COMPUTER SCIENCE FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 5)

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Network:

A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources. The
most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet.

Data Transmission Modes :

Data transmission is the process of sending data from one device to another.

Simplex transmission mode

A simplex communication channel only sends information in one direction. For example, a radio station
usually sends signals to the audience but never receives signals from them, thus a radio station is a
simplex channel.

Half transmission mode

In half duplex mode, data can be transmitted in both directions but not at the same time. Hald duplex
transmission is used in ATM.

Full-Duplex Transmission mode

A full duplex communication channel is able to transmit data in both directions at the same time.
Communication over telephone line is an example of full duplex.
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Network architecture :

Network architecture refers to the layout of the network, consisting of the hardware, software,
connectivity, communication protocols, and mode of transmission (i.e. wired or wireless).

Client/Server architecture:

Client-server network in which many clients (remote processors) request and receive service from a
centralized server (host computer). Client computers provide an interface to allow a computer user to
request services of the server and to display the results the server returns.

Peer To Peer network:

Peer-to-peer (P2P) is a decentralized communications model in which each party has the same
capabilities and either party can initiate a communication session.

All computer have same status and act as a client or server or both at the same time.
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Point to point Network:

Point-to-Point connection refers to a communications connection between two nodes or endpoints. An

example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other.

Types of network

LAN:

A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a
residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building.
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MAN

A metropolitan area network is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources
in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large LAN but smaller than the area
covered by a WAN.

WAN

A WAN (wide area network) is a communications network that spans a large geographic area such as
across cities, states, or countries. WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs). Computers
connected to a wide-area network are often connected through public networks, such as the telephone
system

PAN

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for data transmission amongst devices such
as computers, telephones, tablets and personal digital assistants.

Bluetooth Network

Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances. Its a radio
communication technology that enables low-power, short distance wireless networking between
phones, computers, and other network devices.

Network Topology

Bus Topology:

A bus topology is a network setup in which each computer and network device are connected to a single
cable.

Advantages of bus topology

 It works well when you have a small network.

 It's the easiest network topology for connecting computers or peripherals in a linear fashion.
 It requires less cable length than a star topology.

Disadvantages of bus topology

 It can be difficult to identify the problems if the whole network goes down.
 It can be hard to troubleshoot individual device issues.
 Bus topology is not great for large networks.
 Terminators are required for both ends of the main cable.
 Additional devices slow the network down.
 If a main cable is damaged, the network fails or splits into two.
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Ring Topology

A ring topology is a network configuration in which device connections create a circular data path. Each
networked device is connected to two others, like points on a circle. Together, devices in a ring topology
are referred to as a ring network.

Star Topology

A star topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes are individually
connected to a central connection point, like a hub or a switch. A star takes more cable than e.g. a bus,
but the benefit is that if a cable fails, only one node will be brought down.
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Mesh Topology

In a mesh topology, every computer in the network has a connection to each of the other computers in
that network.

Communication Via telephone networks

Dial up Line:

Any telecommunications link that is serviced by a modem. Dial-up lines are ordinary phone lines used
for voice communication, while dedicated or leased lines are digital lines with dedicated circuits.
Maximum speed is 56kbps.

DSL
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Digital subscriber line is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone
lines. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean asymmetric digital
subscriber line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology, for Internet access. Maximum
speed is 256kbps or above.

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital
transmission of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public
switched telephone network. Maximum speed is 128 kbps.

CDMA

Code-division multiple access is a channel access method used by various radio communication
technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send information
simultaneously over a single communication channel. Transmission speed is several Mbps.