MODULE 3

KIRCHHOFF LAWS AND WYE TO

DELTA TRANSFOMATION
 MODULE 3A

KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
1. State Kirchhoff voltage and current laws.
2. Determine the total voltage in the circuit..
3. Understand the current in the circuit.
4. Apply the principles gained from this module to solve
voltage and currents in the circuit.

KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff(1824–
1887), a German physicist, stated
two basic laws in 1847 concerning
the relationship between the
currents and voltages in an
electrical network. Kirchhoff’s
laws, along with Ohm’s law, form
the basis of circuit theory.
KVL Drops vs. Rises
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law is • Voltage rises occur when we
based on conservation of travel across through an
energy. element going from – to +.
• It states that the algebraic • Voltage drops occur when we
sum of voltages around a go from + to -.
closed path (or loop) is zero.
• It can be expressed as: V Rise = V Drop

M • A voltage rise is said to take

V
m =1
m =0 place in an active element.
• A voltage drop occurs in a
passive .
VOLTAGE KVL EQUATION:

• Voltage rise (+V) :

from – to +

• Voltage drop (-V) :

from + to –
V1 − V2 − V3 + V4 − V5 = 0
KVL KVL EQUATION:

Identify the voltage rise and

voltage drops.

V1 + V4 = V2 + V3 + V5
KVL Determine Vx and Vo

Identify the voltage rise

and voltage drops.
Check Your Check Your Understanding
Determine V0.
Understanding
Determine V1 and V2
Voltage Sources in APPLICATION OF KVL IN
Series VOLTAGE SOURCES IN
• One application of KVL is SERIES
dealing with multiple voltage
sources.
• A number of applications
require multiple voltages to
be supplied to a circuit.
• Voltage sources in series are Vab = V1 + V2 − V3
used to increase the voltage
supplied to the circuit.
Vab − V1 − V2 + V3 = 0
Check Your Check Your
Understanding Understanding
Determine V1 and V2 Determine V1 and V2 in the
circuit.
Check Your
Understanding
Determine V1, V2 and V3 in the
circuit
VOLTAGE DIVIDER Principle of Voltage
A set of series-connected Division
resistors as shown is referred
to as a voltage divider.

R1 R2
V1 = V V2 = V
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Check Your
Understanding
Determine V1 and V2 in the
circuit.
Kirchhoff ’s Current Currents
Law • Currents entering a node is
Kirchhoff ’s current law (KCL) positive
states that the algebraic sum of • Currents leaving the node is
currents in a node is zero. negative.

I entering = I leaving
Application of KCL in Check Your
Current Sources in Understanding
Parallel Determine Io.
Example 1.

Determine and vo and i in the circuit shown below. Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) yields

Solution:
We apply KVL around the loop. The result is

-- eq. 1

--eq. 2
Check Your Check Your
Understanding Understanding
Determine I1 , I2 , and I3 Determine Io and Vo .
Example 2.
We can denote the current that flows from 9V battery as
I1 and it splits into I2 and I1 – I2 in the junction according
Kirchoff’s current rule (KCR). It is shown below.
CURRENT DIVIDER
A parallel arrangement of resistors For a two-branch current divider
as shown results in a current we have
divider. The ratio of the branch
current i1 to the total current i
illustrates the operation of the
divider.
Check Your
Understanding
Determine Vo . Determine I, Io and Vo .
Check Your
Understanding
Determine V1 and V2 in the Determine V1 and V2 in the circuit
circuit shown using voltage
division and calculate I1 and I2
using current division.
 MODULE 3
KIRCHHOFF LAWS AND WYE TO
DELTA TRANSFOMATION
 MODULE 3B

WYE OR DELTA
TRANSFORMATION
At the end of this module, the student should be able to:
1. Recognize delta and wye connected resistors.
2. Compute the resistances of the equivalent wye or
delta.

DELTA-WYE CONNECTED CIRCUITS

Wye or T connected Delta or Pi connected
resistors resistors
Delta to Wye Transformation
SEATWORK Example 1.

Convert the network as shown in the Figure to an equivalent Y

network.
Determine the equivalent wye

The equivalent Y network is shown

below
Wye to Delta Transformation
Example 1:
Find Rab and i.
https://circuitideas311.weebly.com/lesson-four-wye-delta-
transformation-examples/wye-delta-transformation-examples
SEATWORK

Determine the equivalent delta. Determine the total resistance of

the circuit.

• Problems Section 2.7

• FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS,
3rd Edition, Alexander/Sadiku, page 73