activities. Follow these activities on your own and answer the self-check at
the end of each learning outcome. You may tear a blank answer sheets at the
end of each module to reflect your answers for each self-check. If you have
questions, please don’t hesitate to ask your subject instructors for
assistance.

Instruction Sheets:

Information Sheet - This will provide you with information (concepts,

principles and other relevant information) needed in
performing certain activities.

Task Sheet - This will guide you in performing single task, operation
or process in a job.

Job Sheet - This is designed to guide you how to do a job that will
contribute to the attainment of the learning outcome.

Assignment Sheet - The assignment sheet is a guide used to enhance (follow-

up) what you have learned in the information sheet,
operation sheet or job sheet.

Worksheet - Activity sheets are the different forms that you need to
fill-up in certain activities that you performed.
 IPR 1: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

List of Competencies

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NO. UNIT OF COMPETENCY MODULE TITLE

1. Outline of Intellectual Property Outlining of Intellectual Property

Rights Rights
2. Describe Copyrights and Related Describing Copyrights and Related
Rights Rights
3. Explain the Nature of Patents Explaining the Nature of Patents

4. Describe the Concept of Trade Describing the Concept of Trade

Marks Marks
5. Express the meaning of Expressing the meaning of
Geographical Indications Geographical Indications
6. Describe the Concept of Industrial Describing the Concept of
Designs and Trade Secrets Industrial Designs and Trade
Secrets
 MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Outline of Intellectual Property Rights

MODULE TITLE : Outlining of Intellectual Property Rights

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:

This module covers the outcomes required in Outlining

of Intellectual Property Rights.

NOMINAL DURATION: 6 hours

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Discuss the basic concepts of intellectual property rights.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Can define intellectual property and intellectual property rights.
2. Can identify examples of intellectual property.
3. Can identify the different types of intellectual property rights.
4. Can recognize agencies/organizations that protect intellectual
property rights.
 Learning Outcome #1: Discuss the basic concepts of intellectual
property rights
CONTENTS:
A. Intellectual Property Rights
1. 1 Introduction to intellectual property rights.
1. 2 Types of intellectual property rights.
1. 3 International instruments that protect the intellectual property
rights.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Can define intellectual property and intellectual property rights.
2. Can identify examples of intellectual property.
3. Can identify the different types of intellectual property rights.
4. Can recognize agencies/organizations that protect intellectual
property rights.

CONDITION:
The students must be provided with the following:
 Hand-outs
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Oral Evaluation
 Written Test
 Portfolio
 LEARNING EXPERIENCE
LEARNING OUTCOME #1: DISCUSS THE BASIC CONCEPTS
OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
Learning Activities
1. Read Information Sheet 1.1.1 on
Introduction Of Intellectual
Property Rights
2. Answer Self-Check 1.1.1
Modified True or False
3. Read Information Sheet 1.2.1
Types Of Intellectual
Property Rights
4. Answer Self-Check 1.2.1
Identification of
Intellectual
Property Rights
5. Read Information Sheet 1.3.1 on
International Instruments that
Protect Intellectual Property
Rights
6. Answer Self-Check 1.3.1
Fill in the Blanks
7. Task Sheet 1.3.1
Drawing
Special Activities
Go through the Information Sheet
and answer the self-check to ensure
that knowledge in the conducting
test is acquired.
Do the Worksheets and evaluate
yourself with the given performance
criteria checklist.
Show your output to your trainer for
his feedback as you accomplish
them.
After doing all activities of this
module, you are ready to proceed to
the next Module of the course.
CONGRATULATIONS!
 TECHNICAL TERMS

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 Copyright – is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators

have over their literary and artistic works.
 Geographical Indications – is a sign used on products that have a
specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that
are due to that origin.
 Intellectual – relating to intellect; critical thinking.
 Intellectual Property – refers to creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names
and images used in business.
 Industrial Design – constitutes the ornamental aspect of an article.
 Intellectual Property Rights – are the rights given to persons over
the creations of their minds.
 Patent – is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a
product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing
something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem.
 Property – designates those things that are commonly recognized as
being the possessions of an individual or a group.
 Rights - are moral or legal entitlement to have or obtain something or
to act on a certain way.
 Trademarks – is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services
of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.
 Trade Secrets - are intellectual property (IP) rights on confidential
information which may be sold or licensed.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ARIPO - African Regional Industrial Property Organization

EAPO - Eurasian Patent Organization
EPO - European Patent Organization
GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
INTA – International Trademarks Association
TRIPS - Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO – World Trade Organization
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS

Learning Objectives: At the end of this Information Sheet, you are expected to:
a. Define the intellectual property and intellectual property rights.
b. Identify the categories of intellectual property rights.

What is intellectual?

Intellectual is relating to intellect, critical thinking.

What is a property?

Property designates those things that are commonly recognized as

being the possessions of an individual or a group. A right of ownership is
associated with property that establishes the good as being "one's own
thing" in relation to other individuals or groups, assuring the owner the
right to dispense with the property in a manner he or she deems fit, whether
to use or not use, exclude others from using, or to transfer ownership.
Properties are of two types - tangible property and intangible property
i.e. one that is physically present and the other which is not in any physical
form. Building, land, house, cash, jewelry are few examples of tangible
properties which can be seen and felt physically. On the other hand, there is
a kind of valuable property that cannot be felt physically as it does not have
a physical form.
Intellectual property is one of the forms of intangible property which
commands a material value which can also be higher than the value of a
tangible asset or property.

What is right?

Rights are moral or legal entitlement to have or obtain something or to

act on a certain way.

Intellectual Property

Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as

inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and
images used in business. IP is protected in law by, for
example, patents, copyright and trademarks, which enable people to earn
recognition or financial benefit from what they invent or create. By striking
the right balance between the interests of innovators and the wider public
 interest, the IP system aims to foster an environment in which creativity and
innovation can flourish (World Intellectual Property Organizations).
Categories of Intellectual Property

 Industrial Property - includes patents for inventions, trademarks,

industrial designs and geographical indications.
 Copyright - covers literary works (such as novels, poems and plays),
films, music, artistic works (e.g., drawings, paintings, photographs
and sculptures) and architectural design. Rights related to copyright
include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of
phonograms in their recordings, and broadcasters in their radio and
television programs (WIPO).

Intellectual Property Rights

Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the
creations of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right
over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time (World Trade
Organization).
 SELF-CHECK 1.1.1

I. Modified True or False

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and if the statement is False
change the underlined word to make the statement correct. Write your
answers on space provided before each number.

true 1. Property pertains to a thing or things that belong to someone.

true 2. Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as

inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols,
names and images used in business.

true 3. Buildings, land, houses, cars and cash are examples of

intangible properties.

false 4. Intellectual property is divided into two categories industrial

property and copyright.

false 5. Tangible properties are properties that can be seen and felt.

true 6. Industrial property rights are the rights given to persons over
the creations of their minds.

true 7. Rights are moral or legal entitlement given to a person.

true 8. Literary works, artistic works and architectural designs are

covered by industrial property.

true 9. Intellectual means the ability to think or understand things.

true 10. Industrial property includes patents for inventions,

trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications.
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.2.1 TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Learning Objectives: At the end of this Information Sheet, you are expected to:
a. Identify the different types of intellectual property rights.
b. Name an example of each intellectual property rights.

There are different types of intellectual property rights.

TRADE SECRETS
COPYRIGHT IPR

GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS TRADE MARKS

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
PATENTS

Figure 1. Types of Intellectual Property Rights

Copyright - (or author’s right) is a legal term used to describe the rights
that creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by
copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture, and films, to
computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps, and technical
drawings.

https://www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/book-clipart/ https://id.pinterest.com/skysivanesh/painting/
 Patent - A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a
product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing
something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. To get a patent,
technical information about the invention must be disclosed to the public in
a patent application.

https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Inventions-Innovations-Clip-Art 4387283

Trademarks - is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of

one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks are protected by
intellectual property rights.

https://

et is a formula practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, commercial method, or compilation of information. With the h
 In general, to qualify as a trade secret, the information must be:

 commercially valuable because it is secret,

 be known only to a limited group of persons, and
 be subject to reasonable steps taken by the rightful holder of the
information to keep it secret, including the use of confidentiality
agreements for business partners and employees.
The unauthorized acquisition use or disclosure of such secret information in
a manner contrary to honest commercial practices by others is regarded as
an unfair practice and a violation of the trade secret protection.

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Geographical Indications - (GI) is a sign used on products that have a

specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are
due to that origin. In order to function as a GI, a sign must identify a
product as originating in a given place. In addition, the qualities,
characteristics or reputation of the product should be essentially due to the
place of origin. Since the qualities depend on the geographical place of
production, there is a clear link between the product and its original place of
production.

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Industrial Designs - in a legal sense, an industrial design constitutes the
ornamental aspect of an article. An industrial design may consist of three-
dimensional features, such as the shape of an article, or two dimensional
features, such as patterns, lines or color (WIPO).

https://images.app.goo.gl/Er4Ftr4nnG2jpmFZ6
 SELF-CHECK 1.2.1

I. Identification
Directions: Identify whether the following object/word/words is covered by
copyright, patent, trademarks, trade secrets, geographical indications, or
industrial design. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.

copyrigh 1. Carlo invented a machine for planting.

2. Formula of Coca-cola.

3.

4. Harry Potter Book

5.

6. Freddie Aguilar’s Composition

7. Packaging design of soap.

8.

9. Sewing Machine

10. Secret recipe of Red Ribbon cake.

INFORMATION SHEET 1.3.1 INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS THAT
PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Learning Objective: At the end of this Information Sheet, you are expected to:
a. Relate the different treaties, agencies/organizations that manage the
intellectual property rights.

International Organizations, Agencies and Treaties

There are a number of International organizations and agencies that

promote the use and protection of intellectual property. Although these
organizations are discussed in more detail in the chapters to follow, a brief
introduction may be helpful:

International Trademark Association (INTA) is a not-for-profit

international association composed chiefly of trademark owners and
practitioners. It is a global association. Trademark owners and professionals
dedicated in supporting trademarks and related IP in order to protect
consumers and to promote fair and effective commerce. More than 6000
(Present 7200 member) companies and law firms more than 170 (Present
187 countries) countries belong to INTA, together with others interested in
promoting trademarks. INTA offers a wide variety of educational seminars
and publications, including many worthwhile materials available at no cost
on the Internet. INTA members have collectively contributes almost US $ 12
trillion to global GDP annually. INTA undertakes advocacy (active support)
work throughout the world to advance trademarks and offers educational
programs and informational and legal resources of global interest. Its head
quarter in New York City, INTA also has offices in Brussels, Shanghai and
Washington DC and representative in Geneva and Mumbai. This association
was founded in 1878 by 17 merchants and manufacturers who saw a need
for an organization. The INTA is formed to protect and promote the rights of
trademark owners, to secure useful legislation (the process of making laws),
and to give aid and encouragement to all efforts for the advancement and
observance of trademark rights.

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was founded in 1883

and is specialized agency of the United Nations whose purposes are to
promote intellectual property throughout the world and to administer 26
treaties dealing with intellectual property. WIPO is one of the 17 specialized
agencies of the United Nations. It was created in 1967, to encourage creative
activity, to promote the protection of Intellectual Property throughout the
world. With 193 nations are members of WIPO. Its headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland, current Director General of WIPO is Francis Gurry took charge
on October 1, 2008. The predecessor to WIPO was the BIRPI (Bureaux for
the Protection of Intellectual Property) it was established in 1893. WIPO was
formally created by the convention (meeting) establishing the world
intellectual Property organization which was signed at Stockholm, Sweden,
on 14 July 1967 and entered into force on 26 April 1970.

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

(the Berne Convention) - An International copyright treaty called the
convention for the protection of Literary and Artistic works signed at Berne,
Switzerland in 1886 under the leadership of Victor Hugo to protect literary
and artistic works. It has more than 160 member nations. The United States
became a party to the Berne Convention in 1989. The Berne Convention is
administered by WIPO and is based on the guidelines that each member
nation must treat nation must treat nationals of other member countries
like its own nationals for purposes of copyright (the principle of “nation
treatment”). In addition to establishing a system of equal treatment that
internationalized copyright amongst signatories, the agreement also required
member states to provide strong minimum standards for copyrights law. It
was influenced by the French “right of the author”.

Madrid Protocol - It is a legal basis is the multilateral treaties Madrid (it is

a city situated in Spain) Agreement concerning the International
Registration of Marks of 1891, as well as the Protocol Relating to the Madrid
Agreement 1989. The Madrid system provides a centrally administered
system of obtaining a bundle of trademark registration in separate
jurisdiction. The protocol is a filing treaties and not substantive
harmonization treaty. It provides a cost-effective and efficient way for
trademark holder. It came into existence in 1996. It allows trademark
protection for more than seventy countries, including all 25 countries of the
European Union.

Paris Convention - The Paris convention for the protection of Industrial

Property, signed in Paris, France, on 20th March 1883, was one of the first
Intellectual Property treaties, after a diplomatic conference in Paris, France,
on 20 March 1883 by Eleven (11) countries. The convention is currently still
force. The substantive provisions of the convention fall into three main
categories: National Treatment, Priority right and Common Rules. According
to Articles 2 and 3 of this treaty, juristic and natural persons who are either
national of or domiciled in a state party to the Convention shall, as regards
the protection of industrial property, enjoy in all the other countries of the
Union, the advantages that their respective laws grant to nationals. The
"Convention priority right", also called "Paris Convention priority right" or
"Union priority right", was also established by Article 4 of the Paris
Convention, and is regarded as one of the cornerstones of the Paris
Convention. It provides that an applicant from one contracting State shall be
able to use its first filing date (in one of the contracting States) as the
effective filing date in another contracting State, provided that the applicant,
or his successor in title, files a subsequent application within 6 months
(for industrial designs and trademarks) or 12 months (for patents and utility
models) from the first filing. The Paris Convention is administered by WIPO
(http://www.gpcet.ac.in).

Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of

Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, or Budapest
Treaty - is an international treaty signed in Budapest, Hungary, on April
28, 1977. It entered into force on August 9, 1980 and was later amended on
September 26, 1980. The treaty is administered by the World Intellectual
P r o p e r t y O r g a n i z a t i o n (WIPO).

As of July 2019, 82 countries are party to the Budapest Treaty. The

accession to the Treaty is open to States party to the Paris Convention for
the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883. The African Regional Industrial
Property Organization (ARIPO), the Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO)
and the European Patent Organization (EPO) have filed a declaration of
acceptance under Article 9 of the Treaty.

The treaty allows "deposits of microorganisms at an international

depositary authority to be recognized for the purposes
of patent procedure". Usually, in order to meet the legal requirement
of sufficiency of disclosure, patent applications and patents must disclose in
their description the subject-matter of the invention in a manner sufficiently
clear and complete to be carried out by the person skilled in the art. When
an invention involves a microorganism, completely describing said invention
in the description to enable third parties to carry it out is usually
impossible. This is why, in the particular case of inventions involving
microorganisms, a deposit of biological material must be made in a
recognized institution. The Budapest Treaty ensures that an applicant, i.e. a
person who applies for a patent, needs not to deposit the biological material
in all countries where he/she wants to obtain a patent. The applicant needs
only to deposit the biological material at one recognized institution, and this
deposit will be recognized in all countries party to the Budapest Treaty
(https://en.wikipedia.org).

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property

Rights (TRIPS) - is an international legal agreement between all the member
nations of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It sets down minimum
standards for the regulation by national governments of many forms
of intellectual property (IP) as applied to nationals of other WTO member
nations. TRIPS was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) between 1989 and
1990 and is administered by the WTO.
 The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the
multilateral trading system for the first time and remains the most
comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property to date. In
2001, developing countries, concerned that developed countries were
insisting on an overly narrow reading of TRIPS, initiated a round of talks
that resulted in the Doha Declaration. The Doha declaration is a WTO
statement that clarifies the scope of TRIPS, stating for example that TRIPS
can and should be interpreted in light of the goal "to promote access to
medicines for all."
Specifically, TRIPS requires WTO members to provide copyright rights,
covering authors and other copyright holders, as well as holders of related
rights, namely performers, sound recording producers and broadcasting
organizations; geographical indications; industrial designs; integrated circuit
layout-designs; patents; new plant varieties; trademarks; trade names and
undisclosed or confidential information. TRIPS also
specifies enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute
resolution procedures. Protection and enforcement of all intellectual
property rights shall meet the objectives to contribute to the promotion of
technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of
technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological
knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and
to a balance of rights and obligations (https://en.wikipedia.org).

Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) - is an international patent law treaty,

concluded in 1970. It provides a unified procedure for filing patent
applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states. Patent
Cooperation Treaty makes it possible to seek patent protection for an
invention simultaneously in each of a large number of countries by filing an
"international" patent application. Such an application may be filed by
anyone who is a national or resident of a PCT Contracting State. It may
generally be filed with the national patent office of the Contracting State of
which the applicant is a national or resident or, at the applicant's option,
with the International Bureau of WIPO in Geneva (WIPO).
 SELF-CHECK 1.3.1

I. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the word that completes the statement.
Choose your answer from the box and write it on the space provided.

Francis Gurry Intellectual Intelligence

TRIPS Carlo Tang Budapest Treaty Switzerland

International Patent Cooperation TreatyBerne Convention

Madrid Protocol Paris Convention WIPO

1. The WIPO acronym means World Property Organization.

2. The current Director General of WIPO is .

3. The was signed in Paris, France on March 20, 1883.

4. The is an international treaty signed

in Budapest, Hungary, on April 28, 1977.

5. INTA means Trademark Association.

6. was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of

the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) between 1989 and
1990 and is administered by the WTO.

7. The is an International copyright treaty called the

convention for the protection of Literary and Artistic works signed at Berne,
Switzerland in 1886.

8. The provides a unified procedure for filing patent

applications to protect inventions in each of its contracting states.

9. The headquarters of WIPO is in Geneva, .

10. is an agreement concerning the International Registration

of Marks of 1891, as well as the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement
1989.
 Task Sheet 1.3.1

Drawing
Directions: Draw the importance of Intellectual Property Rights in your field
of specialization in the box given below.

Materials: Art materials Criteria:

Content - 50%
Creativity - 30%
Neatness - 10%
Cleanliness - 10%
ANSWER KEY 1.1.1

I. Modified True or False

1. True
2. True
3. Tangible
4. True
5. True
6. Intellectual
7. True
8. Copyright
9. True
10. True

ANSWER KEY 1.2.1

I. Identification

1. Patent
2. Trade Secret
3. Trademark
4. Copyright
5. Geographical Indication
6. Copyright
7. Industrial Design
8. Trademark
9. Patent
10. Trade Secret

ANSWER KEY 1.3.1

I. Fill in the Blanks

1. Intellectual
2. Francis Gurry
3. Paris Convention
4. Budapest Treaty
5. International
6. TRIPS
7. Berne Convention
8. Patent Cooperation Treaty
9. Switzerland
10. Madrid Protocol
 REFERENCES

“Budapest Treaty”. Retrieved September 5, 2020.

Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Treaty

“Definition of Intellectual”. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved August

23, 2020. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intellectual

“Definition of Rights”. Retrieved August 23, 2020. https://www.google.com/search?

source=hp&ei=m5ZhX AOILpmAWKuLPA
Cw&q=rights+definition&oq=rights+definition&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIHC
AAQRhD5ATICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoO
CAAQ6gIQtAIQmgEQ5QI6BQgAELEDOggIABCxAxCDAToNCAAQsQMQgwEQ
RhD5AVD45AFYmo4CYIyVAmgBcAB4AIAB4gSIAdUgkgELMC44LjUuMy4wLj
GYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6sAEG&sclient=psy-ab&ved=0ahUKEwi_-
vKi7ezrAhWCNKYKHQrcDLgQ4dUDCAc&uact=5

“Lecture Notes on Intellectual Property Rights”. Retrieved August 23, 2020,

from G. PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY:
http://www.gpcet.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/INTELLECTUAL-
PROPERTY-RIGHTS-ANIL-1-23.pdf

“Patent Cooperation Treaty”. Retrieved September 13, 2020.World

Intellectual Property Organization.
https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/pct/

“What is Intellectual Property?”.Retrieved August 26, 2020, from World

Intellectual Property Organization:
https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pub_450.
pdf