TRUONG BAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI ThS. PHAM VAN COITRUONG BAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI ThS. PHAM VAN COI GIAO TRINH TIN HOC CHUYEN NGANH CO HOC BIEN DANG VA CAN KIM LOA! & NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HA NOILOT NOI PAU Su phat wrigh het site nhanh ching ctia cong nghe thong tin ve dien nk vidn thang ad mung fai nhiinng higu que vo cing to ten, Trong tal cd ede Tinh vite KHTN, KIIXH, cong ngitiép, nang nghiép. ti chink, giao thang, chink phuc WH V0. kitdng necink ndo fa khong ste dung tin hoe. Ngdty nay, bat cdi ai wen hanh tinh ching ra déu c6 thé truy nap véo mang thong fin todn cdu Internet dé nda bat ahiing gi co the. So vi ede mide Kc, Viet Nam dein vei cong nghé thing tin kha mugn. Mai toi ndm 1989-1990 moi cuit hien sihiing may tink XP, AV vit citug nhd 16: dg trae dei thong tin rat han che. Déu nay, olac iit od ede maie Khde, ching ta ad sit dung whine nedy tieh (PC) veh cong nghé vi xit (8 rae fogt mash nbedt the’ stot Intel Pontinm W cd ve 6 cting, bo uhd kin te do tinh todn, thc mdn yeu cd elie nyu tie tia, Mai dety, Nhat Bete dd ton cat waciy tinh 6 thé tage ign 108 300 18 phép rinhlgidy. Muy tink nay c6 edu tee goin wit 1024 bo vi wit 15 ghép Iai. Va gen day phat, heing IBM viter cong bi ke Treas h Igo re tong S nda adie ctia thién uién ky her hoa loui may rule nhearl nhait mang ten Blue Gene vii kha nang fink todn E vigu 6 phep tink! gid Tre nhidn maby tinh met chi fet cong cu. Nhitug phen mém itng dung trong cde fi vue cits te cin ret thd, tat cai gist luc etia nuttic ngodi. rong tinh vite Tuyen hime noi cining va cain kev kim toai ads rééug, c6 thé néi re elwia ne ed diige mot phan midi e0 yhi ted nao mige dit ching tu c6 khé phiéw cong ty lidw doonch san audi thep wl matic ngod Dé ed duore mot phein mém Kini dé ve eéing nghé can kim lout, te gid dd bat chine nghicn eve 18 nltiing nein 1994 va det dt diac aiiting, ket quid what dink, Cong vide nghién ctiut va kei und deat dete, wen mate being thuc 12 cong nghé phen mém con qué non iré vita Vier Nam céing datge khiing alfah fi moi trong shig bude di idt yeu in crime nghé thing tin trong aganh theo tinh thin Nght quyét O71NQ-CP ngdy 5-0-2000 ctia Chink phic vé phét wien cong nghé phan mént s6p phn CNIE- HIDH nén kink 1 nude nha, Trong phem vi mar gido wink “Tin hoe chueyén agank Cain kins loai “cht xin duge gigi thigu migt phan ote ubitng kei qud dé, Nei dung cia cudn sdch yom hai phan chink: - Phdn mém cong nghé can Luh ven may edu hink ¢@ nhc tien we (Dau vaio «hety did hid the 18 eile mot 86 cos sdb - COng ty Hien donk sin xu thep edn vai nuiie ngodi = Chiang tinh ling dang cong nghé cin tain Dé de hidia, ci huai phi rien tay dung nay dae teink bey liaci dang - «Cu seb 8 thayét tin bow cdg nghé edie hiiah vei tina;“Duda tacin, clarong teint vet mot 90’ ket qua tint todn Negord rat gic trink edu gid thigu téing qu mgt v in dé ma uhiéu can b6 vd sinh wiry trong mgt quan te, 6 12 168 anu ceing ne cin Mine NgeSE Hen tuc Nhitus phiin mém cong nghe eda kink ve tdin diege chiay cdi trong wrueng TURBO PASCAL cing nlut trong nubag C++ wen ad Windows, Grdo irinh git thigu niga sé nét hai qudt va ket quad iia phdn mem cong nghé can hinth (thép tron ve tip gév) chuty troug MICROSOFT VISUAL C++ 6.0 Séeh ditve vidi cho edu BO, sinh wien, NCS nganh CHBD va Cain Kim foul 6 Kien thie cor bain vé Tis hoe c0 86. Day 10 mor mon khoe hoe melt nen ngi dung, bo exte cla sdch 66 the 6 con 6 dtidin cluta hup 15. Tee yi cd om aidtug extn sith viens DO Quang Vuong, Phant S¥ Hing, Nensen Hang Phong dd hod tank suit sae nhigin va hot idp va NCKH theo hating dé fai dd dicge giao, ceim en nbiing § high dong s6p v4 phe binh tie ban doc. Tie giMUC LUC Trang Loi néi dau 3 Phan thé nhdt: CO SO LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG NGHE CAN HINH VA TAM 7 Chiong 1: CO SO LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG NGHE CAN HINA 9 LL - Dai cwong 9 1.2 - Phuong phdp tinh HL {.2.1- Thiét ké lé binh thinh pham 12 hinh vung trude tinh 13 1.2.3- Thigt ke 10 hinh dvan tude tinh 4 1.2.4- Thi&t k€ cic 15 hinh kéo dai 15 1.2.5- Tinh van te - Cuong) vuot trude 24 1.2.6- Tinh luc, momen, cong suat dong co 30 “ Chuong It + TINH KEO CANG VA ANH HUGNG CUA KEO CANG 33 IL1- Khti ni¢m chung 33 11.2- Ap tuc kim loai Ign truc 33 1L3- Ap luc ring M IL4- Mat tigp xc 36 T1.3- Ap luc rigng va kéo cing 37 I6- Xie dinh mémen cain a7 1L.7- Do co that ctia kim logi khi 6 kéo cang a8 1L.8- Vurgt truéic 40 IL9- Kéo cang gitta cde gid edn 40 Chuang lil : CO 86 THUAT TOAN CONG NGHE CAN TAM 45 Nhitng cong thite giai tich 46 11+ Ap luc rigng trung binh theo Selicoy A.L. 46 I11.2- Chiéu dai cung bign dang 47 IIL.3- Phuong phaip Stoun 49 IH.4- ‘Tro khang ciia kim loai bién dang 5 MILS- Lye cain to’n phan 52Co ban vé phuong php sé IIL6- Tinh tuc va cdc TSCN can tam bang phyong php s6 két hop yi phuong phip Lai giai phyong trinh vi phan Thuat giai TIE.7- Vai nét vé t6i uu qua trinh cdn tam nguoi 111.7.2- Phuong phap diéu khién toi uu Phuong phap dicu kién tdi han Phuong phdp quy hoach dong IIL7.3- Mot sé cong thitc co ban trong thuat todn Phan thit hai; THUAT TOAN - CHUONG TRINH VA KET QUA TINH TOAN Chuong I: THUAT TOAN VA CHUONG TRINH CONG NGHE CAN HINH L1-Nhing yéu cau co bin 1.2- Thuat t cang 1.3. Thuat todn can hinh trén may can Tien we 1.4- Chuong wink tinh cong nghg cén binh thép tron wen may cin L5- Chuong tinh tinh kéo cang va anh hudng cua kéo cing 1.6- Chuong tinh tinh cong nghé can thép g6e Chuong i; THUAT TOAN TINH CONG NGHE CAN TAM HL.t- Thug ton tinh dp luc kim loai len true H..2- Thuait todn Uinh cdc TSCN co bin khi can tam IL3- Thuat todn edn ti uu cong nghé céin tim Chueong Hl: VAL NET VE PHAN MEM CONG NGHE CAN HINH CHAY TRONG MICROSOFT VISUAL C++ 6.0 TREN NEN WINDOWS TiL.J- Vai nét vé ngon ngit Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 trong Tin hoc chuyén nganh TH.2- Phin mém Cong nghé can hinh T)L.3- Thuat todn PMCNCH M. Visual C++ PHU LUC (Dé thant kixio) 1- Chuong irinh tinh CN can thép géc chay trong Windows 2- Mot sé két qua tinh todn TAI LIEU THAM KHAO. 52 53 55 ST SF 61 61 64 64 67 69 69 7 74 79 Ol 102 13 113 116 118 121 121 121 7 138, 138 162 174PHAN THU NHAT CO SO LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG NGHE CAN HINH VA TAMCHUONG I © SG LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG GHE CAN HIN J.1- Bai curong Nine ta di biét, hon 80% sin long thép trong cic nha my tuygn kim duce dura t6i xung cén 6é sin xuit thép hinh vi thép tm, Ching loai thép hinh hign 6 ti hang nein profin khée nbuu. Sin phim thép hinh don giin chicm khong 50-60% trong todn bd sin long thép hinh c& nho, cB trung binb vi co len. San xudt edn kim loai 6 Viet Nam hign nay di dat duge nbimg thanh tyu dang ké, Ngoai cde co s& sain xuat thép trude day, tir nhiing nam 1990, ching ta da cé hang Joat cong ty lien doanh véi nude ngoai véi tong san hrong dat khodng hon mot trigu tan. ‘Theo ke hoach phit trién do Téng Cong ty Thép Vict Nam dé xuat va duge Nha nude thong qua thi dén nim 2000, Viet Nam cn khong 3,5 wigu tain thép, trong 6 riéng thép hinh, thanh, day I 2 trigu tin va 141 nam 2010 ching ta cn e6 khoing 7 tri trigu tan, chil yeu phuc vu xay dung. tin véi tron 50% Ta thép hinh. Hign nay sin Iuong thép can cba ta dat hon mot Xuatt phat tir ty 16 thép hinh trong toin bd sin lreng thép cin trén thé gidi néi chung va cia Viét Nam néi rigng, vige tinh torn cong nehe sin xudt thép hinh, 13 rang gite mot vai 1% vo clng quan trong. Thép tra, hep XBy dung lai chiém mot ty 1é én tong thép hinh.Vi vay bai ton ding dung tin hoe eo ban nha vA quan trong nbat 4618 diém qua nhing nét chinh vé 1y thuy@t, tren co s6 46 sit dung kign thtic tin hoe dé lap ra thuat (oan, chuong trinh img dung - hay hoan thién hon - mot phan mém hoan chinh tinh todn cdc thong s6 cOng nghé- nang Iuong edn hinh - sin pham théep tron ede Joai v6i duvomg Kinh khdéc nhuu tir phoi kich thuse bat ky. Nhu vay dau vio chuong trinh ing dung Ih kich thude phot va sin phém. Chuong trinh img dung sé tinh toin kich thue 16 hinh, t&t cf cde thong sé cong ngh¢, nang wong cdin thiét dé cAn loai sin phdm theo yéu cau tir phoi da cho. bé tgo ra thuat ton va chuong tinh chiah xe va nhanh chéng what, ta diém ¢ thding 1d hinh hien dang duce sit dung rong 12 nhat dé cain thép tron. qua mot s6 Phu thude vao kich thude profin, chit lugng thép edn, loai may can vi nhing yéu 16 ke ma nhimg eo 88 sin. xual sit dung ning phuong php khac nhau dé thép tron. Trén hin 1 bidu dig mot s6 he sheng 16 hin phé bien hon ca,Phot Hinh 1. M60 x6 so dé edu thep won sit dung cde he Huing t6 hink kheie: nhan as Ovan-VHENE: De thoivndng: c: Ovan-Ovan can; ds - he thong 16 hinh ng hop; e:~ hé 16 hink sit dung cic tb kink mudi canh. Hinh ta a so dé can thép tron theo he théng 16 hinh dvan-vueng trong nhitng 16 binh tho, sau dé dai cin vao 16 hinh vudng va tgp theo dé vao 16 hinh }van tude tinh va tron tinh Day Ja hé théng 16 hinh phé bigh nhat duoc nhiéu nude sit dung. Tyi Vier Nam, he théng 46 hinh ndy cing duroc da s6 cde cong ty dang diing tren thuc 1, Phuong phdp cin theo hé théng évan-vudng dang duoc sir dung rong rii dé can thép thanh, day tén ede may edn theo hing va day lign tue cling ohu dé can thép tron dudng kinh 10+ 30 mm trén nhiing may ein hinh c& nho lien tue. He théng 16 hinh ovan - wuong duae dic trung béi hé 36 din dai lén. Diéu nay rat c6 ¥ nghia khi cdn nhiing sin phim thép hinh cG nho. Trong trudng hyp diéu kién cain chi cho phép sir dung dan dai nbd, nding 15 hink kéo dai c6 thé Ja thoi-vudng. Vi vay ngudi ta sis dung he thong thoi-vudng dé cain thép tron cé dugng kinh ir 30 mm ud len wen ede may edn binh c& trung binh (hink 1b). Dé can thép tron ngudi ta cling sit dung he hén hop nbiing 16 hinh tho-la tap gp ede hé: hoi-vudag va ovan-vuong. He théng 16 hinh Ovan-dvan canh (hinh 1c) eting duge str dung nhigu trénciic indy can hinh c@ nho lign tue mac dit can theo hé théng 18 hinh nay thi hé s6 dain dai khong Ién- khong 1,3-1.4. Tuy nhién lwong din dai ny wen mdy cdn lien tue, dic 10bigt 8 é:nh6m eda tink, hodn tod dim bio nha dua sn pham thep tron kich thude Aivdc nhau. Hah 1.d 18 hé théng 16 hinh tag hap ding dé eam nhimg profin tehn sr thép chat Luong. Con hinh 1d Behe thong 16 hinh mudi canh str dung cho vige can sin pham tron dutmg kink 100-300 mm. ‘Tic wu viet cua nhing bé thong 16 hink ten, chuong wink tng dung tinh cong nghé edn thép tron duge thiet ké theo hé thong 16 hinh van-vuong - = Yuong-Ovan-ton. Hinh 2. He thénig 16 hin thiet wong chung wriuk toag dung. Nhu ten da n6i, day i hg théng [6 binh sir dung rng rBi nha. Phoi cip cho he théng 16 hinh nay [a vuéng canh AA, . Thong thudmg fuign nay phoi ban diu ela cde co sd sith xi 66 kich thude vuong tit 100 «100 mm tro ken va de mn thép on Vi bé thong lo hinh Svun-vuong, ngudi ta thudng su dung pty cin tho ba rue 110. phoi vudng canh AxAy. Tren co 6 phdi canh A,xA, 4a cho, hinh Ovan-vuong- .... ~ Yudng-Ovan-tron edn xde dinh thudt toda va lap trinh, Thual toan va churong trinh ting dyng duge xic lap thee cae bude sau: n phim dung kinh d xdc dinh, he thong, = Phuong phap tinh, = Cod tinh tesa. Sau khi chuong tinh thue hign vige tinh tofn nhGing thong s6 cong aghé nhu: he s6 dan dai , luong ép. ede ich thude 14 binh, dign tich tigp xc, dubmg kinh can. ap hee tigng, lve edn ton phan, momen, cong sudt viv. + ket qui cha chuong tinh tinh cong nghé sé duce sir dung dé tinh kéo cang va dink hudng cla Keo cing. 1.2- Phuong phap tinh Dé dé higu ta gidi han bai ton trong vige tinh todin céng nghé can san pham thép vin xay dimg tir 10 + 30 voi mic shép 1a ede toai CT, hich thude sin phim rung binh. Nhu d& phan tieh J trén phiin dai cucmg, he thong 16 hinh the ithong dung duge chon 1a hé thong lé binh hop chit nhgt-vudng,, cc gif thude hom can {rung va can tinh ding hg 16 hinh ovan-vuong, ba 1d binh cudi cing 1B vudng- ovan-tron: Hé théng 16 inh phé bign nat, Hé théng 16 hinh nay en phil hop voi thuc 1& thiét bj iia nhigu co si s&n xuat 6 nutée ta, Vi hai ba dim kich thudc 16 hinh hgp IY, khong ba via, kim loai dé an vao tryc, te d@ gilta cdc gid cn thich hap (bing céch tinh todn chinh xée wong vuot tmuée) vi cui cing [a phai dim bao diéu kign bén ciza thiet bi va cong suat dong eo. Nhu trén di néi he thong 1d hinh 6van-vudng cho phép sir dung hé sé din dis 1 Idn, nhiét dO vat cin déng déu va gidm ft. Déi voi can tho thi he chi nhat-vuong con phi hgp v hé ovan-vudng sau dd. Khi thiet ké, ta c6 thé tink todn theo huGng can hay di nguge tir 16 hinh tinh, thinh phiimn t6i 15 hinh tho (phoi), hay tinh xudi tir phoi xudng, hode di tit hai dau vao gid. Voi ching ta, san phi: di cho (bidt uude), phoi cling biel true va tinh cho nhiéu loai sin phém ¢6 cach tinh wong ty ( cling a thép tn ) nén ta hanh tinh tir san phim len ti phéi. Trong phn nay chi uinh bay céc bude tinh, eich tinh va nhiing céng thie tinh. Viée tinh toan cu thé sé duge chuong trinh thye hign bing may tink, MOt s6 ket qua tinh cho nhing san phim cy thé duoc trinh bay trong Phdn tne hai. Phuong phap tinh gém eae bude sau: - Tinh toan 16 hinh tron tinh. ~ Tinh todn 16 hinh ovan inde tinh. - Tinh toda 18 hinh vudng trudc trudc tinh. - Tinh toan hg 16 hinh kéo dai ovan-vudng. - Tinh tofn vugt truéc, van te can. = Tinh todn lye, mémen, cong suat cin. 1.2.1 Thiét ké'lé hinh thank pham ‘Theo kinh nghigm, dudng kinh theo chiéu ngang cia 16 hinh thanh phim phai nén I6n hon theo chiéu thang dimg 1 + 2% do nhiet do theo hudng ngang 1én hon theo huéng dimg. Vi vay khi nguQi, kim loai 6 phan ngang sé co rét nhiéu hon, Hon nia do diéu kign ma sat luén thay déi dé lam 16 hinh bi qua diy, gay ba via. Thudng lay: d,= (1012 + 1,015) d,-A+0.014,, trong dé; A - 1A dung sai am. ‘Thong thutmg A va 0,01d, xdip xi nhau nén ta c6:d, = (0.012 + 0,015 Jd. trong 46: d, - dudng kinh sin phim trang thai ngudi. Hinh 3. Lo hinh won tinh. 1.2.2+ Thiét ké'Ié hinh vung truée tinh ‘Thong thudng canh « cha 16 hink vudng ude tinh lay Bs @=U.0+ 1d -véi thép tron nhé, dudng kinh d = 5 +20 mm, a= (112=1,19) d+ v6i thép da 66 dudng kin lém hon 20 mm. C6 thé xac dinh diéa tich hay canh « cia 16 hinh vudng theo duéng biéu dién quan hé gifts hé so kéo dai p tir inh vuong nay t6i thank phdm v6i dudng kinb d cla 6 Ninh thanh phém (hink 146, thi ligu (2 ] } hode theo cong thie kink nghiem: Hinh 4. L6 ink vuong.Bang t Pudng kink Chiéu dai canh a. Ban kik lug. khe hot siin phim Tie 0620 t shigusying Ol Se a 1 Tibi2=032 ( Boa vitinh bang: mm > Vige chon kich thuse enh a eta 14 hinh vudng can phii xuat phat tir kha nang dan rong 6 [6 hinh evan tude tinh, Phuting nu theo he sé din dai trung binh thi ju cGa 16 hinh tink bing 1.10 + 1.18: eda nbing lan edn trude tink p =145 = bh. dudng kinh stn phim ra tacd: (ily Khe ho tue can 6 = (010-015 jee, 1.2.3- Thiét ké lo hink ovan trade tink Vé nat Ly thuyel hinh bau duc nbiéu ban kinh Ji thich hop. Nhung khi dé de hink dang te hints r dé cn ra duge thép van ehinh xi phii dims lve thong bb i qua trinh eda s€ Khong Gn dinh va khong thé digu chinh duuc kich thicke mot each Tong rai nén he 16 Rab ndy it duge ding. Khi edn thép dn nbo thi hinh dang [6 binh bau dye thuting Li loai mot bin kia va vdi lout nbicu bai kénl: c6 sue chenh Tech khong Jn. Loai mbigu tvs kinh chi ding cho eda thea ta co dudug kink [én hon 60 mm Coal 16 hinh biu vue 2 hoge 3 ban kinb ). Lugng ep trong he 18 hinh ban duc nay cdag khong nén gud lon boi vi chat lugng bé mat cua 16 hinh bie duc sinh hiring true tigp een chat lugng sin phim. VE nguyen tic. mucin cain doe Hip woe 6 hich thude chind xtc phai chon ty 90 chicu rong Wen chicu cae: BA edit lo dink Ovan may cho ehol. Seuae lai, khi até 16 Tinks ovan nly s@ rat klte Ga vt oe niet lida suOng dame a Sam ett debi xoan di: e6 din hudng khi di yao 16 hinh trom tinh, Tih todn 16 hinh van truGe tinh di tir vie xde dinh chigu day fr cua nd, Chiéu day nay phu thude vio ligng din rong iia dai can trong 16 hinh ton, DE xe dink chigu ckiy fe ta ed the dua vio hing 31 trong [6] Vinhogradey A.P Lap tren cu sd kinh nghigm. Mot phuowy phip hie ke ai dé xdc dink kich thude cra to hinh dvan mét ban inh, tir bidu dd tra duoe tY sO fd va tim due chicu cao A, Con dua vio bigu dé trong 84 lieu [2] (rang 134), cu theo bigu dé nay ta fam due gid Wi hid, tit d6 ta tinh duoe #, dng titi ta cling tim dug bin kint R eda Lo hinh avan: bahay Ra - 12) tuba ‘ Dign tich eta b6 hin ova tude tin Ke 2 po Mheth+bt= C13) 3 1.2.4- Thiét ké 6 hink kéo dai Sau khi tinh toan due kich thude cde 16 binh trude tinh, vdi hg ta dang xem yuong - ovan - trdn. tinh duge canh 16 hinh vudng «,,. theo cong thie (1D. Cong Ligp theo [a phan phéi hg so din dai ciia cde cap 18 hink kéo dai va cia timg 16 hinh, Nhu di dat can tho fa hop-vudng. Git sir sau hé théng hop-vwong 6 phéi vudng A vao day cain dé Gen, hé théng 16 hiah chon [a hé Ovan-vudng vi hé 16 hinh lien te. Thue 18 tai cic co sd, dé sin xuat thép tron déu ding phoi vuéng. Phot mhy due can theo he ovan-vusny cho tdi sin phan Won, Tromg chyong tinh ting dung tinh cong ngheé sau nay. phoi sudn; co canh La 4,. Trong tue té sin xuat, mot s6 ct so ding phoi canh A, kich thutie hh rhau. Dé da dung c6 sit dung bai fogi phoi ean Aol v2 Av? gid tri theo yeu ode ma Ge su co. BRI Snhaw dé cin va thép tron dugg kink khiie hoa vice ding phéi canh 4, khée nhaw. yong chung inh dng lan di vao ey thé hon: Tinh cong 102 ¢ cain thép tron duBag kin «tir phi Ao] hose Trude hat, dé tinh due nhing kich thude khéc cla 16 hinh, cin tinh so lan sin cho ting loai san phim. Theo cac ti ligu, 86 kin edn tinh theo edug tite sau: ig - bh, C14)Tuy nhign trong Turbo Pascal, cong thie (1.4) ein viet fi: LAF, 4B) ne CLs) Ltt, trong 8: py 12 he 36 din dai rung bin, Vi he 10 hinh oven-vuong & day LAY fy = 1,35 la hop Ly. Biét kich thude phoi vi kich thud eta 16 blah = 2, dé ding lah daege 86 lin can w. ‘Tir day ¢6 nhigu cach khie hi dé tinh todn cic thong x6 cone nghe. Tis ign tinh he sé dan dai che titng cap 16 binh. a Tinh toan vac phéu bo hé 86 din dedi cho cae 16 hink “Prong cdc tai Lagu [2 [3]. {5}. dé dua re ning phucng php Kose nbaw de tinh, Trong tai ligu [5] tic gid dua ra mot 46 thi dé tra cdc hé s6 kéo dai cho ting cap ovan-vudng, tir dé tinh duge kich thude ctl 18 hinh yudng trong cic cap vudng-dvan 46, Phy thuge vio canh 18 hinh vuong trude va sau 16 hinh ovan ma ed thé tinh duge kich thude cia 16 hinh ovan. Biéu dé trang 134 ea [5] che phép tra duge kich thude 16 hinh Svan, sau dé tinh toan cde thong s6 cin lai. Tuong tu nu vay, trong tai ligu [3] tie gid cing dua ra mot sd biéu dé dé tra ede thong sé khi biét mot vai thong $6 66 tude. Da s6 nbimg i liu may due xay clung wen co s6 kins nghiém, Trong tii Tigu [3], tie gid Minkin A.B dua ra céch tink hé $6 kéo dai ah sau: 6 dan dai tng p,, cho cc cap 16 Kinh 6van-vuoag tinh theo = (56) irong dé: A- «-canb Id hinh wuong, cdn D,, - dutng kinb truc can. Céch (anh niu sau; Bat dau tir 16 binh vudng thi n-2 wd vé dau, tinh , va ety da bict. Dién tich 6 hinh vudng thi 2-4 tinh theo cong thife: Fat thes es a7) “Tir cong thie ( 1.7) 1a 98 tinh duge can 18 bink suong thint Bc,» Sau khi tinh duce canh 16 hin vudng a, ., thay vao cong thie (1.6 } tinh duge thir hai theo a. ¢ icp tue thay vao {1.7 ) tinh dén kich thude phoi gan ahat thi 16dimg lai. Theo cach tinh trén ta da tinh duge kich thuée cic 16 hink vuong va tinh . duoc dién tich mat cat 16 hinh vuéng theo céng thitc: Fy = dy, - 08673 (18) trong dé: 1, la ban kinh lion dinh cla 16 hinh vudng, ‘Theo bang 1, bin kinh lugn r, ¢6 gid tri: 1, =0.15e, b Hinh 5. Lé hinh van. ‘Figp theo céin tinh chinh xde hé sd dan dai u,, ciia img cap 16 hinh theo dién tich thue xée dinh béi cong thite (8 } ¢6 tinh t6i ban kinh gée lugn 7, . Hag = Pal Paa.2 Sau khi tinh duge hé s6 din dai j1,, cla ing cap 16 hinh, hé sé dan dai lén nhat 6 céc 18 hinh ovan duge tinh theo céng thie: nr lee PR Ia AD (19) 18 a V2 ‘gt Me isl He s6 dain dai 6 16 hinh évan xc dinh theo cong thitc: f He Po trong d6: p1,,,,— hd s6 din dai 16n phat trong 16 hin ovan thi 4, duge tinh theo céng thiic (1.9). Dé thdng nhdi vuding. cia 16 hink 6van, cou iT 1d chi sé cha 16 hin 17He x6 dan dai 6 16 hint vuong, Hist = Bhatt (1.10) Tu nhiing bigu thtie tren ta xae dink duye dign tich 1ict dign 46 Binh. b- Tinh oie kreh tinsée eta (6 hink évar Kich thude eda cdc 18 hinh ovan ddi bdi phi tinh todn that chink xe mdi dam bio dign day 16 hink va khong bj ba vis eting nhu dig kign an phoi. Trong ti fisu [3} . tie id coi qua trind cn nhc mot quid sinh chéa Chink 5), ki ein 1 16 hiinh Hinh 6. Tinh (6 tink dau dai. nay sang 16 hinh khéc, vit cin gidm dign tich, chigu cao va din rong sang hai ben. Goi ¢, Bag s6 din rong, theo Minkin A.B., c6 thé tinh thee cong thie sau: 6 = ARJAF: Voi: AB, = F< Fy, con AF = Fy Fay V8 Fy she Fyshybe Bn = Fue = hide: Thay vao ta c6: oR (L1l} Véi he théng 18 hinh dang xem 1a ovan-vuong, tic gid dua ra cong the Unb he s6 dan rong cho hai 16 hinh nay nbu sau: ~ DOF V6 IG hinh dvan: 1 =. L123 3 Ah, hth, +h) Ah la ° 1+12,S4C) 4h,+D Ahh, R 0= Déi voi 16 hinh vudng: 1 (1.13) » 1415dh, (4h, +D) trong dé: AN =~ hy; D~ dudng kin trye can; hy ~ chiéu cao cia 16 hinh phia truée; I= Alda; a- Khi can phai dim bio digu kign nay. Néu khong sé bi ba via, khong dién diy g thite dé tinh todn kich thude ctta nh 16 hinh vudng. 16 hinh. Trén co sd nhéng dan giai tren nhiing con 16 hinh 6van sé nhu sau: Dien tich ctia cdc 16 hinh évan co thé tinh theo (hinh 7): Joie = DR2aresin —-—— B,(Ry =p.) + Bolss (14) 2R, fy = (hy 1)I2- trong dé: R, ~ ban kinh 16 hinh ovan; b, ~chiéu rong cia 16 hinh ovan; h, ~chiéu cao 16 hinh ovan ké ca khe ho truc can; h,, - chiéu cao 16 hinh ovan khong ké khe hé truc cain; 1, ~khe hd gidta hai truc. Chiéu rong miéng 16 hinh c6 thé tinh:(LIS) (1.16) b= hy (LAT) ‘Tinh AF, . Theo hinh 7 cd: (1.18) AB, = Fy AP ape = BH Fc + Fusced Tir quan he hinh hoc tinh durge: = 0 SRyaresin(hf2Ro}- O25H if Ro - (05H, OA I Fonce Force = 0,5h,,04, 007 OA = 0,51, AB OA=0,5h,-Ryll- [I= \ ar, 0 “Thay vio (1.18) ta c6: BY, tes BY, fe Peg oe mt B- 1-07 aresin Hog py, Hae \ 2p “ Ine (1.19) Whit - (1.19) ‘Theo hinh ve, dé dam bio dign day 16 hink thi: F,- AP, = Fy AF e - dign tich 16 hinh trude va sau khi cd; Ag, AP - phan diga tich 16 hinh dur khi khong c6 din rong ya c6 din rong Ta cong thie (1.11) ta cb: (1.20) “gong 66: F). Fier 20AP, = (AP AP,, e571 hé sé dan dai cla 4 bink tht / Mat khie ta lai co: AF, = F,-(Ficy> OF iy: ) Hay? AF gy 26, (B,~(Pinn ~ AP ay Di thay vao cong thie (20) bidu thite sé ta: 1-, THe ~ AF, ~ Fo (12h) lec, : Talaicd: —F= din Cong thite (1.21) 58 06 dang sau: (1.22) (1.23) Suy ra: 2 Beg UHH E, wu pravesin et BEE O™ MB) Peo V2BY, 2B VPM ew vai) (1.24) Tuong ty tinh cho 16 hink ruins Uae Ak, ths. fe at (1.25) 2I-¢,,,.) Ciing trén quan hé hinh hoc tinh duge: AP = FF ane AF an ~ Pat) ‘Thay cdc gid tri vio cong thie trén, sau Khi bign d6i, nhgn duce: Png AF, = F,-0,5h} a (1.26) vy, 12,028, 2- 2 2 Ak, =0.5h, I=% [1-2 wv (127) Qua cae cong thite (1.24). (1.25 va (1.26), (1.27) nit ra hai phuong inh sau: HK, — [H,,-€, 4) - ot (1.28 ) 128, -O.2y) v2y,u,4l-c,) (att dy.) +05p.-w,? 05, tee <9 (129) l-e 2 Két hgp véi cong thie (1.12), hé 36 din rong 6 Lo hinh ovan sé ¢6 dang: 1 ©) = a [21 11, E1004 ee, (2 /y,-1) 1B. | Bog, PI OW, 2H WY Hy we v se V te (1.30) trong d6: D, =D, -h,: h,~ chiéu cao 16 binh thi. Cae he khong thtt nguyén B,, y, a nhimg ham sé phu thude Jan nhau p, AB, Wy) v8 ys, =fOy;, B). Ket hop véi digu kign (1.13), sau khi bién déi, gid trib duge tinh theo céng thie dudi day: B= 0.24 bly) 12¥) (IH ) (31) vy flee) pee Me aed NM 1058 fe Ge Ge D1. 32) VP sag, Va, Vige tinh todn 8 66 thé dugc bang ciich két hgp hai cong thife (1.31) va (1.32): BO 21 428,53 Sa 22Diu tien tinh /, theo cng thie (1.33), Bay ! cong thee khé chink sic cho. két qua gin ding vai f, . Sau d6 tinh higu f - f"" . Néu oho hon 0.004 thi Hy git Ct B= Bi". com néu L6n hom 0.001 th lay gid tr) A" mai bang /,- Bo") thay vio 32}, (1.30), (1.33) tinh tdi khi thoa min digu kign higu nay nho hea 0.001 thi dimg Jai (xem so d6 thudl toan dudi day). cy (1.30) Hinh 8. So dé thant toda tink | Baw ¥ Be 32> Lau ket qua 23rhit & day lay bing 0,001 - tuy chon. Tat nhién cang nbd cang tot. Thyc “16, gid tri may bing 0,00) 1a di bao dam do chinh xdc cao. Viéc tinh chinh xé trong Vi tit cde thong sé nay ta tinh duoc cdc thong sé cOng nghé cia 15 hinh. cde thong sé khong thé nguyen #, %, ¢, la rat quan Qua cae phan phan tich va xay dung oie cong thie tren, 06 thé t6m tat cae bude tinh toan nhu sau: - Tinh toan cac hé sé khong thir nguyen £ , % (theo so dé thuat todn ); - Khi da c6 cdc hé sé wen, tinh cdc kich thude cla 16 hinh 6van theo cong thie (L17), (19a); - Tinh cdc thong s6 khdc nhu: hé sé din dai, bin kinh 16 hinh Svan ... 1.2.5- Tinh van t6c - Luong virot trude Déi véi may can Hien tue, vé mat Ly thuyét, €é qué uinh cin én hanh dim bao thi yéu céu cong nghé quan trong nhat 14 phai thoa man diéu kign thé tich pidy khong déi (Const ). Nghia FV, =F, hay: FY, = Const, Pan BP (1.34) trong dé: F, - dign tich vat can di qua gid thit i cla may can Lién tues tc cita gid cain thit i clia my can Hign tue; nn ~s6 gid can trong day can lién tue. Talaicéhg sO dan dai: = Fy/P,. Suy ra: y= WM Nhu vay néu biét duge vin t6e eita gid can cudi cling cha may can lien tye oS thé tinh duge van te céc gid con lai. Nhung trong thye 1 khong thé tinh nhur voy duce, boi vi trong qua tinh cn lien we c6 tham gia thinh phin vugt ude vA ir€ cila in téc truc can. Goi s 1a lugng vugt tude tinh theo % thi cong thuc (1.34) duge viet lai 1a: FY (49) = FV.0 +35) 2 = Fy Wy + ya) = VC + 89): C135) hay: PVC + 8,) = Const Nhu vay, khi kim loai ra khdi truc cain van t6éc ciia né 1én hon van 1c truc. Thong thudng thi gid tri vugt uude » dat Khodng 346%, 04 khi len t6i 10%. Qua d6 ta thay doi véi nhiing day chuyén cén lién tuc hign dai, e6 van t6e can 16n vA qua nhiéu gid cn, néu lugng dur (Iugng vugt truéc) may tinh khong diing s 161 kim loai bi nén (ching) hode kéo cing. Néu ing suat kéo cing qué lén sé lam dit dil cam, con 24néu dii I6n thi kim loai sé khong dién day 16 hinh. Van dé kéo cng sé duge xem chi tigt hon & phin 1, chuong I. C6 nhiéu phuong phip khéc nhau tinh lugng vugt tude. Trong chuong trinh & day gidi thigu phuong phdp tinh vugt truée bing céch quy vé tinh dudng kinh goi J “Dutng kinh cn“, Ban chat cita phutong phdp nay Ia: gid sit van t6¢ kim Logi ra khéi tue cdin 1a y,, van t6c géc cla truc Ao thi van téc-¥, = OR, _v6iR, hay (D,) la ban kinh (duemg kinh) cén phai tinh. a) Co sé tink todn hung vor trite Trén hinh 9 nhan thay néu b6 qua lugng din rong va khong c6 su kéo cing trong khi cén thi phuong tinh can bang cac hinh chiéu cia cdc ngoai lye téc dung len truc cain theo hudng chuyén dong cua kim loai tren hé tou d6x, y, 2 khong phu thude x vao s6 true edn hay su tao hinh nhu thé nao. Hink 9. Tinh vier triréc Phuong trinh can bing nay cé dang: Wr, ~p, iggexdy-2 Ir dety=0 (1.35b ) trong dé: 1, . p, lan lugt 1a ing suat tiép va img suat phdp wen bé mat tiép xtc gitia true cain va kim toai trong 16 hinh. Theo [3] thi quan hé gitta img suat tiép va ting suat phap t, =p, d day pt la hg so ma sat gitta bé mat kim loai va truc can. Tri sé ciia 1 6 thé duge tinh theo cic céng thite kinh nghiém sau: w=, 1,05 - 0.00057 ); = 0,05 - 0.00051 - 0.0056 , trong dé: &, ~ hé sO phu thuge vio vat ligu lim true céin, k, = 1 néu truc cdn 1A gang hay thép: t= nhiét d6 kim loaé can; vy - van te can. 25Phuong trinh can bang thé tich: Fo.=Finy trong dé: vy, Fy van te va dign tich cha kim loai tai vi wi cd toa do xs vy, ,F,~ 1a van tée va dién tich cla kim toai khi ra khoi true cain, Nhu dit phan tich 6 trén, vin t6c v, = Ro. Khia = J, (I, 12 do dai dogn vugt tude) thi : Y= R, wcosy: vai R, = D2: trong dé: D, - dudng kinh trén tryc toa dé x, y, 2 (xem hinh 9), y+ 1a géc trung hoa. Mat khac lai co: FE Py F, + dign tich mat eat tai vi tef gée trung hoa Tinh gid tri thuc cla 7 rit kh6 nén khi x = /,, 66 thé kiy cosy = 1. Khi dé: RER, FF, (1.36) Gid sit tri s6_ ¢, = Const. Ta sé ed: Fes Fut ty Py Fos (1.37) trong dé: F,,- dign tich mat cat tai a khi khong c6 dan rong; F, - dién tich khi chya cin. Chiéu dai doan edn: VAh.,D, (1.38) D,=0.5( D + D,): Gi wi Ah, = AF/ANB,vs day; AF - lugng giam dién tich khi cdn; N - sé truc cdn; fi, - hé 86 phy thudc vio mite dé bith dang va hinh dang 16 hink. Hé sé nay 6 thé xac dinh theo céng thttc: + fl, Madey: Ye v6i: 4,--d9 dai phan kim loai cin: 1, - 46 dai doan edn tai toa do y val, = VAID, , (Ai, 66 thé tinh todn dya vio cée quan hé hinh hoc trén hinh 9). Tinh ton cdc thong sé va thay vao (1.36), do dai doan can sé 1a: 26(uD? (1.39) 4y,B,(l-¢,.) Hinh 10. Tinh 16 hinh vudng - ovan. Tri so yy tinh to’in duge theo quan hé hinh hoc; edn gid tH By ~ 6 ovan bing 0,85. Dien tich F,, tinh theo cong thie: Fy. = Fy + DPud- VIR Vi dai lugng x°/R2,,< 1 nén e6 thé bd qua. Do d6 cong thie trén 66 the viel Iai nhu sau: + (Fy Fo Ps (1.40) trong do: Fla dign tich vit cn ra khéi truc khi khong ¢6 dan rng. Fy, =F, AF, = Fy (For Foy & day: Py =(F, = FyeMll-c,)- Thay céc gid tri trén vao (1.36) ta €6: Fy + (Fo Fy elh. (141) Fe ‘Tir bidu thie (1.40), khi x = fy SE 6:Foe Fy=F y+ (Byt FPP (1.42) Tur cdc bidu thitc (1.36) va (1.42) biéu thc Lop sé la: i= IV O,- D-DD, . (143) Tu hinh vé, dya trén quan hé hinh hoc ta thay: + Dai voi 16 hinh vuéng: D,=D+ 2. (44) hth, yo =05 Ry 4y)2R, (Ry + (145) 2 - Doi v6i Is hinh ovan: D,= D+ yIR?, (1.46 ) Yu = OSH, = al2 (147) ig9 = UD, Thay: py = Pipi T= Tp =H Pop YAO (1.35) ta 66: -Néu D,< D,, thi: 1 " byo(l- —) -2] 1, dv=0. (148) HD. . n -N&u Dy> Dy: 1 vo byy(1-—)-2 J Ldy=0. (1.49) wD i p Thay cdc ti s6 da biét va gidi hai phuong trinh tren, dudng kinh D, cho cae loai 16 hinh s c6 dang: 28 - D6i véi 16 hinh 6van: — dD we y, 1 D,= Dit ), ut > (1.50) wD ub, \ 0 0 - Déi v6i 16 hinh vudng:(LSI) Sau khi tinh duoc dudng kinh Dy, so sénh véi D, ; néu tai 1 hinh nao 46 ma 6 D,>D, thi cin digu chinh Iyi D, theo cong thie tinh sau: D, D =Di14¢ * ‘ D 15 (1.52) trong dé 6 1a hé sé digu chinh, tinh theo céng thite: 8 = 0,032 + 0,737x +0250 khi xc, 5= 06x +031 khiX>LS. Di’ —D / D-DD a day Df” 1a ai sé tinh duoc theo cong thie (1.50) va (ISL). Tirdé ta tinh duge dutng kinh cén D, cita cdc 16 hinh theo hai cong thic tren. Tren co sé cia D, s€ tinh duge sé vong quay cita true can cting nhut van te true va van te kim loai ra khdi true edn. Dé [a bin chal cila vige tinh Twgng vugt trude theo phuong phap “Duimg kinh can", Gid tri vuot tue tinh theo phwong phép di néu wén té ra kha chinh xéc va duge nhiéu nb& chuyen mon ip dung. Trong chwong trinh ting dung tinh cong nghé & gido trinh nay, cach tinh trén di cé higu qui cao. b) Van te truc can Sau khi tinh todn duge duéng kinh cn, van tée vong cia truc cling dé dang duge xac dinh, tren co sé dé 06 thé tinh duge van te cila truc tai cde gid bat ky. Viée tinh todn duge bit dau tir gid cudi cling nguge lén trén. Gia sir van tc cia gid cudi cling theo yéu cau 1a v, thi van t6e vong sé 12: 60v, a, mD,, 29S6 vong quay cita truc gid rude ds 60 n=—" (54) Dy by tong dé: f=(n-1) 1 An te géc Va van We dai cla true 88 Ru a, = mH {30s (LSS } N= Rue (1.56) trong dé: Ry = Pie: (157) n tich 16 hinh thit ¢; Fd 6, - chiéu rong 16 hinh thiti. Van t6c clit kim loai ra khoi tue duge xe dinh theo cong thife: aR. (1.58) Con gid tri lugng vuot truéc, bin thutmg duge tink nbu sau: vi “Tt 100% (1.59) y Ke 1.2.6 - Tinh todn luc can, mémen, cong suat dong co a) Lite edn ia. Sp Lue cain P con goi la dp lyc ton phin ciia kim loai tac dung len truc luc nay duge tinh theo céng thife sau: Peps. (1.60) Ap luc riéng ( N/mani? hoac kG/mm? ), trong dé: Py 1a dp luc trung binh P,, - dign tich tigp xtc gitta kim loui va true can. tinh theo: (1.61) bday: L= VR4h - la chigu dai cung tiep xte. Cho dén nay. chua c6 mot céng thitc I thuyét nao hodn chinh dé tinh p, 30Tat ca fc tac gid déu dua ra cong thife bing thyc nghiém. Mat khdc d6i voi cong nghé cén ndng, edn cdc loai thép khéc nhau thi dp lye riéng py st kha nhau. * Dudi day 12 mot trong nbing cong thee tinh dp tue trung binh cho edn thép. Theo Panzunov V.A. thi: Pn Py Ky (1.62) tong dé: DP, Ap lye riéng e6 Igt Chitu ich ) Khi cn: K,~ hé s6 tinh 16i dah hudng tr khaing hinh thie ben ngodi, Ap luc riéng P., 1 nim phu thud vao nhiet do can. Cu thé nhu sau: Khi nhigt do cain lén hoa nhiet do chay - 575°C T" -u" +75) ag: (1.63) 1500 Khi nhigt do cain nhd hon nhigt dé chay - 575°C : By (1.64) 1000 trong 46: TY, - nhiét do néng chay cia thép: r= nhiét do cai G,, - tng sudt bén cia kitn loai. Gid tr) clia K, xde dink theo: — 2V RAR K o=l+f¢ -) (165) r fyth, trong dé: f = he sO ma sat git kim Toai va truc edn; hy, h, ~ chiéu day kim loai tude va sau khi cain; ARAN = L - chiéu dai cung tiép xtc. Kat hop ahiing biéu thiée (1.60), (1.61), (1.62), (1.63), (1.64) ta c6: Kai (8 > (Ty 575 PC hh 2v Rah TU" +75") Pu =| lett -) |-+ +, (1.66) Ath, 1300"~ Khi t2< (Ti, - 575 Cth: oe CLG? Y b} Mémen can Momen cin M, do lyc can sinh ra vi duge tinh theo cong thie: M.=2.P.a; (1.68) trong dé: a -cdnh tay don; a= AS + 0,50) = (0.45 + 0,50)VRAM khi edn néng; a= (0,35 + 0.45)L = (0,35 = OASVRAN Khi can ngudi. c) Cong sudt ding co Cong suit dong co Ny, khi can duye xdc dinh: Na = Mani (1.69) trong dé: @,, - van te géc, xdc dinh thea: 04, = 1/305 nt - sO vong quay; M,,.~ momen finh tren truc dong co. Momen finh dat lén truc dong co M,,, 1a than phan chinh cua momen tai trong qué trinh edn. N6 bao gém momen cén v8 momen ma sét J o6 true can, xe dinh theo cong thie: MoM, Mygo ott (1.70) ni trong dé: = M,—- momen can: Moos - momen ma sat tai c6 truc cin: Mose = Pf ts GO day: f - he sd ma sat cé true; i ~ dutng kinh 6 true cain; 1), -_hé 86 truyén dong hiu ich cha may m= 0,85+0,93; i - ty sd truyen. 32CHUONG II TINH KEO CANG VA NH HUONG IL1- Khai niem chung May can hinh c& nhé ign tue (MCLT) 18 duéng cong nghé chinh dé sdn xuat thep hinh trong ede nha may luyén kim. MCLT duge dic tumg boi cong suat truyén dong lon, e6 van We cao va mite dé cao vé co khi hod, ty dong hod nhiing cong doan chinh. MCLT li mot he eo dign phic tap. Dai can cé thé xem nhw mot thanh gin chit vao 6 d& - 18 cic 1 hind. Tren dai e6 tic dung tai trong déu do trong luong dai, do lye hung tam t10 ra bai quy dao uén cong cba dai chuyén dong va do luc doc di tir true cain (luc kéo cang hay nén). Ca vé ly thuyét kin thue t& 6 nhiéu co s¢ MCLT. dtu rat ding khi coi dai! mét thanh due nga cting tai hai dau - 16 hinh. Su tic dong vé luc eta cic gid qua dai cdn tao ra trong dai luc kéo cang hoac luc nén. Vi khoang cdch giite gid cdn cia nhém ean tinh la lon (3-4 m) ma kich thud tiet dign diii lai nhd nén vige cain 6 nén 6 ah6m nay Li khong thé ¢6 duge, Nén dai duong nhien din dén su tao ving kim loai 6 gitia cdc pid can Kéo cang 1a m6t dai kvong quan trong ca cong nghé cain hinh c@ nho lien tue Neuyén nin chi yeu gay ra kéo cing (a sit khong déng bd van t6e ca cde gid. NO yéu 16 chinh duh hucmg dén kich thude sin phim, wong 46 kéo sau gay nhiéu dink hudng hon so véi kéo truéc, Khi xuat hign luc kéo dng trong dai, luong vuot trude lla gid trade d6 sé tang va cling tang luung tr vao gid tiép theo. Diéu nay din ¢6i vige tao vong kim loai gitta hai gid va 16i sir gidim ko cang dén mot gid iri xc dinh béi su chénh lech van tc teue eta ede gid Hen luc. Nhung yéu t6 anh hudng dén qué trinh cain lign tuc kha nhigu nhu nhiet do nung khéng déng déu theo chiéu dai, dao dong kich thuse phdi, gia cong 16 hinh vv... . Nhung yéu t6 co ban can xét t6i [a su chénh Igch vin téc, nguyén nhan chinh tao ra luc kéo cang, DE c6 thudt todn va sau dé viet duge chuong tinh tao ra mgt phan mém tinh tolin cdc thang s6 vé cong nghé. 16 hinh, vé nang luong cho cée loai sin phim thép ton eding nhur xem xét van dé kéo cang, trude tien ta cin diém qua mdt sO khai nigm co bin cia cong nghé edn hinh hi c6 kéo cang. 11.2- Ap luc kim Joai én true Ap luc kim loai lén truc 14 mot trong nhing théng sé co 86 dé tinh cae chi tiet clit gid ciin va céng sudt truyén dong. Ap lye phy thudc vio nhiéu yéu 16 hur kich 33