Relations and Functions

Example 4 {(–1, 7), (1, 0), (2, 3), (0, 8), (0, 5), (–2, 1)}
Essential Questions: *Is this a function? NO
• What is a function? Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates
• What are the characteristics of a function? *Is this still a relation? YES
• How do you determine if a relation is a
function? Example 5 Which relation mapping represents a
• How is a function different from a relation? function? ANSWER: Choice 1
• Why is it important to know which variable is
the independent variable?

Some Definitions
 A relation between two variables x and y is a set
of ordered pairs
 An ordered pair consists of an x and y- Example 6 Which relation mapping represents a
coordinate function? ANSWER: B
 A relation may be viewed as ordered
pairs, mapping design, table, equation,
or written in sentences
 x-values are input, independent
variable, domain.
 y-values are output, dependent variable, range
Vertical Line Test
Example 1: *Vertical Line Test: a relation is a function if a vertical
What makes this a relation? line drawn through its graph, passes through only one
{(0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)} point.

*What is the domain? AKA: “The Pencil Test”

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Take a pencil and move it from left to right (–x to x); if it
*What is the range? crosses more than one point, it is not a functioN
{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0}

Example 2 –
Is this a relation?

*What is the domain?

{4, -5, 0, 9, -1}
*What is the range?
{-2, 7}

Is a relation a function?
What is a function?
Operations on Functions
According to a textbook, “a function is…a relation in
Composite Function:
which every input has exactly one output”
Combining a function within another
function. Written as follows:
Is a relation a function?
f (g (x)) or (f o g)(x)
*Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation
If the set of ordered pairs has different x-coordinates,
Operations Notation
it IS A function
If the set of ordered pairs has same x-coordinates,
it is NOT a function
*Y-coordinates have no bearing in determining
functions

Example 3 {(0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3), ( 3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)}
*Is this a relation? YES
*Is this a function? YES
Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates
FUNCTIONS OPERATIONS
 Evaluating Functions
Given f(x) = 4x + 8, find each:

1. f(2) = 4(2) + 8
= 16

2. f(a +1) = 4(a + 1) + 8

= 4a + 4 + 8
= 4a + 12

3. f(-4a) = 4(-4a) + 8
= -16a+ 8

Evaluating More Functions

If f(x) = 3x - 1, and g(x) = 5x + 3, find each:

1. f(2) + g(3)
=[3(2) -1] + [5(3) + 3]
= 6 - 1 + 15 + 3
= 23
2. f(4) - g(-2)
=3(4) - 1] - [5(-2) + 3]
= 11 - (-7)
= 18
3. 3f(1) + 2g(2)
=3[3(1) - 1] + 2[5(2) + 3]
= 6 + 26
= 32

Introduction
to the
Cartesian Plane

Coordinate Geometry: Get to the point!

A very famous mathematician called Rene Descartes lay
in bed one night. As he lay there, he looked up at the
ceiling in his bedroom. He noticed a fly was asleep on
the ceiling. Descartes, being a mathematician wondered
if he could figure out a way of stating where exactly the
fly was on the ceiling. Obviously it has to be a precise
description he thought. I can’t really say, “To the left” or
“Near the right “or “In the middle”.
Functional Notation
An equation that is a function may be expressed When Descartes looked up at his ceiling, this is what he
using functional notation. saw. A fly resting there. He began to think about how he
The notation f(x) (read “f of (x)”) represents the might be able to describe the exact position of the fly.
variable y.
Descartes decided that if he drew two lines at right
Functional Notation Cont’d angles to each other, then he might be able to come up
Example: with a way of describing the exact position of the fly.
y = 2x + 6 can be written as f(x) = 2x + 6. How do you think this would have helped him?

Given the equation y = 2x + 6, evaluate when x = 3. Descartes decided to place numbers on the bottom
y = 2(3) + 6 (horizontal) row and on the side (vertical) row. He could
y = 12 now state accurately where exactly the fly was on the
ceiling.
For the function f(x) = 2x + 6, the notation f(3) But there was a problem, should he give the vertical
means that the variable x is replaced with the number of tiles followed by horizontal? i.e. go up 5
value of 3. squares and move across 4 squares, or should he give
the horizontal number first, then the vertical? i.e. go
f(x) = 2x + 6 across 4 squares then move up 5?
f(3) = 2(3) + 6
f(3) = 12 He decided to give the
HORIZONTAL NUMBER FIRST and
THE VERTICAL NUMBER SECOND.
To help people remember this he called the horizontal
line X and the vertical line Y
(Because X comes before Y in the alphabet)
So, in this diagram, the position of the fly
can be found by moving
4 units across, then 5 units up.
These are known as X, Y values and are written like this
Position of fly = (4, 5)
X value , Y value
(First) (Second)
In honour of Rene Descartes, the graph showing the
coordinates of the fly is known as the Cartesian Plane
(or X Y Plane).

Functions and Relations

Definitions

Relation - Any set of ordered pairs

Function -A type of relation where there is exactly one
output for every input. For every x there is exactly one
y.

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