PSCM 2133, 8-720 11:10 AM TTh

Africa: The
Case of Nigeria

GROUP 2: CELESTE, DELA CERNA, DIGAL, DOLORES, DONGA, FRANCISCO & LAYOS
 Objectives
Understand how a state approach the issue of Understand Nigeria’s difficult journey towards
development in Nigeria; democracy;

Study the history, structure and current issues Describe and explain the political economy and
development in Nigeria;
regarding the government of Nigeria;

Understand how past events in state’s Identify and explain political challenges and
developmental path lead to differences in long- changing agendas in Nigeria; and
term outcomes in Nigeria;

Identify and explain political challenges, Understand the development of various systems
economic system and economic growth of of government in Nigeria.
Nigeria;

AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

 Nigeria's Leader AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

In 2003 Buhari ran for President and was

defeated by the incumbent, Olusegun
Obasanjo of the People's Democratic
Party (PDP).
Buhari ran again in 2007 but was defeated
by the PDP's candidate, Umaru Yar'Adua.
Buhari also stood in the 2011 presidential
Muhammadu election, but he again lost to the PDP's
Buhari
December 17, 1942
candidate, incumbent Goodluck Jonathan.
President 2015-Present
 Nigeria's Leader
In 2014, the All Progressives Congress (APC)
party nominated Buhari to stand as its
candidate in the 2015 presidential election.
The March 28 presidential election had 14
candidates. He garnered 2.5 million more
than Jonathan, and was declared the winner.
His win marked the first time that the
incumbent President had been defeated in
Muhammadu Nigeria. Then was inaugurated on May 29,
Buhari
December 17, 1942 2015.
President 2015-Present
AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA
 Nigeria's Leader AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

In 2017 alone, he left the country multiple times

to treat an undisclosed medical ailment.
He was named the APC candidate for the
February 2019 presidential election.
Buhari faced more than 70 challengers in the
election, which was originally scheduled to be
held on February 16 but was delayed at the
last minute until February 23.
Muhammadu He emerged victorious, winning reelection with
Buhari
December 17, 1942 some 56 percent of the vote.
President 2015-Present
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

Their current Constitution was ratified

on the 29th of May 1999 and restored
the country’s democratic power.
8 Chapters: General Provisions (I);
Nigeria's Fundamental Objectives and Directive
Principles of State Policy (II);
Government Citizenship (III); Fundamental Rights
(IV); The Legislature (V); The Executive
(VI); The Judicature (VII); Federal
Capital Territory, Abuja, and General
Supplementary Provisions (VIII). It is
completed by 7 Schedules
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

The country has three branches,

namely: The Federal Executive, the
Legislature, and the Judiciary.

Nigeria's The Federal Executive level is headed

by the President.
Government The President’s Federal Executive
Council consists of a representative
from the country’s 36 states. They are
in charge of the government-owned
corporations and are tasked to
provide services to their citizens.
14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA
The National Assembly represents the
Legislature. The upper chamber is the Senate
that consists of 109 elected senators.
The lower chamber is the House of
Representatives that consists of 360
Nigeria's members. Representatives are distributed
according to the population.
Government The Judiciary is the most regarded and
acclaimed branch of the Federal State of
Nigeria. The judicial branch comprises the
Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the
Federal High Court, and, at the state level,
high courts, sharia courts, and customary
courts. 14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA
Constitution
Nigeria's Type
of Government
THE NIGERIAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS
DIVIDED INTO THREE BRANCHES:
LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL. THE
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, THE PRESIDENT, AND
FEDERAL COURTS, INCLUDING THE
SUPREME COURT, ARE ALL GIVEN POWERS
BY THE NIGERIAN CONSTITUTION.
ADOPTED IN THE YEAR 1999;
NIGERIA HAS BEEN RETURNED TO
DEMOCRATIC CONTROL.
FOLLOWING INDEPENDENCE
FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM, IT
IS THE COUNTRY'S FOURTH
CONSTITUTION. FUNDAMENTAL
AIMS AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
OF STATE POLICY; CITIZENSHIP;
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS; THE
LEGISLATURE; THE SYSTEM OF
GOVERNMENT; AND THE FEDERAL
CAPITAL TERRITORY, ABUJA, AS
WELL AS GENERAL SUPPLEMENTAL
PROVISIONS ARE COVERED IN
THE OUTLINE.
 Nigeria's Type of Government
Executive
CAN SUMMON THE SENATE OR
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, FORM
Main INQUIRY COMMISSIONS, ORGANIZE
powers A NATIONWIDE REFERENDUM,
APPOINT AMBASSADORS, AND
PARDON OR REPRIEVE CONVICTS
Judicial Legislative
THE SENATE HAS THE UNIQUE RIGHT TO
IMPEACH JUDGES AND HIGH OFFICIALS, AS
WELL AS RATIFY THE PRESIDENT'S NOMINEES
HIGHEST COURT OF FOR SENIOR DIPLOMATS, FEDERAL CABINET
MEMBERS, FEDERAL JUDICIAL
NIGERIA APPOINTMENTS, AND INDEPENDENT
FEDERAL COMMISSIONS. BEFORE A BILL
BECOMES LAW, IT MUST BE APPROVED BY
BOTH THE HOUSE AND THE SENATE

JUSTICES ARE APPOINTED BY THE SENATE MEMBERS ARE ELECTED BY

Electoral ELECTED BY QUALIFIED PRESIDENT ON THE
RECOMMENDATION OF THE
processes PLURALITY VOTE NATIONAL JUDICIAL COUNCIL
AND ARE SUBJECT TO
CONFIRMATION BY THE SENATE
PLURALITY VOTE IN SINGLE-MEMBER
CONSTITUENCIES. HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES MEMBERS ARE
ELECTED BY PLURALITY VOTE IN
SINGLE-MEMBER CONSTITUENCIES

Electoral 4 YEARS MANDATORY RETIREMENT 4 YEARS

cycle AGE OF 70
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

The First Republic of Nigeria was

established on October 1, 1963
The Nigerian government
capitulated to military rule after
History of
enduring a coup d’état on Nigeria's
January 15, 1966
By 1979, Nigeria managed to
Government
become a republic once more
and wrote a new constitution
14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

After a series of ratifications, the final

constitution was implemented in 1979
Due to the increasing violence, the
military decided to overthrow the
Second Republic on December 31, 1983 History of
This led to the Supreme Military Council
(SMC) becoming the ruling government Nigeria's
body and was led by Major General
Muhammadu Buhari. But due to Government
infighting, the Buhari government was
soon overthrown by General Ibrahim
Babangida (SMC third ranking member)
in August 1985 14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

During the spring of 1989, political

activities were once again permitted by
the ruling government
The SMC wanted civilian rule once more
and to establish the Third Republic History of
This setback delayed the elections up
until the government held a presidential Nigeria's
election on June 12, 1993
The winner was Nigerian Businessman Government
M.K.O Abiola. It was a celebrated
victory but on June 23, 1993, Babangida
filed numerous lawsuits which
successfully annulled the election 14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

Babangida agreed to hand over

power to a provisional
government
Shonekan was tasked to lead the
History of
country until the 1994 elections Nigeria's
Defense Minister Sani Abacha
took matters into his own hands
Government
and forced Shonekan to resign
on November 17, 1993
14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

This gave rise to large oppositions like the

National Democratic Coalition (NADECO)
to campaign for the return of civilian rule.
The opposition had a prominent
candidate named Moshood Abiola.
History of
Abiola declared himself as president after
winning but he immediately went into
Nigeria's
hiding. He later re-appeared in the eyes
of the public and he was also arrested on
Government
June 23. Abacha was still in power and he
displayed it full force. He arrested his
political opponents
14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

Abacha was replaced by General

Abdulsalami Abubakar. Abubakar’s
government released almost all
the civilians and political History of
detainees
The transition towards the Third
Nigeria's
Republic was filled with violence Government
and controversy
The Fourth Republic of Nigeria
was conceived on May 29, 1999
14
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

The government started out at a

promising pace. Its first president was
Olusegun Obasanjo, a retired general
who was admired for speaking out
against the Abacha dictatorship
History of
They used to celebrate Democracy
Day on May 29, but was shifted to
Nigeria's
June 12 by President Muhammadu Government
Buhari. This was done to
commemorate the botched June 12
elections of 1993 and the events that
revolved around it 14
 Nigeria's Political Parties
This party supports economic
deregulation, human rights, funding for
health and education.
This party had a broad membership from
People’s traditional chiefs, academics, businessmen
Democratic Party and some senior officers in the military.
Olusegun Obasanjo who is a former
(PDP) leader of the Military in Nigeria
This political party held the grip in
Presidency until All Progressives Congress
was formed and Muhammadu Buhari
defeated Jonathan signaling the end of
PDP’s grip.
AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA
 Nigeria's Political Parties
Muhammadu Buhari was a Nigerian
military leader and politician that
served as Nigeria’s head of state and
was democratically elected as the
All Progressives President in 2015 ending the PDP’s

Congress grip in the presidency.

(APC) Party
AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA
However, Buhari and his
administration dismissed all the
rumors and still he was named the
PAC candidate for the 2019 election
and still won the presidency as he is
now the President of Nigeria.
 AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

General
Information
about Nigeria
 General Information about Nigeria
Nigeria has Africa's most
significant population. The
United Nations stated that
Nigeria's population is
expected to reach 401.31
million people by 2050. If
current trends continue, its
population will exceed 728
million by 2100. According to
the United States Census
Bureau, Nigeria's population
will surpass that of the United
States in 2047, when the
country's population reaches
379.25 million.
Early marriages, high English language
birth rates, and a lack Hausa, Yoruba, and
of access to family Igbo languages
planning
The country's median Government system is
age is 18.4 years old a federal republic
for both males and
females. Part of the Economic
Community of West
Nigeria is a multi- African States
ethnic country with (ECOWAS)
many ethnic groupings.
The petroleum industry
The Nupe, Tiv, and since the late 1960s
Kanuri.
 General Information about Nigeria

Agricultural productivity Privatizing numerous

Various governments state-run firms in the
stagnated (mostly military-run)
Palm oil, peanuts late 1990s
have addressed this
(groundnuts), and cotton issue by prohibiting Revenue flow
rice and cassava agricultural imports and remained shaky at the
focusing, if momentarily, turn of the century
The agriculture industry on diverse agriculture
has been in a state of and indigenization Debt repayment
crisis since the late initiatives. required an ever-
1970s increasing share of the
national budget

AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

 Article Review
Patrick Chabal stated that Area Studies helps us understand better the
evolution of Africa since its independence.
Hoffmann (2015), Area Studies is a multidisciplinary social research that
focuses more on a specific “geographic” region or a culturally defined
“area.”
Chabal (2005), discussed how Area Studies and Comparative Politics
should go together since Area studies recognizes the “area”
In choosing areas to compare, once must consider first the questions
needed to be asked

AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

 Article Review
Questions are also significant since it will determine the right answers
for your study.
Real questions should be asked not subjective questions.
Democratization in Africa after 1989” written by Richard Joseph
African countries were too poor, too culturally fragmented and they are
insufficient in capitalism. According to Huntington (1984), he said that
most African countries are grounded more in poverty or in violence
which makes it even harder for them to move in a democratic direction.

AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

 Article Review
Its vulnerability led their economic system to be bankrupt. Private
sectors started to ignore the continent. Opportunities opened when
Bretton Woods' agency
Rabe (2008) mentioned that the external forces that helped the
African countries, especially Nigeria, were the International Monetary
Fund, International Bank for Reconstruction and the World Trade
Organization World Bank extended its first facility to Nigeria
This marked the beginning of the World bank interfering with its
political economy.

AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

 Article Review
Through the years, from 1958 to 1987 the World Bank approved 66
project loans for Nigeria that greatly helped the country to
recover.
Recently, the Nigeria Development Update (2021) discussed how
Nigeria was able to experience disruption due to the pronounced
decline in oil prices and spike that caused so much risk globally.
The COVID 19 Pandemic also risked the vulnerable

AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

 Article Review
The idea of Comparative Politics that attempts to uncover the
processes and system of a given “area” by the help of Area studies,
helps us to understand the journey of the African Continent.
Comparative studies does not really directly compare one country
to another but it tells us that through the help of area studies, we
can compare how one country was able to establish such a
process in their own country.

AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA


AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA
Bibliography
(References & Citations)
Agu, Z. (2021, July 15). The three arms of government in Nigeria and
their functions. Legit.ng Nigeria news. https://www.legit.ng/1148362-
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http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEXFAOC164561/. A
New Proposition Could Affect International Gig Economies. (2020,
November 5). Nigeria: Introduction. global EDGE: Your source for
Global Business Knowledge.
https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/nigeria. Britannica, T. Editors of
Encyclopaedia (2019, May 24). People's Democratic Party.
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peoples-
Democratic-Party-political-partyNigeria Britannica, T. Editors of
Encyclopaedia (2020, December 13). Muhammadu Buhari.
Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammadu-Buhari
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, December 13).
Muhammadu Buhari. Encyclopedia Britannica. Chabal, P. (n.d). Area
Studies and Comparative Politics: Africa in Context. Africa Spectrum,
Vol. 40, pp 471-484. Area-Studies-and-Comparative-Politics-Africa-in-
Context.pdf Coutsoukis, P. (2005, March 27). Nigeria The Second
Republic. Photius.
https://photius.com/countries/nigeria/government/nigeria_governm
ent_the_second_repu blic.html Dahiru Rabe (Author), 2008, Influence14
of external forces on Nigeria's economic security, Munich, GRIN Verlag,
https://www.grin.com/document/189399
AFRICA: THE CASE OF NIGERIA

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