LAB REPORT#01

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AND

INSTRUMENTATIONS
SUBMITTED TO: Sir Khurram Ali
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Soban
REG NO.: FA19-BEE-145
DATE: 23 feb,2021
 IN-LAB

Impedance Analyzer:

An impedance analyzer is a computational device used to measure

opposition to the current in AC systems. Measured in OHMS. It
generates an RF signal with a range given by the user. It is used for
industrial analysis, researches and technology production.

Digital Megohmmeter (Megger):

Digital megohmmeter is used for measuring electrical resistance of

insulators, like cable jackets. These are special types of ohmmeter. They
can provide high DC voltages ranges from 500V to 2kV at specified
current capacity. This equipment is suitable for fieldwork, and under
extreme weather conditions.

Kelvin Double Bridge:

A kelvin double bridge is used to measure unknown electrical resistors

below 1ohm. Specially designed to measure resistors that are
constructed as four terminal resistors. They actually used to overcome
the problems of these undesirable resistances known as parasitic
resistance.
Wheatstone Bridge:

A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an

unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit,
one leg of which includes the unknown component. The primary
benefit of a Wheatstone bridge is its ability to provide extremely
accurate measurements in contrast with something like a simple
voltage divider.

Lux Meter:

A lux meter is a device for measuring brightness, specifically, the

intensity with which the brightness appears to the human eye. This is
different than measurements of the actual light energy produced by or
reflected from an object or light source. The lux is a unit of
measurement of brightness, or more accurately, illuminance.

Digital Clamp Meter:

A digital clamp meter is a device that measures current in amperes (A)

by magnetic induction. This type of measurement is non-intrusive and
very convenient. The basic principle behind the digital clamp meter is
magnetic induction.

Portable Power Analyzer:

Power analyzers accurately measure electrical power characteristics of

devices that generate, transform, or consume electricity. Power
analyzers provide precise measurements of true power (watts), power
factor, harmonics and efficiency in inverters ETC. Portable power
analyzers are units designed for easy transportation along with
temporary and simple installation.
Digital Earth Meter:

Earth resistance testers are used by ground survey teams for a variety
of reasons. This equipment is used to measure earth resistance and
earth voltage. It has three ranges for earth resistance measurement
which are 19.99 ohm, 199.9 ohm, and 1.999 kilo ohm respectively. Its
voltage may be varied from 0 – 199.9V for earth voltage measurement.

Temperature Sensor:

A temperature sensor is a device that gathers data concerning the

temperature from a source and converts it to a form that can be
understood either by an observer or another device. These sensors
come in many different forms and are used for a wide variety of
purposes, from simple home use to extremely accurate and precise
scientific use.

LAN Tester:

LAN testers cover the fields of installation and network control. A LAN
tester can be used in a workplace, and is ideal for technical service
professionals and network administrators. These testers can determine
IP addresses, identify polarity, connected port and link connectivity.
They can also show cable break points and incorrect connections in
fiber optic lines.

Multi-meter:

A multi-meter measures electrical properties such as AC or DC voltage,

current, and resistance. Multi-meters are specified with a sensitivity
range, so consumers should make sure they get the appropriate one.
EMF Meter:
Electromagnetic Field meters (EMF) measure AC and DC currents, or
fields of electricity, within a certain area. There are two basic EMF
meter varieties, analog and digital.

Capacitance Meter:

A capacitance meter is a specialized piece of testing equipment. It is used

to determine the potential capacitance of a given capacitor. These
meters come in many varieties and sizes in order to measure capacitance
in many different contexts. The ability to measure capacitance is
included in some but not all multi-meters.

Galvanometer:

Electric current is often measured using an instrument called a Tangent

Galvanometer. Able to measure the presence as well as the direction
and power of currents, the instrument was first used in the early 1800s.
It typically has a vertical copper wire coil, wrapped around a circular
frame, and a compass in the middle. The instrument works based on
the tangent law of magnetism.
Frequency Counter:

A frequency counter is an electronic instrument, or component of one,

that is used for measuring frequency. Frequency counters usually
measure the number of oscillations or pulses per second in a repetitive
electronic signal. Most frequency counters work by using a counter
which accumulates the number of events occurring within a specific
period of time.

LCR Meter:

An LCR meter is a device that is used to test the electrical impedance of

a piece of equipment. In operation, it is capable of identifying the
measurement of an object's resistance to steady electrical current. This
is most helpful when dealing with alternating current (AC). It will
determine the relative change in magnitude of the repetitive variations
of the voltage and current known as amplitudes.

Power Supplies:

A power supply is a device that takes an incoming electrical current and

amplifies it to levels required by various devices. In many instances, this
type of device is also implemented to take the incoming electricity and
deliver it across many other electronic devices, often at different preset
levels. A power supply is used to transform various types of power into
a compatible format to be stored, like solar energy to electrical energy.
Watt-Meter:

A watt-meter is an instrument which gives a visual indication of the

amount of electrical energy being supplied to a circuit. This indication is
expressed in watts which is the standard unit of measure for electrical
energy supply or consumption. There are two commonly used types of
wattmeter: analog and digital. Analog meters indicate power supply via
a needle and scale indicator, while digital instruments display the power
usage on a liquid crystal display (LCD).

Phase Sequence Meter:

Phase sequence meter is used for detecting the sequence of the supply
in three-phase electric circuits. The direction of rotation of three phase
electric motors can be changed by changing the phase sequence of
supply.

QNET Mechatronic Sensors Trainer for NI ELVIS:

The QNET Mechatronic Sensors Trainer (MECHKIT), shown in Figure, is

designed to teach and demonstrate the fundamentals of interfacing
with mechatronic sensors. The system is configured to utilize a wide
variety of sensors measuring pressure, flex, infrared and visible light,
magnetism, temperature etc.
 POST-LAB
Multimeter:
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM,
is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include
features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance.

Part of Multimeter:
➢ POINTER- The needle-shape rod that moves over the scale of a
meter. It is mechanically connected to the moving coil. It indicates
the measured values on the multimeter.
➢ RANGE SELECTOR KNOB-(selector switch) makes it possible to select
different function and range of the meter.

Features of Multimeter:
➢ It is light in weight.
➢ Capable of giving more accurate readings.

➢ It measures lots of physical quantities like voltage, current, resistance,

frequency, etc.
➢ It is less costly.
➢ It measures different electrical parameters at high frequencies with
the help of special probes.
Types of Multimeter:
There are different types of multimeters like Analog, Digital multimeters.

Analog Multimeter:
The Analog Multimeter or VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter) is constructed using a
moving coil meter and a pointer to indicate the reading on the scale. The moving
coil meter consists of a coil wound around a drum placed between two
permanent magnets.
Digital Multimeters:
We mostly used a multimeter is a digital multimeter (DMM). The DMM performs all
functions from AC to DC other than analog. It has two probes positive and negative
indicated with black and red color is shown in the figure. The black probe connected
to COM JACK and the red probe connected by user requirement to measure ohm, volt,
or amperes.

Types of Digital Multimeter:

Digital types of multimeter are available in three types.

Fluke Multimeter

The fluke digital multimeter can be designed with various

collaboration functions. Generally, it includes a large
display and this instrument is used to measure the
voltage as well as electrical resistance. Some kinds of
devices are available with advanced features to measure
humidity, duty cycle, pressure, frequency temperature,
etc. The fluke multimeter is one of the most frequently
and famous instruments.

Clamp Digital Multimeter

The clamp digital multimeter is used to measure the

electricity flow. As the name suggests, this multimeter
includes the feature namely clamp which measures the
amps whenever the probes measure the volts.
Autoranging Multimeter
The auto-ranging multimeter is a simple multimeter to
utilize even though it is similarly the most costly of all
kinds of digital multimeters. This multimeter includes a
knob in the center and has less position. So it doesn’t
switch automatically to measure. This instrument is
applicable in simple projects.
CONCLUSION:
In this lab we learn the basic instruments and their symbols
and familiarize ourselves with the laboratory resources and
equipment.