Repeated questions

1.Define the conceptual meaning of tourism. Briefly describe the forms and types of tourism.
2 (i) Living Culture
(ii) Travel Writing
(iii)silk route
(iv) grand tour
3 Explain the role of History in Tourism. Discuss 20
with examples how history is being used and
misused in Tourism
4 what do you understand by tourism product? Describe the characteristic features of tourism
product. Also mention the process of designing a tourism product with an example of a tourist product of
your choice
5. role of Media in the marketing of tourism products.
6. Mention the different types of tourism accommodation and their characteristics.
7. Discuss the role and functions of Street Guide
8.Mention the functions of local bodies. Discuss the
relationship between local bodies and tourism.
9. impact of tourism on a destination (economic, socio-cultural and environmental)
10. Discuss the primary and secondary constituents of the tourism industry.

Answers
Ans 1, tourism is "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay
of non-residents, in so far as it do not lead to permanent residence and is not connected to any
earning activity".
The League of Nations in 1937 recommended that tourism covers the social activity of
those who travel for a period of 24 hours or more in a country other than the one a
person usually lives in.
The Rome Conference on Tourism in 1963 adopted the recommendation to replace the
term "tourist" with the term "visitor" and defined tourism as a visit "to a country other
than ones own or where one usually resides and works"; for the following reasons:
i) Tourism - the activity of temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours for leisure.
business, family, mission or meeting.
ii) Excursion - the activity of a temporary visitor staying less than 24 hours but
excluding people in transit.
The Tourism Society of Britain in 1976 clarifies that "Tourism is the temporary, short-term
movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and
their activities during their stay at these destinations, including day visits and excursions."
All these have the minimal
common characteristic - that they are different and they are a 'departure' from normal
life. These minimal characteristics help us to define tourism, which according to the
W.T.O. is the movement of people away from their normal place of residence and work
for a period of not less than 24 hours and not more than 1 year.
Tourism involves the movement of people to, and their stay
at various destinations. This involves a journey and services like transport,
accommodation, catering and viewing etc. The journey to and stay at a site is outside
the normal place of work and residence for a short period.
he movement of tourists from the place of origin to the destination is furthe described
International Tourism, when the travel is from one country to another, and
lomestic Tourism, when the travel is within the country i.e. Qips mlcen by a tourist
within his/her own country or where the origin and destination are in the same , . country. - -? ..-I
- pa :
In Inmtional Tourism you will come a~oss two other terms:
i) Inbound: This refer5 to tourists entering a country.
ii) Outbound: This refers to tourists leaving their country of origin for an other.
in todays context the different
types of tourism are as follows:
1. Rest and Recuperation
Taking a rest from everyday life; relieve the stress of societies that have shifted from
manual to sedentary work. Tourism as diversion or compensation to holiday destinations
is what may be called holiday or vacation travei which is focused on resorts and beach
holidays, both domestic and international.
2. Escape
ouri ism as a mass flight from everyday reality to an imaginary world of freedom. This
flight takes place within the movements from centres to peripheries or in other words a
North-South migration.
3. Communication
Spending quality time with family and friends, make new friends and acquaintances.
This is mass tourism, in herds, enjoying the facilities of tourism enclaves.
4. Culture and Education
Such Tourism is based on sight-seeing tours to experience and see other countries of the
world though not necessarily in depth.
5. Freedom
Tourism frees you from home and work and is directed tqwards facilities and comforts
rather than experience.
6. Health
Visit spas, go to saunas, undergo cures for chronic ailment. visit health clubs for
workouts or do yoga i.e, travel for health.
7. Special Interest Tours
Is organised as per the special interests of the tourists ranging from medical, historical,
archaeological and other interests to golf or fishing.
8. Adventure and Wild Life
Far away from modem civilisation, with bearers and porters and mules, camels.
elephants or jeeps, mixing trekking and hiking and camp life with the luxury of a first
class hotel.
9. Convention Tourism
To mix leisure with work, holding
convention or meetings at tourist
destinations.
Ans 2- (A) Living Culture or intangible cultural heritage refers to the practices,
representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills owned by the local community.
Cultural life in india
Collective vitality subsisting on a rich repertoire of myth, symbol, and song is an important
identifying feature of india’s cultural life. it has strong local and regional flavors. yet its rituals
and reticenses(restraints) possess an underlying commonality. the rural and tribal vernacular
traditions have interacted quite meaningfully with the classical traditions and has come to us as
the living culture of India. Even under an incessant pressure of modernity and, economically
speaking, the compulsions of employment, the culture of India has lived on. the living culture
has survived outside of the academia and is in the form of art that is practised by its people.
Handicrafts
Indian handicrafts represent perhaps the oldest tradition of living culture. The continuity of
the traditional crafts still offers creative expression to the great mass of our people. The
Indian craftsman uses his medium for rendering creative expression of his inner self. The
main mediums in which the crafts are practised are stone, wood and metal. Almost all clusters
of villages have their own craftsmen who work on these mediums. The diversity of Indian
cultural tradition is aptly reflected in the tradition of handicrafts.
Textiles:
The texlile tradition of India goes back, beyond doubt, to the 2nd millenium B.C. The textual
reference to cotton appears in the post-Vedic period, though references to weaving also
abound in Vedic literature. The introduction of machine weaving, fortunately, did not result
in the death of the very old tradition. The textile tradition in the form of a craft has lived
down to our own period and certainly maintains a continuity from its remote past. We shall
give you brief notices of some of the more prominent textile forms in existence in India even
today. Examples patola from Gujrat, jamdani from up, kontha from west Bengal and bandhej
from Gujrat

(B)
travel writing is also known as writing for tourism. In its literal sense, it means a person who
travels in different countries or locations and experiences the local culture and diversity and
writes about his/her observations in his/her journal which made for purpose to aware its readers
about said place. It is done for the sole purpose to describe author’s experience and make it
available to its readers. audience can enjoy the experience sitting at home by just reading what
is published in the paper or they can choose to take the journey themselves. Nowadays, travel
writing is not limited to letters, articles and journals, but it is also commonly seen on televisions,
radios, films and social media. Many people engage in these fascinating methods and thus it
promotes tourism as well as trade amongst the countries. Many journal and documents written
by vasco da gama, marco polo, Christopher columbus, etc, not only joins the historical links but
also has a huge impact on trade and tourism on places they visited. It created a presumption in
the readers minds and generates curiosity to explore the place by themselves. Many
travalogues dating back to centuries ago could be found mentioning the details of world the
author saw from his/her eyes. Nowadays it is generally used for promotion purposes.in
promotional texts and advertisements, emphasis is more on attracting tourists to a certain
location or place so that they can experience firsthand generating business for local shops and
residents. Promotion literature in the form of shopping directories, Brochures,
advertisements and commissioned writing is common to all the constituents of tourism
industry. People on social media post both promotional and non promotional blogs on various
platforms where many people can access their travelogue and therefore plan their journey.
objectives
motivating travel to a destination,
describing a destination,
cautioning the traveller,
andysing government policies,
detailing the impacts,
asking for improvements,
making futurc predictions,
sharing experiences.
marketing and promotion,
recreating the past, and
providing information, etc
.
These are linked to the target audience to addressed, and the type of publication one is writing
for.

(C.) Perhaps the most interesting link in the East/West movement of people was the Silk Route.
This began in 2000 B.C. and transformed overtime as modernization and natural causes
dictated. The Silk Route is evidence of the fact that in Inter-continental travel inconveniences
are disregarded by travellers.
This is also because travel removes people's ignorance and superstition.
The Silk Route is reported in travel records, annals and chronicles written for courts and kings,
and in the accounts of pilgrims. Meeting to exchange silk, muslin, fine glass, teal
rice and ,spices, the participants in the emporium trade also exchanged ideas and transplanted
production process in different parts of the world like other forms of travel, silk route;
• Stages of journey were short
• travel was generally in winter because the extreme topography and climate made the
route one of the most hazardous and yet in terms of wealth most rewarding.
• Navigation was done by the stars when not followed by the courses of steam or river
• Revenue was collected from the traveler as a resource for the state. Larger states lured
travelers with shelter and other facilities and lowered taxes to encourage wealthy people
to visit their bases, towns and cities because the traveler brought wealth.
• Beside wealth and ideas new technology also formed its way along this East-West axis.
For example, irrigation, plants, flowers, printing, paper and gunpowder were also
introduces to different countries via the Silk Route.
 • The experience of the traveller indicated a frame of mind which may be described as
touristic since it involved seeing new places, people and culture, increase knowledge
and feel the novelty of the world
With the fall of the empires, there was a setback to trade and commerce. The mobility of
the individual was also much reduced. However, we rid the pilgrim and the artisan on his
way to the fair as the travellers. The sea-side resorts, the hill stations and spas that were
centres of pleasure and recreation fell into disuse by the early medieval period. Yet,
because of the development of touristic activities over the years a complex character of
tourism had certainly emerged:
1) Because of the complexity of motivations, needs and satisfaction, tourism emerged as
an amalgam of phenomena and practices and their relationships rather than its a
single or unique orientation.
2) These inter-relationships arise from the movement of people to and their stay at
various destinations which provide the dynamic element in the progress of tourism.
3) That tourism gives rise to activities which are distinct from the resident and working
population.
4) That tourist movements are temporary and relatively short term in character, with
intention to return to the place of residence after the travel is completed
5) Destinations are chosen for a particular attraction which could be business, vocational
or pleasure related.

(D) The term is popularly understood to describe a circuit of Western Europe undertaken by a
wealthy social elite for culture, education and pleasure. It is a frequent reference point
in the history of tourism in Europe. Most modern studies have a conventional image of the Tour,
without recognising that it was the first extensive movement of tourists for which we have
primary sources like letters, journals and diaries of tourists. These
sources indicate that any extensive movement of tourists is brought about by a particular social
and cultural environment, and each country can develop its own perspective on the grand tour.
The impact of such a tour on art and intellectual life, social and economic history as well as
literature indicated that aristocracy was perhaps most visible. however, it is both middle class,
merchants and scribe who have recorded the passage to of the
tourist, while the artisan has passed on his craft and skill in the search for a master. There are
several debatable assertions regarding the Grand Tour - that it followed a prescribed route and
was leisurely in pace. Now, we have evidence of no set pattern
being followed and also travelling as fast as possible. It is also questionable that the Grand Tour
was essential part of a diplomatic training or the rounding off of spell at Oxford or cambridge.
Was it the result of a secularisation of religion? Was the decline of the tour due to the coming of
the Railways or changing cultural values with the increase in the size of the middle class? The
idea of the Grand Tour as an extensive
itinerary for tourists to follow owes something to all these factors in the course of its
development. We can mention the characteristics of the Grand Tour as follows:
1) The Grand Tour can be defined in terms of class, which would determine the places visited
and the mode of travel. For example, the nobility would follow the court to resorts in the hills,
near lakes or along the coast. The aristocracy and the high officials would follow suit as well as
visit renowned centres of learning.
2) The Grand Tour can be defined by the destinations on the itinerary, but such a definition
would limit the classes involved in extensive travel.
3) The Oxford English Dictionary defines the Grand Tour as a tour of the principal cities and
places of interest in Europe, formerly said to be an essential part of the education of young men
of "good birth" and "fortune". This definition, besides
being Euro-centric has class limitations and has been broadened to suggest that the tour was of
certain places and cities of Western Europe undertaken primarily. But not exclusively, for
education and pleasure.
4) Reasons for undertaking the Grand Tour were also diverse: career; education; culture;
literary; health; scientific; business and economic. At different times one or more of these
motivations could have been the primary one, depending on the social
status, cultural environment and trends in transport and accommodation.
5) The Grand Tour itinerary was closely linked to the availability of tourism resources, both
relating to trends in fashion as well as facilitation. The timing was also related to seasonal
variations as well as events and activities of the concerned individuals.
Similar trends affected the length of stay at different destinations.
6) An emergent tourism industry also began to direct tourism flows in the 19th century as
commercial facilities were required to supplement the informal and formal arrangements that
merchants, pilgrims and tourists had commonly used in earlier times. Thus, accommodation in
inns, taverns and rented rooms became common particularly in the cities. Regular transport
services were established and guidebooks were available. There were guides as well as
porters. Cycling and walking tours
also gained in popularity. Finally, banking arrangements through exchange notes were made to
give added facilities to the tourist. The stage was now set for the emergence of a travel
organiser (like Thomas Cook) who provided all these facilities to the tourist on his package
tours.
7) The Grand Tour made tourism a family affair and soon women travellers began to travel.

This phase of the history of tourism has an abundance of material. The only problem is of
selection and analysis, so that it would be available at one place for any time period or
destination.

Ans.(3) Generally history is offered as a product in tourism. History figures

prominently in promotional literature. Many destinations have always been promoted
through their historicity like Jaipur, Pink city, City of Palaces, Fatehpur Sikri etc.

similarly in travel writing, history is a popular theme to write upon and it can be the
history of many things destination, fort, palace, art and crafts, people, airline etc. But
most of these writings do not differentiate between history, mythology and legends and
on many occasions distortions are put in as history and the element of evidence is
totally ignored. This is also common among guides while describing monuments etc.
These distortions take place due to lack of awareness about scientific history and
dependence on unauthenticated history books.

Intentionally in order to propagate one’s own bias and interpretation of history. But
otherwise history plays an important role in the area of Indian Tourism an India is
primarily a cultural destination in the international tourism, in these are the features of
India marketed as a tourism product in the international circuit.
Not only in the international tourism but in domestic tourism also history and its by
products remain prime attractions. People often plan their trend to have a feel of their
cultural heritage along with several other interests. So the tourism is the most important
area today where history seems to become operative as an attraction, the pull factor or
product for the consumption of the tourists.
As a tourism product it figures in the:
Promotional literature,
Travel and tourism writing,
Descriptions and interpretations provided by the guides and escorts.
Offering historical destinations and museums as travel packages has been an old trade
with tourism industry. With the growth of special interest tourism the relevance of history
has further increased. many cases fairs and festivals have also emerged as strong
tourist attractions because they provide a good example of continuity and change. The
age old rituals, traditions and customs are located in modern ambience in these fairs
and festivals. History also figures in the shopping and entertainment because many
tourists want to know the history of designs and styles etc. of jewelry or craft items.
Thus, history is very important for the Indian tourism.
Uses of history
History figures prominently in promotional literature. Many destinations have always, been
promoted through their historicity, like Bangalore as the Garden city; Jaipur-Pinkcity- City of
palaces; Fatehpur Sikri - a city of Mughal splendour etc. But history figures prominently in other
forms of tourism also, for example: history of Golf courses figures in Golf tourism
Rock climbing, Mountaineering, Skiing etc. have their own history- in terms of peaks, trails taken
by famous mountaineers. etc.
Misuse of history
Similarly, in travel writing history is a popular theme to write upon and it can be the history
of many things - destination, fort, palace, art, crafts, people, airline, railways etc. However,
a major problem with such write ups is that most of them do not differentiate between history,
mythology and legends. Not only this but on many occasions distortions are put in as history
and the element of evidence is totally ignored. This is also very common among the guides
while describing monuments etc. These distortions take place:
i) Due to a lack of awareness about scientific history and dependence on unauthenticated
history books.
ii) Intentionally, in order to propagate one's own bias and interpretation of history
iii) Unconsciously, just to add spice to write ups and make the destination look more
attractive, etc.
examples- tipu drop, moving the sun by warior in garbhagriha, qutub minar made by prithviraj
Chauhan and demolition of 5000 temples

Ans 4
A tourism/tourist product can be defined as the sum of the physical and psychological
satisfaction it provides to tourists, during their ‘traveling and sojourn’ en route at the
destinations.
Since travel and tourism industry is an agglomeration of too many sectors that promote travel
related services. These sectors are referred to as travel vendors and their services and goods
are called ‘travel products’. A tourism product includes five main components such as physical
plant, services, hospitality, freedom of choice, and a sense of involvement.
Thus, whatever the natural and man-made resources, services brought about the consumption
of tourists is called tourism products.
Characteristics Of Tourism Products
By now, you must have understood what a tourism product is. Now let us look at some of its
characteristics: -
1) Intangible: Tourism is an intangible product means tourism is such kind of product which can
not be touched or seen and there is no transfer of ownership, But the facilities are available for
specified time and for a specified use. For e.g. a room in the hotel is available for a specified
time.
2) Psychological: The main motive to purchase tourism product is to satisfy the psychological
need after using the product, by getting experience while interacting with a new environment.
And experiences also motivate others to purchase that product.
3) Highly Perishable: Tourism product is highly perishable in nature means one can not store
the product for a long time. Production and consumption take place while a tourist is available. If
the product remains unused, the chances are lost i.e. if tourists do not purchase it.
A travel agent or tourism operator who sells a tourism product cannot store it. Production can
only take place if the customer is actually present. And once consumption begins, it cannot be
stopped, interrupted or modified. If the product remains unused, the chances are lost i.e. if
tourists do not visit a particular place, the opportunity at that time is lost. It is due to tourism
reason that heavy discount is offered by hotels and transport generating organizations during
the offseason.
4) Composite Product: Tourist product is a combination of different products. It has not a
single entity in itself. In the experience of a visit to a particular place, various service providers
contribute like transportation The tourist product cannot be provided by a single enterprise,
unlike a manufactured product.
The tourist product covers the complete experience of a visit to a particular place. And many
providers contribute to the tourism experience. For instance, airline supplies seats, a hotel
provides rooms and restaurants, travel agents make bookings for stay and sightseeing, etc.
5) Unstable Demand: Tourism demand is influenced by seasonal, economic political, and other
factors. There are certain times of the year that see greater demand than others. At these times
there is a greater strain on services like hotel bookings, employment, and the transport system,
etc.

Ans(5) Indian tourist travelers and excursionists are being influenced by different types of attractive
presentation by specialized television channels, articles by renowned journalists, and fantastic coverage
by travel magazines. Gradually all these media are creating a positive image and a picture of tourism in
the attitudes, minds, perception, psychology, behaviour or and in the final selection of the site (inbound
and outbound tourist). Tourism earns revenue through foreign exchange. This foreign exchange is
necessary for the government for reducing its deficit and media are responsible for creating awareness
about tourist destinations available in India to the overseas travellers. Media industry works with hotels,
travel agencies, tour operators, airlines and the various government agencies to bring revenue to the
country by promoting tourism. Without the assistance of media and its support many places would have
remained unexplored as the awareness about the place is very minimal to the foreigners. For e.g.:
Chennai has the second longest coastline in the world. This information would not be available to
outside world without the support and patronage of media. Even social networking sites like face book
and twitter are also promoting tourism. The fish curry of Malabar and Goan fish curries which are
popular in the European countries attribute their success to the vigorous campaign by the media and
hospitality sectors of India. Print, visual and electronics media are trying to project the Indian tourism
resources and products in different process
Ans (6) A tourist is a person who leaves his home to visit new places, thus he needs somewhere to
stay in that location, therefore they may look for a place where they may find a clean bed and toilet
facilities at the most. This is termed as accommodation where tourists could stay and are also able to
get food.
There are various categories of Tourist Accommodations in India. These are:
Hotels:
There are three categories of hotels available in India. These are—
Five Star Deluxe Hotels: These are usually found in metropolitan cities and have 200 – 800 rooms. They
are categorized by certain international standards which include a given number of restaurant, a
particular size of lobby, business center facilities, a swimming pool etc.
First-class Hotels: These are also located in the big metropolitan cities and mid-sized cities and are a
step down from the five-star Deluxe Hotels.
Non-Star Hotels: These are found in almost all tourist attractions. These hotels are generally preferred
by tourists because they suit their budget.
Resorts and Lodges: These are often found in so-called “off the beaten trek” destinations and are meant
exclusively for the tourists. The resorts and lodges usually have certain features such as elaborate
swimming pools, a balcony, etc. In India we have Beach resorts, Hill resorts and Wild Life resorts. These
usually offer a stay in natural surroundings and thus cater to tourists of different tastes and budgets.
Tented Camps: This is a new concept in Tourism accommodation in India. Tented camps are usually set
up in very remote places as near a game park or wild life reserves or at place in proximity to nature.
Their bathrooms are either attached or set up separately. Another variation in Tented Camp is the
mobile tented camps which used while trekking.
Heritage Hotels: Heritage Hotels are palaces turned into Hotels and generally these are located in the
historical places like Rajasthan etc. And these hotels are liked by the tourists visiting a historical city.
Guest Houses:
The guest house is found in cities, towns and remote destinations. Usually, those individuals who travel
on their own, spend relatively longer periods use such facilities. Guest Houses are also built by different
Departments of government in famous hill stations.
Thus in India we have variety of tourist accommodation that puts the purpose of visit and budget of all
people.
Alternative tourism: Alternative accommodation can be defined as consisting of all the types of
accommodation which are available outside the formal or organized accommodation sector. Like
dhararshala,
Characteristics of accommodation in tourism
• Intangible.
• Inseparability.
• Variability.
• Perishability.
• Heterogeneity.
• Labour Intensive.
• Relationship Building.
• Diversity in Culture
• http://travelwithsanjay.blogspot.com/2019/08/characteristics-of-hospitality-industry.html
Ans(7) Street guide also known as touts are the people who helped in the tourist in arranging
the different elements of their visit or the different items that are essential for the tourism. for
example, if a tourist visits a country without making plans or without help of any travel agency
because of the price issue or to get a Raw experience, the tourist might get lost or may deal
with a pack of troubles that can definitely increase his problems, due to the different country or
locality. consider a case if a tourist does not come with the package tour, he or she would
definitely need a place to stay or an accommodation near the shops or near the spots which are
the hotspots for the tourist activities. so, the function of the street guide comes here. Now the
street guide helps the tourist to find accommodation at a lower price than that is asked for. The
Frontier price is the highest price after bargaining that the tourist is willing to pay. now the tourist
will settle for the option which shows the lowest from the frontal price. this is the function of the
street guide. the functions are related to this but are not restricted to it. it can be included into
many factors like the element that can be called as tourism products that touts have a certain
set of menus that has the price it is as well as the information about the services provided by
them. the main function of the trout is the service providing information about different localities
and different countries which they serve in.
Apart from these features there are many more functions that the street guides do. for example,
the street guide also participates in talking about different histories related to that monument or
the place that the tourist is visiting or can also tell about the places which can serve as a better
hotspot for tourism. apart from this street guides also help in making a particular region a tourist
hotspot. also the street guides also participate as a liaison between the different service
providers and the tourist. The services are based on commission. Even the menus are based
acting as a liasion. The services provided by the street guides is directly proportional to the
prices, higher the prices better the service is provided to the tourist. Street guide possess the
social resources which tourist lack. So, for a nominal fee, street guides agree to teach them
about history, facts and myths of the locality. Due to undocumented folklores and stories that
were passed around generations which were a part of heritage left by their ancestors, tourist
have very little access to such information and they can have luxury of learning all this in just a
tour of a day or two with the help of street guides. Surprisingly these streets guide also plays a
major roles in promotion of the living culture. for examples kanthua from west Bengal is now
known all over the world because a local street guide enlightens the tourists about history as
well as production and recognition of genuine kanthua fabric. Street guide also knows about
local adventures and games that are ethnic to a locale. Tourist can enjoy the activities they
could have done provided they were born here and a street guide also acts as a liaison between
inhabitants and tourists and help them to have a nice time with each other. Most tourists are one
shot makers for street guides and do not become repeated customers. So, the street guide
ensures that those who visit are filled with pleasurable memories enough that they participate in
making the place as a tourist hotspot.

Ans(8) India, we have various kinds of local bodies functional in their respective areas.
For example, Municipality or Municipal Corporations, village panchayats and zila
parishads, etc. These are representative bodies for the members are elected from among
and by the people. Besides these there are certain other bodies also at the local or regional
levels which cater to the development needs of the area.
As a matter of fact, functions to be performed by the municipal committees and the
municipal corporations are similar in nature. The real difference lies in their powers and
resources. Their jurisdiction and area of operation increases when the municipalities are
raised to the status of municipal corporations.
The functions of local bodies can be divided as:
obligatory functions and discretionary functions.
obligatory functions
• supply of whole some water,
• construction and maintenance of water works,
• construction, maintenance, naming and numbering of public streets,
• road transport services,
• lighting and cleaning of public streets and other public places,
• removal and disposal of filth and rubbish,
• construction, maintenance and cleaning of drains, public latrines, toilets, etc.
• removal of obstructions and projections in or upon public streets and other common
• places,
• securing or removal of dangerous buildings or places,
• establishment and maintenance of hospitals, maternity and child welfare centres,
• preventive measures and checking of dangerous diseases, vaccination and inoculation,
• registration of births and deaths,
• regulation of places for the disposal of the dead and provision of places for this
• purpose,
• provision of primary education,
• maintenance of fire brigades,
• control and regulation of eating places, and
• publication of the Corporation's reports.

discretionary functions :
• construction and maintenance of public parks and gardens.
• public housing,
• plantation and care of trees and flowering bushes on road sides and elsewhere,
• destruction or detention of stray dogs and other animals causing nuisance,
• survey of buildings and lands,
• reception of VIP's,
• celebration of national days,
• registration of marriages, births and deaths,
• organisation and management of fairs and exhibitions,
• relief of destitute and disabled persons, etc.
The obligatory functions as enumerated above can be epitomized into four main types:
i) public health;
ii) public safety and convenience,
iii) medical and public works,
iv) sanitation and conservancy
These functions have to be necessary performed and for which budgetary provisions have
to be made. Failure to perform them can empower the state government to supercede the
body.

Ans (8) It is acknowledged that tourist resorts, motels and other places of historical significance
and natural beauty are possibly able to attract large number of tourists if the environment
around the site is hygienic, well developed, neat and clean and properly maintained. For
this the onus is on the local bodies.
1. Roads, Traffic Signs and Directions
The inner roads, pavements, etc. within a city/town are developed and maintained by the
concerned local body. By and large it is found that the conditions of such roads is not
up to the mark. Besides, one often finds blockades and encroachments in the form of
unauthorised settlements. Animals sitting in the midst of roads is a common scenario in
every city. All these interrupts the smooth flow of traffic and cause jams and congestions.
Lack of display of traffic signs is another aspect which needs attention alongwith
directions and indicators. These are either absent or if put up they are not repainted for
years making them unclear or unreadable. Also, there is hardly any inspection done as to
check that some one has not tampered with them. Imagine a situation when a tourist has to
go to place "A" but he reaches place B following the directions given for plqe A as they
had been tampered with. Providing street lights at proper points is another area to be
looked upon.
2. Sanitation and Toilets
Tourists visit a destination for pleasure and enjoying a healthy environment. If the
standard of civic amenities is poor, garbage disposal or waste collection is not proper, path
ways are dirty, etc. the destination earns a bad image. At the same time such problems
arise because of tourist influx also. Many tourists are not sansitised to keeping the
environment clean. They add to the garbage problem of the local bodies. Dustbins are a
rare sight. Hence, it is vital that proper steps are initiated in this regard.
Lack of toilet or dirty toilets is a major problem at destinations. 'The Tourism Industry
has been raising this issue for a long time now without much,improvement. It is high time
that the local bodies take this issue seriously.
3. Water Supply
Adequate supply of water is a serious problem and the overcrowding at destinations has
added to the miseries of the locals. At places this has generated tensions also between the
locals and the tourists because of the water supply being directed to cater the tourists
needs and regulated supply to the locals. Many private resorts have made their own
arrangements but the problems remain acute. In fact among the tourists it is mainly the
low budget tourist who suffers in this regard. Though portable or bottled mineral water is
available at most of the destinations, water is required for other purposes also.
4. Recreation, Parks and Parking;
Proper maintenance of parks, benches at proper spots, shelters from Sun and rain, plantations
and adequate parking space along with recreation facilities adds to the attraction of a
destinations. Providing these facilities comes very much under the purview of local bodies.
5. Pollution
It is the prime tasks of the local bodies to keep their area free from pollution of various
types (In Unit 34 we have mentioned the areas in this regard).
6. Health Hazards and Medical Aid
The broad objectives of health programmes in India are to not only check and control but
also take steps for doing away with the communicable disease. Besides, local bodies are to
provide curative and preventive health services in their areas Number of mosquitos and
flies, dirty water accumulated in drains and pots, unhygienic ways of preparation of
eatables, unhealthy arrangements for marketing and serving of eatables, etc. pose serious
health problems. Tourists often feel at almost every place of importance that su,ch features
are prevalent. Local bodies concerned must see to it that proper and hygienic conditions
are maintained.Similarly, centres to provide medical aid should also be opened.
7. Shopping Centres
Neat, clean, well-maintained shops, etc. attract the attention of the tourists. A well-set
market rather adds to significance of the tourist site. It is obligatory on the part of the
local bodies to see to it that shops are in their proper areas, meaning thereby thet, no
encroachments are made whereby traffic is affected. Shops must display rates of the items
to be sold so that people are not fleeced and required items are available. Unfortunately,
the situation seems to be reverse at most of the places. A visit to any tourist place will
make you feel that shop keepers have their own rates. The :ouristshave no option but to
buy at their whims. But in the long run this brings a bad name to the destination.
8. Local Transport
Providing local transport in the cities and towns and also from the citiesttowns to the
places of tourist interest is the responsibility of the local bodies concerned. Such a
transport facility will save the tourists from considerable botheration. What is seen is that
local transport service at sizeable places is not upto the mark. There are no fixed timings
and the condition of the vehicles is also bad. Local bodies must endeavour to im~rove
upon the local transport services and ensure that there is no over charging.
9. Security, Law and Order
Though maintenance of law and order is a State function yet the local bodies can extend
their fullest co-operation to the District Police for maintaining proper law and order. Any
place which is insecure and has problems of law and order would never be able to emerge
as an attractive tourist destination. For the promotion of tourism it is essential that the
place is secure, safe, and free from disturbances and disorders. At the same time local
bodies should take steps to check such crime which generates with tourist activities.

Ans(9) economic impact- employment, income, foreign exchange

Socio cultural impact-
Among the most debated issues pertaining to the tourism in the Third World are those related
to the effects that tourists and the industry have on societies and cultures of local communities.

A general argument is that tourism contributes to international understanding and harmony.

Social, Pditical and
On the contrary it has severely effected indigenous customs and ways of lifein certain cases.
Environmental Impact
Tourists are seldom well prepared for an international cultural encounter which is vastly
different from their own. Their knowledge, in most cases, is cursory, i.e. glamorised images
gleaned from glossy txavel brochures, movies and similar material. Travelling with the aid of
malaria and diarrhoea prophylactics, in air-conditioned buses and staying in disinfected five
star hotels, creates an -cial barrier between the tourists and the host community. Cohen
calls it "an environmental bubble". Such circumstances do little to create mutual
understanding among people so vastly different form each other. Contacts with locals is often
limited to those who serve the tourists - shopkeepers, hotel workers, tour guides, travel
1 agents, - as well as beggars, pimps, conmen, touts, prostitutes, drug peddlers and so on. The
'tourist encounter, results in promoting stereotypes - both of hosts and tourists -and even
an outright animosity and aggression. (See Block-1, TS-2).
i From an initial 'euphoria' about tourism, Third World communities exhibit 'xenophobia' in
1 the later stages of the so-called "tourism life-cycle". The exhibition of xenophobia takes
i various forms, For example, the tourist is there to be 'ripped off exploited to the maximum;
I tourists are offered 'real bargains' on their purchases, whiie what is sold is either highly
overpriced or of poor quality i.e. 'cheating with a smile'.
Tourists expect a glimpse of 'native culture' during their visit. Travellers have traditionally
been welcomed, in most societies, to join and participate in rituals, ceremonies and
performances - such as harvest festivals, marriages and other rites de passage. With
growing numbers of tourists now demanding such participation as a 'right', Third World
countries offer 'cultural shows' devoid of intrinsic meaning. This phenomenon is known as
'staged authenticity'.
The stereotyped image of the tourist wearing T-shirt and jeans slinging a wallanan and a
camera (preferably Handycam) - is all too often a true one. Whether or not all tourists fit the
stereotype - that of being loaded with Dollars, Deutsche mark and Yen - the visible display
of modem consumer goods is a stark reminder of the affluence of the world's powerful
minority.
The resulting impulses within the host community for emulation generates a certain tension
and restlessness, and increases their propensity to consume. This is known as the
demonstration effect of tourism.
Only a handful of people in the Thiid World have the resources to participate; in the global
marketplace. The majority have to be satisfied with "window-shopping". In corporate terms,
they constitute "an incipient market'' of potential profitability.
The demonstration effect, therefore, contributes to deepening the real as well as the perceived
gulf between the tourist and the host. It creates conditions where residents may try to copy
tourist behaviour and spending patterns, at the same time resenting their inability to do so and
lacking comparable purchasing power. At many destinations social tensions emerge in the
form of:
increase in begging,
prostitution,
cheating,
mugging of tourists, and
drug peddling.
At times certain pre-conceived images are linked with tourists though they may be far from
reality. For example, all tourists take drugs, indulge in gambling, prostitution etc. Similarly,
many tourists believe that the women working in the tourism sector are easily approachable.
It may be, and has in fact been, argued that the socio-cultural effects of tourism cannot easily
be distinguished from those of modernisation in general. However, tourism, with its more

Tourism Impact direct intervention in societies (the presence of hotels, tourist infrastructure,
souvenir shops,
and tourists themselves - a full scale tourist economy, as it were) has its own share in this
regard.
It is important to note that apart from the changes in the physical reality - such as music,
dance, art, architecture and so on - the most consequential effect that tourism has on native
population is perceptual. What is altered immutably is a whole identity, of how people view
themselves and who they are, and an understanding of relationships - of people with people,
of people with nature, of people with places.
Destinations too have their impact on tourists. For example, 50 to 200 tourists are hospitalised
every year in Jerusalem for a "delusional state called the Jerusalem Syndrome". According
to Yair Bar-El, a psychiatrist, "Jerusalem can drive people, mad''. There have been cases
where tourists have been found to be proclaiming themselves as King David, the Messiah or
John the Baptist. Many tourists collapse from spiritual overload. Doctors have identified a
hysteria that seizes pilgrims only and they call it "Jerusalem squabble prison". As per the
Hindustan Times, (July 28, 1994) report, "by now Israeli soldiers know, if they find a
wild-eyed foreigner wandering the desert, naked or wrapped in animal skin, drive John the
Baptist to Fur Shawl, a govenunent mental institution". Similar situations at many other
destinations cannot be ruled out. In Florence "visitors have cracked up in front of provocative
paintings". In London at, Heathrow Airport and in New York's Kennedy Airport "many
tourists, isolated and disconnected from family and familiar settings are found wandering in
the terminals. They have no idea as to who they are or where are they going". This has been
described as "wandering nomad syndrome" or "airport syndrome". Further research in the
area will be able to tell us more in this regard.
Ecological impacts:
PrimarylMajor Constituents
Under this we list the very essential constituents.
1) Transport
Well you need a mode of transport to travel or to suggest one to your client if you are a
travel agent or a tour operator. Further, the travel depends on the availability of seats
etc. Today, the travel Industry is a highly developed industry with its various branches
in thc areas of road, rail, air and water.
2) Accommodation
A tourist not only travels but also stays some where. And here comes in accommodation.
It could be of different types i.e. from cottages or tourist lodges to a house boat or a five
star hotel.
3) Catering, Food and Entertainment
Well, a tourist has to eat also and here comes thc role of catering and food. Restuarants,
fast food joints and dhabas, all play a role in this regard with different cuisine to offer
Different forms of entertainments are provided as attractions
at the destinations.
4) Intermediaries
The intermediaries constitute thc travel agency, tour operator and guide services.
The constituent which co-relates all the components of tourism is the travel agentftour
operator who has accumulated knowlcdge, expertise and contacts with providers of services.
He is a useful and invaluable intermediary betwcen the traveller and the suppliers of
tourist services i.e. airlines, transport companies, hotels and auto-rental companies.
The functions of the travel agency depends upon the scope of activities it is involved in
and also the size and the location. The agcncy has spccialised departments each having
to perform different functions such as :
1) Providing travel information
2) Preparing itineraries
3) Liaising with providers of services
4) Planning and costing tours
5) Ticketing
6) Providing foreign currency
7) Insurance, etc.
Some of the travel agents are also tour operators who manufacture tourism products.
They plan, organise and sell tours. They make all the necessary arrangements e.g.
transport, accommodation, sight seeing, insurance, entertainment and other allied
scrvices and sell this 'package' for an all inclusive price. A package tour may be a special
interest tour, mountain tour, adventure tour or a pilgrimage tour. These tours are escorted
and include transportation, meals, sight seeing, accommodation and guide services. The
escort or the group leader is responsible for maintaining the schedule of the tour and for
looking after all the arrangements.
The guide services play a vital role in tourism as a tourist feels comfortable when the
essence of the culture is explained-especially when it is done in his own language.
5) Government Departments: Tourist Information CentrestTourism Organisations
Many national and international organisations related to tourism form part of the
Tourism Industry
Secondary Constituents
Todny there are a variety of services (formal and non formal) that constitute the tourism
mix,'or arc dircctly and indirectly related to tourism. For example, banks don't come

Tourism Industry under the T~urism Industry but they cater to tourists through traveller's
cheques or credit
cards. Similarly, insurance companies offer short-term safety or accident policies to
tourists. Here we list certain such constituents:
1) Shops and Emporiums: These sell various products to tourists. Many sta+-
governments have opened the emporiums in other states also. For example in Delhi
practically all state emporiums are on Baba Kharag Singh Marg.
2) Handicrafts and Souvenirs: Certain handicrafts and souvenirs induct:' - ..day
are totally dependent on tourists for their sales.
3) Local taxi: transportation (e.g. pay, Rickshaw, tonga etc.)
4) Hawkers and coolies
5) Communication services at the destination (e.g. STD booth)
6) Touts and Brokers
7) Advertisement agencies
8) Publishing industry i.e. Publishers who publish travel guides, brochures,
magazines, postcards etc.
9) Artists, performers, musicians, etc. who perform for the entertainment of tourists.
In the United Nations study on "The Economic Impact of Tourism in India". The
segments having receipts from tourism employment due to tourism are mentioned as :
• Hotels and restaurants
• Railway Transport services
• Transport services
• Shopping
• Food and Beverages
• Wool, silks, syn. fibre textiles
• Wood and wood products except furniture
• leather and leather products
• Metal products except machinery and trans. equip.
• Misc manufacture, industries
• Trade
• Other services
Hence we can say that Tourism Industry has a very wide range and the governments in
the Third World are giving incentives for its development.