Infrared Asnt Level 1 Course Manual

ASNT LEVEL 1
THERMOGRAPHY
COURSE MANUAL
©PITI – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

PROFESSIONAL INFRARED TRAINING INSTITUTE
CONTENTS
Course Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 2
Contact Information and Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 3
Certification Statement / Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 5
How to Use This Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 6
Lesson Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 7
Infrared Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 10
Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 17
Sample Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 26
Sample Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 31
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Published and Distributed by

Printed in the United States PITI
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 P.O. Box 303, Madison, SD 57042
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage retrieval system without the express written consent of the author. No liability is
assumed with respect to the use of this manual or the information contained herein.
* Copyright 2009
Library of Congress Card Catalog Number
ISBN TXU1-196-173
2
COURSE INTRODUCTION
Modeled after national standards of practice established by the American Society for Non-
Destructive Testing (ASNT), this course is designed to teach you industry-accepted methods
of thermal inspection for industrial and building science applications.
The goal of this course is to introduce you to thermal imaging and measurement systems,
enabling you to collect quality data, accurate temperature readings, and account for
measurement effects such as distance and emissivity using infrared cameras. This course will
teach you the science behind thermography and help you interpret thermograms, making
informed decisions using heat transfer concepts.
This course will also teach you the use and operation of Infrared cameras for predictive
maintenance applications and other thermal scans. You will learn to avoid costly mistakes by
distinguishing between hot spots and reflections, direct vs. indirect readings and qualitative vs.
quantitative thermography.
Upon successful completion of this course, you will receive an ASNT Level I Infrared
Thermography Certification, the first step in beginning your career as an infrared
thermographer. As a Certified Infrared Thermographer, you will have the knowledge to
perform thermal imaging surveys and predictive maintenance for many residential and
commercial applications.
At any time, you can contact us for support with problems you are having with the course or
any other advice you need. We are happy to help you get your start in the infrared
thermography industry.
Good Luck!
Robb Graham, Director

1-800-983-6322
NOTICE: The material presented within this course is for informational and educational purposes only.
It should not be used to provide guidance in lieu of competent, certified legal advice. All parties
involved in the development of this course shall not be liable for any inappropriate use of this
information beyond the purpose stated above. As a student, you understand that it is your responsibility
to adhere to the laws and regulations pertaining to any aspect of this course and the materials presented
within.
3
FACULTY CONTACT INFORMATION:

You may contact us by toll free telephone, fax, email, our online support system, or postal mail.
Our hours are 8 A.M. - 9 P.M. Central Time Monday through Friday, and Noon to 4 P.M. on
Saturday. You can access our voice mail system after hours.
PROFESSIONAL INFRARED Telephone:

TRAINING INSTITUTE 605 427 2644
112 N. Egan Ave 800 983 6322
Madison, SD 57042 605 427 2647 (Fax)
Mailing Address: Email:

PO Box 303 support@professionaltrainingservice.com
Madison, SD 57042
STUDENT MATERIALS REQUIRED:

The course uses a computer in addition to the student manual. All instructional course content
is in electronic format and can be accessed using the Internet and a computer CD-ROM. You
must have access to a Mac or PC with an Internet browser. The system must have audio
speakers and a connection to the Internet. A CD-ROM drive and DVD player is required to use
the included discs. A printer is also required for to print various forms.
TESTING:
All testing is computerized multiple-choice questions that appear on your screen and require
you to select the correct answer choice. There are three types of exams: pre-tests, end-of-
lesson tests, and final tests. Practice tests will show you the correct answers at the end of the
test and provide feedback to help you better understand the answer. Final tests will reveal the
areas of weakness, but will not provide specific feedback or the correct answers. A minimum
of 90 percent is required on the final exam to pass the course. There is no charge or penalty
for re-taking exams.
LIBRARY AND RESOURCE INFORMATION:

While the course is comprehensive, covering all parts of infrared thermal survey, there are
many additional resources that can help you along the way. The course contains many links to
supplemental information online about the profession.
DEADLINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

After starting this course, you can take up to one year to complete the materials before being
required to start over. There is no penalty or cost associated with repeating any section of the
course or any exam. If circumstances arise that prevent you from completing the course within
the time frame, you must notify us within the initial 12-month time frame that you could not
complete the course, and notify us again when you are ready to re-start the course.
4
CONTACT INFORMATION AND POLICIES Continued
REGISTRATION AND WITHDRAWAL:

After you have enrolled and received your course shipment by ground delivery, you must
complete the online registration form within 5 days to officially begin the course. The
withdrawal period from the course is 30 days.
FEES AND REFUNDS:

Course tuition is due in full upon enrollment unless you have agreed to a payment plan. Our
company offers a 30-day refund policy for all courses and tools. Damaged or defective goods
will be replaced at our expense (please notify us within 5 days of receipt). There is no
restocking fee for returns that arrive in unused condition.
MAILING PROCEDURES:
As this course uses computer technology and the Internet, students are not required to use
postal mail to submit assignments or to receive feedback. Any correspondence through mail
should be directed using the contact information provided in this manual.
TECHNOLOGICAL SUPPORT SERVICES:

The course uses technology to deliver instruction. While we do offer technical assistance with
computer hardware and software, the student must provide or have access to the required
hardware and materials.
COMPLETION AND ASSIGNMENT TIME LINES:

The course is designed to take approximately 60 hours to complete. However, students may
take up to a year to complete the course before having to start over. All lessons and
assignments are self-paced so that students can take as much time as needed to achieve
mastery of the subject material.
PREREQUISITES:
There are no prerequisites ASNT Level 1 Thermography Certification. However, some states
may develop requirements for this area of study in the future. Check with your state’s
applicable licensing body.
ILLNESS POLICY:
We understand that long-term illnesses may affect your ability to complete the course within
the one-year time frame. There is no cost for re-taking the course at a later time. (See
Deadlines)
5
STUDENT CERTIFICATION STATEMENT
At the time of course completion and before receiving a certificate of course credit, you must
voluntarily sign and return the following certification statement, or agree to this statement when
taking or re-taking your online final exam:
I, __________________certify that I have personally completed each assigned module of

instruction for this course without the assistance of any person other than my instructor. All
work represented as being mine is in fact my own work.
______________________________ ______________________________
signature date
PLEASE RETURN THIS FORM USING ONE OF THE FOLLOWING METHODS:

By Internet: Using the form on the certificate page. By Fax: Fax this page to (605) 427-2647
By Mail: PHII, P.O. Box 303, Madison, SD 57042 By Email: support@professionaltrainingservice.com
COURSE EVALUATION FORM

Please complete the evaluation form below to help us find ways to improve the course.
1. Did you find the content of this distance course to be up-to-date?

[ ] Yes [ ] Fairly up-to-date [ ] No
2. Was the course well organized?

[ ] Yes [ ] Somewhat [ ] No
3. Did you find the material to be relevant to your own work as a professional?
4. How would you rate the level of this course?

[ ] About right [ ] Too advanced [ ] Too basic
5. On a scale of 1-5, with 5 being best and 1 being worst, how do you rate the overall course?
[]5 []4 []3 []2 [ ]1
6. Were the instructional methods effective and up-to-date on the subject?

7. On a scale of 1-5, with 5 being best, how do you rate the instructional methods?
[]5 []4 []3 []2 [ ]1
Additional Comments ___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
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HOW TO USE THE COURSE

To use this course, login to your online account OR insert the CD-ROM in your computer and
begin with the Introduction and Lesson1. Proceed through the course, lesson-by-lesson.
Successfully complete each quiz and practice/review activities before continuing to the next
lesson. Do not skip lessons because skills often build upon each other.
This printed manual contains additional material and can be used to keep notes. Inside you
will find printed copies of documents for survey activities. If you need to print additional
documents, they are available on the included CD-ROM in the Inspection Documents section.
This printed manual is a resource that goes with the course. The online
course and CD-ROM contains the actual course. The course is composed
of multi-media pages that include audio, video, and interactive quizzes.
The course is designed to teach someone with no knowledge of thermal surveys how to
become a competent Level 1 thermographer with 60 hours of instruction, testing, and practice.
The course provides specific learning objectives that you will master as you go through each
lesson.
Each lesson objective corresponds to a standard of practice established by the American

Society for Non-Destructive Testing (ASNT). The lesson objectives are included on the next
page. When you have mastered a lesson objective, take a pencil or pen and check it off. This
way you can concentrate on those objectives that you may need to spend more time on.
As you complete each lesson, you will take practice quizzes on your computer that will test and
verify your knowledge through instant computerized feedback. The quizzes are designed to be
taken as many times as needed, so don’t worry about missing questions the first time through.
Review and practice is important because it helps confirm your knowledge.
You should pace yourself for this course. We recommend doing a maximum of one lesson per
day, and to repeat the lesson if needed. This prevents you from becoming overwhelmed and
allows you time to relax and think over each lesson before continuing with the next. However,
you can also push yourself and work as fast as you wish. There are no constraints.
When you finish the course and pass the final exam after the last lesson, you will feel confident
that you possess the knowledge and skills needed to succeed as a professional
thermographer. You can then spend time focusing on the next steps in your career.
Listed on the next page are the learning objectives for each lesson. These objectives will also
display at the beginning of each lesson on your computer. Remember to check them off as
you go along. Congratulations! You are now ready to begin the course and take your first step
at what will become a very profitable and enjoyable career!
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
Lesson 1: Physics Basics
□ Understand the fundamentals of matter and energy
□ List examples of kinetic and potential energy
□ Identify common forms of energy
□ Define the three laws of thermodynamics
□ Understand how electromagnetic waves are formed
□ Identify the parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
□ Explain how color is perceived by the human eye
□ Define frequency and how it applies to light waves
□ How infrared differs from other wavelengths
□ Understand how objects radiate infrared energy
Lesson 2: Heat Transfer

□ Understand the relevance of heat flow diagnostics
□ Define the methods and units of measure for heat
□ Differentiate between conduction, convection, and radiation
□ Understand Fourier's law of heat conduction
□ Describe practical examples of Newton's law of cooling
□ Understand the convective heat transfer coefficient
□ Explain the difference between natural and forced convection
□ Describe the process where an object comes to equilibrium
□ How the Stefan-Boltzmann equation decribes heat transfer
□ Compare steady-state heat flow to transient heat flow
□ Describe applications that rely on transient heat flow
Lesson 3: Radiosity Concepts

□ Understand the concept of black body radiation
□ Learn how different materials absorb and emit energy
□ Learn how different materials reflect and transmit energy
□ Understand how emissivity affects infrared radiation
□ Differentiate between a black body and a thermal mirror
□ Applying Planck's Blackbody Distribution Law
□ How Wien's Displacement Law applies to surface temperature calculation
□ Identify and compare the emissivity of common materials
□ Calculate the temperature of a material based on emissivity
□ Identify an unknown material based on temperature and emissivity of a nearby
known material
□ The potential pitfalls when evaluating low emissivity objects
□ Differentiate between reflectivity, transmissivity, and absorptivity
□ Why Kirchoff's law defines good emitters as bad reflectors, and vice versa
Lesson 4: Infrared Devices

□ Learn the history of infrared cameras
□ Understand why thermal imaging is a useful tool
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□ Identify three ways infrared cameras have changed

□ Differentiate between infrared fact and fiction
□ Understand what an infrared camera sees
□ Describe the purpose of germanium in infrared cameras
□ Understand the concept of a passive device
□ Compare and contrast thermal imaging devices
□ List three basic types of infrared measurement devices
□ Identify factors that affect infrared camera cost
□ Understand the function of a thermographic camera
□ List uses for thermal imaging in building construction
□ Learn additional uses for infrared cameras
Lesson 5: IR Camera Operation

□ Define palette, range, and span for infrared cameras
□ Setting the temperature scale and contrast adjustment
□ Evaluate how pixel size affects infrared resolution
□ Differentiate between background noise and input noise
□ Describe the pixel array needed to measure a target
□ Understand the maximum allowable distance from target
□ How to adjust emissivity and reflectivity settings
□ List environmental data that should be collected
□ What information is overlaid on infrared images
□ Understand infrared camera image storage methods
□ Identify the properties of fused and stitched images
□ List advantages and disadvantages of infrared video
□ Understand the purpose of visual light comparison images
□ How to ensure dynamic range and image clarity
□ Recognizing and dealing with reflections
□ Recognizing and dealing with spurious convection
Lesson 6: Infrared Applications

□ Identify common thermal imaging applications
□ Describe methods for predictive maintenance
□ Understand direct versus indirect analysis
□ Describe how mechanical systems are inspected
□ Identify methods to detect thermal anomalies
□ How to detect thermal resistance anomalies
□ How to detect thermal capacitance anomalies
□ How to detect anomalies from physical state change
□ How to detect anomalies from fluid flow
□ How to detect anomalies resulting from friction
□ Explain endothermic vs. exothermic heat exchange
□ Understand heat transfer under non-homogeneous conditions
□ Understand field quantification of point temperature
□ Describe simple emissivity identification techniques
□ Evaluate how ambient temperature reflects effect emissivity
□ Quantify the emissivity of low emissivity materials
9
THERMAL INFRARED PRIMER
History of Infrared Technology

Sir William Herschel, an astronomer, discovered infrared in 1800. He built his own telescopes
and was therefore very familiar with lenses and mirrors. Knowing that sunlight was made up of
all the colors of the spectrum, and that it was also a source of heat, Herschel wanted to find
out which color(s) were responsible for heating objects. He devised an experiment using a
prism, paperboard, and thermometers with blackened bulbs where he measured the
temperatures of the different colors. Herschel observed an increase in temperature as he
moved the thermometer from violet to red in the rainbow created by sunlight passing through
the prism. He found that the hottest temperature was actually beyond red light. The radiation
causing this heating was not visible; Herschel termed this invisible radiation "calorific rays."
Today, we know it as infrared.
What is Thermography?
Thermography is the use of an infrared imaging and measurement camera to "see" and
"measure" thermal energy emitted from an object. Thermal, or infrared energy, is light that is
not visible because its wavelength is too long to be detected by the human eye; it's the part of
the electromagnetic spectrum that we perceive as heat. Unlike visible light, in the infrared
world, everything with a temperature above absolute zero emits heat. Even very cold objects,
like ice cubes, emit infrared.
The higher the object's temperature, the greater the infrared radiation emitted. Infrared allows
us to see what our eyes cannot. Infrared thermography cameras produce images of invisible
infrared or "heat" radiation and provide precise non-contact temperature measurement
capabilities. Nearly everything gets hot before it fails, making infrared cameras extremely cost-
effective, valuable diagnostic tools in many diverse applications. And as industry strives to
improve manufacturing efficiencies, manage energy, improve product quality, and enhance
worker safety, new applications for infrared cameras continually emerge.
Note that the glasses appear cool because they are cooler than the skin and longwave infrared
energy will not pass through glass.
10
Infrared Images
The IR camera captures the radiosity of the target that it is viewing. Radiosity is defined as the
infrared energy coming from a target modulated by the intervening atmosphere, and consists
of emitted, reflected and sometimes transmitted IR energy. An opaque target has a
transmittance of zero. The colors on an IR image vary due to variations in radiosity. The
radiosity of an opaque target can vary due to the target temperature, target emissivity and
reflected radiant energy variations.
The figure at right shows two images of three metal

cans, one hot, one ambient and one cold (left to
right). The upper image is visual and the lower image
is infrared. There is a piece of electrical tape on each
can. The can surface and the electrical tape are at the
same temperature for each can; but, in the infrared
images, the tape looks hotter than the metal surface
on the hot can, colder on the cold can, and the same
on the ambient can.
What is occurring is that the electrical tape has a higher emissivity than the metal. This means
the tape has a higher efficiency as a radiator than the metal has. Alternately, the metal has a
higher reflectivity than the tape and is therefore more efficient as an infrared mirror. Thus, the
tape will indicate the target temperature more closely; and, the metal will indicate the
background temperature, or that which is reflected off the can. So, if the can is hotter than the
background, the tape looks hotter than the metal. If the can is colder than the background, the
tape looks colder than the metal. If the can is the same temperature as the background, the
tape and the metal will look the same.
This is an extremely important concept. Thermographers see targets exhibiting this emissivity
contrast behavior every day. It could be an insulated electric cable with a bare metal bolted
connection, it could be a bare metal nameplate on a painted surface such as an oil-filled circuit
breaker or load tap changer, or could be a piece of electrical tape placed by the thermographer
on a bus bar to enable a decent reading.
It turns out that for opaque objects, the emissivity and reflectivity are complementary. High
emissivity means low reflectivity and vice versa. Kirchhoff showed that in thermal equilibrium
the absorptivity of an object equals its emissivity. Combining this with the law of conservation
of energy results in an equation that quantifies these concepts:
Greek letters for e, r and t are typically used, where emissivity is, ε, reflectivity, ρ, and
transmissivity, τ. For opaque targets, τ = 0 and the equation reduces to simply:
11
In simple terms the above equation says that a high emissivity means a low reflectivity and low
reflectivity means a high emissivity. Thermographers like the emissivity to be as high as
possible. This allows them to obtain the most accurate readings as most of the radiosity is due
to radiant energy emitted by the target. Modern IR cameras correct for emissivity with a small
amount of user input. But the uncertainty in the measurement increases with decreasing
emissivity.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Infrared energy is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and behaves similarly to visible light. It
travels through space at the speed of light and can be reflected, refracted, absorbed, and
emitted. The wavelength of IR energy is about an order of magnitude longer than visible light,
between 0.7 and 1000 µm (millionths of a meter). Other common forms of electromagnetic
radiation include x-rays, ultraviolet rays, radio waves, etc.
Electromagnetic radiation is categorized by wavelength or frequency. Broadcast radio stations

are identified by their frequency, usually in kilohertz (kHz) or megahertz (MHz). The image
below illustrates graphically the electromagnetic spectrum and types of electromagnetic
radiation fall within the wavelength ranges; and, the expanded infrared measurement region.
Heat Transfer
In order to be an effective thermographer and arrive at the
most accurate results, a basic knowledge of the
mechanisms of heat transfer is a must. The thermographer
has to understand conduction and convection but, most
importantly, radiation since Infrared Thermography is
based primarily on radiant energy. A complete lesson on
heat transfer is included in the course. The sections on
radiation are particularly essential, and thermographers
should learn this technology as much as possible to
enhance their expertise.
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An important thing to remember is that ‘steady-state’ is defined as a condition where heat flow
and temperatures are constant over time. It doesn’t mean that nothing is happening; however,
it does mean that what is happening isn’t changing. If a thermometer is placed anywhere within
a space that contains a heat source, the reading will stay the same over time for a particular
location. But, it can change dramatically from location to location. Transient heat flow causes
the temperature at a given point to change over time. In the previous photo of the stove, as the
fire ‘burns down’, less energy is supplied to the stove and it starts to cool off. The temperature
of the stove surface drops, upsetting the balance in the room.
Infrared Equipment
Infrared sensing instruments are traditionally
classified into three groups: point sensing, line
scanning, and, thermographic (two-dimensional
scanning). Point scanning devices (called
Infrared Radiation Thermometers) collect radiant
energy of an object to be measured (the target) and
provide an output indication, usually in terms of target
temperature. Line scanning instruments provide an
output, generally an analog trace of the radiant
energy (or, in ideal cases, temperature) distribution
along a single straight line projection from the target surface.
Thermographic instruments provide an image of the energy distribution over a scanned area
on the target surface which is presented in the form of an intensity-modulated black and white
picture or a synthesized color display.
Types of Detection
There are many systems with at least two operating components performing the same service
at the same time. These similar service components allow an IR thermographer the advantage
of comparing the thermal profile of one component versus the other. This process throughout
the industry is referred to as Comparative Thermography.
Qualitative data is used when a component does not require numerical data to determine the
severity of a component’s condition. For example: an underground water main break. The
water main break is the fault, and the recommended action would be to repair the piping.
Recording an absolute temperature measurement or a temperature differential as compared to
the surrounding area is not required to further diagnose the condition of the piping. Finding the
area of the ground that displays a difference in temperature indicating the location of the leak
is sufficient.
Quantitative data is used when a component requires numerical data to determine the
severity of a component’s condition; for example: a 480VAC three-phase breaker where the
breaker has one phase that is hotter than the other two phases. The hottest spot is located on
the A-phase line side connection. The temperature at the A-phase connection is 90º
Fahrenheit above the other two phases. Since this is a molded case breaker with a screwed
connection, a 90 degree Fahrenheit temperature rise would be considered a serious problem
and should be repaired soon. Identifying the fault without providing the temperature rise for this
application does not define the severity of the condition. Therefore, numerical data is essential
in determining the condition of this component.
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Taking Thermal Images
Taking infrared images properly can pose a challenge for various reasons. There are several
camera adjustments that require attention in order to provide a proper temperature
measurement. Some of these adjustments can be corrected during post-processing and some
cannot. There are three critical adjustments that cannot be compensated for during post-
processing and they are camera focus, temperature range, and operating distance.
Camera Focus
The focus of a thermogram can be critical for two reasons. First it is a poor reflection on the
thermographer to provide a blurry image to the client. Secondly, the temperature
measurements and temperature difference measurements will be incorrect for an improperly
focused image, especially when trying to measure small hot spots. When a camera is out-of-
focus, for example, the temperature dilutes; and, this temperature dilution is dependent on the
size of the target, the smaller the target (area being measured) and the worse the effect.
To illustrate this effect, refer to the images below that show an unfocused image with a lower
temperature (left), and a correctly focused image with the correct higher temperature (right):
Camera Range
While many infrared cameras claim to be able to detect and measure objects from –20ºC to
1500ºC, they cannot do it within the temperature span of a single image. Most modern infrared
cameras therefore break up the total temperature measurement specification into a number of
defined temperature ranges that the detector is able to detect and image without going into
saturation. Usually these ranges are digitized into a number of ‘slices’ usually called levels.
Two common levels are 4096 levels (12 bit) or 16384 levels (14 bit).
An example of this phenomenon is that when a thermographer is operating an infrared camera
on Range 1 (-40º to 120ºC) and captures a thermogram of a scene where the temperatures of
the objects varied between 20ºC and 200ºC. The hot objects above 120ºC would show up as
white, but it can’t be determined how hot they were because the data was captured on too low
a range. The out-of-range and in-range conditions are illustrated in the figures that follow:
14
The image of the quartz heater on the left captured an incorrect range. The highlighted area
in red cannot be analyzed. Switching to a higher range, as shown in the figure on the right
allows the entire scene to be analyzed.
Operating Distance
Regarding the operating distance, when a target is being viewed at too great of a distance, the
surrounding area is averaged into the temperature indication. Therefore, a hot target with a
cold background will indicate a lower temperature; and, vise versa for a cold target with a hot
background where the temperature would be higher.
Thermal image data is dependent on distance for two reasons: the first has to do with optical
or spatial resolution of the object being measured; and, the second with atmospheric
attenuation of the infrared energy from an object. The
effects of optical resolution far outweigh the
atmospheric effects for most condition monitoring
thermography. In order to accurately focus on a target,
the proper distance between the camera and the target
must be established. Just because a ‘hot spot’ appears
in the image, it doesn’t necessarily mean that a good
temperature can be read. Knowledge of your camera’s
optical resolution is imperative in determining the
correct distance-to-object relationship.
The figures on the right illustrate this point. Two

thermograms of the same problem show two very
different readings. One is taken with normal optics, the
other just minutes later with a 3X telescopic IR lens.
These 1200 amp mechanical disconnect pins are ½
inch X ¼ inch at a distance of about 25 feet. Normal
alignment pins were about 38ºC. The temperature rise
went from being a minor problem of 47ºC in the top
figure without a telescope, to a critical temperature of
298ºC with the telescope. The thermographer knew the
spot size ratio was much too small to get a good
reading without the telescope. Not knowing this would
have resulted in an incorrect evaluation of the severity
of the problem!
Conclusion
This completes the Thermal Infrared Primer and gives you a better idea of what to expect from
The Level 1 course. Before starting the course, we suggest that you review the glossary of
thermal terms that follow, and refer back to them as needed. To conclude, there are many
ways to increase your knowledge as you begin your career with Infrared, and many residential
and commercial applications for building investigators, in addition to the examples so far.
Regardless of which path your infrared career eventually takes, it all starts with the basics of
Level 1 thermography. We wish you success with the course.
15
REFERENCES
1. “Infrared and Thermal Testing”; Xavier P.V. Maldague and Patrick Moore”; American Society
for Nondestructive Testing; OH; Nondestructive Testing Handbook Vol. 3; pp. 31-99; 2001.
2. “Emissivity measurement and temperature correction accuracy considerations”; Robert P.

Madding; Inframetrics, Inc.; North Billerica, MA; Thermosense XXI; Proc. SPIE; Vol. 3700;
pp 393-401; April, 1999.
3. “Environmental influences on IR thermography surveys”; Robert P. Madding and Bernard R.

Lyon Jr.; Maintenance Technology; pp 36-41; December, 1999.
4. “Guidelines to thermographic inspection of electrical problems”; Thomas Perch-Nielsen and

J.C. Sorensen; Danish Technological Institute; Department of Energy Technology; Taastrup,
Denmark; Thermosense XVI; Proc. SPIE; Vol. 2245; pp 2-13; April, 1994.
5. “The relationship between current load and temperature for quasi-steady state and transient
conditions”; Bernard R. Lyon Jr., Gary L. Orlove and Donna L. Peters; Infrared Training
Center; North Billerica, MA; Thermosense XXII; Proc. SPIE; Vol. 4020; pp 62-70; April,
2000.
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GLOSSARY OF THERMOGRAPHY TERMS
Absolute Temperature Scale: Temperature scales that are measured from absolute zero.
Rankin and Kelvin scales are both absolute.
Absolute Zero: The point on the Kelvin and Rankin temperature scales that indicates zero.
Commonly known as the temperature at which no molecular activity occurs.
Ambient temperature: The temperature of the surroundings, typically taken as the air
temperature.
Aperture: The term used by some IR manufacturers referring to dynamic range, as with the
Agema 400 series. Also used by PEV imagers and some other thermal detector based
imagers to refer to the variable opening size of the lens.
Area: A software tool that allows for measurement of an area in the radiometric image. The
area can often be defined as a box, circle or other shape within which the measured
radiometric temperature can be displayed as the average, maximum or minimum.
Attenuation: The effect a material has to reduce radiometric transmission; most commonly
used to describe the filtering effect of the atmosphere.
Background: The source of radiation that reflects off of the target the IR instrument is viewing.
Background temperature: The temperature of the source of radiation that reflects off of the
target the IR instrument is viewing.
Band pass filter: A filter which restricts transmission from a surface to a specific band of
wavelengths. The term narrow band pass filter describes a filter allowing only a very small
band of wavelengths to pass.
Blackbody: An object that absorbs 100% of the radiant energy striking it. The absorption and
emission of a blackbody are both equal to 1.
Black body reference source: A traceable, calibrated high emissivity device, the temperature
of which can be adjusted. A black body reference source is used to calibrate or check the
calibration of a radiometer.
Boundary layer: A thin layer of fluid next to a surface. This layer of fluid has a velocity less
than the main stream of fluid, becoming stationary next to the surface. The thickness of the
fluid layer is related to the velocity of the fluid. In thermography the fluid is most always air, or
some other transmissive gas.
17
British Thermal Unit (Btu): A unit of energy defined as the amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of a pound of air free water, one degree Fahrenheit at sea level (standard
pressure). A Btu is equal to approximately 1055.06 Joules.
Calorie: Commonly referred to as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one
gram of water one degree Celsius. The modern definition is the amount energy equal to about
4.2 joules. Symbol is c or cal.
Calibration: The rather complex process, typically performed by the equipment manufacturer,
during which the response of a radiometric system is characterized or compared to a series of
known temperature references.
Calibration check: The simple process used in the field to check the performance of a
radiometric system by comparing it to a known temperature reference, often the tear duct of a
person, an ice water bath, a boiling water bath, or a calibrated black body reference source.
Cavity radiator: A hole, crack, scratch, or cavity which will have a higher emissivity that the
surrounding surface because reflectivity is reduced. A cavity seven times deeper than wide will
have an emissivity approaching .98.
Celsius scale: A temperature scale where water boils at 100° and freezes at 0° (both at
standard pressure). Formerly called the centigrade scale.
Characterize: To understand. Specifically to understand the response of an infrared system,

or the spectral characteristics of a radiating surface, or the heat flow characteristics of an
object.
Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity: See Thermal Conductivity
Composition: The way in which the image is composed; that is, what details are included in
the image. Also called framing.
Conduction: Heat transfer from molecule to molecule or atom to atom, not requiring the
movement of the substance. This is the only way heat is transferred in solids. Heat transfer by
conduction is also present in fluids (liquids and gasses) when atoms or molecules of different
energy levels come in contact with each other.
Conductor: A material or substance that conducts heat well when compared with materials
that don’t conduct well (insulators). Most metals are good heat conductors.
Convection: The transfer of energy caused by the movement of fluids either liquid or gas.
Convective heat transfer coefficient: A value that represents the relative efficiency with
which an object transfers heat between a surface and a fluid. Often determined by
experimentation.
18
Conservation of Energy Law: Another name for the First Law of Thermodynamics. For
radiometry it refers to the fact that the sum of the reflected, absorbed and transmitted radiation
striking a surface will equal the total radiation striking the surface (R + A + T = 1).
Data: The thermal information gathered by the infrared system, stored either in an analog or
digital format.
Data capture rate: The rate at which the thermal data or information can be gathered by the
infrared system and stored either in an analog or digital format. Data has typically been
captured at a rate of thirty or sixty frames per second, new high speed systems are capable of
capture rates over 500Hz.
Density: The mass of a substance per unit volume. Units in the United States are pounds per
cubic foot.
Dew Point Temperature: The temperature at which a gas condenses into its liquid state at a
given temperature and humidity.
Diffuse reflector: A rough surface that randomly scatters the radiation it reflects.
Distance to object or target: The distance from the thermal radiometric system to the target;
the value may be used by the system software, especially on short wave sensing systems, to
correct for atmospheric attenuation.
Dynamic range: The amount of radiometric data in a single stored image. Data stored as an
8- bit image has 256 thermal levels and cannot be adjusted after it is stored. Data stored as
either a 12- or 14-bit image can be adjusted after it is stored, although only 8-bits can be
viewed as an image at any one time.
Electromagnetic radiation: Vibrating electrical and magnetic fields in the form of waves
which travel at the speed of light.
Electromagnetic spectrum: The range of electromagnetic radiation of varying wavelengths

from gamma rays to radio waves.
Emissivity: A property of a material that describes its ability to radiate energy in comparison to
a blackbody at the same temperature. Emissivity values range from zero to one.
Emittance: The property of a material in situ or in place describing its ability to radiate energy
in comparison to a blackbody at the same temperature. Emittance values range from zero to
one but can change with angle of view and other factors.
Energy: A measure of the ability to do work. Energy can take various forms; thermal energy is
most often measured in British Thermal Units (Btu) or calories (c).
Exponentially: Changing at a rate determined by an exponent; energy radiating from a

surface is proportional to the temperature of the surface to the fourth power (T4).
19
Fahrenheit scale: A temperature scale where water boils at 212° and freezes at 32° (both at
standard pressure). Used primarily in the United States.
Focal Plane Array (FPA): In infrared imaging system that uses a matrix type detector such as
240x320 pixels; can be either radiometric or qualitative.
Forced convection: Convection occurring due to outside forces such as wind, pumps, or fans.
Foreground: The area beyond the target.
Film coefficient: See Boundary Layer.
Filter: A semi-transparent covering that is installed over the lens or detector to provide for
either protection of the primary lens or selective transmission of various wavelengths.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy in a closed system is constant, it can’t be created or

destroyed.
Flame filter: A filter used to restrict wavelengths to those transmitted through a flame so that
you can see through it; the exact spectral characteristics of the flame must be defined.
Forced convection: Convection caused by wind, fans, pumps, stirring or some other added
force.
Fourier's Law: The equation that describes conductive heat transfer through a material, where
energy transfer equals the product of thermal conductivity, area, and temperature difference.
Framing: The way in which the image is composed; that is, what details are included in the
image. Also called composition.
Fusion: See Latent Heat of Fusion
Glass filter: A filter used to restrict wavelengths to those emitted by or transmitted by glass.
Graybody: An object that radiates energy proportional to but less than a blackbody at the
same temperature.
Heat: Also known as thermal energy is energy transferred from regions of higher temperature
to areas of lower temperature when a material changes temperature.
Hertz: The SI unit of frequency defined as one cycle per second.
High Band pass filter: A filter which restricts transmission of wavelengths below a certain
point, while permitting those above that point to be transmitted.
High temperature filter: A filter used to restrict overall radiation allowing you to view or
measure higher temperatures.
20
IFOV: Instantaneous field of view or spatial resolution; the specification of a system detailing
the smallest area that can be accurately seen at a given instant.
IFOVmeas: Instantaneous field of view measurement or measurement resolution; the

specification of a system detailing the smallest area that can be accurately measured at a
given instant.
Isotherm: A software tool that allows for measurement of all areas of similar apparent
temperature, or radiosity, in the radiometric image. Typically the isotherm level and span can
be adjusted to display the information in a false color overlaying the thermal image.
Insulator, insulation: Loosely defined as a material that restricts the flow of heat, especially in
comparison with materials that conduct heat well (conductors).
Joules: The SI unit of energy and work.
Kelvin scale: A metric, absolute temperature scale commonly used in scientific work.
Kilocalories: One thousand calories. Commonly used for expressing the energy value of
foods. Symbol is Kcal or C.
Kirchhoff’s Law: For an opaque object radiant energy absorbed equals radiant energy
emitted.
Latent energy: Energy used to make or break the bonds of the state (solid, liquid, gas) of a
material.
Latent heat of fusion: The energy that used to create or break the bonds in the solid state of
a material.
Latent heat of vaporization: The energy that used to create or break the bonds in the
gaseous state of a material.
Level: The term used to describe the thermal level setting of the IR imager; level can generally
be adjusted higher or lower to improve or highlight a thermal image. Contrast with the terms
span and range.
Linearly: Changing at a rate determined by a simple multiplier; radiant energy changes at a

linear rate determined by the multiplying effect of the emissivity of the surface.
Long wave: Thermal radiation generally accepted to have wavelengths between 8-15mµ.
Low Band pass filter: A filter which restricts transmission of wavelengths above a certain
point, while permitting those below that point to be transmitted.
Minimum resolvable temperature difference: The smallest temperature difference that can
be distinguished by an operator of an infrared system. Also known as MRTD.
21
Micron: A millionth of a meter; also known as micrometer and represented by
the symbol µm.
Micrometer: A millionth of a meter; also known as micron and represented by the symbol µm.
MRTD: The smallest temperature difference that can be distinguished by an operator of an

infrared system. Also known as Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference.
Narcissus: The situation in which an infrared system sees its own detector in a reflective
surface, usually dramatically affecting the temperatures being viewed or displayed.
Natural convection: Convection occurring only due to changes in fluid density.
Newton’s Law of Cooling: The rate of heat transfer for a cooling object is proportional to the
temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.
Palette: The arrangement of colors or gray shades used to display the thermal levels. See
Saturation Palette and Stepped Palette.
Phase: The state of a material, either liquid, solid or gas.
Phase change: The process matter goes through when it changes from a solid to a liquid to a
gas.
Pixel: Picture element; the smallest detail of a picture.
Planck’s Curves: A set of curves that describe the relationships among the temperature of a
blackbody and the amount of energy it radiates as well as the distribution of the wavelengths of
that energy.
Plastic filter: A filter used to restrict wavelengths to those emitted by thin film plastic.
Psychometric Chart: A graph showing the relationships among, dew point, relative humidity,
and temperature for air.
Quasi-steady state heat flow: A thermal condition that is assumed to be steady state for the
purpose of analysis.
Qualitative: Thermal imaging without radiometric temperature measurement.
Quantitative: Radiometric temperature measurement.
Radiation: Particles or waves emitted from a material. In thermography radiation relates to

heat emitted from a surface.
Radiometric: Non-contact temperature measurement based on the thermal radiation emitted

by a surface.
22
Radiosity: All radiation coming from a surface including that which is emitted, reflected, or
transmitted.
Rankin scale: An non-metric, absolute temperature scale with degrees equivalent to the
Fahrenheit scale.
Range: The term used with many IR systems that describes the preset range of temperatures
that can be viewed and or measured; generally most systems offer several ranges allowing the
user to select the proper temperature range for the scene being viewed.
RAT Law: See Conservation of Energy Law.
Realbody: An object that radiates less energy than a blackbody at the same temperature but
emitted energy varies with wave length.
Relative scale: A temperature scale that compares temperatures to something other than
absolute zero, typically the boiling and freezing points of water. Fahrenheit and Celsius scales
are both relative.
Relative humidity: The amount of water vapor in a volume of air compared to that which it
would contain at the same temperature when saturated. For short wave sensing systems this
parameter is important so that atmospheric attenuation can be accounted for.
R-value: The measure of a materials thermal resistance. It is defined as the inverse of thermal
conductivity.
Saturated: Thermal data that is outside of the measurement span or range.
Saturation palette: A display palette that clearly shows when data is saturated, or out of the
active measurement span or range, by displaying it as a different color. The palette can thus
be easily used to show data that is above or below a certain threshold.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat cannot flow from a cooler object to a warmer one
unless additional work or energy is added. Also stated as heat cannot be totally changed into
mechanical work.
Secondary Lens Transmission Rate: A factor used to correct for a reduction in transmission
when a filter or other semi-transparent covering is added to the primary lens.
Short wave: Thermal radiation generally accepted to have wavelengths between 2-6mµ.
Slit Response Function (SRF): A test used to determine spatial and measurement resolution
for infrared systems.
Solar filter: A filter used to reduce the effects of the short wavelengths emitted by the sun
which cause solar glint or reflections.
23
Span: The term used to describe the adjustable band of temperatures being viewed or
measured. Contrast with the terms Level or Range.
Spatial resolution: A measure of the ability of an infrared system to see detail, usually
specified by its IFOV or instantaneous field of view.
Specific heat: The amount of heat required to raise a unit mass of a given substance by a unit
temperature.
Specular reflector: A surface that reflects radiation at an angle equal to the angle of
incidence; a ‘mirror’ image.
Spot: A software tool that allows for measurement of a spot in the radiometric image. Usually
the temperature of this spot represents the average temperature of a very small number of
pixels.
Stack effect: The phenomenon, related to natural convection, in which air moves in response
to changes in building height.
State change: See Phase Change.
Steady State Heat Flow: A hypothetical thermal condition where temperature difference
across a material or system are unchanging.
Stefan-Boltzmann constant: 0.1714 x 10-8 Btu/hr • ft2 (5.7 x 10 -8 watt meter -1 kelvin -4).
Stefan-Boltzmann Law: Total energy radiated by a blackbody surface is proportional to its

absolute temperature to the fourth power.
Stepped palette: A display palette that has clear delineations between colors or shades of
gray as opposed to a continuous palette. When using a stepped palettes each separate color
or shade of gray represents a discrete temperature band.
System parameters: Corrections that can be made in the system software, such as distance
to object and relative humidity, that improve the accuracy of the radiometric measurement.
Temperature: The relative measure of hotness or coldness of a material or substance.
Thermal background: See Background.
Thermal Capacitance: The ability of a material to store thermal energy. It is defined as the
amount to heat required to raise the temperature of one cubic foot of material one degree
Fahrenheit. It is arrived at by multiplying a materials specific heat times its density.
Thermal Conductivity: The symbol for thermal conductivity is ‘k’. It is the measure of a
materials ability to conduct thermal energy. It is defined as the rate at which heat flows through
a material of unit area and thickness, with a temperature gradient over a unit of time. In U.S.
24
units it is the amount of heat that flows through one square foot of material that is one inch
thick, induced by a 1°F temperature difference in one hour.
Thermal Diffusivity: The rate at which heat energy moves throughout the volume of an
object. It is the ratio of the thermal conductivity to the thermal capacitance of the material.
Thermal Foreground: The area beyond the target, particularly those objects that transmit
energy to the system through a semi-transparent target. See Foreground.
Thermal Resistance: The inverse of thermal conductivity. It is the measure of a materials

ability to resist the flow of thermal energy. See R-value.
Thermodynamics: The study of energy, how it changes and how it relates to the states of
matter.
Transient heat flow: A thermal condition where the heat flow through a material or system is
changing over time.
Transparent filter: A highly transparent filter used to protect the primary lens from damage.
Vaporization: See Latent Heat of Vaporization.
Wien’s Displacement Law: The law that describes the relationship between the temperature
of a black body and the peak wavelength of radiation it gives off. At higher temperatures there
is a displacement to shorter wavelengths. The Law is stated as b/T = µm where b is Wien’s
Constant (5215.6), T is the blackbody absolute temperature (R) and µm is the peak
wavelength. SI value is 2897 for K.
Wien’s Displacement Constant: The value, 5215.6 (2897), determined by Wien to quantify
the relationship between the temperature of a black body and the peak wavelength of radiation
it gives off.
8-bit system: An infrared system capable of storing data that can be divided into 256 thermal
levels.
12-bit system: An infrared system capable of storing data that can be divided into 4096
thermal levels.
14-bit system: An infrared system capable of storing data that can be divided into 16,384
thermal levels.
25
SAMPLE THERMAL INSPECTION SERVICES AGREEMENT
The address of the building is:__________________________________________________________ . THIS

AGREEMENT is made on ______________________ by and between this company (Hereinafter “INSPECTOR)
and the undersigned (hereinafter “CLIENT”). The Parties Understand and Agree as follows:
Scope of Infrared Moisture Survey

If this service was purchased we will perform a non-invasive infrared survey of the readily accessible walls,
ceilings, and floors. Specifically, we will observe and document using natural and infrared photography areas
requiring further investigation. All findings should be confirmed by specialists. Infrared technology measures
surface temperature only; window, floor and wall coverings may prevent accurate
assessment of these areas. We do not remove floor and wall coverings or move furniture, open walls or perform
any type of destructive inspection. This infrared survey is not a mold survey. Infrared surveys can be used to find
moisture which is a necessary element for mold growth to occur but will not directly detect the presence of mold.
Scope of Infrared Electrical Survey

If this service was purchased we will perform an infrared survey of the readily accessible electrical service panels.
We will observe a representative number of wall switches and outlets. We will observe and document using
natural and infrared photography areas requiring further investigation. All findings should be confirmed by
specialists. Infrared technology measures surface temperature only; if panel covers are not removed for safety
reasons or other these areas are not consider readily accessible.
Scope of Infrared Insulation and HVAC Survey

If this service was purchased we will perform a non-invasive infrared survey of the readily accessible walls and
ceilings. A survey of floor insulation cannot be effectively performed using IR. We will observe HVAC flues and
chimneys from the interior for proper clearance from combustible materials. We will observe the return air
temperature versus the supply temperature and document its range as acceptable or requiring further
investigation. Specifically, we will observe and document using natural and infrared photography areas requiring
further investigation. All findings should be confirmed by specialists. Infrared technology measures surface
temperature only; window, floor and wall coverings may prevent accurate assessment of these areas. We do not
remove floor and wall coverings or move furniture, open walls
or perform any type of destructive inspection.
What defects will/will not be uncovered by a infrared/thermographic camera?

Infrared cameras can detect wet and dry areas by the surface temperature, detecting hidden moisture problems
that can destroy structural integrity and nurture mold. IR cameras can instantly find the ultimate source with little
or no physical disassembly of the premises and minimal disturbance of inhabitants. IR cameras can also assist in
locating areas of energy loss and electrical overloads through sensing surface temperature differences.
Thermal Imaging Camera. Limitations. The use of the thermal imaging camera has certain limitations. It does
not detect all moisture related conditions behind concealed surfaces. Specifically, it detects differences in heat on
the surface of most building materials (floor coverings, sheetrock, wood paneling, lumber, ect.). As building
materials heat up and cool down, dryer materials change at a different rate than wet materials. This creates a
difference in surface temperature and will be rendered on the camera an area of concern, requiring further
investigation. Furniture, certain floor coverings, personal storage items, or any materials obscuring the surfaces of
the building (interior or exterior) will inhibit the visibility of the camera and limit the diagnostic use of this device.
The use of this device does not CONSTITUTE A WARRANTY, AN INSURANCE POLICY, OR A GUARANTEE
OF ANY KIND THAT MOISTURE DOES OR DOES NOT EXIST IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS; NOR DOES IT
SUBSTITUTE FOR ANY DISCLOSURE STATEMENT AS MAY BE REQUIRED BY LAW.
Notice of Claims. You understand and agree that any claim(s) or complaint(s) arising out of or related to any
alleged act or omission in connection with the Inspection shall be reported to us, in writing, within ten (10)
business days of discovery. Unless there is an emergency condition, you agree to allow us a reasonable period of
time to investigate the claim(s) or complaint(s) by, among other things, re-inspection before you, or anyone acting
26
on your behalf, repairs, replaces, alters or modifies the system or component that is the subject matter of the
claim. You understand and agree that any failure to timely notify us and allow adequate time to investigate
as stated above shall constitute a complete bar and waiver of any and all claims you may have against us
related to the alleged act or omission unless otherwise prohibited by law.
Arbitration. Any dispute concerning the interpretation of this Agreement or arising from the Inspection and Report
(unless based on payment of fee) shall be resolved by binding, non-appealable arbitration conducted in
accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association, except that the parties shall mutually agree
upon an Arbitrator who is familiar with the home inspection industry.
Limitations Period. Any legal action arising from this Agreement or from the Inspection and Report, including
(but not limited to) the arbitration proceeding more specifically described above, must be commenced within one
(1) year from the date of the Inspection. Failure to bring such an action within this time period shall be a
complete bar to any such action and a full and complete waiver of any rights or claims based thereon.
This time limitation period may be shorter than provided by state law.
UNCONDITIONAL RELEASE AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. IT IS UNDERSTOOD AND AGREED THAT

THIS COMPANY IS NOT AN INSURER AND, THAT THE INSPECTION AND REPORT TO BE PROVIDED
UNDER THIS AGREEMENT SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUED AS A GUARANTEE OR WARRANTY OF THE
ADEQUACY, PERFORMANCE OR CONDITION OF ANY STRUCTURE, ITEM, OR SYSTEM AT THE SUBJECT
PROPERTY. YOU HEREBY RELEASE AND EXEMPT US, AND OUR RESPECTIVEAGENTS AND
EMPLOYEES OF AND FROM ALL LIABILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE COST OF REPAIRING OR
REPLACING ANY UNREPORTED DEFECT OR DEFICIENCY AND FOR ANY CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGE,
PROPERTY DAMAGE OR PERSONAL INJURY OF ANY NATURE. IN THE EVENT THAT WE, OR OUR
RESPECTIVE AGENTS OR EMPLOYEES ARE FOUND LIABLE DUE TO BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH
OF WARRANTY, NEGLIGENT MISREPRESENTATION, NEGLIGENT HIRING OR ANY OTHER THEORY OF
LIABILITY, THEN THE CUMULATIVE AGGREGATE TOTAL LIABILITY OF US, AND OUR RESPECTIVE
AGENTS AND EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIMITED TO A SUM EQUAL TO THE AMOUNT OF THE FEE PAID BY
YOUFOR THE INSPECTION AND REPORT.
Confidentiality. You understand that the Inspection is being performed (and the Report is being prepared) for
your sole, confidential and exclusive benefit and use. The Report, or any portion thereof, is not intended to benefit
any person not a party to this Agreement, including (but not limited to) the seller or the real estate agent(s)
involved in the real estate transaction (“third party”). If you directly or indirectly allow or cause the Report or any
portion thereof to be disclosed or distributed to any third party, you agree to indemnify, defend, and hold us
harmless for any claims or actions based on the Inspection or the Report brought by the third party.
By signing below, You acknowledge that You have read, understand, and agree to the terms and conditions of
this agreement, including (but not limited to) the limitation of liability, arbitration clause and limitation period, and
agree to pay the fee listed. You acknowledge and agree that the Inspector may notify the homeowner or
occupants of the Subject Property (if other than You), as well as any appropriate public agency, of any
condition(s) discovered that may pose a safety or health concern.
Client Name _____________________________________________ Service Fee_______________
___________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________ Client’s

Signature Date Company Name: Date:
27
SAMPLE THERMAL IMAGING AGREEMENT

Your final agreement form design should be reviewed by
a legal professional and should fully comply with any state laws.
INSPECTION COMPANY
STREET ADDRESS
CITY, STATE ZIP
(555) 555-5555
Property Address: ___________________________________________
Client(s): ___________________________________________
Inspection Date/Time: ___________________________________________

Attendance: Buyer – Buyers Agent – Seller – Listing Agent – Tenant
Other: __________________________________________
Please read and sign this Pre-Inspection Agreement, which becomes part of the final report. This
document explains the Scope of the Inspection, Limits of the Inspection, General Exclusions, Terms
and Conditions, Limitations of Liability, and an Arbitration Agreement. You may call us for an
explanation of this agreement or any aspect of the report, which you do not fully understand.
SCOPE OF INSPECTION
The purpose of the inspection is to measure the temperatures and temperature differences or variations
in the visible, safely accessible, and readily accessible areas of the home. A thermal inspection is a
non-invasive inspection using a thermal digital imaging camera. The purpose of the inspection is to
report temperature differences and to identify areas with defects in the inspected systems and
components which existed at the time of the inspection and which are evident to the inspector through
thermal imaging observation. Minor and cosmetic defects may be listed in the report for maintenance
purposes but it is not the intent, nor will the inspection report identify and list all minor and cosmetic
defects.
The client is encouraged to accompany the inspector during the inspection. Client participation shall be
at the client’s risk for personal injury or damage to person or property for any reason or from any cause.
The inspection and report are performed and prepared for the sole, confidential and exclusive use and
possession of the client(s). The inspection report is not transferable.
Systems and components to be inspected include (but are not limited to): Areas where temperatures
are consistent with the presence of moisture including roofing, plumbing, bathrooms and kitchen,
basement and crawlspaces and/or a survey that includes evaluation for areas where temperatures are
consistent with missing, non-uniformly distributed, marginal, or wet thermal insulation as well as an
evaluation of the overall building envelope including air infiltration and heating and cooling losses from
HVAC systems and/or areas where temperatures are consistent with the overheating of electrical
related components.
28
LIMITS OF THE INSPECTION

The inspection is limited to non-invasive infrared thermal imaging to measure the surface temperature
and the temperature variations of the visible, safely accessible, and readily accessible portions of the
home.
The inspector will not

dismantle and/or move equipment, systems, furniture, appliances, floor coverings, finished or fastened
surfaces or components, personal property or other items to conduct this inspection or otherwise to
expose concealed or inaccessible conditions. The inspection will not include destructive testing of any
kind.
GENERAL EXCLUSIONS:
The following conditions are NOT within the scope of the inspection:
Water or air quality, Presence of toxic or carcinogenic matter emitted from the ground, building
materials, in water or air supply or from the operation of any equipment. Including but not limited to
Radon gas. Items that are obstructed, inaccessible or not in plain view. Mold or mold type.
Animal or insect infestations. Examples of the conditions excluded above include the presence or
absence of asbestos, lead paint, radon, urea formaldehyde insulation, or termite/pest infestation. It is
the responsibility of the client to conduct further inspection by qualified consultants to disclose the
presence of these contaminants and the means of remediation. The following components or
systems are NOT within the scope of the inspection: security systems; appliances; playground
equipment; swimming pools; hot tubs/spas; lawn sprinkler systems; intercom and audio systems;
antennas; central vacuums; solar systems; water softeners and filters; wells; septic systems; latent
defects; adequacy of system designs; zoning or building code compliance.
THE INSPECTION AND REPORT ARE NOT A GUARANTEE OR WARRANTY

that the items inspected are defect-free, or that concealed defects do not or will not exist. Problems
may exist even though signs of such may not be present during the inspection or may not be readily
detectable using thermal imaging.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS are outlined in the Pre-Inspection Agreement that is a part of this
document.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I, the undersigned, have carefully read the preceding Inspection Agreement and Description and fully
understand and agree with the limitations, exclusions and terms described.
NOTE: Although Infrared Thermal Imaging is a far better diagnostic tool than the naked eye, it does not
guarantee 100% accuracy, disassembly or destructive testing of components can be used to validate
findings. When possible, other tools are used to verify
Thermal Images, but even with these considerations we do not claim to have x-ray vision. Conditions
may change and cause the temperature readings revealed on Thermal Images to be different at any
given time.
Client Signature: _______________________________________________ Date _______________
29
THERMAL IMAGING / INSULATION INSPECTION AGREEMENT

Your final agreement form design should be reviewed by a lawyer
INSPECTION COMPANY
STREET ADDRESS
CITY, STATE ZIP
(555) 555-5555
Property Address: ___________________________________________
Client(s): ___________________________________________
Inspection Date/Time: ___________________________________________

Attendance: Buyer – Buyers Agent – Seller – Listing Agent – Tenant
Other: __________________________________________
Thermal imaging / Insulation Inspection provides important information relating to areas of a building or
building envelope relating to thermal insulation / ventilation. Thermal Imaging detects extremely small but
important differences in temperature from one area of a building to another. These temperature variations
show up on the camera’s display as “cold” or “hot” spots, which reveal problems that often cannot be detected
in the course of a traditional visual inspection.
Thermal images can reveal problems regarding moisture intrusion (may aid mold, decay, and termites),
deficient / missing insulation, air-intrusion, structural issues, foundation cracks, and other conditions that may
be evident to an infrared camera.
(NOTE: Even with thermal imaging and our advanced methods, it is not possible to find every possible defect.
Thermal imaging is a far better diagnostic tool than the naked eye, it does not guarantee 100% accuracy,
unless removal or destruction of components can be achieved to validate findings. When possible, other tools
are used to verify thermal images, but even with these considerations we do not claim to have x-ray vision.
Conditions may change and cause the apparent temperatures revealed on thermal images to be different at
any given time. The minimum desired temperature difference between outside and inside air is 20 degrees.
Preparing for an Efficient Infrared Inspection.

It is important to obtain adequate temperature differentials (Delta T) between the outside and inside
temperatures. In order to obtain an ideal environment for infrared imaging, every window, door, and fireplace
flue is closed several hours before the infrared inspection is conducted. Please verify that the temperature
difference between outside and inside air is 12 – 20 degrees Fahrenheit for best results. You are welcome to
follow the inspector through the property during the inspection. Furniture, drapes, wall hangings, and other
objects should be moved away from walls and windows to allow for the most accurate thermal readings.
Home Owner: _____________________________________________________
Address: _____________________________________________________
Phone: _________________ Email: ______________________________
I have read, understand, and agree to the conditions above and agree to pay a fee of
$____________ x _______________________________
After the inspection is completed, we will compose a detailed infrared thermal inspection report for the
property. The report will include both thermal and digital images. Your report will detail the absolute
temperature measurements along with outlining the severity of the anomaly, possible causes of the
temperature differences, and remediation options if necessary.
30
Sample
Thermal Survey
Electrical and HVAC Systems
Property Address:
1234 Any Street
Any City, Any State
Prepared for:
Susan Simmons
Inspector:
John Smith
555-555-1212
31
Panel:
Underground Service Lateral Breaker
100 AMP
Type of Overcurrent Rating for Main Disconnect: Type Distribution Wire:

Protection:
100 AMP Copper
Breakers
Type of Wire Distribution Final Service Rating:

Method:
Final Service Rating: Meets or Exceeds
Non Metallic Sheathing
Minimum Standards
OBSERVATIONS
1.0 SERVICE PANELS

Observation
(1) ZINSCO/Sylvania PANEL. I observed a Zinsco/Sylvania panel for this building. These panels have
been the subject of controversy for many years. The charge against them is that they have a high failure
rate and breakers may not trip when overloaded which would be a fire hazard. This can only be investigated
by an electrician who will remove the breaker and check for discoloration and scorching on the bus
connection. RECOMMENDATION: RECOMMENDATION: REPAIR, REPLACE, SERVICING
1.0 Picture 1
(2) HIGHER THAN NORMAL OPERATING TEMP. I observed higher than normal operating temperatures
in the electrical panel (135 F). Given the observed discoloration on the wall it is recommended that this
panel be replaced. RECOMMENDATION: REPAIR, REPLACE, SERVICING
1.0 Picture 2
(3) DISCOLORATION ON WALL. I observed a discoloration on the wall opposite the electrical panel.
Given the higher than normal temperatures observed in the electrical panel with the Infrared scan and the
history associated with this manufacturer I recommend having the panel replaced. RECOMMENDATION:
REPAIR, REPLACE, SERVICING
1.0 Picture 3
1.0 Picture 4
1.1 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION: BREAKERS

Observation
(1) LOOSE BREAKER. MAIN PANEL. I observed one or more loose breakers. Loose breakers form a
poor electrical connection, which will generate resistance and ultimately heat. Heat, sparking, arching are
the leading causes for residential electrical fires. RECOMMENDATION: SAFETY ISSUE
1.1 Picture 1
(2) GFCI BREAKER NOT WORKING. One or more of the GFCI breakers in the service panel is not
functioning correctly when the test button is tripped. This indicates that the device is either defective or has
been incorrectly installed. Since GFCI life/safety devices meant to protect homeowners, I recommend
immediate investigation and correction by a licensed electrician. RECOMMENDATION: SAFETY ISSUE
1.1 Picture 2
1.2 ELECTRICAL RECEPTACLES (REPRESENTATIVE NUMBER)

Observation
(1) DAMAGED OUTLET. LOCATION: LIVING ROOM. I observed one damaged outlet (PLUG PRONG
BROKE OFF IN RECEPTACLE). All electrical conditions are safety concerns. This should be addressed by
a qualified electrician. RECOMMENDATION: SAFETY ISSUE
1.2 Picture 1 1.2 Picture 2

(2) NO POWER AT OUTLET (S). LOCATION: LIVING ROOM. I observed one or more outlets that were
not "live". This requires further inspection by a qualified specialist. RECOMMENDATION: FURTHER
INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR
1.2 Picture 3
LIMITATIONS OF THE ELECTRICAL INSPECTION
You should read this section carefully, as it outlines some limitations of our inspection. This information is vital to
your understanding of what we inspected and what we did not inspect.
Our evaluation of the building electrical system conforms to industry standards. As such, this is a visual
inspection limited in scope by (but not restricted to) the following conditions: Electrical components concealed
behind finished surfaces are not inspected, Only a representative sampling of outlets and light fixtures were
tested, Furniture and/or storage restricted access to some electrical components, which may not be inspected,
The inspection does not include remote control devices, alarm systems and components, low voltage wiring,
systems, and components, ancillary wiring, systems, and other components that are not part of the primary
electrical power distribution system.
The inspector shall inspect: The service line. The meter box. The main disconnect. And determine the service
amperage. Panels, breakers and fuses. The grounding. The bonding. A representative sampling of switches,
receptacles, light fixtures, and test all GFCI receptacles and GFCI circuit breakers observed and deemed to be
GFCI's during the inspection. And report the presence of solid conductor aluminum branch circuit wiring if readily
visible. And report on any GFCI-tested receptacles in which power is not present, polarity is incorrect, the
receptacle is not grounded, is not secured to the wall, the cover is not in place, the ground fault circuit interrupter
devices are not properly installed or do not operate properly, or evidence of arcing or excessive heat is
present. The service entrance conductors and the condition of their sheathing. The ground fault circuit
interrupters with a GFCI tester. And describe the amperage rating of the service. And report the absence of
smoke detectors but not the adequacy of the installed smoke detectors. Service entrance cables and report as in
need of repair deficiencies in the integrity of the insulation, drip loop, or separation of conductors at weather-
heads and clearances.
The inspector is not required to: Insert any tool, probe or device into the main or sub-panels. Operate electrical
systems that are shut down. Remove panel covers or dead front covers if not readily accessible. Operate over
current protection devices. Operate non-accessible smoke detectors. Measure or determine the amperage or
voltage of the main service if not visibly labeled. Inspect the alarm system and components. Inspect the ancillary
(1) HEATING SYSTEM STARTED AS EXPECTED. I operated the heating system using the normal controls
and it operated as expected.
(2) TEMPERATURE SPLITS ACCEPTABLE RANGE. Temperature readings at all delivery and return
registers were found to be within normal tolerances. RECOMMENDATION: NONE

(3) The installed furnace is a Day/Night Brand which is a different manufacturer than the referenced
manufacturer in a recent letter from the Santa Rosa Fire Department.
2.0 Picture 3
(4) GAS FLEX LINE THRU CABINET. The gas flex line for the furnace was run through the cabinet. This
is not a good practice as the flex line may be damaged by the metal cabinet, creating a perforation and
resulting gas leak. RECOMMENDATION: SAFETY ISSUE
2.0 Picture 4
(5) The furnace and gas piping was inspected and evaluated using a gas sniffer and no leaks were
detectable at the time of inspection.
2.1 FURNACES, COMBUSTION AIR

Observation
COMBUSTION AIR VENTILATION LOUVERED VENT. There are combustion appliances installed in the
utility closet. There are two louvered vent s visible. Louvered screens reduce the available amount of air
required for complete burning of the natural or LP gas. Inadequate combustion air could result in carbon
monoxide being distributed throughout the home. It is beyond the scope of a home inspection to quantify or
calculate combustion air requirements for a gas appliance. RECOMMENDATION: FURTHER
INVESTIGATION
2.1 Picture 1
2.2 HEATING, CHIMNEY AND FLUES

Observation
CLEARANCE TO COMBUSTIBLES. The furnace exhaust flue is too close to combustible materials. A
single-wall exhaust flue needs to have at least 6 in. of clearance to combustibles while a double-walled 'B'
vent needs a minimum of 1 inch. I recommend having this flue reconfigured correctly. The temperature was
measured in excess of 120 F on the drywall adjacent to the flue - this is beyond tolerances.
RECOMMENDATION: SAFETY ISSUE
2.2 Picture 1
2.2 Picture 2
2.3 HOT WATER SYSTEMS, GENERAL

Informational
The water heater was observed visually and with a natural gas sniffer. No accumulations of natural gas
were observed at the time of inspection.
LIMITATIONS OF THE HEATING INSPECTION
You should read this section carefully, as it outlines some limitations of our inspection. This information is vital to
your understanding of what we inspected and what we did not inspect.
We evaluate heating systems in accordance with state or industry standards, including identifying and testing
them and their components. However, there are a wide variety of heating and air-conditioning systems, which
range from newer high efficiency ones to older low efficiency ones. Also, there are an equally wide variety of
factors besides the climate that can affect their performance, ranging from the size of the house, the number of its
stories, its orientation to the sun, the type of its roofing material, its ventilation system, and the thermal value of its
insulation and window glazing. This is why our contract specifically disclaims the responsibility of evaluating the
overall efficiency of any system, because only a specialist can credibly do so.
You should also be aware that we do not evaluate or endorse any heating device that utilizes fossil fuels and is
not vented. The presence and use of these within a residence commonly indicates the inadequacy of the primary
heating system or its distribution. However, these and every other fuel burning device that is not vented are
potentially hazardous. Such appliances include open flames or heated elements, which are capable of igniting
any of the myriad flammable materials found in the average home. Also, even the most modern of these units can
produce carbon monoxide.
Sample
Thermal Survey
Moisture and Water Damage
Property Address:
1234 Any Street
Any City, Any State
Prepared for:
Susan Simmons
Inspector:
John Smith
555-555-1212
2. BUILDING ENVELOPE
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORT INFORMATION

2.0 Flashings
Comments: Finding
MISSING OR INCORRECT FLASHING. A missing or incorrectly installed roof flashing was noted. Flashings that are not
installed as intended may lead to water intrusion, damage to structural components and interior finishes.
RECOMMENDATION: REPAIR, REPLACE, SERVICING
2.0 Picture 1 2.0 Picture 2 2.0 Picture 3
2.0 Picture 4
2.0 Picture 5
3. INTERIORS
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORT INFORMATION

3.0 OBSERVATION
Comments: Finding
ELEVATED MOISTURE READING. LOCATION: Dining Room at the/on the CEILING. I observed an elevated moisture
reading on the surface at this location.
3.0 Picture 2
3.0 Picture 1
3.0 Picture 3
3.1 OBSERVATION
Comments: Finding
ELEVATED MOISTURE READING. LOCATION: Kitchen at the/on the CEILING. I observed an elevated moisture
3.2 OBSERVATION
Comments: Finding
ELEVATED MOISTURE READING. LOCATION: Office at the/on the UNDER THE WINDOW. I observed an elevated
moisture reading on the surface at this location.
3.3 OBSERVATION
Comments: Finding
ELEVATED MOISTURE READING. LOCATION: Half Bath at the/on the CEILING. I observed an elevated moisture
3.4 OBSERVATION
Comments: Finding
ELEVATED MOISTURE READING. LOCATION: Kitchen at the/on the CEILING. I observed an elevated moisture
3.5 OBSERVATION
Comments: Finding
ELEVATED MOISTURE READING. LOCATION: Bedroom at the/on the WALL AROUND THE WINDOW. I observed an
elevated moisture reading on the surface at this location.

NOTES
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Infrared Asnt Level 1 Course Manual

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Infrared Asnt Level 1 Course Manual

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ASNT LEVEL 1

©PITI – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Course Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 2

Contact Information and Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 3

Certification Statement / Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 5

How to Use This Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 6

Lesson Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 7

Infrared Primer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 10

Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 17

Sample Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 26

Sample Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 31

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Published and Distributed by

Robb Graham, Director

FACULTY CONTACT INFORMATION:

PROFESSIONAL INFRARED Telephone:

Mailing Address: Email:

STUDENT MATERIALS REQUIRED:

LIBRARY AND RESOURCE INFORMATION:

DEADLINES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:

CONTACT INFORMATION AND POLICIES Continued

REGISTRATION AND WITHDRAWAL:

FEES AND REFUNDS:

TECHNOLOGICAL SUPPORT SERVICES:

COMPLETION AND ASSIGNMENT TIME LINES:

I, __________________certify that I have personally completed each assigned module of

PLEASE RETURN THIS FORM USING ONE OF THE FOLLOWING METHODS:

By Mail: PHII, P.O. Box 303, Madison, SD 57042 By Email: support@professionaltrainingservice.com

COURSE EVALUATION FORM

1. Did you find the content of this distance course to be up-to-date?

2. Was the course well organized?

4. How would you rate the level of this course?

6. Were the instructional methods effective and up-to-date on the subject?

Additional Comments ___________________________________________________________________

HOW TO USE THE COURSE

Each lesson objective corresponds to a standard of practice established by the American

Lesson 2: Heat Transfer

Lesson 3: Radiosity Concepts

Lesson 4: Infrared Devices

□ Identify three ways infrared cameras have changed

Lesson 5: IR Camera Operation

Lesson 6: Infrared Applications

THERMAL INFRARED PRIMER

History of Infrared Technology

The figure at right shows two images of three metal

Electromagnetic radiation is categorized by wavelength or frequency. Broadcast radio stations

The figures on the right illustrate this point. Two

2. “Emissivity measurement and temperature correction accuracy considerations”; Robert P.

3. “Environmental influences on IR thermography surveys”; Robert P. Madding and Bernard R.

4. “Guidelines to thermographic inspection of electrical problems”; Thomas Perch-Nielsen and

GLOSSARY OF THERMOGRAPHY TERMS

Characterize: To understand. Specifically to understand the response of an infrared system,

Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity: See Thermal Conductivity

Electromagnetic spectrum: The range of electromagnetic radiation of varying wavelengths

Exponentially: Changing at a rate determined by an exponent; energy radiating from a

Foreground: The area beyond the target.

Film coefficient: See Boundary Layer.

First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy in a closed system is constant, it can’t be created or

Fusion: See Latent Heat of Fusion

Hertz: The SI unit of frequency defined as one cycle per second.

IFOVmeas: Instantaneous field of view measurement or measurement resolution; the

Joules: The SI unit of energy and work.

Linearly: Changing at a rate determined by a simple multiplier; radiant energy changes at a

MRTD: The smallest temperature difference that can be distinguished by an operator of an

Natural convection: Convection occurring only due to changes in fluid density.

Client Name _______________________________ Service Fee_

_________ _ ___ Client’s

Client Signature: _________________________________ Date _

Phone: _ Email: ______________