BUCAL NATIONAL INTEGRATED SCHOOL

BUCAL 2, MARAGONDON, CAVITE

SECOND QUARTER
Worksheet in Disciplines and Ideas and Social Sciences (Weeks 1 & 2)
Basic Concept and Principles of Psychoanalysis, Rational Choice, Institutionalism, Feminist Theory, Hermeneutical Phenomenology
and Human Environment Systems
Applying the Social Science Ideas and Its Importance in Examining Socio-cultural, Economic, and Political Conditions

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

1. Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories: Psychoanalysis,
Rational Choice, Institutionalism, Feminist Theory, Hermeneutical Phenomenology and Human Environment
Systems
2. Apply the social science ideas and its importance in examining socio-cultural, economic, and political
conditions
Objectives:

1. Analyze basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories
2. Write an observation report on how Local Government Unit (LGU) respond to COVID-19 pandemic in
your community.
3. Use social science ideas in solving socio-cultural, economic, and political problems in your community
  4. Value and appreciate the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories

Activity 1: Flashback!
Directions: Determine the theory described in each item. Choose from the pool of theories below. Write
the letter of the correct answer on the blank.

________1. Speech precedes writing and there is always a self-presence before there is signification, and there is
always something of our being-in-the world beyond its signification. It is concerned with the life world or
human experience as it is lived.
________2. This is a method by which scholars take institutions as subject of study in order to find and trace patterns
and sequences of social, political, economic behavior and change across time and space.
________3. It is defined as a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their origin in the
work and theories of Sigmund Freud.
________4. These are the interactions between the human social system and the rest of the ecosystem.
________5. This attempts to develop a comprehensive account of the subordination of women, including its supposes
essence of origin.
________6. This generally begins with consideration of the choice behavior of one or more individual decision-making
units which make in basic economics are most often consumers and/ or firms.
A. Psychoanalysis B. Rational Choice C. Institutionalism
  D. Feminist Theory E. Hermeneutical Phenomenology F. Human-Environment
Activity 2: What’s the Concept? Systems
Activi
Directions: Write down five other concepts that associate with the basic concepts and principles of the social

science ideas using the following concept map.

Example:
Psychoanalysis
 Overview: (Short Discussion)

Let's discuss the different concepts and principles of the major social science theories.

PSYCHOANALYSIS
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Jewish background, though avowed atheist. He lived in Vienna until Nazi occupation
in 1938. He had a medical background wanted to do “neurophysiologic research”. He had a private practice in
nervous and brain disorders. He is the founding father of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic theory is a framework
for understanding the impact of the unconscious on thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
1. Fundamental assumptions of psychoanalytic theory:
A. Human mind is like a “hydraulic” system, operating by internal pressure
B. Personality change occurs with redirection of a person’s psychic energy.
C. Unconscious Motivation: Sometimes we don’t know why we do what we do
D. Unconscious: part of the mind holding thoughts and memories about which person is unaware; includes
unacceptable sexual and aggressive urges, thoughts, and feelings
E. Human mind consists of three parts
1. Conscious: contains thoughts, feelings, and images about
which you are presently aware
2. Preconscious: contains information you are not presently thinking
about, but can be easily retrieved and made conscious
3. Unconscious: largest part of the human mind.
F. Structure of Personality
1. Id: Reservoir of psychic energy
a. most primitive part of the mind, source of all drives and
urges
b. operates according to the pleasure principle, desire for immediate
gratification
c. functions according to primary process thinking, thinking without
logical rules of conscious thought or anchor in reality
d. wish fulfillment : something unavailable is conjured up and the im
age of it is temporarily satisfying.
2. Ego: Executive personality
a. constrains id to reality
b. develops within first two or three years of life
c. operates according to reality principle: Ego understands that
urges of id are often in conflict with social and physical reality
d. operates according to secondary process thinking, development
and devising of strategies for problem solving and obtaining
satisfaction
3. Superego: upholder of societal values and ideals
a. internalizes ideals, values, and moral of society
b. refer to as the “conscience”
  c. tool of the superego in enforcing right and wrong is the emotion of guilt
d. like id, superego is not bound by reality
FEMINIST THEORY
Since the experiences and perspectives of women and girls were historically excluded for years from social theory
and social science, much feminist theory has focused on their interactions and experiences within society to
ensure that half the world's population is not left out of how we see and understand social forces, relations, and
problems.
Feminist Theory Purpose is to understand the power differential in between men and women, women’s
oppression and how to overcome oppression.
 To Jane Flax in Women Do Theory and Thinking Fragments. “Within Feminist Theory is a commitment to
change oppressive structures and to connect abstract ideas with concrete problems for political action. There has
to be commitment to do something about the situation of women.
To Marilyn Frye in the Possibility of Feminist Theory. The Task of feminist theory is to write a new
encyclopedia entitled “ The World According to Women”.
To Bettina Aptheker in Tapestries of Life. Culture shapes stories in different ways and stories pass on
women’s consciousness as shaped by specific, cultural and racial class experience.
To Charlotte Bunch in Feminism and Education: Not by Degrees. Theory is not just a body of facts or a
set of personal opinions. It involves explanations and hypotheses that are based on available knowledge and
experience.
To Gloria Jean Watkins (pen name is Bell Hooks) in Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center and
Feminism is for Everybody. Feminism is a struggle to end sexist oppression and a struggle to eradicate the
ideology of domination. “To end patriarchy (another way of naming the institutionalized sexism until we change our
minds and hearts
To Susan Bordo in Unbearable Weight. Feminist cultural criticism is not a blueprint for the conduct of
personal life (or political action, for that matter) and does not empower (or require) individuals to “rise above” their
culture or to become martyrs to feminist ideals.
To Jean Grimshaw in Philosophy and Feminist Thinking. Women have been oppressed and unjustly
treated and that something needs to be done about the issue.
To Katha Pollitt in Reasonable Creatures: Essays on Women and Feminism. This book brings important
critical, often feminist, perspective to controversial issues: sex and sexuality, children and families, abortion and
motherhood.
To Betty Friedan. The researcher of the book “The Feminine Mystique”, conducted interviews with other
suburban housewives, as well as researching psychology, media, and advertising.
To Simeone de Beauvoir. The main thesis of The Second Sex revolves around the idea that woman has
been held in a relationship of long-standing oppression to man through her relegation to being man’s “other”.
 RATIONAL CHOICE
This theory generally begins with consideration of the choice behavior of one of more individual decision-making units-which
in basic economics are most often consumers and/or firms.
This theory often presumes that the individual decision-making unit in question is “typical” or “representative” of some larger
group such as buyers of sellers in a particular market (Collective Action). Once individual behavior is established, the
analysis generally moves on to examine how individual choices interact to produce outcomes.
Rational is an economic principle that states that individuals always make prudent and logical decisions. These decisions
provide people with the greatest benefit or satisfaction- given the choices available – and are also in their highest self-
interest.
INSTIITUTIONALISM
May be defined as an established system or entity wherein members adhere to certain rules or norms
It can be: Political – government/states Economic – industries, businesses, Educational – schools and Religious -
churches
Study of how institutions emerged, endure, change, and shape the social, economic and political decisions and
behaviour of a state or society.
Studies how an institution’s formal rules or procedures shape the decision-making behaviour of political actors.
TWO TYPES OF INSTITUTIONALISM
1. OLD INSTITUTIONALISM
- refers on how institutions affect behaviour in relation to formal rules or procedures
- main objective is to determine what institutional design is best to direct and regulate the behaviour
of individuals
Approaches:
a. LEGALISM – focuses on the function of law as an essential element in governing states
b. STRUCTURALISM – examines how political structures determine behavior
c. HOLISM – how institutionalists compare entire political systems such as legislatures or
bureaucracies
d. HISTORICISM – how political systems are formed through their embeddedness in their historical,
social, economic, and cultural structures
e. NORMATIVE ANALYSIS – examines values and beliefs, and emphasizes the importance of having a “good
government
2. NEW INSTITUTIONALISM
- term coined by James March and Johan Olsen
- shifted its focus to social groups and informal relationships
- believes that the states no longer held the only source of power rather, it is distributed to other
institutions and social groups
-explains how institutions constrain and provide opportunities for actors
Subfields:
a. NORMATIVE INSTITUTIONALISM
-How an institution’s code of standard and appropriate behaviour guide and seek the consensus of
Its actors
- Individuals view institutions as more important than their own self-interests
-Recognize path in history in the formation and development of institutional arrangements or
events

b. HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALISM
-Recognize path in history in the formation and development of institutional arrangements or events
-Path dependency – specific elements of institutions play a role in determining the outcome of a
specific institutional event
c. RATIONAL CHOICE INSTITUTIONALISM
Assumes that actors maximize the means by which they realize their interest and goals through
institutions
Actors are assumed to be selfish and egotistical for it is necessary for them to make strategic decisions to
advance their interests
d. Sociological Institutionalism
Define institutions more broadly to include informal and formal customs and rules and focuses
on how values and identities shape individual’s perceptions of their concerns
KEY CONCEPTS
-often referred to as the “rules of the game”
-Humanly devised constraints that affect human interaction, devised by people to be able to gain ---control
over their environment for the purpose of bringing about certainty in an uncertain world
-People are not free to do everything they want to do since there sanctions awaiting them
James March
-together with Olsen, he launched new institutionalism as a reaction against various reductionist
approaches that attempt to explain how non-political factors affect the operation of political
institutions
Formal Institutions
 Officially established, often by governments
 Legally introduced and enforced by the state e.g. government laws, business
organizations religious groups, educational institutions
Informal Institutions
 rules governing behaviour outside official channels which may have constitutive and
regulative effects on human behaviour
Constitutive effects – aspects of culture that affect economic behaviour
Regulative effects – ways in which values and beliefs of a society are manifested through social norms and
behaviours which regulate behaviour
E.g. courtship and marriage

HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Some Principles od Phenomenological Hermeneutics (Lye, 1996)

1. We live in the world, in history, in concretion: we do not live anywhere else, and all meaning is only
meaning in relation to particular, concrete, historical existence.
2. Our existence as beings includes: our situation; our tools-to-hand with and through which we
manipulate and articulate the world; and our fore-understanding of the world.
3. We share reality through common signs. We cannot share anyone else’s reality except through the
meditation of our symbolic world, that is, through a “text” if some sort, which text has a context- in fact,
many contexts. On the other hand, as Gadamer says in Truth and Method, “Thanks to the linguistic
nature of all interpretations every interpretation includs the possibility of a relationship with others.
4. In phenomenology, it might be said that speech precedes writing (the field of signifying possibility)
there is always a self-presence before there is signification, and there is always something of our
being-in-the world beyond its signification
5. Phenomenological research involves the lived experience of the researcher as he’she research a
social phenomenon whole learning to “see” pre-reflective, taken for granted and essential
understanding thru the lens of their always already pre-understanding and prejudices (van Manen,
1990 as cited by Kafle, 2011)
ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS

- The interactions between the human social system and the rest of the ecosystem
- The system that is both complex and adaptive
- The systems which combine both human and natural components to show complex interactions,
and feedback between them.
Related Concepts on the Study of Human Environment Systems:
a. Environmental Change- caused by a perturbation to the landscape system as a result of internal or
external natural disturbance or human-induced disturbance. Environmental change can either be
pulsed or ramped.
b. Environmental Threshold- refers to a point whereby the environment changes from phase or
trajectory to another.
c. Sensitivity- the high susceptibility of the landscape to external impact
d. Resilience- according to Hollin (1986), it is defined as the magnitude disturbance that a system can
experience before it moves into a different state or “stability domain”.
e. Adaptation- the ability of an organism, human or non-human, to survive and reproduce itself in a
particular environment (Kirch, 1980)

Activity 3: What’s the Principle???

Directions: Choose a theory to explain each situation. In three to five sentences,
explain each situation from the perspective of the chosen theory. Choose which
Social Science theories can be used in viewing the situations below. Explain your
answer briefly and concisely.
A. Psychoanalysis D. Feminist Theory
B. Rational Choice E. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
C. Institutionalism F. Human-Environment Systems

1. People during the Enhance Community Quarantine (COVID-19) were lack of access to supermarkets
and other business establishment. Due to this, some people gained a lot of stresses. How did you
cope up with the situation?

Answer: ________________________________________________ (Which Concept?)

Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. On the positive side, pandemic brings family bond through eating together that rejuvenate
relationship. You are thinking about a title of phenomenological research on this.

Answer: ________________________________________________ (Which Concept?)

Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. During this pandemic, people should be responsible for his environment.

Answer: ________________________________________________ (Which Concept?)

Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

4. How the Local Government Unit in your community respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Answer: ________________________________________________ (Which Concept?)

Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
 5. The Role of Women has a great impact in the society especially in this time of pandemic.

 Answer: ________________________________________________ (Which Concept?)

Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. You prefer to choose the modular learning modalities. You are thinking of a statement why you had
chosen this modality.

Answer: ________________________________________________ (Which Concept?)

Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
RUBRIC

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION POINTS POINTS OBTAINED

Content The student was able to explain the social 10
issues and analyze them using the
assigned social science approaches
Analysis Analysis was clear and concise based on 6
the data presented.
Organization The paper was well-written with ideas 4
easily conveyed to readers.
TOTAL 20

Assessment Time!
 
 Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following social science ideas could help to better understand the pleasure principle of child’s
personality?
A. Institutionalism
B. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
C. Psychoanalysis
D. Feminist Theory
2. Which of the following social science ideas could help in effective implementation of peace and order in a particular
barangay?
A. Feminist Theory
B. Institutionalism
C. Rational Choice
D. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
3. Which of the following social science ideas promotes equal rights and opportunities between men and women?
A. Rational Choice
B. Psychoanalysis
C. Feminist Theory
D. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
4. Which of the following social science ideas could help in addressing scarcity of food supplies and other home
essentials during COVID-19 pandemic??
A. Psychoanalysis
B. Rational Choice
C. Feminist Theory
D. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
5. Which of the following social science ideas could help in getting the accurate interpretation of data in COVID-19
cases to avoid confusion?
A. Rational Choice
B. Institutionalism
C. Hermeneutical Phenomenology
D. Psychoanalysis