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ANSWER MET QUESTION 49

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Question: A. Sketch an arrangement showing the principal of proportional plus integral (P+I) control loop.

B. Compare the series and parallel resonance circuits. Find the frequency at which the following circuit
resonates.

Answer:A.

A controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the process through use of a manipulated variable.

Proportional Term
The proportional term produces an output value that is proportional to the current error value. The proportional
response can be adjusted by multiplying the error by a constant Kp, called the proportional gain constant.The
proportional term is given by:
Pout = Kp e(t)
A high proportional gain results in a large change in the output for a given change in the error. If the proportional
gain is too high, the system can become unstable. In contrast, a small gain results in a small output response to a
large input error, and a less responsive or less sensitive controller. If the proportional gain is too low, the
control action may be too small when responding to system disturbances. Tuning theory and industrial
practice indicate that the proportional term should contribute the bulk of the output change.

Integral Term
The contribution from the integral term is proportional to both the magnitude of the error and the duration of the error.
The integral in a PID controller is the sum of the instantaneous error over time and gives the accumulated offset
that should have been corrected previously. The accumulated error is then multiplied by the integral gain Ki and
added to the controller output.
Iout = Ki ∫ e(τ)dτ

The integral term accelerates the movement of the process towards set-point and eliminates the residual steady-
state error that occurs with a pure proportional controller. However, since the integral term responds to

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Answer MET Question 49 https://meoexamsmmd.blogspot.com/2020/08/answer-met-question-49.html

accumulated errors from the past, it can cause the present value to over shoot the set-point value.

B. Resonance in the RLC circuit is the condition when reactances of capacitor and inductor coil are equal in
magnitude.

Capacitors and Inductors are both components which can store energy: capacitors store it in an electric field and
inductors in a magnetic field.
Ideal capacitors and inductors are assumed to have zero resistance and so have a purely imaginary impedance,
ZC=1jωC=−jωC and ZL=jωL
and their reactances to be, XC=−1/ωC and XL=ωL

Series Resonance Circuit Parallel Resonance Circuit

A series resonance circuit has
a capability to draw heavy
currents and power from the
mains. So it is regarded as
an acceptor circuit.
Current at resonance is
maximum and given by V/R
Resonant frequency
1 1
= =
−−
−
2π√LC
Power factor is unity
Effective impedance is
minimum and given by R
A parallel resonance circuit
has a capability to very small
currents and power from the
mains. So it is regarded as a
rejector circuit.
Current at resonance is
minimum and given by VCR/L
Resonant frequency
−−−−−−−−−
2π√ 1 − ( RL )
2
LC
Power factor is unity
Effective impedance is
maximum
L
=
CR

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