QUICE REVIEW INC.

Room 608-610 Dona Amparo Bldg.,

G. Tolentino St. corner Espana Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila

LEACHING: The plant leaches 50 MT of rock salt per day using

1. A unit operation in which a soluble component is 50 MT of water.
removed from an inert solid by a solvent which 11. The quantity of soluble salts recovered in MT/day
preferentially dissolves the soluble matter is is
known as a. 12.1 c. 13.1
a. adsorption c. leaching b. 14 d. 11.2
b. solvent extraction d. sedimentation 12. The composition of salt in weight percent in the
2. Which of the following is the most commonly used final underflow is
leaching solvent in vegetable oil industry? a. 0.89% c. 0.98%
a. phenol c. furfural b. 0.78% d. 0.68%
b. hexane d. liquid SO2 13. A slurry of flaked soybeans weighing 100 kg
3. Which of the following does not involve leaching? contains 75 kg inert solids and 25 kg of solution
a. dissolving gold from ores with 10 wt% oil and 90 wt% solvent hexane. The
b. dissolving pharmaceutical products from bark slurry is contacted with 100 kg pure hexane in a
or roots single stage so that the value of retention for the
c. dissolving sugar from the cells of the beet outlet underflow is 1.5 kg of insoluble solid per kg
d. removing nicotine from its water solution by solvent in the adhering solution. The composition
kerosene of underflow leaving the extraction stage in
4. In case of constant underflow extraction percent by weight oil is
operation, the _ at all solute concentration. a. 1.5 b. 2.3
a. solids are drained to the same extent
b. ratio of the insoluble to solution is constant c. 0.3 d. 0.8
c. both (a) and (b)
d. neither (a) nor (b)
5. With increase in temperature, the leaching rate 14. Seeds, containing 20% by mass of oil, are
increases because of the extracted in a counter current plant, and 90% of
a. increased diffusivity. the oil is recovered in a solution containing 50%
b. decreased viscosity of liquid. by mass of oil. If the seeds are extracted with
c. both (a) and (b) fresh solvent and 1 kg of solution is removed in
d. neither (a) nor (b) the underflow in association with every 2 kg of
6. Leaching of sugar from sugar beets is done using insoluble matter, how many ideal stages are
a. hot water c. dilute H2SO4 required?
b. hexane d. lime water a. 5 c. 7
7. The metal that is usually extracted from sea water b. 3 d. 2
is 15. Powdered limestone (CaCO3) containing 10000
a. Calcium c. Potassium ppm NaOH is to be washed in a two-step
b. Sodium d. Magnesium continuous counter current washing system to
8. The unit operation by which soluble components remove most of the NaOH. Two cells and 100000 L
of a liquid mixture are dissolved in a liquid of water per 10 MT/day of limestone fed are used.
immiscible with the insoluble component is The slurry discharged and removed from the
underflow contains 0.091 MT of water per MT
a. absorption c. leaching CaCO3. Assuming complete mixing and washing,
the NaOH content of the washed and dried
b. adsorption d. solvent extraction limestone in ppm is
a. 0.6 c. 0.8

9. Tea percolation employs b. 0.5 d. 0.4

a. liquid-liquid extraction c. absorption For numbers 17 to 18:
b. leaching d. adsorption A counter current multiple contact extraction
10. In a determination of the solution retention data, system is to treat 50 tons/hr of wet beets with
the mass fraction of the solute in the extract was fresh water as the solvent. The beets have the
determined to be 0.6. The corresponding following analysis:
underflow analysis showed retention of 0.6 kg Components Mass fraction
solvent per kg of inert solid. The mass fraction of water 0.48
solute in the underflow is most likely pulp 0.40
a. 0.600 c. 0.360 sugar 0.12
b. 0.225 d. 0.375 The strong solution leaving the system is to
For numbers 12 to 13: contain 0.15 mass fraction sugar, 97% of the
In a salt recovery plant, rock salt is being leached sugar in the sliced beets is to be recovered.
to produce industrial salt in a continuous counter Determine the number of extraction cells required,
current system consisting of two ideal stages assuming equilibrium between the underflow and
using water as leaching medium. the average overflow in each cell.
composition of the rock salt is: inerts = 70%, 16. If each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of solution.
soluble salts = 25%, moisture = 5%, all a. 16 c. 14
percentage by weight. The underflow from each
stage contains 0.3 kg of solution per kg of inerts. b. 15 d. 10
17. If each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of water.

a. 16 c. 14
b. 15 d. 10
18. Roasted copper containing the ore as CuSO 4
is to be extracted in a countercurrent stage
extractor. Each hour, a charge consisting of
10 tons gangue, 1.2 tons CuSO 4 and 0.5 ton
water is to be treated. The strong solution
produced is to consist of 90% water and 10%
CuSO4 by weight. The recovery of CuSO 4 is to
be 98% of that in the ore. Pure water is to be
used as fresh solvent. After each stage, one
ton of inert gangue retained 2 tons water plus
the copper sulfate dissolved in that water.
Equilibrium is attained in each stage. The
number of stages required is
a. 12 c. 10
b. 8 d. 14
19. Tung meal containing 55% oil is to be
extracted at a rate of 4000 kg/hr using n-
hexane containing 5% wt oil as solvent. A
counter current multiple stage extraction
system is to be used. The meal retains 2 kg
solvent per kg of oil free meal while the
residual charge contains 0.11 kg per oil free
meal while the product is composed of 15
weight percent of oil. The theoretical number
of stages is
a. 4 c. 3
b. 5 d. 6
20. The orebody of the Union Miniere du Haut-
Katanga in the Belgian Congo is composed of
malachite (CuCO3 Cu(OH)2) and gangue.
Copper is extracted by crushing the ore to -20
mesh, agitating with a dilute solution of
sulfuric acid, followed by multiple-contact
countercurrent washing to wash the gangue
free of the copper-bearing solution. The rich
solution from the washing system is treated
for removal of dissolved iron and aluminum
and then sent to the electrolytic cells for
precipitation of the copper. The dilute acid
solution from the cells is recycled to the
agitators for treatment of more raw ore.
The counter current washing operation uses
Dorr thickeners for the recovery of the rich
solution. The slurry from the agitators, with
the copper in the solution as copper sulphate,
is fed to the thickeners at the rate of 300 tons
per hour.
According to operating records, the underflow
from each thickener retains 1.22 tons of
solution per ton of gangue, and the streams
have the following compositions in mass
percent.
Underflow
Feed to Strong
Leaving
Thickener, Solution,
System,
% %
mass %
CuSO4 6.10 6.69 1.0
Gangue 14.92 --- 99.0
page 2
Water 78.98 93.31
Determine the number of equilibrium stages.
a. 4 c. 1
b. 6 d. 8
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
1. Cod liver oil is obtained from crushed livers by
extraction with an organic solvent. A sample
that contains 0.335 kg of oil per each kg of
exhausted liver is fed into a multistage
extractor that operates under countercurrent,
where pure organic solvent is employed. It is
desired to recover 90% of the oil in the final
overflow, with a composition 60% in weight of
oil. If retention of the solution is 2 kg per each
3.2 kg of insoluble solids, calculate the
number of ideal stages required to carry out
the desired extraction. Calculations are made
assuming that 100 kg of food is introduced
into the extractor.
ANSWER: 6
2. A multiple contact extraction system is to
treat 1.25 tons (2500 lbs) per hour of dry
black ash containing 40% Na2CO3 and 60%
insoluble matter with 30 gpm of water. If 5%
of the Na2CO3 remains unextracted, calculate
the number of ideal stages by the absorption
factor method. The mass ratio of insoluble
matter to solvent in the underflow from the
stage is 1:2. The number of ideal stages
required is
ANSWER: 2
3. Tung meal containing 55 mass% oil is to be
extracted at a rate of 4000 lb per hour using
6000 lb per hour of n-hexane, containing 5
mass% oil, as the solvent. A counter-current
multiple-stage extraction system which is
equivalent to two ideal stages is to be
employed. the meal will retain 1 lb of solution
per pound of oil-free meal. the overflow will be
a mixture of solution and fine meal particles
with an estimated ratio of 0.05 lb of solids per
lb of solution. Determine the % recovery of the
oil under the above conditions.
ANSWER: 92%
SOLVENT EXTRACTION:
1. Acetic acid will be most economically
separated from a dilute solution of acetic acid
in water by
a. solvent extraction c. continuous
distillation
b. evaporation d. absorption
2. Liquid-liquid extraction is based on the
differences in
a. solubility c. partial pressure
b. specific volume d. viscosity
3. In liquid extraction, if the selectivity is unity,
then
a. separation of the constituents is the most
effective.
b. no separation will occur.
c. amount of solvent required will be
minimum.
 page 3

d. solvent flow rate should be very low. in the two phases. For the distribution of
4. Heats sensitive materials with very high nicotine between kerosene and water, K=Y*/X
latent heat of vaporization may be = (kg nicotine/kg kerosene in extract) / (kg
economically separated using nicotine/kg water in raffinate) =0.90.
a. liquid extraction c. evaporation 9. Determine the percentage extraction of
b. distillation d. absorption nicotine if 100 kg of feed solution is extracted
5. In a single extraction process, 10 kg of pure once with 150 kg of solvent.
solvent S is mixed with 30 kg of feed F a. 43% c. 68%
containing A at a mass fraction x F = 0.2. The b. 71% d. 57%
mixture splits into an extract phase E and a 10. Repeat for three ideal extractions using 50 kg
raffinate phase R, containing A at xE = 0.50 solvent each.
and xR = 0.05 respectively. Calculate the total a. 43% c. 68%
mass of the extract phase in kg. b. 71% d. 57%
a. 8.89 c. 2.45 11. The distribution coefficient of solute A
b. 1.11 d. 5.73 between solvents B and S is given by Y = 3X
6. The distribution coefficient of solute A where Y and X are mass ratios of A to solvent
between solvents B and S is given by Y = in extract and in raffinate, respectively. B and
2.5X where Y = mass fraction of A / mass of S S are mutually insoluble to each other. One
in extract and X = mass fraction of A / mass hundred kg of a 30% solution of A and B is to
fraction of B in raffinate. S and B are mutually be successively treated in two batch contacts
immiscible. A solution containing 25% A in B with 60 kg of solvent each time. The overall
is to be extracted in a single stage contact percent recovery of A is very nearly
with a recovery of 80%. The amount of S in kg a. 89.9 c. 96.5
required per 100 kg of solution is nearly b. 92.16 d. 100
a. 100 c. 120 For numbers 12 to 13:
b. 150 d. 200 It is desired to extract acetone from a feed
containing acetone and water using
chloroform as solvent in two cross current
extraction stages as shown below.
7. In a liquid-liquid extraction, 10 kg of a
solution containing 2 kg of solute C and 8 kg 4 6
Solvent Solvent
of solvent A is brought into contact with 10 kg
of solvent B. Solvent A and B are completely 2 3
1 Stage Stage
immiscible in each other whereas solute C is I II
soluble in both the solvents. The extraction Feed Product
process attains equilibrium. The equilibrium
relationship between the two phases is Y * = 5 7
0.9X, where Y* is the kg of C/kg of B and X is Assumed that the water and chloroform are
kg of C/kg of A. Choose the correct answer. immiscible. The following data are given for
a. the entire amount of C is transferred to the process:
solvent  The feed is an equimolar mixture of
b. less than 2 kg but more than 1 kg is acetone and water.
transferred to solvent B  The quantities of chloroform used in the
c. less than 1 kg of C is transferred to B two stages are equal.
d. no amount of C is transferred to B  60 mole % of the acetone in the feed is
8. Separation processes depends on the extracted in stage 1.
differences in a particular property of the  The extract and raffinate phases existing
components of the mixture. For fractional from each stage are in equilibrium.
distillation, it is the difference in 1)__________ ,  The equilibrium relation for the
for gas absorption, it is the difference in the distribution of acetone is given by (moles
2)__________ in a selective adsorbent and for of acetone in water rich phase / moles of
liquid-liquid extraction it is based on the water in water rich phase) = 2 (moles of
3)_______ of a particular component in an acetone in chloroform rich phase / moles
immiscible solvent . of chloroform in chloroform rich phase)
a. 1) volatility 2) solubility 3) solubility 12. Determine the quantity of chloroform used in
b. 1) selectivity 2) diffusibility 3) volatility each stage per mole of feed.
c. 1) volatility 2) diffusibility 3) solubility a. 2.3 c. 2.0
d. 1) selectivity 2) volatility 3) solubility b. 1.5 d. 1.7
For numbers 9 to 10:
Nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene from
a water solution containing 1% nicotine at 20 13. What is the mole fraction of acetone in final
0
C. Water and kerosene are essentially product stream?
immiscible. The equilibrium distribution of a a. 0.12 c. 0.10
solute between immiscible solvents is b. 0.08 d. 0.14
expressed by the distribution coefficient K, For numbers 14 to 16:
which is the ratio of the solute concentrations

Benzoic acid is 9 times more soluble in water.
The percent benzoic acid that will remain
from a water solution of benzoic acid is
14. Equal quantity of chloroform and water is
used is
a. 10% c. 15%
b. 20% d. 30%
15. Twice as much as chloroform as water is used
a. 2.6% c. 3.5%
b. 5.3% d. 6.0%
16. If extraction as in Problem 13 were followed
by an extraction as in Problem 14 is
a. 0.53% c. 0.63%
b. 0.35% d. 0.73%
17. An aqueous solution containing 1.5 K mole X/
m3 is fed at 36 ml/s to the top of pat column
of height 1.60 m and cross sectional area of
0.0045 m2 and it leaves at the bottom with
1.4 kmole/m3. An organic solvent, B,
containing 0.008 K mole X/m3 flows counter
to the aqueous phase at 9 ml/s. the
equilibrium relationship is,
Cxorganic = 0.3 Cxaqueous
Determine: The log mean concentration
difference for the transfer.
a. 0.1625 kmol/m3 c. 0.178 kmol/m3
b. 0.182 kmol/m 3
d. 0.194 kmol/m3
For numbers 18 to 19:
Tests are made on the extraction of acetic
acid from a dilute aqueous solution by means
of a ketone in a small spray tower of diameter
46 mm and effective height of 1090 mm with
the aqueous phase run into the top of the
tower. The ketone enters free from acid at the
rate of 0.0014 m3/sm2, and leaves with an
acid concentration of 0.38 kmol/m 3. The
concentration in the aqueous phase falls from
1.19 to 0.82 kmol/m3. The equilibrium
conditions are expressed by: Concentration of
acid in ketone phase = 0.548 (Concentration
of acid in aqueous phase).
18. Calculate the overall extraction coefficient
based on the concentrations in the ketone
phase.
a. 0.00138/s c. 0.00425/s
b. 0.00222/s d. 0.00397/s
19. Determine the height of the corresponding
overall transfer unit.
a. 1.53 m c. 1.02 m
b. 1.17 m d. 1.49 m
20. A laboratory test is carried out into the
extraction of acetic acid from dilute aqueous
solution, by means of methyl iso-butyl
ketone, using a spray tower of 47 mm
diameter and 1080 mm high. The aqueous
liquor is run into the top of the tower and the
ketone enters at the bottom. The ketone
enters at the rate of 0.0022 m3/sm2 of tower
cross-section. It contains no acetic acid, and
leaves with a concentration of 0.21 kmol/m3.
The aqueous phase flows at the rate of
0.0013 m3/sm2 of tower cross-section, and
enters containing 0.68 kmol acid/m3. What is
the corresponding value of the overall HTU,
based on the ketone phase? Using units of
page 4
kmol/m3, the equilibrium relationship under
these conditions may be taken as:
Concentration of acid in the ketone phase =
0.548 (Concentration in the aqueous phase).
a. 1.75 m c. 1.94 m
b. 1.81 m d. 1.63 m
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
1. A liquid mixture of acetaldehyde and toluene
contains 8 lb of acetaldehyde and 90 lb of
toluene. Part of the acetaldehyde in this
solution is to be extracted using pure water
as the extracting agent. The extraction is to
be performed in two stages, using 25 lb of
fresh water for each stage. The raffinate layer
from the first stage is treated by fresh water
in the second stage. The extraction takes
place at 170C and the equilibrium equation is
Y=2.2X may be employed. Assuming toluene
and water is immiscible, what would be the
weight percent of acetaldehyde in a mixture
of the extracts from both stages if each of the
extractions were theoretically perfect?
ANSWER: 8.96%
2. In order to extract acetic acid from a dilute
aqueous solution with isopropyl ether, the two
immiscible phases are passed counter
currently through a packed column 3 m in
length and 75 mm in diameter. It is found that
if 0.5 kg/m2 of the pure ether is used to
extract 0.25 kg/m2s of 4.0 percent acid by
mass, then the ether phase leaves the
column with a concentration of 1.0 per cent
acid by mass. Calculate: (a) the number of
overall transfer units, based on the raffinate
phase, and (b) the overall extraction
coefficient, based on the raffinate phase. The
equilibrium relationship is given by: (kg
acid/kg isopropyl ether) = 0.3 (kg acid/kg
water).
ANSWER: KRa = 0.461 kg/m3-s and HOR = 5.33
3. In the extraction of acetic acid from an
aqueous solution with benzene in a packed
column of height 1.4 m and of cross sectional
area of 0.0045 m2. Determine the overall
transfer coefficient and the height of the
transfer unit.
Acid concentration in inlet water phase =
0.690 kmol/m3
Acid concentration in outlet water phase =
0.685 kmol/m3
Flowrate of benzene phase =1.27 x10-3
3 2
m /m -s
Inlet benzene phase concentration =
0.0040 kmol/m3
Outlet benzene phase concentration =
0.0115 kmol/m3
The equilibrium relationship for this system is:
C*B/C*W=0.0247
ANS: KBa = 7.8x10-4 kmol/s-m3 and HOB = 1.63
m
DISTILLATION:
 page 5

1. The physical separation of components in a mol % water, 50 mol % acetic acid and 40
miscible mixture by simultaneous evaporation mol % acetone at 800C, assuming that the
and condensation is component obey Raoult`s law. The vapor
a. absorption c. extraction pressures of components at 800C are: water –
b. drying d. distillation 47.33 kPa, acetic acid – 27.32 kPa and
2. The ease of difficulty of separating acetone – 219.77 kPa.
components by distillation is determined by ANS: 4.45% water, 12.85% acetic acid and
the 82.70%
a. relative volatility 12. A liquid mixture of ethyl alcohol and water is
b. mole fraction in equilibrium with a vapor containing ethyl
c. viscosity alcohol and water at a total pressure of 760
d. weight fraction of the components mmHg. A sample of the vapor indicates that it
contains 3.3 mol of ethyl alcohol for every 1.7
mol of water. If the liquid has a mol fraction of
0.52 ethyl, what is the relative volatility for
the mixture?
3. The distillation process involves a.1.59 c. 1.69
a. momentum transfer c. heat transfer b.1.79 d. 1.89
b. mass transfer d. heat and 13. An equimolal mixture of benzene and toluene
mass transfer is subjected to a simple batch distillation at
4. In a batch distillation, the boiling point of the atmospheric pressure. For the purpose of this
distillate product compared to the residue is problem, assume α = 2.55.
a. the same c. lower a. If the distillation is discontinued when the
b. higher d. half mols of distillate amount to 60% of the mols
5. When the relative volatility of two miscible charged, calculate: (i) the concentration of
components is close to 1.00, the components the distillate, (ii) the concentration of the
can be separated by liquid left in the still and (iii) the amount of
a. simple rectification c. extractive benzene in the distillate, expressed as
distillation percentage of the amount of benzene in the
b. batch distillation d. flash distillation charge.
6. Increasing the operating pressure of a ANSWER: (i) 63.9% benzene
distilling column (ii) 70.8% toluene
a. does not make a difference in components (iii) 76.6%
separation b. If the distillation be discontinued when 60%
b. makes separation difficult of the original is in the distillate, calculate: (i)
c. sharpens separation the concentration of the distillate, (ii) the
d. requires less heat in the feed heater concentration of the liquid left in the still and
7. Strictly speaking, the relative volatility of (iii) the mols of distillate, expressed as
most ideal binary solution is percentage of the mols of the charge.
a. not affected by temperature ANSWER: (i) 66.6% benzene
b. greatly affected by temperature (ii) 63.6% toluene
c. slightly affected by temperature (iii) 45.1%
d. greatly affected by pressure 14. In distillation, the cooled liquid stream
8. Using the Antoine’s Equation, the vapor returned to the column to a cool plate or
pressure of tetrahydrofuran at 800 C is stage is called
estimated to be
a. 2000 torrs c. 1173 torrs a. reboil c. feed
b. 1518torrs d. 2562 torrs b. reflux d. bottoms
9. For a mass transfer to take place, there must
be
a. concentration gradient 15. In a distilling column, the highest pressure
b. more than two components involved
c. heat present will be at
d. enthalpy change a. the top
10. Calculate the equilibrium compositions of the b. the bottom
liquid and the vapor phases for the mixture of c. the feed plate
methyl alcohol in water at a temperature of d. between the feed plate and the top
500C and under a pressure of 40 kPa. Assume
that both the liquid and the vapor behave 16. A heat transfer equipment to convert vapor to
ideally. At 500C, the vapor pressure of methyl liquid is a/an
alcohol is 53.32 kPa and that of water is 12.33 a. evaporator c. condenser
kPa. b. reboiler d. still
ANS: Liquid: 67.5% methyl alcohol 17. A binary mixture of two moles benzene and 8
Vapor: 89.98% methyl alcohol
moles of toluene will boil at
11. Determine the composition of the equilibrium a. 110 0C c. 110 0F
0
vapor over a liquid mixture consisting of 10 b.105 C d. 102 0C
 page 6

18. A reboiler provides heat to the

a. top c. the feed
b. the intermediate reflux d. the bottom
of a distilling column 25. From a still containing 156 lbs of benzene and
736 lbs of toluene, distillation is carried out
19. The temperature in distilling column, from until the boiling point of the residue has risen
bottom to top to 106 0C. Calculate the pounds of benzene
a. increases and toluene in the distillate and residue.
b. maximum ANSWER: Bottom: 34.32 lb C6H6 and 409.25 lb
c. decreases C7H8
Distillate: 121.68 lb C6H6 and 326.75 lb C7H8
d. between minimum & maximum For numbers 8 to 10:
20. A 50 % by weight benzene – toluene mixture It is planned to feed continuously 100 mol per
is fed to a column at 180 0F and 1 atm. The hour of a solution containing 80 mol of A and
condition of the feed is called 20 mol of B to an externally fired kettle by
a. saturated liquid c. saturated vapor which there is good agitation due to boiling.
The residue and vapour will be withdrawn
b. sub cooled liquid d. mixture of liquid continuously, the vapour condensed, cooled
and vapor and sent to storage. There is no return of
21. The theoretical minimum reflux ratio in residue or condensate to kettle, hence, this
distillation column is attained if the column will be continuous simple distillation. It is
has planned to regulate the heat supply that D
grams of distillate per hour will contain 72
a. 1 plate c. 100 plates mol of the more volatile component A which
b. 10 plates d. infinite number of is five times more volatile than B.
plates 26. Calculate the mols of distillate per hundred
22. The theoretical minimum reflux ratio in a moles of feed
distillation column is reached if the column a. 85 c. 79
b. 62 d. 90
has
a. 1 plate c. 100 plates
b. 10 plates d. an infinite number 27. What is the mole fraction of A in the
of plates distillate?
23. The percentage change in the boiling point of a. 0.697 c. 0.912
b. 0.788 d. 0.848
a 20 mole benzene – toluene solution when 28. What is the mole fraction of A in the residue?
the pressure is increased from 1 atm to 2 atm a. 0.533 c. 0.267
is b. 0.375 d. 0.421
a. 10.5 % increase c. 25.5 % 29. Glycerin is steam distilled at 182 0C under a
decrease 26 inch vacuum. A test shows a steam
consumption 1 lb/lb of glycerine distilled.
b. 25.5 % increase d. 10.5% What percentage excess steam referred to
decrease that theoretically needed is actually used?
Data: Vapor pressure of glycerine at 182 0F is
21 mm Hg.
24. A distillation column separates 10000 kg/hr of a. 22.8% c. 40.7%
b. 15.4% d. 36.9%
a benzene-toluene mixture as shown in the 30. A benzene-toluene feed with (40 mol%
figure below. In the figure xF, xD and xW benzene and 60 mol% benzene) to a
represent the weight fraction of benzene in distillation column is at a temperature of
the feed, distillate and residue respectively. 200C. The molar heat capacity of the feed is
The reflux ratio is 159.2 kJ/kgmol-K. Molar latent heats of
vaporization of benzene and toluene are 30
a. 0.5 c. 0.6 813 and 33 325 kJ/mol, respectively. The
b. 1.0 d. 2.0 bubble point of the mixture is 95 0C. The
slope of the q line is closest to
a. 0 c. 3.7
b. 1 d. -3.7
31. The HETP of a certain packed tower may be
taken as 8 inches. A binary mixture with a
constant relative volatility of 1.120 is to be
separated in this unit. The tower is used as an
enriching section, and the liquid
concentration of the more volatile component
in the still pot is maintained at a mole fraction
of 0.15. If the tower is packed to a height of
 page 7

15 ft, what is the maximum composition of there is an accumulation of 5 mole of material

distillate obtainable under any conditions? in the reboiler.
a. 0.84 c. 0.88 ANSWER: D = 48.39 moles and W = 46.61
b. 0.71 d. 0.76 moles
32. Desorption is another term for 3. Calculate the composition of the vapor in
a. dephlegmation c. stripping equilibrium with a liquid mixture of benzene,
b. flash distillation d. rectification toluene, and water at 83.2 0C and absolute
pressure of 1 atm. Assume that Dalton’s law
33. When the feed to the rectifying column is a applies to the benzene and toluene and that
saturated liquid, the feed line is these compounds are insoluble in water.
a. vertical c. inclined to the left ANSWER: 53.2% H2O, 7.25% C6H6 and 39.55%
b. horizontal d. inclined to the right C7H8

HUMIDIFICATION
1. Air conditioning involves
34. Which of the following is considered a. stripping c. humidification
equivalent to one theoretical stage in Mc- b. dehumidification d. evaporative cooling
Cabe Thiele's method? 2. The process which illustrates the principle of
a. partial condenser c. total condenser adiabatic humidification is
a. cooling tower c. spray
b. reboiler d. both (b) and (c) chamber
35. According to the Frenske equation, what will b. packed tower d. heated
be the minimum number of plates required in dryer
a distillation column to separate an equimolar 3. If the partial pressure of the vapor in a gas-
binary mixture of components A & B into an vapor mixture is, for any reason, less than the
overhead fraction containing 99 mole % A equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid at the
and a bottoms fraction containing 98 mole % same temperature, the mixture is
B? Assume that the relative volatility (αAB = 2) a. saturated c. unsaturated
does not change appreciably in the column. b. supersaturated d. sub-cooled
a. 5 c. 12 4. This is a steady state temperature reached by
b. 9 d. 28 a small amount of liquid evaporating into a
large amount of unsaturated vapor-gas
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS mixture.
1. A plant has a batch of 100 moles of mixture a. wet-bulb temperature
containing 20 mol% benzene and 80 mol% b. dew-point temperature
chlorobenzene, and it is desired to rectify this c. saturation temperature
mixture at atmospheric to obtain bottoms d. dry-bulb temperature
containing only 0.1 mol% benzene. It is 5. For dehumidification, when the top liquid flow
agreed to assume that the relative volatility is rate is fixed and the top conditions of water
constant at 4.13. There is available suitable and air enthalpy are known, the limiting flow
still and column, the latter containing rate is considered to
equivalent of four perfect plates. The run is to a. minimum air flow rate c. minimum
be made at total reflux. While the steady water flow rate
state is being approached, a finite amount of b. maximum air flow rate d. none of
distillate is held in the reflux trap. When the these
steady state is reached and the bottoms 6. This is the temperature of a vapor-gas
contain 0.1% benzene, the content of the mixture as ordinarily determined by
traps are drawn off and the desired fraction is immersion of a thermometer in the mixture.
removed from the still. What yield of the a. wet-bulb temperature
bottoms of the specified purity can be b. dew-point temperature
obtained by the above procedure with the c. saturation temperature
available equipment? For these preliminary d. dry-bulb temperature
calculations it is agreed to neglect the hold up
of the column compared to that of the still
and reflux trap. 7. The temperature at which the moisture in
ANS: 63.6 mols humid air exerts a partial pressure equal to its
2. A mixture of 50% toluene and 50% ethylene vapor pressure is called the
dichloride is distilled continuously in a a. dry-bulb temperature c. ambient
column, the bottom product being 95% temperature
toluene and the top product 98% ethylene b. critical temperature d. dew point
dichloride. The bottom of the column contains temperature
a reboiler where the level may change. The 8. The ratio between partial pressure of water
liquid in this reboiler is of the bottoms vapor in air and the vapor pressure of the
composition. On the basis of 100 mole of water at the air temperature multiplied by
feed, calculate the amounts of the two 100
streams discharged during a period when
 page 8

a. absolute humidity available at 450F. Data: UGa = 150; L/S = 1150

b. percentage saturation humidity and w/S = 1200.
c. percentage absolute humidity 16. What should be the height of the tower?
d. percentage relative humidity a. 7.85 ft c. 9.12 ft
9. The height to diameter ratio of cooling tower b. 6.27 ft d. 8.08 ft
is much less compared to that of a gas 17. Calculate the diameter of the tower.
absorber because a. 15.7 ft c. 11.2 ft
a. the liquid flow rate is larger compared to b. 12.6 ft d. 17.9 ft
gas absorber 18. To what temperature is the air cooled in the
b. the liquid flow rate is smaller tower?
c. the gas flow rate is larger a. 510F c. 720F
0
d. the gas flow rate is smaller b. 64 F d. 800F
10. In an air-water contact operation, when the For numbers 19 to 23:
temperature and humidity of the air both 20000 cfm of air are to be cooled from 90 0 to
decrease the process is 720F, by the use of a horizontal-spray type
a. dehumidification c. non-adiabatic humidifier, employing a counter flow of air
humidification and water. The air has an initial humidity of
b. adiabatic humidification d. water 0.011 lb of water vapor per lb of dry air. The
cooling unevaporated water collects inside the
11. The relative humidity of unsaturated air-water apparatus, to be recirculated to the spray
vapor mixture is always nozzles, and make-up water at 700F, is fed to
a. equal c. less than the pump. The spray chamber will operate
b. greater than d. can not be substantially adiabatically, and normal
determined barometric pressure prevails within the
12. 1000 cfm of air (A) at 95 0F dry bulb, 740F wet apparatus. When spraying 1200 lb of
bulb is mixed with 2000 cfm of air (B) at 65 0F water/hr-ft2 of cross section of the spray
dry bulb, 540F wet bulb. Determine for the chamber and employing an air rate of 2400 lb
mixed stream: dry bulb temperature, wet bulb of dry air/hr-ft2 of cross section, test data
temperature and cfm of mixed stream. show that overall coefficient of heat transfer
ANSWER: Tdb = 74.70F, Twb = 610F and Q = UGa is 90 BTU/hr-0F mean difference-ft3 of
3014 cfm spray chamber. Based on the data given,
13. An adiabatic humidifier operates at calculate:
atmospheric pressure under such conditions 19. Cross section of spray chamber, in sq ft
that the air leaving the unit is saturated at a. 43.7 sq ft c. 51.6 sq ft
the adiabatic saturation temperature. If the b. 35.5 sq ft d. 64.8 sq ft
air enters the humidifier at 800F with a 20. Pounds of water sprayed per hour
humidity of 0.05 lb of H 2O per lb dry air, what a. 42600 lb/hr c. 48400
will be the humidity of the air leaving the lb/hr
unit? b. 40100 lb/hr d. 46400
a. . 0.03 c. 0.018 lb/hr
b. 0.010 d. 0.028 21. Pounds of make-up water required per hour
a. 225 lb/hr c. 341 lb/hr
b. 410 lb/hr d. 167 lb/hr
14. If 100 lb of dry air at 50 0F db and 500F wb is 22. Length of spray chamber, in ft
mixed with 300 lb of dry air at 110 0F db and a. 12 ft c. 9 ft
800F wb, the resulting mixture will have a dry b. 17 ft d. 15 ft
bulb temperature of 23. Humidity of air leaving the chamber, as lb of
a. 800F c. 850F water vapor/lb of dry air
b. 900F d. 950F a. 0.018 c. 0.011
15. What is the wet bulb temperature of the b. 0.015 d. 0.012
resulting mixture for the mixed air of Problem For numbers 24 to 25:
13? The following data were obtained from a test
a. 850F c. 650F on a forced-draft cooling tower:
0
b. 75 F d. 700F Water entering per min
For numbers 15 to 17: 640 gpm
The air in a theater 120 by 70 by 40 ft is to be Temperature of water entering
changed every 10 minutes and it is to be 109.90F
supplied at 700F and 50% RH. The extreme Temperature of leaving water
summer condition of the air outside is 95 0F 90.50F
and 70% RH. It is planned to cool and Humidity of entering air
dehumidify this air to the desired humidity by 0.012
the use of coke packed tower. The air will Humidity of leaving air
leave the tower saturated and is to be 0.031
reheated to the desired temperature before Temperature of entering air
being blown into the theatre. Cooling water is 830F
Temperature of leaving air
950F
 page 9

Volume of tower 3. Detergent solution is dried to a powder in a

2200 ft3 a. spray dryer c. spouted bed dryer
24. Find the ft3 of air entering the tower per b. tunnel dryer d. pan open
minute. to atmosphere.
a. 59500 cfm c. 62800 cfm 4. In paper industry, paper is dried in
b. 45100 cfm d. 71900 cfm a. tunnel dryer c. heated
25. Find the value of the coefficient U Gain BTU/ft3- cylinder dryer
hr-0F. b. conveyor dryer d. festoon
a. 19.5 c. 26.2 dryer
b. 47.1 d. 33.2 5. Moisture content of a substance when at
equilibrium with a given partial pressure of
the vapor is called
a. free moisture c. unbound
moisture
b. equilibrium moisture d. bound moisture
6. Calcium ammonium nitrate (a fertilizer) is
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS dried in a
1. It is desired to design a coke-packed a. rotary dryer c. vacuum dryer
dehumidifier to cool 2000 ft 3 of saturated b. tunnel dryer d. none of
air/min from 130 to 650F. The operation is to these
be conducted at normal barometric pressure. 7. Moisture in a substance exerting an
Cooling water is available at 550F and will be equilibrium vapor pressure less than that of
permitted to rise to 1100F. It is agreed to use pure liquid at at the same temperature is
a gas velocity of 12000 lb of dry air/hr-ft 2 of a. bound moisture c. unbound moisture
total cross section. UGa = 250 BTU/hr-0F mean b. critical moisture d. none of these
difference-ft3 of spray chamber. Calculate to 8. Drying of a solid involves
the height and diameter of the tower required a. only heat transfer
and the weight of cooling water per hour. b only mass transfer
ANSWER: D = 2.71 ft, z = 6 ft and L = 15800 c. both heat and mass transfer
lb/hr d. none of these
2. A water cooling system installed to cool 650 9. Rotary dryer cannot handle
gpm to 870F gives the following data: a. free flowing materials c. dry
Temperature of entering water materials
1090F b. sticky materials d. granular
Temperature of leaving water materials
870F 10. Sticky material can be dried in a
The air enters with a dry bulb of 75 0F and at a. tray dryer c. rotary dryer
60%RH and a total pressure of 29.5 psia. The b. fluidized bed dryer d. none of these
exit air is at 960F and 100%RH. Calculate the 11. Moisture in a solid exerting an equilibrium
volume of air entering and the percentage of vapor pressure equal to that of the pure liquid
water evaporated based on the total amount at the same temperature is
of water entering the tower. a. unbound moisture c. critical moisture
ANSWER: 27000000 cfh and 1.48% b. free moisture d. bound
moisture
DRYING 12. Refractory bricks are usually dried in a
1. The vapor pressure exerted by the moisture a. tray dryer c. tunnel dryer
contained in a wet solid depends upon the b. conveyor dryer d. festoon
a. nature of the moisture c. dryer
temperature 13. Heat sensitive materials like certain
b. nature of the solid d. all a, b, and c pharmaceuticals and food stuff can be dried
2. To remove all the moisture from a wet solid a. in indirect tray dryer c. in spray dryer
requires exposure to b. by freeze drying d. none of these
a. perfectly dry air c. highly humid air 14. Moisture contained by a substance in excess
b. air at high temperature d. none of of the equilibrium moisture is called
these a. unbound moisture c. free moisture
1. Milk is dried usually in a b. critical moisture d. bound moisture
a. freeze dryer c. spray 15. In the constant rate period of the rate of
dryer drying curve for batch drying
b. tray dryer d. rotary dryer a. cracks develop on the surface of the solid
2. Equilibrium-moisture curves of different solids b. rate of drying decreases abruptly
a. are different c. surface evaporation of unbound moisture
b. are same occurs
c. depend on the humidity of the gas d. none of these
d. none of these 16. Dryer widely used in a textile industry is
a. cylinder dryer c. conveyor
dryer
 page 10

b. tunnel dryer d. festoon drier will be at a temperature of 1150F.

dryer Because of the small size of the crystals, the
17. A solid material shows case hardening highest allowable air velocity is 10 lb/min-of
properties while drying. Which of the bone dry air-sq ft of cross section.
following should be controlled to control the 26. Calculate the pounds of bone-dry air required
drying process? per minutes.
a. flow rate of inlet air a. 115 c. 212
b. relative humidity of outlet air b. 182 d. 176
c. humidity of inlet air 27. Calculate the cross sectional area of the drier
d. temperature of the solid in sq ft.
18. Air at a particular humidity is heated in a a. 14 c. 12
furnace. The new dew point b. 9 d. 5
a. decreases
b. increases
c. depends on the extent of heating
d. remains unchanged 28. A wet solid is dried from 36 to 8% moisture in
19. The critical moisture content in case of drying 5 hours under constant drying condition. The
indicates critical moisture is 14% and the equilibrium
a. beginning of falling rate period moisture is 4%. All moisture contents are
b. beginning of constant rate period reported as percent on the dry basis.
c. end of falling rate period Calculate how much longer would be
d. none of these required, under the same drying conditions,
20. A slurry is to be dried to produce flaky solid. to dry from 8 to 5.5% water on a dry basis.
Which dryer would you recommend? a. 2.2 hrs c. 1.6 hrs
a. spray dryer c. drum dryer b. 1.9 hrs d. 2.5 hrs
b. rotary dryer d. dielectric dryer 29. Sheet material measuring 3 ft square and 2
21. For continuous drying of granular or inches thick, is dried from 50 to 2% moisture
crystalline material, the dryer used is content (wet basis) under constant drying
a. tunnel c. tray conditions. The dry density of the material is
b. rotary d. none of these 30 lb/ft3 and its equilibrium moisture is
negligible. Experiment showed that the rate
of drying under the correct constant
22. All moisture in a non-hygroscopic material is conditions was constant at 1 lb/ft 2-hr between
__ moisture moisture contents between 50 and 25%.
a. free c. equilibrium Below 25% the rate decreased. Calculate the
b. unbound d. bound total time required to dry the material from
23. During constant rate period, the rate of 50 to 2% water. Assume the drying to take
drying decreases with place from the two sides only.
a. decrease in air temperature a. 4.25 hrs c. 5.12 hrs
b. increased air humidity b. 3.97 hrs d. 6.58 hrs
c. both a and b 30. The production of a certain drier is 1 ton per
d. neither a nor b hour and the percentage of moisture on the
For numbers 26 to 27: wet basis reduced from 50 to 15%. The
Wet leather enters a continuous drier at 45% humidity of the air passing through the drier
moisture (wet) and leaves at a rate of 200 lb/h rises from 0.01 to 0.02, while the temperature
with a moisture content of 25% moisture (dry). falls from 155 to 1000F. The stock leaves and
Air at 1400F and 10% RH enters the drier, and enters at 830F. Calculate the heat lost to the
leaves the drier at 1200F and 40% RH. Assume surroundings in BTU per hour.
atmospheric pressure on both inlet and outlet. a. 298000 c. 426000
Vapor pressures of water at 1200F and 1400F b. 394000 d. 541000
are 87.55 mmHg and 149 mmHg, respectively. For numbers 33 to 34:
24. Calculate the rate (lb/h) at which water is A rotary counter-current drier is fed with wet
removed from the leather sand containing 50% moisture and discharging
a. 91 c. 186 sand containing 50% moisture and it’s
b. 182 d. 291 discharging and containing 3% moisture. The
25. Calculate the volumetric flow rate of air entering air is at 220 0F and has an absolute
(ft3/hr) humidity of 0.007. Wet sand enters at 70 0F
a. 34500 c. 65800 and leaves at 970F. The air leaves at 1000F.
b. 41900 d. 77200 Wet sand input is 1200 lb/min. Radiation
For numbers 28 to 29: amounts to 10 BTU/lb dry air. Specific heat of
Continuous, adiabatic rotary drier is being dry sand is 0.21.
designed for the production of 500 lb/hr of a 31. Calculate the pounds of dry air passing
product containing 2% moisture wet basis through the drier.
from a feed containing 30% moisture. The air a. 57600 lb da/min c. 33800 lb da/min
entering the drier will have a dry bulb b. 29100 lb da/min d. 32500 lb da/min
temperature of 2300F and a wet bulb
temperature of 1020F, and the air leaving the
 page 11

32. Determine the humidity of the air leaving the reduce the moisture content of the sand from
drier. 45% (wet basis) to 2.5% (wet basis). The
a. 0.0188 c. 0.0265 critical moisture content is 7.6%. Drying rate
b. 0.0249 d. 0.0157 at the critical point is 0.465 lb/hr-ft2 water
33. Air enters an adiabatic drier is at 1200 fpm evaporated. The average specific gravity of
through a 6 ft diameter duct at 70 0F and 610F the same is 1.28. If the hot air circulating
wet bulb temperature. It is heated to 175 0F drier contains 60 trays with an area of 20 sq
before reaching the material to be dried and ft per tray and the sand layer is 1 in thick,
leaves the drier at 1220F. The material enters calculate the capacity of the drier per 24
at 700F with a moisture content of 8%. hours and the cubic feet of air necessary.
Calculate: Data:
a. The number of lbs of water removed per Entering Air dry bulb: 2250F
pound of bone dry air wet bulb: 950F
ANSWER: 0.0125 Leaving Air: dry bulb: 1220F
b. The number of cubic feet of air entering and wet bulb: 980F
leaving the reheater per minute ANSWER: 16500 lb/24-hr day and 2640000 ft3
ANSWER: 33900 cfm entering and 41200 cfm
leaving
c. The number of lbs of water evaporated per
hour
ANSWER: 1900 lb/hr
d. The number of lbs of material entering,
leaving per hour
ANSWER: 10900 lb/hr entering and 9020 lb/he
leaving
e. BTU requirement of drier per pound of
water evaporated
ANSWER: 2050 BTU/lb H2O

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
1. A slab of paper pulp, 4 ft x 4 ft, by 1/4 in, is to
be dried under constant drying conditions
from 66.7% water to 35% water wet basis. It
is to be dried under such conditions that the
drying rate at the critical point will be 0.307
lb/hr-ft2. The dry material in one slab weighs 5
lb. How long will the drying process take?
Equilibrium moisture content = 0.5% wet
basis. Critical moisture content = 1.675 lb
H2O per lb dry stock.
ANSWER: 1.13 hrs
2. Under constant drying condition, a dryer
produces 1080 kilos of 8% wet from a 50%
wet material in 6 hrs. The critical moisture
content of this material is 16%. In the market,
this product could be sold under 2 classes as
follows:
GRADE MOISTURE CONTENT
PRICE/KILO
I 8% 20 centavos
II 5% 23 centavos

The plant must operate on a continuous 24

hrs basis and spends P80.00 daily for heat,
power, labor, fixed charges, etc. If the raw
material usually arrives at an average of 50%
moisture content and costs P0.12 per kilo
received, which grade will you produce? (%
are in dry basis). Do not assume any change
in the construction and operating conditions,
except the rate of feed.
ANSWER: It is better to produce the 5% grade
3. In a glass factory using sand as one of the
basic materials, the Chemical Engineer has to
page 12