1.

Differentiate the carcass of a normally bled pig with that of a double dead pig
(3 marks).

PARAMETER CARCASS OF NORMALLY CARCASS OF DOUBLE

BLED PIG DEAD PIG

Color

Odor

Texture

2. Differentiate cellulitis and abscess (3 marks).

PARAMETER CELLULITIS ABSCESS

Causes

Affected area

Clinical sign

Lesion

3. What are the changes in the heart that would indicate that the death of the
animal is recent or been long? (2 marks).

4. Can pig be susceptible to heat stroke even in cold weather? Elaborate (2

marks).
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5. Differentiate malignant hyperthermia from heat stroke (6 marks).

PARAMETER MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA HEAT STROKE

Cause/problem

Clinical signs

Lesions

Carcass quality

6. Pulmonary edema and congestion are common post-mortem findings.

Discuss the nature of their presence (4 marks).

POST-MORTEM FINDING NATURE OF THEIR PRESENCE

Pulmonary edema  Excess fluid accumulation in the lungs;

resulting to difficulty of breathing (Brazier,
2021).
 Generated by a bacterial enterotoxin
(verotoxin) produced in the small intestine and
disseminated via the bloodstream by inducing
IL-8 (Gelberg, 2017).
 Proteases, in combination with oxidants, can
kill alveolar type 1 cells and perforate the
epithelial-interstitial and interstitial-endothelial
barriers in the lungs (Lucas, et al., 2020)
 Exotoxin Y disrupts the pulmonary barrier by
causing epithelial and endothelial cell death
leading to pulmonary edema (Lucas, et al.
2020)
 Listeriolysin O promotes the establishment of
pulmonary edema by at least two
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mechanisms: capillary leak and impaired liquid

clearance (Lucas, et al., 2020).
Congestion  Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies have
been linked to necrosis foci in lungs and liver
inducing pulmonary congestion (Brockmeier,
Halbur, & Thacker, 2002).
 Primary infections are worsened by
opportunistic germs, it leads to more serious
and persistent respiratory disease and
congestion. Porcine reproductive and
respiratory syndrome virus, swine influenza
virus and pseudorabies virus (Brockmeier,
Halbur, & Thacker, 2002).

7. Differentiate Mycoplasma pneumonia, Pleuropneumonia and Pasteurellosis.

Provide pictures (6 marks).

PARAMETER MYCOPLASMA PLEUROPNEUMONIA PASTEURELLOSIS

PNEUMONIA

Causative agent

Location of
lesion

Color of lesion

Clinical signs

Transmission

8. Differentiate Hog cholera, Salmonella and Erysipelas (6 marks).

PARAMETER HOG CHOLERA SALMONELLA ERYSIPELAS

(The Merck (The Merck (The Merck
Veterinary Manual, Veterinary Manual, Veterinary Manual,
 4

2016) 2016) 2016)

Causative agent  Pestivirus  Salmonella  Erysipelothrix
Choleraesuis rhusiopathiae
kunzendorf
Location of lesion  Skin and Ears  Ileum and  Skin
 Lower Colon  Joints
Abdomen  Mesenteric  Heart
 Extremities lymph nodes

Color of lesion  Purple  Yellow round  Purple

discoloration ulcers in the  Pink
colon, yellow
liquid feces
 Red
edematous
lymph nodes
Clinical signs  Fever  Inflamed,  Generalized
 Hemorrhages thickened cyanosis of
and cyanosis ileum and the Skin
 Ataxia colon  Rhomboid
 Purple  Necrotic urticaria
discoloration debris on lesions
(Skin) mucosal  Enlarges
 High fever surface joints and
 Diarrhea  Mesenteric lameness
lymph nodes  Vegetative
are enlarged, valvular
edematous endocarditis
and red  Discoloration
 Yellow liquid of skin, snout
feces with and abdomen
necrotic
debris

9. Differentiate Chronic ileitis, Swine dysentery, Colibacillosis and Salmonellosis (6

marks).

PARAMETER CHRONIC SWINE COLIBACILLOSIS SALMONELLOSIS

ILEITIS DYSENTERY
Causative
agent
Site of lesion
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Color of feces

Observed
appearance

Clinical signs

10. Give the clinical signs and gross lesions of Mulberry heart disease (2 marks).

CLINICAL SIGN GROSS LESION

11. Give the clinical signs and gross lesions of Atrophic rhinitis (2 marks).

CLINICAL SIGN GROSS LESION

12. Give the clinical signs and gross lesions of swine influenza (4 marks).

CLINICAL SIGN GROSS LESION

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CLINICAL SYMPTOM IN MAN

13. Give the clinical signs and gross lesions of Ebola virus infection in pigs (4 marks).

CLINICAL SIGN GROSS LESION

CLINICAL SYMPTOM IN MAN

References - minimum of 5 (10 marks)

Brazier, Y. (2021). Everything You Need to Know About Edema. Medical News Today.
Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/159111

Brockmeier, S., Halbur, P., & Thacker, E. (2002). Polymicrobial Diseases: Porcine
Respiratory Disease Complex. Washington (DC): ASM Press. Pp 231.

Gelberg, H. (2017). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease. 7th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Pp 324-411.

Lucas, et al. (2020). Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs. Toxins (Basel). 12 (4).
223. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7232160/