Application-Let's Apply

1. Why was the focus of education different for different groups of people in different places
and at different periods in world history? What does this point to regarding relationship of
schools and society?

 Education is evolving and does not focus in only one frame. Different times with
different perspective can be the indication why the focus of education changes from
time to time. Different histories has their own goals and it determines the
prerequisites and the focal point to what its terms and aims. This expound the
relationship of schools and society wherein they deliver and contribute important
aspects in education that is effective and needed in the overall development.

2. Given the different characteristics of the different periods in Philippine history, what were
the goals of education/schools during the:
a) Pre-colonial
 Education in this era was informal and unstructured. Boys were taught on how to
look for food and other means of livelihood while girls were taught household
chores.
b) Spanish period
 Formal and organized is the way of education and it was authoritarian in nature. The
instructions were Religion-oriented and children were taught Christian doctrines,
sacred songs and music and prayers.
c) American regime
 This era promoted democratic ideals and democratic way of life. This started the
rights of every individual to a free education.
d) Japanese regime
 During this period, Japanese aims to foster a new Filipino culture based on the
consciousness of the people, elevating the moral of the people, diffusion of
elementary and promotion of vocation education, diffusion the Japanese language
and termination of the use of English, developing in people in love and labor and
make people understand the position of the Philippines as a member of the East
Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
e) Post-colonial period?
 Post-colonial period aimed education at the full of realization of democratic ideals
and way of life where educational system where improved and developed.

3. Was equal access to quality education met during the:

a) Pre-colonial
 Education in this era didn’t provide an equal access to quality education due to
children were assigned to specific tasks based on their gender and it is more on
vocational education than academics.
b) Spanish period
 No equal access to quality education have been impose because only wealthy
Filipinos or ilustrados were allowed and accommodated in the schools. Other
Filipinos were neglected and they stole their rights to education.
c) American regime
 This period established a three-level school system which implies that everyone has
a right to education with equal access.
d) Japanese regime
 In this period, Japanese provided an equal access to education but more on
 vocational education.
e) Post-colonial period up to the present?
 Indeed, post-colonial up to present have made important changes in the educational
system which paved the way to a more elevated ways and methods and standards in
education and an equal access to quality education.

4. DepEd's mission is “to protect and promote the right of every Filipino to quality, equitable,
culture-based, and complete basic education” Has the Philippine educational system from
pre-colonial to present given equal access to quality, culture-based and complete basic
education? Or was it a privilege of a few? Explain your answer.

 Philippine educational system from pre-colonial to Spanish period deprived the

rights of Filipino individuals to equal access to quality, culture-based and complete
basic education. It was more of a controlling stage where the higher people decide
who’s going to school or not and what to be taught. It was limited and a privilege of
a few that left out other Filipinos. From American regime to present, equal access to
quality, cultured-based and complete basic education was provoked that made
education available for all and let the Filipinos flourished with a formalized
education.

5. Read the article below. What does job-skills mismatch imply about the relevance of schools
to present society? Are schools, effective agents of socialization in preparing Filipino
graduates for their job roles?

 This article implies the relevance of schools to present society that avoids job-skills
mismatch. It is important that your skills coincide with the demands in the labor field
to meet the needs and expectations. And schools are the main venue to hone their
skills and knowledge and mold them to be an effective individuals and to prepare
them in a higher stage for their social roles.

DOLE urged to address job-skills mismatch

Published June 19, 2018
By Vanne Ellaine Terrazola
Senator Joel Villanueva on Tuesday prodded the Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE) and other concerned agencies to report on the status of its programs aimed at
addressing job-skills mismatch. Sen. Joel Villanueva (Senate of the Philippines Facebook
page/MANILA BULLETIN)
Villanueva, chairperson of the Senate committee on labor, employment and human
resources development, made the appeal as he called anew on the government to make sure
that the workers who will be employed under the "Build, Build, Build" infrastructure program
are skills-ready" It has been our consistent call on the concerned government agencies-
Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE),
Department of Education(DepEd), and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA)-to up-skill our workers and address the problem of job-skills mismatch which becomes
imperative with the implementation of the administration's Build-Build-Build program,"
Villanueva said in a statement.

6. Education is a function of society. Considering the positive and negative elements of 21 st

Century society:
● state the educational goals that 21st Century schools should pursue;
 21st century schools should produce globally competitive students
 21st century schools should help students develop their skills they need in a
modern world.
  21st century schools should teach flexibility and adaptability, leadership and
responsibility, initiative and social skills, creativity and innovation, critical
thinking and communication, collaboration and global awareness and media,
information, technology literacy.
● describe the ideal 21"Century graduate; and
 An ideal 21st century graduate is competent, skillful, possesses leadership, has
learning and innovation skills, has information, media and technology skills, has
life and career skills and has 21st century themes.
● Describe the education delivery mode.
 The education delivery mode is based on the needs of the learners to succeed
and how they can enhance their skills for major roles to adapt and for them to
grow and develop survival skills that are needed in different kinds of platforms.

Will the survival skills taught in primitive societies suffice for the citizens of a 21" Century
world?
 By all means, the survival skills taught in primitive societies will suffice for the
citizens of 21st century worlds because these skills were considered as part of our
history that connects us to the past. Survival skills in primitive societies portrays
how they survive in practicality with little resources. That is why it remains
relevant up to this day due to its value and it’s still being practiced by some
individuals today but with innovations and changes.

Let's Check for Understanding

1. In not more than two sentences, state the relationship of society and schools.
● School is a product of a society and it shapes students to a functional part of a society.
Society determines the necessities and equip them with values and beliefs and that’s
why they are connected.
2. What is meant by socialization as a function of schools?
● Socialization is an important process that involves learning different essential values and
beliefs and cope with it. It is also an understanding of how individuals engage their self
in a social environment wherein they can interact and develop skills that will affect their
social roles in the future.
3. Can school change the socializing effect of family, the primary agent of socialization? Can an
excellent school undo the socializing effect of an extremely deprived home?
● Family is the prime and most important agent of socialization. But a school can change
its socializing effects in the long run. Within the family, this is where we first learn
everything and socialize, but a school provides a different socialization that can help a
child to fully develop. Especially in a deprived home setting, a child will neglect the
socialization effect and focus on the school socialization effect were it helps the child
more. The socializing effect of the family can’t be minimize but it can be enhance
through other aspect.
4. In the Philippines, was education a privilege enjoyed by all Filipinos since the pre-colonial
period? Why or why not?
● Since the pre-colonial period, most of the Filipinos didn’t have the privilege to enjoy
education. With a tighter influence in education, Filipinos were taught how to work and
children have designated roles according to their gender. It is mainly on vocational
education and less academics and in the preceding period, unfortunate Filipinos were
robbed of their rights and has no chance of going to school. But a lot of changes were
put into action when Americans came and that put an end to that kind of education.
5. Was the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) in support of equal access to quality
education? Why was it abolished when it did exactly what Filipinos then wanted?
● NCEE looks on the results from a paper and then determine the learners as not capable
 and ready to proceed in a much greater education. It clearly doesn’t support equal
access to quality education because NCEE doesn’t give equal opportunity to every
individuals and it is “biased”. It is right to abolished NCEE for having this kind of set up.
Let's Reflect

1. Should college education be for all? Or should it be given only to those who are
intellectually capable of college education? Those who are not should be directed to
technical education. Isn't giving access to college education for one who is not intellectually
capable a waste of time and resources?
Was that not the very purpose of the National College Entrance Examination then-to
redirect to tech-voc courses those who were not capable of a college course?
Write your reflections.

● We do have this so called democratic ideals and college education should be for all. It will
create a diverse individual with their skills and capabilities needed for general
improvement. College education is not only for intellectually capable and we should see
students as equal learners. Everyone has their own free will to choose and take whatever
they want. Higher education is for all and it’s not a waste of time and resources to give
access to those who aspire to proceed in college because everyone deserves to learn and
improve with their preference and own motivation. The purpose of NCEE of re-directing
those who are not capable of a college course is beyond the line. It looks down on students
and categorize them as not intellectually capable. Assuming what they can do because of
their results, will not give equitable education. NCEE can’t determine a person’s capabilities
and competencies by just looking at the results, it can be seen through how the learners act
upon their education with efforts to match and achieve their goals.

2. Should we bring back the NCEE? Why or why not?

● Big no, we should not bring back NCEE because of its biased perception. NCEE is useless
and moronic, it buries potentials and stereotype learners who didn’t passed the test and
NCEE looks at them like a failure.

3. Of the developments in Philippine education in the post-colonial period, which to you is

most important?

● In the developments in Philippine education in the post-colonial period, the most

important for me is the trifocalization of education system. This system established the
three levels of education where it has their own governing bodies. In this way,
educational systems are more organize and easy to provide necessities for learners. It
served as a stage where learners are align to a specific level to match their learning
development and skills enhancement.

Taking it to the Net

1. In the Philippines, education from elementary to secondary education is free. What law
made tertiary education free? Research on the tertiary education of other countries. Is it
also free, or "only in the Philippines?" Share your findings in class.

● In the recent years, 1.6 million students are guaranteed with free education. The
Republic Act 10931, known as the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act was
signed into the law by President Rodrigo Duterte in August 2017. This provides
underprivileged Filipino students the opportunity to pursue college degrees through
free tuition and exemption of other fees in SUCs (Rocamora, 2021). There are also other
 countries who supports free tertiary education including Norway, Finland, Sweden,
Germany, France and Denmark. They are also free for international students that
provides universal opportunities (Goetz, 2021).

2. Life skills were taught to primitive society. Are these, life skills for primitive society the same
life skills for the 21st Century? Find out.

● Different times with different ways. Life skills taught to primitive society has a vast
difference with the 21st century life skills. But our values and concept and ideas were
formed from the primitive society that encompasses a wide range of learnings and
principles. The life skills of the primitive society allowed us to achieve advancement and
major changes that make it easier and convenient for us to deal with our day to day life.
These life skills were cultivated and still being practiced.

LET Clinchers

1. Education is a function of society. What does this imply?

C. I and II

2. If education is a function of society then it has to be.

A. relevant

3. Complete the analogy. Athenian education: well-rounded development of individuals

Spartan education:

A. military training

4. While the Japanese taught the Filipinos love for labor, the Americans taught the Filipino

A. citizenship in a democratic country

5. Schools are tasked for socialization. Which is a CORRECT explanation of socialization?

B. Learning the roles, statuses and values necessary for participation in society