MODULE 2:

TEXT, CONTEXT, AND SUBTEXT

1. Discuss the different factors that led to the failure of reform movement.
The factors that led to the failure of reform movement are because the Spain were
faced by problems wherein it was distracted with its own internal problems to give a
moment’s thought to the colonial problem and unable to pay attention to the Filipino’s
petitions. The friars were at the higher degree of their authority where they exhibit further
haughtiness in showcasing their influence wherein they had neither the time nor the desire
to heed about the people's grievances.

2. Discuss the impact of GomBurZa’s death in the development of Filipino

nationalism.
The death of GomBurZa has been recognized as one of the most controversial events
that occurred on the Philippine history where it has an impact towards the development of
the country’s nationalism for it awakens the intense feelings of indignation and moral
outrage towards Filipinos. They interrogated Spanish officials and urged changes in
response to the country's unjust governance. The martyrdom of the three priests aided in
the formation of the Propaganda Movement which sought reforms and enlightened the
Spanish people about the atrocities of the Spanish colonial authority in the Philippines.

3. Discuss. Focus on the concept of militant nationalism and its influences on the
ideological framework of the Katipunan as an organization. At, that time, was the
call for revolution the most viable option? How did militancy shape the course of
history during the revolution?
The Katipunan was a secret organisation with a formal hierarchy consisting of a
supreme council and local councils, as well as a membership rite that was frequently
confused for Masonry. The call for revolution was the most viable option because La
Liga Filipina had disbanded after Rizal's arrest and deportation to Dapitan. Bonifacio
eventually replaced this with a demand for aggressive changes, which he repeated over
and over.  They established the Katipunan when Bonifacio and his associates discovered
about the arrest of Rizal. The anti-colonial secret organization enticed the public from the
country's lower and middle classes, enlisting them in an armed rebellion against Spain.
Throughout the objections of his friends, Bonifacio and his fellow Katipuneros proceeded
 on towards their strategy. Following the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio and his
associates plotted a nationwide revolution.

4. How did Aguinaldo encourage his fellow Filipinos to defend their nation against the
intervention of the American forces?
He previously collaborated with the United States during the Spanish-American War,
but during the Philippine-American War, he eventually seceded from the United States
and led a guerrilla campaign in opposition to United States authorities. It's for the reason
that Aguinaldo was enraged and wasn't pleased when the United States desired to retain
possession of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. When it became apparent
that the United States had no interest in the country's independence, Aguinaldo's troops
separated themselves from American forces. Emilio Aguinaldo became elected president
of the Philippine Republic on January 1, 1899, after the conferences of a constitutional
convention. He encourages his fellow Countrymen to defend their country against the
intervention of the American forces by protesting earnestly against the US government's
invasion into the sovereignty of our country.

5. Why is the Malolos Constitution considered a unique and modern charter for its
time?
The Malolos Constitution formed a Filipino state with a "popular, representative, and
responsible" administration with three different branches which are the Executive,
Legislative, and Judicial, as well as summoned the separation of church and state. The
executive powers were to be exercise by the president of the republic with the assistance
of the cabinet. The legislative powers were exercised by the Assembly of Representatives,
which was made up of lawfully elected delegates. The constitution provided for a
Permanent Commission to serve as a law-making body whenever the Congress weren't in
session in order for the functioning of Congress to be continuous. The President of the
Republic was chosen by the legislature. The Cabinet which consist of Secretaries from
various government departments was referred to the Assembly rather than the President.
The judicial powers were bestowed to the Supreme Court and other subordinate courts to
be established according to law. The Supreme Court's Chief Justice was to be appointed
by the legislature with the President's and Cabinet's approval.
6. Why was it difficult for the Spaniards to colonize Mindanao?
The Spaniards had a difficult time colonizing Mindanao because it was a Muslim-
populated region. The Muslims fought the Spaniards for they carried their Catholic
religion with them as they attempted to colonize the region. The Spanish
colonizers attempted to eradicate Islam in the areas they invaded, particularly in
Mindanao, where they assaulted the Moro Muslim sultanates. In revenge for Spanish
assaults, the Moro Datus and sultans ravaged and plundered Spanish towns in the
northern Philippine islands, and threatened the attackers with relentless piracy.

7. Discuss the reason behind the failure of the revolts.

Filipinos decided to revolt as a means of expressing their dissatisfaction and desires in
the spirit of achieving independence and equal treatment. Throughout the Spanish
invasion of the Philippines, many revolts towards Spain occurred for different reasons.
Several revolts were sparked by land disputes, and it was a major factor in the uprisings
that emerged in the agricultural provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, and Laguna.
Native people have revolted against unfair taxes and slave labour. Most of these
uprisings, however, were cast aside because the mass of the local people joined with the
well-armed colonial government and fought alongside Spanish troopers to quit the
uprisings.