Indian Institute of Technology

Gandhinagar

CE 304 - Concrete Design

spring 2021

Final Survey

Submitted by :

Akshay P Nambiar (17110013)

Instructor: Prof. Dhiman Basu

Date of submission : 30/04/2021

Contents
1 Site construction survey 1 2
1.1 Learnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Takeaways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Building Elements 3

3 Foundation 3
3.1 Footing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2 Types of Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Beam 5
4.1 Beam Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5 Columns 7
5.1 Types of columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2 Column Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6 Slab 9
6.1 Slab Reinforcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

7 Concrete buildings in IITGN Campus 10

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1 Site construction survey 1
1.1 Learnings
The construction process consists of several key components. They are

• foundation design

• beam-column design

• walls

• plinth

• floors

• finishing works.

Buildings are mostly constructed from the ground, starting with the foundation.

1.2 Takeaways
Foundation can be raft, pile, footing, and strip. The type is decided by the load of the building
and the bearing capacity of the soil. For the foundation, the soil is excavated and footing bases
are made deep into the soil based on the calculation done for the total load and moment exerted
on the foundation by the structure.

The foundation joins onto the plinth of the building which is designed after taking into ac-
count the rainfall data and construction norms. The area between plinth and foundation is
called the Damp Proof Course. Damp proof course is a layer of water proofing material such as
asphalt or waterproof cement.

Walls are constructed above the damp proof course.Damp proof course prevents surface wa-
ter from rising into the walls.The beams and columns are designed based on the structural
analysis and after the moments and shear forces have been calculated. Walls are mostly made
of masonry using brickwork and reinforced with concrete. Beams and columns are reinforced
with steel rods in order to provide the required strength needed to sustain the dead load, live
load, wind load, and earthquake load. Beams and columns safely transmit the load from the
slab onto the foundation. The slab consists of most of the dead load and the live load.

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2 Building Elements
The elementery parts of a building are :

• Foundation

• Column

• Beam

• Slab

3 Foundation
3.1 Footing

Figure 1: Concrete footing (isolated)

Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are typically made of
concrete with reinforcement that has been poured into an excavated trench. The purpose of
footings is to support the foundation and prevent settling. Footings are especially important in
areas with troublesome soils.
On the other hand, if you build on soft clay soil or if there’s a soft zone under part of your
foundation, there can be trouble. A footing that performs well in good soil may not do so well
in weak bearing conditions. We don’t often see outright failure, but it’s not uncommon to see
excessive settlement when soil bearing capacity is low.

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 Figure 2: High rise apartment footing design

Figure 3: Design Requirements

3.2 Types of Foundations

The dimensions of footings also depend on the size and type of structure that will be built.
Placement of footings is crucial to provide the proper support for the foundation and ultimately
the structure.

Figure 4: Types of foundation

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4 Beam
a beam is the horizontal structural member in a Framed Structure that transfers the load from
the slab to the columns that support the beam at its ends.

Figure 5: Concrete Beams in Building

Now, RCC(Reinforced Cement Concrete) structure is a structure made up of Concrete which

is provided with steel deformed bars along the length of the member. The steel bars placed in
the member add to the strength of the structure.

4.1 Beam Reinforcement

Figure 6: Pouring concrete over Reinforcements

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Concrete is strong in compression and can withstand high compressive loads but it’s inability
to sustain tensile loads makes Concrete a weak construction material. Thus, concrete needs
additional strengthening, which is obtained by providing Reinforcements in the form of deformed
steel bars which help concrete withstand tensile stresses

Figure 7: Reinforced Beam Section

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5 Columns
A column is a very important component in a structure. It is like the legs on which a structure
stands. It is designed to resist axial and lateral forces and transfer them safely to the footings
in the ground. Columns support floors in a structure. Slabs and beams transfer the stresses to
the columns. So, it is important to design strong columns.

5.1 Types of columns

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5.2 Column Reinforcement

The reinforcement of columns are placed according to the structural drawing.

For example, C1-12 : 16 mmØ and stirrup-10 mmØ @400 c/c.

This means, the column C1 will have 12 numbers of 16 mm diameter bars as the vertical bar
and 10 mm diameter steel should be placed 4 inch center to center spacing as the stirrup.

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6 Slab

Figure 8: Concrete Slab

These are plate-like structures that carry vertical loads mostly. These transfers load to beams.
These are resistant to higher horizontal loads.

6.1 Slab Reinforcements

Figure 9: Concrete Slab Reinforcement

In the above picture we can see the pattern the steel reinforcement has formed.In the picture the
steel bars are taking care of both the transverse and longitudinal bending. In addition to this
we can also see that the steel bars are not laid in the form of sheet or just one bar, they are laid
at uniform spacing between them. Apart from that, there are bars of different diameter. And
for pouring the concrete needle vibrator is used, because of the use of this needle vibrator the
horizontal distance between bars of a group may be reduced to two-thirds the nominal maximum
size of the coarse aggregate. (As per IS 456 Cl 26.3.2).

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7 Concrete buildings in IITGN Campus
These photos were taken while the sports complex was building

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