Josephine Mary M.

Laroga CE 1J C10

THE STRUCTURES OF THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Cells, the basic building blocks of the human body, make up tissues, which form
specialized structures called organs. Organ systems are groups of organs and tissues
that all function together towards a single purpose (National Geographic Society, 2020).
The cardiovascular system is made up of your heart and blood vessels. It works to
transport oxygen and other nutrients to all the organs and tissues in your body. It also
works to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products (Schulman, 2020).
 Heart. This muscular organ works to pump blood throughout your body via an
intricate network of blood vessels.
 Arteries. These thick-walled blood vessels carry oxygenated blood away from
your heart.
 Veins. These blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood back toward your heart.
 Capillaries. These tiny blood vessels facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients,
and waste between your circulatory system and your organs and tissues.
The skeletal system is the system that includes bones, and joints and which functions
as support in movement of the body, integration with the muscular system, protection
for inner organs, primary site for blood cell production and other cell types such as
lymphocytes and storing minerals such as calcium ions.
 Bones serve a variety of functions, but the most important is supporting
movement of the limbs and body. Two bones or cartilages are held together at a
joint through tough connective tissues called ligaments. Muscles are securely
attached to bones through flexible but inelastic connective tissue called tendons.
Muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments are part of the intricate machinery that
allows the movement of different bones.
 Functionally, joints can be divided into three classes based on the range of
movement they allow in the associated bones. Immovable joints are formed
when two bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue with no synovial
fluid. These kinds of joints hold the bones of the cranium together.
The Muscular System: Muscles comes in three main types. Skeletal muscles move
you around and perform other functions when you contract them voluntarily. Smooth
muscle lines organs such as the gut and bladder and operates involuntarily. Cardiac
muscle is a specialized kind of muscle in the myocardium of the heart.
 The motion of the neck is described in terms of rotation, flexion, extension, and
side bending.
 The back contains the origins of many of the muscles that are involved in the
movement of the neck and shoulders. In addition, the axial skeleton that runs
vertically through the back protects the spinal cord, which innervates almost all
the muscles in the body. Multiple muscles in the back function specifically in
movements of the back.
Josephine Mary M. Laroga CE 1J C10

 The shoulder is a complex ball-and-socket joint comprising the head of the

humerus, the clavicle (collarbone), and the scapula. The shoulder’s main motions
are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external
rotation.
 The arm. In addition to aiding the movement of the shoulder, the muscles of the
upper arm produce various movements of the forearm.
 The wrist. Wrist flexion refers to movement of the wrist that draws the palm of the
hand downward.
 The hand is a complex structure that is involved in fine motor coordination and
complex task performance. Its muscles generally are small and extensively
innervated. Even simple actions, such as typing on a keyboard, require a
multitude of precise movements to be carried out by the hand muscles
 The abdomen. There are three muscular layers of the abdominal wall, with a
fourth layer in the middle anterior region.
 The hip joint is a complex weight-bearing ball-and-socket joint that can sustain
considerable load. The socket of the joint is relatively deep, allowing for stability
but sacrificing some degree in range of motion. The movements described in this
section include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
 The upper leg and knee. Extension of the knee is accomplished by a group of
muscles collectively referred to as the quadriceps femoris, which increases the
angle of the knee, bringing the lower leg into a straight position. Knee extension
is used in the forward, swing phase of the gait and is integral in movements such
as kicking
 The muscles of the lower leg and foot are complex and work in many planes.
Their actions depend on whether the person is bearing weight, as well as on the
position of the foot.
The energy systems are what enable every cell, tissue and organ of our bodies to
function and survive. The three energy systems work together in order to ensure there
is a continuous and sufficient supply of energy for all our daily activities. Each system
differentiates in the way they produce chemical energy (ATP) from different sources and
at different speeds.
 Phosphagen System/ Anaerobic A-Lactic (ATP-CP) Energy System- First is the
phosphagen (ATP-PC) system. If you remember biology class in high school, you
recall that ATP, short for adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that provides
energy for all movement. Your body breaks down ATP to fuel your every move,
from standing up to climbing a race wall. The phosphagen energy system
harnesses ATP for highly intense activities that last 10 to 30 seconds.

 Anaerobic Lactic (Glycolytic) Energy System- The anaerobic lactic (AL) system
(also known as fast glycolysis) provides energy for medium to high intensity
bursts of activity that lasts from ten seconds to two minutes. Some American
Josephine Mary M. Laroga CE 1J C10

football skill positions, baseball players, soccer players, judokas, middle distance
runners (400m-800m) and sprinters rely on this system. The primary difference
between the two systems is in the capacity of the system. You can think of
capacity as the amount of time that the system can work at peak output before
dropping off.

 Aerobic Energy System/ Oxidative System - The aerobic system is the most
utilized of the three. It provides energy for low intensity activities that last
anywhere from two minutes to a few hours. Unlike the other two systems, the
aerobic system requires oxygen and takes much longer to overload. Sports and
activities that use continuous sustained efforts such as long distance swimming,
crew (rowing) and sea kayaking rely on the aerobic system.

Sources:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/organization-and-structure-human-body/
https://www.healthline.com/health/circulatory-system
https://biologydictionary.net/skeletal-system/
https://sciencing.com/body-systems-functions-5192859.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system/The-abdomen
https://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/the-energy-systems-
2013-an-overview
https://www.livestrong.com/article/359456-your-skeletal-systems-response-to-exercise/
https://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/the-energy-systems-
2013-an-overview
https://canada.humankinetics.com/blogs/excerpt/energy-systems#:~:text=Energy
%20systems%20refer%20to%20the,all%20forms%20of%20physical%20activity.
Josephine Mary M. Laroga CE 1J C10

INSIGHT ABOUT THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS AFFECTED DURING EXERCISE

Exercise is essential for us human beings to do. The body is designed to move.
If not then we wouldn’t have had joints, hands or other structures of the body. Our body
consist of different systems which interlinks and connects to another system. Our body
cannot function well if one system does not exist or if one system is not functioning
correctly. Which is why it is important for us to maintain our bodies in good condition by
having a healthy diet, life-style and exercise.
There are different kinds of exercises that targets different parts of the body.
There are cardiovascular exercises, movements that makes your heart beat and pumps
blood to the whole body supplying nutrients and collecting waste from the blood. This
process is needed in other systems such as the excretory system, digestive system,
respiratory system etc. Regular exercise increases the cardiovascular endurance and
helps decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases and heart attack. Doing exercises
requires movement, depending on the part being moved it also affects the muscles of
that area, developing a well-defined body and muscle contour, gaining more strength,
flexibility, agility and other skills. In regards to the skeletal system, exercise can help
increase bone density and also helps prevent bone injuries or fractures. Also, with the
increase bone density, it will help with bone loss as you age. Energy is needed to
perform all these various exercises which is why it is also important to know the different
energy systems of the body since every exercise requires different energy system,
depending on the energy required to each activity. With exercises like running and
jogging, it is aerobic so a lot of oxygen is needed and consumed, hopping and jumping
would consume ATP for the burst of energy needed for a short period of time while
sports like baseball and soccer would require a lot from the glycolytic system for a
longer period of time but overall, in every exercise all of these three energy systems are
needed.
We all know the importance and benefits of exercise but very few can do
exercise regularly. Even I myself is guilty of the act. Most reasons that had to do with
the lack of exercise is the lack of time, difficulty of exercise or just simply leading an
unhealthy lifestyle. This has to change. As I mentioned earlier, exercise affects the
different systems of the body therefore affecting the whole body. We have to make time
for exercising especially when nowadays all we do is sit in front of our computers all day
long. We should be exercising because a good and regular exercise leads to a healthy
body and healthy body leads to a happier you.