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    Tấm Lợp Xi Măng Amiang Không Gây Ra Rủi Ro Sức Khỏe Cho Con Người

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    pe)tS TAM LOP XI MANG AMIANG KHONG GAY RA RUI RO SUC KHOE CHO CON NGUO! PGS.TS LUONG BUC LONG ‘ign trudng, Vien Vat ligu xay dung, B9 Xay ding, Tém lop xi mang amiang dugc san xuat céng nghiép vao khoang nam 1911 va a dude sif dung 6 rét nhigu nudc trén thé gidi. Tu nam 1911 dn 1970, MY va chau Au sif dung logi vat ligu nay nhiéu nhat thé gii. Tuy nhién, gan day, lugng sii dung tém lgp xi mang amiang 6 hai khu vue nay giam manh, dac biét cac hnuée EU 4a cdm sit dung sin pham nay. Trén thé giéi dang tén tai trao luu tay chay tm lop xi mang amiang, nhiing ngudi thudc trao luu nay cho rang tam lop xi ming amiaing sé phat tan soi amiang vao méi trubng, lam cho nhing ngudi sOng dudi mai nha c6 lop t&m xi mang amiang bi ung thu trung biéu mé. Tuy nhién, nhigu nghién ctu khoa hoc vé vat ligu, mdi truéing va y hoc da chuing minh ring tém Igp xi mang amiang khéng gay ra cae riiro sic khde cho con ngudi. Bai viét nay trinh bay mét s6 két qua nghién ctiu ching minh rang tém Igp xi mang amiaing khéng gay ra céc ri ro cho suc khde con ngudi. ‘mot sé thong tin vé amiang Theo nhiéu tai gu duge céng bé réng rai, con ngudi da biét khai thac va sW dung amiang ty khoang hon 4.000 nam trudc, tuy nhién viée khai thac, thuong mai héa loai vat ligu nay méi duge phat trign manh tu thé ky XIX [1]. Theo théng ké, 6 khoang 3.000 loai san phém 6 chila amiing [2]. Lugng amizing dugc tiéu thy nhiéu nhat trén thé gidi 6 giai doan 1900-1970. TW nam 1980, viée khai thdc, thuong mai héa va stf dung amiging gidm sat do nhiéu nuéc cém hoac han ché si! dung loai vat ligu nay. Vay amizing la gi? Amiang la thuat nga thuong mai chi 6 khoang vat ty nhién dang sol cla nhom Secpentin, gém: amiging chrysotile (khoang chrysotile) va. nhém amizing amphibole (g6m cac khoding: actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, crocidolite va tremolite) dugc st dung trong céng nghiép va dugc phan biét theo cu tao Khoang, cdc tinh chat hoa ly va tinh xam thuc sinh hoe [3} Khong chi khée nhau vé khoang vat ma amiaing . Reena S*8e0"2= chrysotile va amiaing amphibole cdn cé thanh phan héa hoc va nhigu tinh chat rét khée nhau. Do cau tric va thanh phn khoding, héa khac nhau nén kha ning bi phan hy cila céc loai amiang trong co thé rngudi cing khéc nhau, trén hinh 1 trinh bay cau trac cia chrysotile va amphibole. Amiang chrysotile do cu tric dang ng duge cudn tis nhiéu Isp méng, co hgp chat magie 6 mat ngoai ciia cudn nén lép nay dB tan trong méi trung sinh hoc. Magie d8 dang bi tn céng do méi trudng axit trong dai thyc bao (pH sbeaaeees 4 tp -aw Bap Chrysotile ‘Amphibole inh 1; 30 48 edu tric chrysotile va amphibole = 4-4,5) va téch khdi cu tric tinh thé, khién tm. silicate tré nén thiéu bén ving. Qua trinh nay lam tm cugn cla sgi chrysotile v6 ra thanh céc manh nhé. Cac manh nay dé bj dao thai khdi phdi béi dai thyc bao qua cd ché loai bé bach huyét va chat ban [4]. Amizing amphibole la céc soi dac (Skinner va cc cong sy, 1988, Whittaker, 1960). Cu true olla amphibole la chudi d6i ctia khéi bén mat silicate voi silicate nam 6 bén ngoai sgi, khién ching rt manh va bén, Do cu tric nhu vay, amphibole hau nh khéng tan 4 bat ky 66 pH nao dién ra trong co thé sOng (Spell & Leineweber, 1969) [4] Trong bang 1 trinh bay mot s6 dac tinh ca chrysotile va 2 nhém khodng vat cla amphibole. Bing 1: mét s6 dBc tinh ela 2 loal aming tring (chrysotile) va amphibole Jel eater eae eee ee eae} = 1 si ‘at Tanai e 2a ve 2 fits ng ® % Jsimatignaln x aeeow : ata | owpase, | ssorame | mano, 3) hgh HO ono | OMe fetes chet aor) [me ce [ea [i | a ‘Amiaing chrysotile la vat ligu dang soi ¢6 chiéu dai khae nhau, duge phan loai dya trén kich thude (thudng tinh bang lugng sot sang) va chiéu dai soi theo tiéu chudn cla cdc nha san xuat va cdc quée gia c6 sit dung amizing chrysotile. Amiaing chrysotile 6 nhiing tinh chat co ly rat t6t ma cdc sgi ty nhién hoac nhan tao khac khéng ¢6 duge, vi du: cau tric rat x6p, t6ng dién tich bé mat Idn, c6 kha nang chiu k€o cao (tif 3.200-5.400 Mpa), médun dan héi lén. (175-185 Gpa), cé tinh déo, chiu xam thye t6t, c6 ac tinh két dinh va keo héa, bén trong moi trusng kiém, khong bi théi rda, chiu nhidt, céch dién, ngan can tia phéng xa, titruding, chéng chay...[5].Nhd do, amiang chrysotile dug sit dung lam sgi gia cusng tu nhién trong rét nhiéu linh vyc khac nhau. 86i voi cc san phdm xi mang soi thi amiang chrysotile la ‘mot loai sgi ly tudng, xi mang duge gia cudng soi mizing chrysotile c6 nhiéu tinh chat quy nhut 66 thé tao hinh sn pham méng, nhe, bén uén cao, chéng thdm, bén ving, chiu xm thyc t6t, tang kha nang chiu nhiét.. WN ‘Sdn xudt tém lon xt mang amidng trén thé gigi Vao nam 1899, Ludwig Hatschek (Ao) da phat minh ra quy trinh ché tao xi m&ng amiang va duge cp bang sang ché tai My vao nm 1901 [6]. Vie sng tao ra céng nghé san xuat tm lop xi mang amiang da lam cho nganh khai thac, su dung va buén ban amiang phat trién manh. Theo s6 ligu ca U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) [1], ti nam 1900 én 2003, toan thé gidi da sti dung 181 trigu tén amiing. Tu 2003 dén nay, mdi nam toan thé gidi sit dung khoang 2 trigu tén amiging. Khoang 70 nam dau thé ky XX, My va chau Au la nhiing nude sit ‘dung amiang nhiéu nhat thé gidi. hang nam cudi thap nién 70 va dau thp nién 80 cila thé ky XX, Ivong tiéu thy amiang bat ddu gidm manh, o6 2 Aguyén nhan lam sut giém lugng tiéu thy amiang: xuat hign nhing y kién vé tac hai clia amiging dén ‘slic khée con ngudi; nhing nude giau khéng oo nhu edu st dung loai vat ligu nay. Bén nay, van tén tai 2 trudng phai y kién trai ngugc nhau vé tac hai cia amiang, dé la: truéng phai thi: nhat cho rang amiang la tac nhan gay ung thu trung biéu mo (mesothelioma), vi vay cén cém san xuat va si ‘dung tat cA céc loai amiang; truding phai thi hai cho rang, amiang chrysotile (amiaing tréng) ¢6 thanh phan héa hoc, edu tric va cae dac tinh khac han nhém amphibole nén khéng gay ung thu trung biéu m6, nhing ngudi chéng st dung amiang da danh déng amiding chrysotile va amphibole. Do 6 cae y kin nhu vay nén hién nay mot s6 nuéc da cm hoan toan vigc st dung moi loai amiang. Theo s6 liu cla Hiép hoi tm lop Viet Nam, hién nay c6 55 nude c&m hoan toan viéc sit dyng moi loai amiaing, g6m: chau Au c6 32 nuéc, trong dé 28 nuée thudc EU va Iceland, Serbia, Norway, Switzerland; chau A c6 11 nuéc: Nhat Ban, Giodcdani, Cocét, A Rap Xé Ut, Han Quéc, Oman, Qatar, Thé NhT ky, Israel, Bahrain va Brunei; chau Phi cé 6 nuéc: Ai Cap, Nam Phi, Gabon, Seychelles, Mozambic, Angieri; chau My La Tinh c6 4 nuéc: Hondurat, Chilé, Argentina va Uruguay; chau Bai Duong 06 2 nude: Oxtraylia va New Caledonia. Téng dan 36 cla 55 nudc nay la 1.128.559.863 ngudi, chiém khoang 16% dan 86 thé gid. Nhu vay, con khoang 84% dan s6 thé gidi, tuong duong véi 6,03 ty ngudi khong bi cém san xuat va si’ dung amiging. Trong s6 nay, c6 khoang 4,8, ty ngudi, chiém 67,54% dan 86 thé gidi, thudc 22 ester te tin * nuée dang san xudt amiang va cao san phdm chita amiang véi khdi lugng dang ké, gém: chau A cé 43 nude: Trung Quéc, An B9, Thai Lan, Malaysia, Philippines, Viet Nam, Bangladét, Indonéxia, Srilanka, Tudcménistan, Uzebekistan, Kazacstan, Pakistan; chau My cb 2 nudc: My, Canada; Mj. La Tinh o 4 nude: Cuba, Mexico, Colombia, Braxin; chau Au 6 Ucraina, Nga; chau Phi c6 Gana. Mot sé Két qua nghién cxiu ve anh huéng cua tém ton xt ‘mang amiang chrysotile dén suc khoe con nguol Cae nghién cau 6 nude ngoal Lién bang Nga: Nga la nude san xuét xi mang nhiéu nhat thé gidi. O Nga, trong téng s6 thé tich vat ligu lop da su dung, c6 hon 50% la cae vat liu xi mang amiang. Ngay canh mé amiaing én nhat cia Nga co mot thanh phé mang tén Amiang, 46 la thanh phé Yralasbest véi khoang 70.000 dan dang sinh sOng. Nuéc Nga da tién hanh cae nghién clu vé tae dong cla amiang dén sic khde con ngudi tir rat s6m; da c6 hang tram cOng trinh nghién cuu tren toan Lién bang Nga vé vén dé nay. Trong bai viét nay, chi néu 3 két qua nghién cu tieu biéu: Nghién ogu thi nhat a cla Gido su S.G. Domnhin nam 1999 (7): déi tong nghién cdu la sy phat tan soi amizing ti tm Igp vao khéng khi tai thanh pho ‘Yekaterinburg va Pervouralsk; nghién clu dugc tién hanh trong c mua dong va mua he; cae mau khong khi duoc ly ty phia dau gid, gan nguén cé thé phat thai amiang, bao gém cA ngi dang xay dung va sta chda mai nha. Vj tri ly mau 6 khodng cach 0.5 m ti; mai nha va 1,5 m tis mat dat - nhdng vi tri co kha nang t6n tai nhiéu byi nhat va con ngudl dé hit bul vao phéi nhat. Két qua do duge thé hign 6 bang 2. ‘Bing 2: long tch ty hat chrysotie (hem) [Teahonstg minh | Mimivng bo! ‘aucun opp ae [ens snoo1s 008 ome oon 000s | Két qua é bang 2 cho thay, su phat tan byl ttm lop xi mang amiang la khong dang ké; d6 phat tan cia cdc hat chrysotile khéng phu thudc vao thoi han st dung. Nghién cuu thi hai la cua Trung tam Nghién cuu y hoe lao dong Nga (thudc Vien Khoa hoc y té lao ong Nga) vao nam 2000, tac gia la Gido su L.T. Elovskaya (8): d6i tugng nghién cdu la 14 toa nha |S Nn $6 5am 2018 duoc xay dyng tu nhting nam 60, 70, 80 clia thé ky XX; trong cac toa nha nay 06 sti dung dudng dan ‘nude néng, lanh, hé théng ng thoat nuéc, két cdu khu vé sinh, vach ngan, bép, tém chan ban céng, bé cifa $6, bao én dung éng bang vat ligu co chua amiang; céc m&u khong khi duoc ly tai: hanh lang tang, cdu thang may, truéc clla téa nha, trung tam diéu phéi he théng kh6ng Khi, vi tri dat camera giam ‘st hé théng théng khi va sui, phong 6 va phong din (46i voi nha hat), buéng théng gid. Cac két qua do cho thay, ham Iugng byi nhé nhat la 0,007 hat/m!, Jon nhat la 0,03 hat/ml. Ham lung amiang trong bui dao déng ti 1-64%. Nghién clu nay cho thay, cae vat ligu chia amiang trong céc toa nha khong pha la nguén géo, can nguyén gay phat tan sgi amiang ‘vuot qua mie cho phép vao mdi trudng. Nahién citu thi ba la cia Gido su K.P. Selyankina thuge Trung tam Khoa hoc y té phong ngila va bao vé stic khée ngubi lao dong 6 cae xi nghiép cong nghiép (Bd Y té Lién bang Nga) vao nam 2001 [9]: 6i tuong nghién cuu la sy phat tan soi chrysotile tw cde san phdm xi mang amiang trong cao toa nha & thanh phd Yakaterinburg vao mdi trudng xung quanh; nhém nghién ciu da khdo sat méi trudng xung quanh cla 2 khu nha van héa, 2 khu cd 6 y t6, 2 khu phong khém, trudng hoo, cdc Khu nha nay duge xay vao nhiing nam 30, 50, 70, 80, 90 clia thé ky XX, ho da Idy 302 mu khng kh. Kt qua nghién cu cho thay, néng d6 bui trong cac mau dao X@y dung da tién hanh dan gié nhanh tinh hinh suc knoe cong déng tai xa Tan Tinh, Quang Binh, tinh Ha Giang, rndi cé co 8 san xuat tém Igp xi mang amiaing va nhiéu ‘nha dan sif dung loai tm lop nay, két qua nghién ci cho thdy, tinh hinh bénh tat va tis vong ola nhan dan 3 dia huang nay khéng ¢6 gi khdc biét so vdi cac noi khac va & muc thdp hon so v6i cc dia phuong khdo cia huyén Quang Binh, tinh Ha Giang [13] Kot lua ‘Amiaing [a thuat ngi thuong mai chi 6 Khoang vat ty rnhién dang soi cla nhém Secpentin. Trong 6 logi khoang vat nay, chrysotile (ogi dugc si dung trong tm lop hign nay) d8 bi dao thai khéi phdi bdi dai thyc bao qua co ché lai bd bach huyét va chat ban nén it o6 kha nang gay ra ri ro sde khiée cho con ngubi. Can phan biét 6 amiang ‘chrysotile va amiang anphibole Khi n6i vé tinh dc hai cla amiang, ‘Amiaing chrysotile [& mot loai vat ligu dug hinh thanh ‘rong ty nhién, c6 nhdng tinh chat vat ly va co hoe rat quy {gid, c6 dO bén ving chéng lai xam thye cia moi truéng, {48 duge con nguéi su dung hang nghin nam nay. Tam lop xi mang amiing 44 duge san xuat va sli dung trén thé gidi hon 100 nam va hign nay van dugc da s6 nguoi dan trén thé gigi su dung. Bi véi nuéc ta, tm lgp xi mang amiaing (ngubi dan thuding ggi l& t&m gp phibrd xi mang) la vat liGu lop dang dugc sit dyng cho nhling ngudi dan c6 thu nhap th4p, ngudi dan mién nui, mién bién, dac biét, trong ‘nhding tinn huéng cén khoi phye nhanh chéng ché @, nha ung, kho tang sau khi xdy ra thién ta Trong tm lop xi mang amiang chrysotile, céc soi rat khé bj phat tén ra mOi trudng trong qua trinh sit dung, ké ca khi pha d6 céng trinh va xay ra sy 6 nhu trudng hhgp cia Trung tam thuong mai thé gidi tai New York nam 2001. Trong truding hop tm lgp xi mang amizing chrysotile al $6 6ram 2018 bj ra trOi hoa bi dap nhd, c&n ria trbi hodic bui cua tém lop xi mang amiing khdng phai la cac soi chrysotile ma la a xi mang 8 chia soi. Qua phan tich trén ta thay, t&m lop xi mang amiang hau nhu khong gay ra rli ro cho mdi truéng va sue khde con ngubi « Tal lieu tham khao {1] US. Geological Surv (2008), Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption Trends from 1800 through 2008, Virgina [2] Chrysatie insite, Chrysotie.com. [3] Kochalayey VA (2010), One again about asbestos and recent ralaiod international medical researchiNon - proft_ organization “Chysoile Associaton’, Asbest, P18, {4 David Bernstein (2014), anh gid co 88 khoa hoe lp rung cda WHO vé cae bénn ién quan dén amiang - Banh ga nhing nghién cou koa hoc duge cing bé gn day nhdt v8 amiag trdng va amiang mau; ‘han biet anh hudng se Khde theo loa si, HOt thde bdo cdo cdc két {ud nghin cu Koa hc v8 tc dng cia emiéng tréng d6n soc kde on mguei-Bién phap quan iy phi hop, Ha NO (5)Boldurev A.C, Zolotov PP (1988), Bulding Mateials- Handbook Stroyzdet, Moscon. [6] Rooting about com. [7] $6. Domnin (1999), Ecological and Hygienic aspects of using ‘asbestos - containing materials in civil constuction in the extreme Contnenial climate of the Ural region (survay resus 1986-1990), “Medical scientic ene of disease prevention and health care in industral environment, Yekaterinburg. [8] LT, Elovskaya (2000), Research and development report Ecological andHyglenicaspects of usingresdentaland pubic bullings concerning asbestos", Fuss Academy of medlcal sciences research ‘nd development institute of occupational medicine, Moscon. [9] K.P. Selyankina (2001), Ecological and Hygienic aspects of using asbestos - containing materals in civil construction inthe extreme continental climate of the Ural region (survay results 2000- 2001), Medical scientific centre of disease prevention and heath care in industralenvronment, Yekaterinburg, [10] Ericson Bagain (2014), Banh gié mic 66 pha nhiém va nh ue ain se ke 66 v8 cae Boon Hn quan naming @ ning ‘guts dang sng dubi mai nha aming- xi mang: thi nghigm tal nude dang phat vin, H6i tho bo cdo cdc ket qué nghién cu Koa hoc v8 tac dong cla amiangtrdng dén sac khée con nguei-Bién phép quén phi ap, HAN. [11] S.PNC. Rao (2014), Chinh sach sii dung amiang tréng tai An 16 - Téng quan céc nghin cu suc knde nghé nghié ti cae nha may sin audi mai lop xi mang - aming trong déu kin co kibm sost, HS! thd be cao cae két qua nghién cuv koa hoc v6 tc déng cia amiang trdng dé sic Kide con ngud - Bién php qudn ph hop, Ha NO {12] Robert Patrick Nolan (2014), Banh gir ro ung th én quan

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