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Ajit Barisal - Energy
Ajit Barisal - Energy
Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Considering the importance of clean energy, the combined operation of hydro-thermal-wind (HTW)
Received 18 July 2016 system is formulated in optimal power flow (OPF) framework. The objective is to find an optimal gen-
Received in revised form eration schedule for the HTW system where the system will work economically and in a voltage secure
28 January 2017
manner with reduced loss during normal as well as stressed system operation. As system voltage may be
Accepted 16 February 2017
Available online 20 February 2017
vulnerable especially during under estimation (UE) situation, provision of additional reactive power (Q)
support is essential as a possible solution. This is achieved by installing shunt facts devices i.e. (STAT-
COM) at the weak nodes of the power network. A comparative assessment between wind-thermal (WT)
Keywords:
Optimal power flow
and HTW system operation with STATCOM at different wind penetration levels is also depicted. The
Modified bacteria foraging algorithm optimum operational paradigms are obtained by optimizing the objective with Genetic Algorithm (GA),
Hydro-Thermal-Wind system Hybrid Algorithm (HA) and modified bacteria foraging algorithm (MBFA). After several tests, superiority
Cost-effective operation of MBFA optimization over HA and GA is revealed so that the IEEE30-bus system operates in a voltage
secure and cost-effective manner.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.090
0360-5442/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740 721
of emission issue as a contributory objective in OPF framework is violate any of the operating constraints and be able to operate the
addressed in Ref. [11]. Authors in Refs. [12e14] have developed a system in a secured manner even with some changes in the oper-
multi objective WT system operation strategy that considers cost ating conditions. Fig. 1 depicts the schematic diagram of the hydro-
minimization, loss minimization and voltage secure system thermal-wind generation system.
operation. Mathematically, the objective function may be represented as.
Thus, in this work an attempt is made to model and demonstrate Minimize
the above issue in on optimal power flow framework while opti-
mizing the suitably formulated operational objectives with MBFA, FS ¼ FT þ FW þ pfc (1)
GA, and HA algorithms. The optimized generating schedules are
In the above expression, FS is the total system operation cost.
tested for their competence in obtaining a secure power system
FT is the cost of thermal power generation.
operation, when the system is subjected to numbers of (N-1) con-
FW is the cost of wind power generation.
tingencies in the form of line outages (LO), load increase (LI). All the
pfc is the penalty function for handling the constraint violation.
simulations are carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
Subject to constraints:
The primary contributions of this work are given as follows.
min max
The paper has been organized in the following manner. The PHk PHkj PHk (9)
main problem has been formulated in Section 2. The modelling of
wind intermittency has been discussed in Section 3. A brief over-
view of GA, HA and MBFA technique applied in this study has been
presented in Section 4. In Section 5, procedural details of simula-
tions and results have been presented. In the same section few
pertinent observations are made regarding the results obtained
which has led to the conclusion in Section 6.
2. Problem formulation
2.1. Problem
applies Weibull PDF as explained in (21), in order to model the Two discrete probability events occur when there is no wind
variability of wind flow. power output and rated power output. Mathematically this may be
represented as (22) and (23) as discussed below.
ðk1Þ vk Probability of event Pw ¼ 0 is
k v c
fv ðvÞ ¼ e ;0<v<∞ (21)
c c
Pr ðPw ¼ 0Þ ¼ Pr ðV < vi Þ þ Pr ðV vo Þ ¼ FV ðvi Þ þ ð1 FV ðvo ÞÞ
Here c and k are the scale and shape parameters respectively, k k
v vo
which together control the extent of variability and pattern of wind ¼ 1 exp i þ exp
c c
flow. Scale parameter has the unit of m/sec while shape parameter
is a dimensionless quantity. The effect of variation of c and k on (22)
behaviour of wind pattern is depicted in Fig. 2. Probability of event Pw ¼ Pr is
When wind speed is low, the blades of wind turbine would not
rotate due to the friction and large inertia, and no electricity is Pr ðPw ¼ Pr Þ ¼ Pr ðvr < V < vo Þ ¼ FV ðvo Þ FV ðvr Þ
generated. Only when wind speed is fast enough and the blades k k
vr vo
have enough torque to overcome the resistance, the wind plant will ¼ exp þ exp (23)
start to generate electricity. The speed at which the turbine begins c c
to rotate and generate power is referred as cut-in speed and this From Fig. 3, the discrete and continuous portions of the wind
speed is typically between 3 and 5 m/s. If the wind speed keeps power output probability function based on the Weibull wind
going up to a certain level that may damage the rotor, the self- speed pdf with k ¼ 2 and c factors of 10, 15, and 20 are plotted.
protection system of the turbine will stop the rotor. This wind
speed, at which the braking system is activated, is called cut-out
speed [29].
As the WECS power output has a constant zero value when the 4. Overview of optimization methodologies
speed is below the cut-in wind speed and also above the cut-out
wind speed, the power output random variable will be discrete in For the purpose of optimization MBFA, GA and HA are employed
these ranges. The WECS power output is a mixed random variable, to optimize both the objective function and their respective per-
which is continuous between values of zero and rated power, and is formances are compared. Brief overviews of the algorithms are
discrete at values of zero and rated power output. discussed below.
c=10
0.2 c=15
c=20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
wind speed
wind speed characterization(k=2)
0.4
weibull pdf
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
wind speed
wind speed characterization(k=3)
0.4
weibull pdf
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
wind speed
Fig. 2. Weibull probability density function for different values of shape and scale parameter.
724 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
0.9
c=10
0.8 c=15
c=20
0.7
0.6
wind power pdf
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
ratio of wind power(ro)
Fig. 3. Weibull mixed probability function for different wind speed.
4.1. Genetic algorithm and l are initialized before the first iteration.
Genetic Algorithm (GA) [18,19] is an established parallel search 1) Begin elimination dispersal loop.
algorithm, which has been applied in varieties of optimization 2) Begin reproduction loop.
problems in power systems. In GA, the initial set of randomly 3) Begin chemotaxis loop.
generated population evolves through several generations to a) For c i ¼ 1, 2 … S, cost function F (i, j, k, l) is calculated.
reproduce fitter candidate solutions using crossover and mutation b) Find the optimum bacterium qob , from all those evaluated
operators. As the algorithm is based on idea of the survival of the until that point of evolution. c i ¼ 1, 2 … S, determine the
fittest, the weaker off-springs get eliminated. During the search swarm attractant cost FCC, that is added with F(i, j, k, l) to
process, as there is no restriction on the search space, it enhances obtain Fsw(i, j, k, l) [20].
the robustness of GA. c) If j ¼ 1
i) Randomly select two parents of bacteria for reproduction,
4.2. Hybrid algorithm out of the pool of all S bacteria.
ii) Generate two random numbers t1 and t2.
The Hybrid Algorithm (HA) is synthesized by implementing the a) If t1 Pmutation, do mutation at the decimal crossover point
mutation strategies of GA along with the BFA that was first pro- decided by t2
posed in Ref. [20], so that the optimization efficiencies of both the b) Else if, Pmutation < t1 PCrossover, do Crossover at the decimal
algorithms may be further improved in some specific problems. The crossover point decided by t2. It is to be noted that, after the
steps involved in HA can be explained as follows. above GA operators, qi ðj; k; lÞ has generated bacterial off
At the outset, variables like number of control parameters (p), springs qiCross ðj; k; lÞ
bacteria (S), chemotactic process (Nc), reproduction events (G) and iii) Carry out swimming or tumbling, using the following
elimination & dispersal events (D) for the algorithm, are initialized. equation
Further, the control parameters like maximum swimming length
Ns. (Nc), the probability of elimination and dispersal Ped,, the
swarming coefficients i.e.dattract ; uattract ; hrepelent and urepelent , run DS ðiÞ
length unit (C(i)) and swim length SL are all chosen judiciously. qi ðj þ 1; k; lÞ ¼ qiCross ðj; k; lÞ þ CðiÞ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi (24)
P(p,S,1), specifies the location of the initial set of S bacteria, each DTS ðiÞDS ðiÞ
consisting of p random numbers. After scaling up, each of the
random numbers represents a possible solution of the control where,DS ðiÞ2<p is a predefined random direction vector, with each
variables. element DSm ðiÞ, m ¼ 1,2,..p.
The iterative steps of HA proceeds as follows. The cost function
for the initial bacterial population inside the inner most chemotaxis d) For, j > 1
loop, is evaluated. Any ith bacterium and its corresponding cost i) Repeat steps 3. c.(i) & (ii) and reorienting the qiCross ðj; k; lÞ
function in the jth chemotactic, kth reproduction and lth elimina- through swimming/tumbling
tion stages is identified by, qi(j,k,l) and F(i, j, k, l) respectively. j, k, ii) If, Fsw(i, j, k, l) < Fsw(i, j-1, k, l)
A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740 725
Convergence Characteristics
3580
GA
3560 HA
MBFA
3540
3520
3500
Cost
3480
3460
3440
3420
3400
3380
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
No of generation
Fig. 4. Convergence characteristics of HTW system with GA, HA and MBFA techniques.
4. Increment ‘j’ i. e j ¼ j þ 1. Go to step 3, if j < Nc (Continue poor foraging strategies are either eliminated or mutated into
Chemotaxis loop) better ones. The foraging strategy of E. coli bacterium is governed by
5. Carry out the process of reproduction. four processes, namely, chemotaxis, swarming, reproduction, and
a) For the given k and l, let Jhealth ¼ Sort fJsw ðj; k; lÞg . Sort elimination-dispersal.
j2f1/N g
bacteria in order of ascending cost Jhealth. Ac higher cost of any The detailed steps involved in BFA can be obtained from
bacterium means lower health for minimization. Ref. [20]. In MBFA [12], the original version of the algorithm pro-
b) From the total S bacteria, the better half upholds the evolu- posed in Ref. [20] is modified inside both chemotaxis and swarming
tion process replacing the other less healthier half of bacteria, stages. The proposed modifications which expedite the conver-
who are eliminated following elitism. gence have also applied in this work. Two major modification
c) Increment the reproduction loop counter i. e k ¼ k þ 1. Go to points adopted in this improved version of BFA i.e. MBFA can be
step 2 if k < G. referred from Ref. [12]. The flow chart of the algorithm with above
6. In the process of elimination & dispersal, generate a random modifications is given in Section. A2 in the appendix. Moreover the
number t3. parameters used in all the above mentioned optimization algo-
a) If t3 <¼ Ped, then the existing entire set of bacteria gets rithms are mentioned in the appendix.
eliminated and dispersed in a new random direction. Incre-
ment l ¼ l þ 1. Go to step 1, if l < D. 5. Simulation results and discussion
b) Else continue with Reproduction again, i.e Go to step 2.
For simulation of the work, the IEEE-30 bus system [22] is
It can be noticed that in the steps 3.c.(i)&(ii) and 3.d.(i)&(ii), the considered as the system under study. Bus 1 is the slack bus which
hybridization of GA operators in the BFA, is applied. In addition to is connected to the largest generating unit (Thermal unit). Gener-
above, the use of optimum bacterium (qob ) in evaluation of swarm ator at bus 2 is a thermal generating unit while that installed at 8th
attractant cost (FCC) in step 3.b, as suggested earlier in Ref. [30], bus is a hydro powered unit with an installed capacity of 40 MW.
improves its ability to swarm. The test system is modified by replacing conventional generators
with wind farms located at fifth, eleventh and thirteenth bus. Each
4.3. Modified bacteria foraging algorithm wind farm (WF) consists of several wind turbine generators (WTG)
equipped with DFIGs. In this work, WF at bus no.5 consists of ten
Bacteria Foraging Algorithm, similar to numbers of such algo- WTG (each of 3 MW) having a total capacity of 30 MW. Similarly
rithms is based on the evolution principle of E. coli bacteria present WF at bus numbers11 and 13 each consist of eight WTG of 3 MW
in human intestines. The algorithm is based on the principle that capacities with total capacities of 24 MW each. The simulation for
natural selection tends to eliminate animals with poor foraging the proposed objective function is carried out in MATLAB/SIMU-
strategies compared to others and favour those having successful LINK environment. The program was run on a 2.30 GHz, Intel(R)
foraging strategies. During the process of evolution, bacteria having Core-i3, with 4 GB RAM notebook configuration. The analysis of
726 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
3580
GA
3560 HA
MBFA
3540
3520
3500
Cost
3480
3460
3440
3420
3400
3380
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
No of generation 4
x 10
Fig. 5. Convergence characteristics of HTW system with GA, HA and MBFA techniques.
system behaviour and optimal operating configuration is evaluated characteristics, the number of generations during the optimization
under different cases as described below. process is continued till 2 104 generations. Still, MBFA retained its
superiority over GA and HA in providing the most economic solu-
5.1. Cost effective system operation tion. This is depicted in Fig. 5 and presented in Table 1. It may be
seen that when GA and HA converged at 3395.24$/hr and 3389.34$/
In this case the objective function (1) is optimized for the hr respectively, MBFA converged at 3386.25$/hr. Different compo-
considered test system with three optimization techniques at the nents of the final optimized solution obtained with the three al-
nominal operating conditions. The optimization algorithms are gorithms are tabulated in Table 1.
MBFA, HA and GA as discussed in sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 respec- In this table, PL represents the real power transmission loss and
tively. In order to determine the best operating conditions in terms TC is the total system operational cost. As seen from the table, the
of operational economy, voltage security and fastness in operation a loss is minimum (0.0854 p.u.) with MBFA optimized schedule while
comparative analysis is carried out with the three above mentioned it is maximum (0.0922 p.u.) with GA optimized schedule. The loss
techniques. The details of parameters chosen for these algorithms comes within these values i.e. 0.0900 p.u. with HA optimized
are mentioned in the Appendix. schedule.
Figs. 3 and 4 represents the convergence characteristics found Besides these aspects, the fastness of operation while achieving
with the three different algorithms plotted at 10000 and 20000 the optimal operational paradigm is provided by MBFA technique.
generations respectively. In Fig. 4 the GA optimized curve con-
verges at 3396.76 $/hr and HA optimized curve converges
approximately at 3389.42 $/hr. But the MBFA optimized scenario CPU run time
provides the superior characteristics with a final solution of
3386.92$/hr. In order to find any further improvement in the 80
70
Table 1
Optimized generation schedule of the Hydro-Thermal-Wind system in p.u. with 60
MBFA, HA and GA during normal operation.
50
Time in minutes.
Convergence Characteristics
2775
2770
2765
2760
Cost
2755
2750
2745
2740
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
No of generation
Fig. 7. Cost convergence of HTW with 45% wind penetration up-to 10000 generations.
This is depicted in Fig. 6 where, in getting the results shown by Operating the power system with minimum transmission loss.
Figs. 4 and 5., MBFA takes minimum computational time. Obtaining the optimal convergence characteristics within min-
The above findings presented by Table 1 and Figs. 4e6 depicts imum time.
the superiority of MBFA optimized schedule over GA and HA in
terms of But all these findings are subjected to 25% wind power pene-
tration (WPPN) in the HTW power network. By increasing the wind
Operating the Hydro-Thermal-Wind (HTW) generation system power penetration level up-to 45%, the impact of wind on overall
with minimum cost. system operation is studied.
24
stage1
22 stage2
stage3
20
18
Hydro discharge
16
14
12
10
8
5 10 15 20 25
Hour
Fig. 8. Hourly discharge ( 104 m3) of plant during different stages.
728 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
45
35
30
stage1
stage2
stage3
25
5 10 15 20 25
Hour
Fig. 9. Variation of reservoir volume during the scheduling horizon.
In this context, MBFA is used to optimize the objective function was 0.0854 p.u. with 25% WPPN. Fig. 8 depicts hourly hydro
(1) and the cost convergence characteristic of the modified system discharge from the reservoir. After knowing the water discharges,
with 45% WPPN is depicted in Fig. 7. the reservoir volumes at different scheduling intervals are found
Comparing the characteristics presented by MBFA technique for out. Then, the hydro power generations are calculated using (13).
the HTW system with two different WPPN levels as depicted in Fig. 9 depicts the trajectories of the reservoir storage volume during
Figs. 4 and 7, a notion may be drawn that with 20% increment in different optimization stages i.e. after 1000, 3000 and 5000
WPPN the system operation cost is decremented approximately by generations.
15%. The real power transmission loss reduces to 0.0544 p.u. which
1.06
HA
1.04 GA
MBFA
1.02
1
Voltage (p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus No
Fig. 10. HTW System voltage profile during normal operating condition.
A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740 729
5.2. Voltage secure system operation depicting a superior voltage during normal system operation is
established.
In order to test the competence of MBFA optimized generation
schedule in providing an improved voltage response during normal
and stressed operating condition, a comparison is made between 5.2.2. Case-2
the three optimization techniques. This is presented as In this case, the operational competency of MBFA is tested with
HA and GA during stressed operating conditions.
Case 1: Normal operating Condition To verify this, the system operation is subjected to stress situ-
Case 2: Stressed operating Condition ation by intentionally introducing load increase (LI) scenario in one
of the randomly chosen bus in the power network. In this case bus-
12 is the chosen one which is subjected to load increase at 20%
5.2.1. Case 1 interval. Thus bus-12 is gradually subjected to a series of 20% load
The system voltage response during Case.1 is depicted in Fig. 10. increase. i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 120%. These are depicted in
It shows that though a minor improvement in bus voltage is shown Figs. 11e15. From the figures it may be seen that in every load in-
by HA schedule over GA, remarkable enhancement in voltage in crease scenario, the voltage obtained with MBFA schedule provides
most of the buses is presented by MBFA optimized schedule. The relatively superior performance. The mathematical analysis of the
numerical analysis of this fact is depicted in Table 2. voltage improvement is presented in Table 3.
As seen from the table, the minimum and mean voltage From Table 3, it may be summarized that
magnitude obtained with MBFA is 0.9098 p.u. and 0.9510 p.u.
respectively. These are higher than the corresponding voltages For 20% load increase, the mean and minimum system voltage as
obtained with HA and GA. Moreover, comparing the standard de- found from MBFA schedule is 0.9660 p.u. and 0.9294 p.u. while
viations (SD) obtained with the three techniques, MBFA presents those with HA optimized schedule is 0.9642 p.u. and 0.9271 p.u.
the minimum value i.e. 0.0323 p.u. as compared to SD obtained respectively and from GA optimized schedule 0.9633 p.u. and
with HA and GA which are 0.0328 p.u. and 0.0330 p.u. From these 0.9261 p.u. It implies that MBFA schedule depicts superior
above findings, the superiority of MBFA optimized schedule in results.
Besides these findings, the standard deviation (SD) with 20% LI
for MBFA, HA, GA optimized schedule is 0.0292 p.u, 0.0296 p.u
Table 2 and 0.0297 p.u. respectively.
Analysis of improved system voltage during normal operating condition. Thus the voltage deviation is minimum with MBFA case while it
Sr No Bus voltage characteristics Voltage during normal is moderate with HA and maximum with GA, though the dif-
ference is not significant.
Operating conditions (p.u.)
For each LI case, the mean and minimum system as depicted
Mean Minimum Maximum SD
from Table 3 bus voltage with MBFA optimized schedule is
Case-1 MBFA 0.9510 0.9098 1.0500 0.0323 higher than that of the HA and GA schedule and the SD is
HA 0.9485 0.9068 1.0500 0.0328 consistently less in magnitude in MBFA case as compared to HA
GA 0.9474 0.9055 1.0500 0.0330
and GA even during severe stressed situation of 120% LI.
20% LI scenario
1.06
MBFA
HA
1.04
GA
1.02
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 11. System voltage response when bus-12 is subjected to 20% LI.
730 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
40% LI scenario
1.06
MBFA
HA
1.04
GA
1.02
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 12. System voltage response when bus-12 is subjected to 40% LI.
60% LI scenario
1.06
MBFA
1.04 HA
GA
1.02
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 13. System voltage response when bus-12 is subjected to 60% LI.
80% LI scenario
1.06
MBFA
1.04 HA
GA
voltage mag(p.u.) 1.02
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 14. System voltage response when bus-12 is subjected to 80% LI.
1.06
MBFA 20% LI
HA 20% LI
1.04
GA 20% LI
MBFA 120% LI
1.02 HA 120% LI
GA 120% LI
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 15. Comparative analysis between 20% and 120% LI.
Scenario3: With 25% wind power penetration in the presence of issues in power flow frame work may be referred from Ref. [12].
STATCOM.
Scenario4: With 45% wind power penetration in the presence of
STATCOM. 5.3.1. Scenario 1
In this case the optimized generation schedule with MBFA for
In this context, details of STATCOM [23] along with modelling both WT and HTW generation system is obtained. Taking this into
consideration, the system voltage during normal operating
732 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
1.06
Wind-Thermal
Hydro-Thermal-Wind
1.04
0.95
1.02
0.94
1
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.93
0.98
0.92
0.96
0.91
15 20 25
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 16. System voltage response with 25% wind penetration. (Scenario1).
A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740 733
1.02
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 17. System voltage response with 45% wind penetration (scenario.2).
1.06
WT during scenario1
HTW during scenario1
1.04 HTW during scenario3
WT during scenario3
1.02
1
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 18. System voltage response with 25% wind penetration with STATCOM.
734 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
5.3.4. Scenario 4
Also, while increasing the wind penetration levels it is found In this scenario, relative performance of both the WT and HTW
that system in terms of maintaining a secure voltage in the presence of
The mean system voltage increases from 0.9523 p.u. to 0.9679 STATCOM is analysed when wind power penetration level is
p.u. for WT system while that increases from 0.9510 p.u. to increased from 25% to 45%.
0.9648 p.u. for HTW system. Similar to previous results as illustrated by Fig. 18, WT system
The minimum system voltage increases from 0.9113 p.u. to with STATCOM, considerably improves the system voltage as
0.9278 p.u. for WT system while that increases from 0.9098 compared to WT system without STATCOM and HTW system with
p.u. to 0.9240 p.u. for HTW system. STATCOM. The statistical analyses of the above findings are
The SD in voltage reduces from 0.0320 p.u. to 0.0296 p.u. for enumerated in Table 5.
WT system while that reduces from 0.0323 p.u. to 0.0302 p.u. On comparison between the data obtained from Tables 4 and 5,
for HTW system. the salient findings may be summarized as below.
The presence of STATCOM for 25% wind penetration has.
In order to figure out any further improvement in the system
voltage for both the system as discussed above, STATCOM [24e26] Enhanced the mean WT system voltage by 0.0211 p. u. and
is incorporated at the weakest bus [27] in the network. This is minimum system voltage by 0.0327 p.u.
depicted in the next section. Reduced the standard deviation of voltage by 0.0048 p.u.
Similarly upgraded the mean HTW system voltage by 0.0215 p.u.
5.3.3. Scenario 3 and minimum voltage by 0.0332 p.u.
In this scenario, relative performance of both the WT and HTW Decreased the SD for HTW system by 0.005 p.u.
1.02
voltage mag(p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus no
Fig. 19. System voltage response with 44% wind penetration with STATCOM.
A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740 735
1.06
GA
HA
1.04
MBFA
1.02
1
Voltage (p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus No
Fig. 20. Comparative analysis of HTW system voltage response during Scenario-1 for outage of line 8e28 with GA, HA and MBFA optimized schedule.
1.04 GA
HA
1.02 MBFA
0.98
Voltage (p.u.)
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus No
Fig. 21. Comparative analysis of HTW system voltage response during Scenario-3 for outage of line 10e20 with GA, HA and MBFA optimized schedule.
Similar notion may be drawn for incorporation of STATCOM is presented by WT system compared to HTW generation
with 45% wind penetration. system.
Considering all the scenarios, it may be summarized that with
It is important to note that, even after the installation of STAT- less wind penetration, approximately 20%e25%, WT system
COM in both the systems i.e. WT and HTW, the evaluating pa- behaves almost similar to HTW system in terms of maintaining a
rameters have significantly shown improvement but still the voltage secure operation.
superiority of maintaining a relatively enhanced system voltage
736 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
1.06
HTW during scenario1
HTW during scenario2
1.04 HTW during scenario3
HTW during scenario4
1.02
1
Voltage (p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus No
Fig. 22. Comparative analysis of HTW system voltage response during different Scenarios for outage of line 15e18 with MBFA.
1.06
HTW during scenario1
HTW during scenario2
1.04
HTW during scenario3
HTW during scenario4
1.02
1
Voltage (p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus No
Fig. 23. Comparative analysis of HTW system voltage response during different Scenarios for outage of line 10e20 with MBFA.
But with enhancement in wind power penetration level nearly of the previously mentioned scenarios during stressed operating
45%, considerable improvement in the system voltage may be conditions, a comparative analysis is conducted between them. In
observed compared to HTW system. this context, stressed operating conditions are created in the sys-
tem by intentionally introducing line outages (LO) at few of the
In order to further evaluate the robustness of the optimization randomly chosen lines one at a time. This is presented in Figs. 20
techniques on improving the relative system voltage performances and 21.
A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740 737
1
Voltage (p.u.)
0.95
0.9
0.85
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus No
Fig. 24. Comparative analysis of WT and HTW system voltage response during Scenario-1 and Scenario-2 for outage of line 27e30 with MBFA.
1.06
HTW during scenario.3
HTW during scenario.4
WT during scenario.4
1.04
1.02
Voltage (p.u.)
0.98
0.96
0.94
5 10 15 20 25 30
Bus No
Fig. 25. Comparative analysis of WT and HTW system voltage response during Scenario-3 and Scenario-4 for outage of line 14e15 with MBFA.
738 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
1.05
1
Voltage (p.u.)
0.95
0.9
From Figs. 20 and 21 it may be depicted that Thus a notion may be drawn that even in the absence of shunt
FACTs devices, WT system presents comparatively a better
MBFA optimized schedule presents relatively superior voltage voltage secure operation than HTW system under stressed
performance during different LO conditions as compared to GA operating environment.
and HA optimized schedules.
Therefore, MBFA is selected for evaluating and finding the best In the presence of STATCOM, a comparison is made between
operating performance in terms of maintaining an improved HTW system operation under Scenario-3 and Scenario- 4 during
system voltage among all the four above mentioned scenarios outage of randomly chosen lines (14e15) and line (25e27). This is
during LO situations. This is applied for the HTW system. shown in Figs. 25 and 26 respectively.
In this context, two separate LO events are created in the HTW It is found that HTW system while operating in Scenario- 4
system one after another in the form of outage of line 15e18 and presents an improved voltage response than Scenario-3. But as
10e20. This is depicted in Figs. 22 and 23 respectively. It may be previously found for Scenario-2, WT system in Scenario- 4 de-
clearly pointed out that scenario.4 presents a significant improve- picts a superior voltage performance compared to HTW system
ment in the system voltage even during different stressed operating though the improvement is trivial.
conditions. Therefore it may be concluded that, as far as maintaining the
It is already demonstrated from Figs. 16e19 that, during normal voltage security issue is concerned, WT operation may be a
operating condition, the WT system portrayed superior voltage preferred option than HTW operation during substantial wind
profile than HTW system in all the four scenarios. Therefore, to penetration.
validate the occurrence of similar consequences, both WT and HTW
system behaviour is tested during LO conditions. The results are This leads us to reach at a concluding remark as mentioned
presented in Figs. 24e26. below.
The salient findings drawn from Figs. 22e24 is enumerated
below.
6. Conclusion
During stressed operating condition (i.e. outage of line 27e30),
HTW system for Scenario-2 depicts an improved voltage Integration of hydro power plants into the existing wind-
response than Scenario-1 (as shown in Fig. 24). thermal system would reduce the burden on thermal plant due
But the voltage response as shown by WT system for Scenario-2 to the uncertainty posed by wind power. But inclusion of hydro
during the above mentioned LO condition is superior to HTW power generation with WT system in OPF framework, introduces
system (as shown in Fig. 24). further complexities and real time constraints in the generation
scheduling. Under such an intricate operating scenario, the
A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740 739
APPENDIX s>R
Yes
A.1) No
No
A.2) Flow chart of proposed optimization technique (MBFA).
Sl< Sml
Abbreviations used in the flow chart of MBFA.
Yes Tumble
El: Elimination loop No
Di: Dispersal loop k > NB
E: Number of elimination events
R: Number of reproduction events
Nc: Number of chemotactic processes
Sl: Swim length
A
Sml: Maximum swim length
NB: Number of bacteria
740 A. Panda et al. / Energy 124 (2017) 720e740
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