ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ALDRIN B BOCA
Assistant Professor III

International Scholar of Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi in Thailand for his

Master’s Degree in Education major in Curriculum Development
& Instructional Innovation

Master of Statistics Studies at the Center of Excellence School of Statistics UP Diliman

San Ildefonso College Graduated him Cum Laude from Bachelor of Secondary Education major
in Mathematics with 24 units in English major courses
Has been in URS Binangonan since its establishment in 1998 where he is teaching
Mathematics, Statistics and English courses and served as High School Teacher in
San Ildefonso College from June 1996 up to June 1998

Designated as Campus Student Development Services Coordinator

from June 01, 2012 up to present

Member, Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges Technical Working Group for
Student Development Services Conferences, Seminars and Trainings
Secretary, Philippine Association of Campus Student Advisers-Inc National Executive Board
from November 2018 up to present
Published Author of Mathematics in the Modern World, Purposive Communication
and The Contemporary World

Has been serving as Quizmaster in Junior High School and Senior High School in BIPRISA,
CAMPRISA, RIPRISA and in the National Association of Private Schools
in the Philippines Mathematics Competitions
COURSE CODE : ACCTG 16
COURSE TITLE : STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS
CREDIT UNITS :3
CONTACT HOURS : 54 HOURS
PRE-REQUISITE : NONE
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course contains advanced statistical concepts, principles, and techniques of
statistical analysis as well as computer application. It deals on lectures, demonstration,
experimentation, collection and presentation of data. It aims to prepare the students for
advanced statistical analyses and to provide an insight and the fundamental of research.

COURSE OBJECTIVES
General Objectives: Apply advanced statistical concepts, principles and techniques in
data analysis and interpret results generated using statistical software.
Specific Objectives: At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. Understand the basic concepts/terminologies in statistics;
2. Classify data and the scales of measurement the data are measured;
3. Explain and Differentiate the methods of collecting data and use appropriate
sampling techniques;
4. Organize and analyze data and present them data in various forms such as
graphs, tables and/or texts using MS Excel;
5. Calculate the measures of central tendency and variation using grouped and
ungrouped data;
6. Distinguish appropriately and calculate precisely the measures of association;
7. Formulate null and alternative hypothesis based on the given research problem;
8. Identify and calculate the test statistic, construct rejection and fail to rejection
region and draw conclusion;
9. Use statistical software such as SPSS (available version) and Data Analysis
ToolPak as well as other statistical formula available MS Excel in analyzing
statistical problems.
COURSE STRUCTURE
The course ACCTG 16 (Statistical Analysis with Software Applications) consists
of three (3) units divided into eleven (11) modules as follows:
UNIT MODULE WRITER/CONTRIBUTOR
I. Preliminary 1. Introduction and Aldrin B Boca
Concepts Basic Concepts
2. Variables & Data
3. Scales of
Measurement
4. Data Collection &
Presentation
II. Descriptive 5. Measures of
Statistics Central Tendency
6. Measures of
Dispersion
7. Measures of
Relative Positions
8. Measures of
Association
III. Inferential 9. Tests of Statistical
Statistics Hypothesis
10. Analysis of
Variance
11. Statistical Analysis
Using Statistical
Software
 SCHEDULE
Activity Date
CLASSES BEGIN
Study Session 1 Submission of
Activities/Assignment and
SAQs for Modules 1-2
Study Session 2 Submission of
Activities/Assignment and
SAQs for Modules 3-4
Major Examination Preliminary
Study Session 3 Submission of
Activities/Assignment and
SAQs for Modules 5-6
Study Session 4 Submission of
Activities/Assignment and
SAQs for Modules 7-8
Major Examination Midterm
Study Session 5 Submission of
Activities/Assignment and
SAQs for Modules 9-10
Study Session 6 Submission of
Activities/Assignment and
SAQs for Modules 11
Major Examination Final

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

1. As stipulated in the Student Handbook, term examination will be 40 percent of

a student grade.

2. Other requirements will be Formative Tests or Quizzes,

Recitation (written/oral) and Submission of SAQs/Problem
Set/Homework/Term Requirement/ Survey Operations all for 20 percent each
completing the 100 percent requirement for term grade.

3. Survey shall be a final requirement of the course.

 MODULE 1
Introductory Concepts

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Understand the basic concepts/terminologies in statistics;

2. Categorize data and the scales of measurement the data are measured;
3. Paraphrase and Differentiate the methods of collecting data and use appropriate
sampling techniques;
4. Chart data in various forms such as graphs, tables and/or texts using MS Excel;

Definition of Statistics
plural sense: numerical facts, e.g. CPI, peso-dollar exchange rate
singular sense: scientific discipline consisting of theory and methods for processing numerical
information that one can use when making decisions in the face of uncertainty.

History of Statistics
◼ The term statistics came from the Latin phrase “ratio status” which means study of
practical politics or the statesman’s art.
◼ In the middle of 18th century, the term statistik (a term due to Achenwall) was used, a
German term defined as “the political science of several countries”
◼ From statistik it became statistics defined as a statement in figures and facts of the
present condition of a state.

Application of Statistics
◼ Diverse applications
“During the 20th Century statistical thinking and methodology have become the scientific
framework for literally dozens of fields including education, agriculture, economics, biology, and
medicine, and with increasing influence recently on the hard sciences such as astronomy,
geology, and physics. In other words, we have grown from a small obscure field into a big obscure
field.” – Brad Efron
◼ Comparing the effects of five kinds of fertilizers on the yield of a particular variety of corn
◼ Determining the income distribution of Filipino families
◼ Comparing the effectiveness of two diet programs
◼ Prediction of daily temperatures
◼ Evaluation of student performance
 Two Aims of Statistics
Statistics aims to uncover structure in data, to explain variation…
◼ Descriptive
◼ Inferential
Descriptive Statistics includes all the techniques used in organizing, summarizing and
presenting the data on hand while Inferential Statistics includes all the techniques used in
analyzing the sample data that will lead to generalizations about a population from which the
sample was taken

Areas of Statistics
Descriptive statistics
◼ methods concerned w/ collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data without drawing
conclusions (or inferences) about a large group.
◼
Example of Descriptive Statistics
Present the Philippine population by constructing a graph indicating the total number of Filipinos
counted during the last census by age group and sex
 Inferential statistics
◼ methods concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions or
inferences about the entire set of data.

Example of Inferential Statistics

A new milk formulation designed to improve the psychomotor development of infants was
tested on randomly selected infants.

Based on the results, it was concluded that the new milk formulation is effective in improving the
psychomotor development of infants.
 Larger Set
(N units/observations) Smaller Set

(n units/observations)

Inferences and Generalizations

Key Definitions

◼ A universe is the collection of things or observational units under consideration.

◼ A variable is a characteristic observed or measured on every unit of the universe.
◼ A population is the set of all possible values of the variable.
◼ Parameters are numerical measures that describe the population or universe of interest.
Usually donated by Greek letters;  (mu),  (sigma),  (rho),  (lambda),  (tau),  (theta),
 (alpha) and  (beta).
◼ Statistics are numerical measures of a sample.
Parameter is a summary measure describing a specific characteristic of the population
while Statistic is a summary measure describing a specific characteristic of the sample.
 ACTIVITY No. 1

Answer the following questions as briefly as possible.

1. Differentiate descriptive from inferential statistics. [4]

2. Give specific application of statistics in the following fields: [14]

2.1 Business & Accountancy
2.2 Computer Studies
2.3 Education
2.4 Social Sciences & Humanities
2.5 Agriculture
2.6 Literature & Fine Arts
2.7 Technology & Livelihood

3. Look for any printed material and identify the statistics mentioned in the material
and classify them as to whether it is descriptive or inferential statistics. [12]
 MODULE 2
Types of Variables

Qualitative variable

▪ non-numerical values
Quantitative variable

▪ numerical values
a. Discrete
 countable
b. Continuous
 measurable
c. Constant
 Scales of Measurement

MODULE 3
1. Nominal
▪ Numbers or symbols used to classify
▪ Examples are sex, marital status, occupation,
nationality, etc

2. Ordinal scale
▪ Accounts for order; no indication of distance
between positions.
▪ Examples are curriculum level, socio-economic
status, military ranks, Latin honors, etc

3. Interval scale
▪ Equal intervals; no absolute zero.
▪ Examples are temperature, test scores, etc

4. Ratio scale
▪ Has absolute zero.
▪ Examples are bank account, cellphone load, etc

The ratio level of measurement has all the following properties:

a. the numbers in the system are used to classify a person/object into distinct,
non-overlapping and exhaustive categories;
b. the system arranges the categories according to magnitude;
c. the system has a fixed unit of measurement representing a set size
throughout the scale and
d. the system has an absolute zero.
 ACTIVITY No. 2

Enumerate five (5) variables that you may think and classify each as to qualitative
or quantitative data. If quantitative, state whether it is discrete or continuous data. State
the level each variable is measured. [15]
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________
4. __________________________
5. _________________________
 MODULE 4
Definition
Measurement is the process of determining the value or label of the variable based on what
has been observed.

For example, we can measure the educational level of a person by using the International
Standard Classification of Education designed by UNESCO:

0 pre-primary;
1 primary;
2 lower secondary;
3 upper secondary;
4 post secondary nontertiary;
st
5 1 stage tertiary;
nd
6 2 stage tertiary

Methods of Data Collection

 Objective Method  Subjective Method

 Use of Existing Records

 Methods of Data Presentation

 Textual

 Tabular

 Graphical
 ACTIVITY No. 2

Sketch a pie chart on your own monthly family income and expenditures. [20]

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTION NO. 1

Identify whether the given situation belongs to the area of descriptive statistics or inferential
statistics. [20]
1. Synchronous vs Asynchronous Learning: Their Effects in the Teaching-Learning
Process
2. Average of a student in his 10 subjects
3. Statistics on COVID-19 cases in the world
4. Effect of music in reviewing for the exams
5. One wishes to find out which gives a better salary between companies in the rural
areas or urban areas
6. Enrolment rate in tertiary private institutions
7. Percentage of PUIs by municipality in the Province of Rizal
8. Impact of COVID 19 Pandemic in the life of tertiary students
9. Average sales for the first quarter of 2020
10. Amount of time spent in studying vs success of passing
 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTION No. 2

Classify the following variables as to qualitative or quantitative. If quantitative, further tell if it is

discrete or continuous data. Be able to state the scale each is measured.
[30]
1. breeds of dogs
2. birth order (first, second, etc)
3. monthly income
4. cellphone number
5. night differential of cashiers in a convenient store
6. spot on a die
7. jersey number of a basketball player
8. IQ test scores
9. Students classification (continuing, irregular, returning)
10. COVID 19 cases in a barangay
 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTION No. 3

Sketch an appropriate graph in each of the following problems.

1. Enrolment Profile by College of a certain university for SY 2019-2020. [10]

College First Semester Second Semester

Accountancy 450 650
Business 1250 1500
Computer Studies 600 750

2. Verbal Ability Test Scores and Math Ability Test Scores of ten (10) students in a certain
class. [15]

Student Verbal Ability Math Ability

Test Score Test Score
1 80 95
2 95 88
3 82 89
4 85 94
5 84 92
6 80 87
7 86 89
8 89 92
9 85 90
10 90 85

Reference: Slides Presentation Used During The Training on Teaching Basic Statistics for Tertiary
Level Teachers Summer 2008

Most of the slides were taken from Elementary Statistics: A Handbook of Slide Presentation
prepared by ZVJ Albacea, CE Reano, RV Collado, LN Comia, NA Tandang in 2005 for the Institute
of Statistics, CAS UP Los Baños