IC Engines

Dr Santosh Kumar
Assistant Professor
Dept of ME
BMSIT, Bangalore
Introduction
• Internal combustion (IC) engines: an IC engine can be defined as a machine that converts the chemical
energy of a fuel into heat energy by combustion of fuel inside the engine cylinder and utilizes this heat
energy to perform useful mechanical work
• Eg: Petrol engine, diesel engine, gas engine 5. No of Cylinders
• Classification of IC engines: a) Single cylinder engine
1. According to No of strokes b) Multiple cylinder engine
a) 4-stroke engine 6. Position of the cylinder
b) 2-stroke engine c) Horizontal engine
2. Type of fuel used
a) Petrol engine d) Vertical engine
b) Diesel engine e) Inline engine
c) Gas engine f) Radial engine
d) Biofuel engine g) V-engine
3. Method of ignition
a) Spark ignition (SI) engine
h) Opposed cylinder engine
b) Compression ignition (CI) engine 7. Method of cooling
4. Cycle of combustion i) Air cooled engine
a) Otto Cycle engine j) Water cooled engine
b) Diesel cycle engine
c) Dual combustion cycle engine
8. According to their uses
k) Stationary engine
l) Automobile engine
m) Marine engine
n) Aircraft engine
IC engine parts
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1. Cylinder or cylinder block

Heart of the engine, it is usually made up of gray cast iron or steel alloys in order to withstand high
pressure and temperature generated inside the cylinder
The functions of the cylinder is
to contain the working fluid under pressure
to guide the piston while reciprocating inside the cylinder
2. Cylinder head
The top portion of the cylinder is closed by a removable component called cylinder head. It is made up of
cast iron or alloys of cast iron. The cylinder head is designed to incorporate inlet and exhaust valves or
other components like spark plug or fuel injector
3. Piston
Piston is cylindrical shaped component that fits perfectly inside the cylinder. The function of piston is
to compress the charge (fuel) during compression stroke
receive the force produced by combustion of fuel and to transmit the force to the crankshaft through
connecting rod
act as a guide for the upper end of the connecting rod
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4. Piston rings
Towards the top of the piston, a few grooves are provided to accommodate the piston rings. The piston
rings are of two types
a) compression ring: the compression rings are pressed hard with the cylinder walls to maintain a tight
seal between the piston and the cylinder. This is required to prevent the high pressure gases from
escaping into the crankcase
b) Oil ring: the function of the oil ring is to extract the excess lubricating oil from the cylinder walls and
send it back to the oil sump through the holes provided on the piston
5. Connecting rod
it is a link that connects the piston and the crankshaft by means of pin joints
it converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft
6. Crank:
Crank is a lever, one of its end connected to the lower end of the connecting rod, while the
other end connected to the crankshaft
7. Crankshaft
it transmits the power developed by the engine through the flywheel, clutch, transmission
and differential to move the vehicle
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8. Crankcase
it is the lower part of the cylinder block that encloses the crankshaft and provides a sump
for the lubricating oil
9. Flywheel
It is a heavy wheel mounted on the crankshaft of the engine to maintain uniform rotation of
the crankshaft
10. Valves
There are two valves for each cylinder
inlet valve and exhaust valve
fresh air and/or fuel mixture enters the engine cylinder through the inlet valve
while the burnt gases are discharged outside the cylinder through the exhaust valve
 Two stroke petrol engine
1. Upward stroke
• During the upward stroke, the piston moves from Bottom Dead Center (BDC) to Top Dead Center (TDC),
compressing the air-petrol mixture in the cylinder.
• Due to upward movement of the piston, a partial vacuum is created in the crack case and a new charge is drawn
into the crank case through the uncovered inlet port
• The exhaust port and transfer port are covered when the piston is at TDC position
• The compressed charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by spark provided by the plug
2. Downward stroke
• As soon as the charge is ignited the hot gases force the piston to move downward, rotating the crankshaft.
• During this stroke the inlet port is covered by the piston and the new charge is compressed in the crank case
• Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and then the transfer port
• As soon as the transfer port opens, the compressed charge from the crank case flows into the cylinder. The charge
is deflected upwards by the deflector and pushes out most
of the exhaust gases
• The incoming air-petrol mixture helps to
remove the burnt gases from the engine cylinder
Four stroke petrol engine
• It operates on Otto (constant volume) cycle. Since ignition in these engines is due to spark, they
are also called spark ignition engines. The four different strokes are
1. Suction stroke:
• During this stroke, the piston is moved form TDC to BDC by the crankshaft
• The crankshaft is revolved either by the momentum of flywheel or by the electric starting motors
• During this stroke inlet valve is remain open and the exhaust valve is closed
• The proportionate air-petrol mixture is sucked into the cylinder due to the downward movement of the piston
• The suction of air takes place at atmospheric pressure and is represented by the line AB on PV-diagram
2. Compression stroke
• During compression stroke, the piston moves from BDC to TDC, thus compressing air-petrol mixture
• Due to compression the pressure and temperature are increased and is shown by the curve on the PV-diagram
• Just before the end of this stroke the spark plug initiates a spark, which ignites the mixture and combustion
takes place at constant volume as shown by the line CD
• Both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke
3. Power stroke or expansion stroke:
• As the combustion of fuel takes place burn gases expand and exert force on the piston causing it to move from
TDC to BDC
• During this stroke both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed
• The expansion of the gas is shown by the curve DE
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4. exhaust stroke:
• During this stroke, the inlet valve remains closed and the exhaust valve open. The greater part of the
burnt gases escapes because of their own expansion
• The drop in pressure at constant volume is represented by the line EB
• The piston moves from BDC to TDC and pushes the remaining gases to the atmosphere
When the piston reaches the dead center the exhaust closes and cycle is completed, it is shown by line BA
4-stroke diesel engine

• It operates on diesel cycle, constant pressure cycle. Since ignition in these is due to the
temperature of the compressed air, they also called as compression ignition engine
1. Suction stroke
• During this stroke, the piston is moved from TDC to BDC by the crankshaft
• The crankshaft is revolved by the momentum of the flywheel
• The inlet valve remains open and the exhaust valve is closed during this stroke
• The air is sucked into the cylinder due to the downward movement of the piston
• The line AB on the PV-diagram represents the operation
2. Compression stroke
• During compression stroke, the piston moves from BDC to TDC, thus compressing the air to high
pressure and temp. this operation is represented by curve BC on the PV diagram
• Just before the end of this stroke, a metered quantity of fuel is injected into the hot compressed air in
the form of fine sprays by mean of fuel injector
• The fuel starts burning at constant pressure shown by line CD
• Both inlet and exhaust valves remain closed during this stroke
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3. Power stroke
• as the combustion of fuel takes place burn gases expand and exert a force on the piston causing it move
from TDC to BDC
• During this stroke both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed
• The expansion of the gas is shown by the curve DE
4. Exhaust stroke
• During this stroke, the inlet valve remains closed and the exhaust valve opens. The greater part of the
burnt gases escapes because of their own expansion
• The drop in pressure at constant volume is represented by the line EB
• The piston move from BDC to TDC and pushes the remaining gases to the atmosphere
• When the piston reaches the dead center the exhaust closes and cycle is completed. it is shown by line
BA
 Mathematical formulae

If pressure is given in bar

Important formulae
5. A-stroke IC engine running at 450 rpm has bore diameter 100 mm and stroke length 120 mm. the details
of the indicator diagram are follows
Area of the indicator diagram=4 cm2 length of indicator diagram = 6.5 cm and spring value of the spring
used = 10 bar/cm. calculate the indicated power of the engine
4. A single cylinder 4 stroke engine runs at 1000 rpm and has a bore of 115 mm
and stroke of 140 mm. The brake load is 60N at 600 mm radius and ηmech =80%.
Calculate brake power and mean effective pressure
6. 4 cylinder, 2 stroke petrol engine develops 26 kW brake power at 2200 rpm. The
mean effective pressure (m.e.p) is 7 bar and ηmech =87%. Determine the bore
diameter and stroke of the engine, if the stroke length is 1.5 time the bore
8. Calculate the brake power output of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine for the
following data: diameter of brake wheel =600 mm brake rope diameter 30 mm. dead
weight 24 kg, spring balance reading 4kg, rpm 450
9. A 4 stroke engine has a piston diameter of 150 mm and the average piston speed is
3.5 m/s. its m.e.p is 0.786 Mpa, find the IP of the engine

Average piston speed =2LN m/min, 2LN=3.5 (m/s)x 60, m/min, LN=105
A gas engine working in a 4 stroke cycle has a cylinder diameter of 0.25 m and
length of stroke 0.45 m and running at 180 rpm. Its mechanical efficiency is 80%
when m.e.p is 6 bars. Find IP, BP and FP. What is its fuel consumption rate
(kg/hour) and brake specific fuel consumption (kg/kWh) if the energy content of
fuel is used is 42000 kJ/kg and brake thermal efficiency is 25%
Assignment questions

• A single cylinder 4-stroke IC engine has a bore of 180 mm, stroke of 200 mm and a speed of 300
rpm. Torque on the brake drum is 200N-m, and mean effective pressure is 6 bar. It consumes 4 kf
of fuel in one hour. C.V of the fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. determine
1. Brake power
2. IP
3. Brake thermal efficiency
4. Mechanical efficiency
A 4-stroke petrol engine of 100 mm bore and 150 mm stroke consume 1 kg fuel per hour. The
mean effective pressure is 7 bar and its indicated thermal efficiency is 30%. The calorific value of the
fuel is 40000kJ. Find the crankshaft speed