DEFINITIONS FROM DIFFERENT

PERSPECTIVES
Is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border
trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment,
people, and information.
(https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization)
The interconnectedness of human beings , brought about by
technological changes, modern transportation and communication
technology
A concept that “refers both to the compression of the world and the
intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole”. (Robertson,
1992)
The compression of time and space and the annihilation of distance
(Harvey, 1989)
A process of interaction and integration among people companies and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by information technology. (Sunny Levin
Institute)
 COMMON GROUND
In the absence of a generally accepted
definition, Steger explains that
GLOBALIZATION has been commonly
understood either as a PROCESS, a
CONDITION or an IDEOLOGY. (Steger,
Ideologies of Globalization)
 AS A PROCESS
As a process, Globalization is viewed as a
multidimensional set of social processes that
create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide
social interdependencies and exchanges while at
the same time fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening connections between the
local and the distant. (Steger, 2005: 13)
 AS A CONDITION
Steger used the term “GLOBALITY” to signify
a future social condition characterized by
thick economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that make
currently existing political borders and
economic barriers irrelevant.
 AS AN IDEOLOGY
STEGER

In support of his view that globalization is a political belief

system that benefits a certain class, Steger used the line of
reasoning of another globalization scholar, Michael Freeden,
by following the latter’s 3 Criteria in determining an ideology,
namely:

Degree of uniqueness and morphological sophistication

The distinctiveness and complexity of the concepts
Context-bound responsiveness to broad range of political
issues
Relevance of the concept to political issues
FREEDEN Produce effective conceptual DECONTESTATION CHAINS
 Ability to Produce Effective
Conceptual Decontestation Chains
❑ Freeden considers ‘decontestation’ a crucial process in
the formation of thought systems because it specifies the
meanings of the core concepts by arranging them in a
‘pattern’ or ‘configuration’ that links them with other
concepts in a meaningful way.
❑ According to Steger, “effective decontestation structures
can thus be pictured as simple semantic chains whose
conceptual links convey authoritative meanings that
facilitate collective decision-making.”
❑ Steger refers to them as ‘ideological claims’ (also called
‘Core Claims’)- endow thought systems with specific
meanings that benefit particular social groups.
Steger’s 6 Core Claims (Decontestation Chains):

❖ Globalization is about the Liberalization and

Global Integration of Markets
❖ Globalization is Inevitable and Irreversible
❖ Nobody is in Charge of Globalization
❖ Globalization Benefits Everyone in the Long Run
❖ Globalization further the Spread of Democracy
❖ Globalization requires a Global War on Terror
Theoretical Paradigms of Globalization
1. World Systems- views globalization not as a recent phenomenon
but as virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of World
Capitalism. (Wallerstein)
2. Global Capitalism- tend to see globalization as a novel stage in
the evolving system of World Capitalism- “Capitalist
Globalization”.
3. The Network Society of School of Thought- capitalism does not
fuel globalization but technology and technological change as
the underlying cause of globalization. (Castell)
4. Space, Time and Globalization- the conceptual essence of globalization is
“time-space distanciation”- which Giddens defines as the “intensification of
worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice-versa.”
5. Transnationality and Transnationalism- Transnational processes and practices
are defined broadly as the multiple ties and interactions- economic, political,
social and cultural- that link people, communities and institutions across the
borders of nation-states. Transnationalism is an umbrella concept
encompassing a wide variety of transformative processes, practices and
developments that take place simultaneously at a local and global level.
6. Global Culture- emphasize the rapid growth of the mass media and resultant
global cultural flows and images in recent decades evoking the image famously
put forth by Marshal McLuhan of the “the global village”.
GLOBALIZATION
 THE GLOBAL
INTERSTATE SYSTEM:

International Civilization,
Empire, Internationalism
and the Crisis of the
mid-twentieth century
Part and Whole
 1.To understand
the basic concept
of globalization.
Learnin
g 2.To breakdown
Goals essential
knowledge and
information
into component parts.
3.Justify the value
of information or
knowledge in relation
to global situation/s.
 1.To understand
the basic concept
of globalization.
Learnin
g
Goals
The development of an
increasingly
Integrated global economy
marked by
FREE TRADE, FREE FLOW OF
CAPITAL,
and the TAPPING OF CHEAPER
FOREIGN LABOR MARKETS
 2.To breakdown
essential
knowledge and
Learnin information
g into component parts
Goals

GLOBALIZATION is like a
HOT POT
 3.Justify the value
of information or
knowledge in relation
to global situation/s.
Learnin
g
Goals

FACTS
FACTS
FACTS
and

FACTS
 EASY
FA
ST

Globaliz
ation BORDERL
ESS
IB
LE SS
E
C
C
A

MEGA/BIG
Accessibility
Activity II

■ How do you view the world at present?

■ 5 Minutes
Mega Mega
Migrati Mediatiz
on Globaliz ation
ation

Mega
Urbaniz
ation
International Civilization: as per Martin Wights

International Society

International Law

Peace Settlement

Regards Sovereignity

Opening of doors to one

another
Facets of Interstate System
Diagram

United Nations Universal

Globaliza Declaration
Human Rights
tion
European Union APEC

interstate
system
League of Nations ASEAN
Tensions in Europe
Mid-Twentieth Century Crisis

World War Hitlerism Savage Economic

I & II Political,
Totalitaria and Social,
Cold War nism Cultural
Barbaric Hegemony
Civil War Country
 Diagram

International Inter-state
Society relations
Interst
International Law
ate
Promotion of Peace
Syste
m
Avoidance of Avoidance of War
Colonization
Conclusion

■ George Schwarzenberger suggested

that “whereas the members of a
community are united in spite of their
individual existence, the members of a
society are isolated in spite of their
association.
Thank you!
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
Learning goals
Economic globalization
Actors that facilitate economic globalization
The role of international financial institutions in
the creation of a global economy
The modern world system
Attributes of global corporations
Stance on global economic integration
 N L K E

r w i π

Consumer expenditure

goods services

Subsidies Taxes

Investments Savings

Imports Exports
Major goals of Macroeconomics
Source: International Monetary Fund - 2011 World Economic
International trade
International Trade

International Trade is the process

by which nations export and
import goods, services and
financial capital

International trade is vital to

economic growth because it
expands a nation’s consumption
possibilities.
 Economic Basis of Trade

1. Different nations are endowed with various

kinds and amount of natural resources
2. The production of varied goods and services
require different combinations of economic
resources and also particular technology.
3. Various nations have different specializations
that make their products highly differentiated.
 Economic globalization is a historical process,
the result of human innovation and
technological progress. It refers to the increasing
integration of economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of goods,
services, and capital across borders. The term
sometimes also refers to the movement of
people (labor) and knowledge (technology)
across international borders. (IMF, 2008]

István Benczes. 2014. The Globalization of Economic Relations.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293358032
 ‘In economic terms globalization is nothing but
a process making the world economy an
“organic system” by extending transnational
economic processes and economic relations to
more and more countries and by deepening the
economic interdependencies among them.’
(Szentes. 2003: 69)

István Benczes. 2014. The Globalization of Economic Relations.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293358032
When did globalization start?
Gills and Thompson (2006)
Frank and Gills (1993)
Fernand Braudel (1973)
The real break-through came only in the nineteenth century.
(Held et al., 1999)
GOLDEN AGE OF GLOBALIZATION (1870 to 1913)
Going beyond simple economics….

Economic systems must be analyzed

within the context of the overall social
system of a country and, indeed, within
an international, global context as well.
“Social system” - the interdependent
relationships between economic and
noneconomic factors.
 Development

Amartya Sen (1998 Nobel laureate in economics)

argues that the “capability function” is what really
matters for status as a poor/non-poor person.
“Economic growth cannot be sensibly treated as an
end in itself. Development has to be more
concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the
freedoms we enjoy.”
Contemporary globalization is, however,
considered to be a myth (Bairoch, 1993)
not just because it is not without
precedents. More concerns have been
raised with regard to its impact on the
worldwide distribution of income.
According to Wallerstein, capitalism, ‘a historical
social system’ (1983: 13), created the dramatically
diverging historical level of wages in the economic
arena of the world system. Thus, growing inequality,
along with economic and political dependence, are not
independent at all from economic globalization.
 World Economy: Defined
Large geographic zone within which there is
a division of labor and hence significant
internal exchange of basic or essential goods
as well as flows of capital and labor. A
defining feature of a world-economy is that it
is not bounded by a unitary political structure.
Rather, there are many political units inside
the world-economy, loosely tied together in
our modern world system in an interstate
system
Examples:

EU as a trading block

North Korea is supposed to be isolated but it

has continued to be a player in the global
economy trading with China, India, France
and the Philippines
What unifies the global economic system
most is the division of labor.
Although the economic global system has
some common cultural patterns, called
geoculture. (eg.US-Central America;
Australia-Pacific Islands) It does mean that
neither political nor cultural homogeneity is to
be expected or found in a world-economy
Relationship between US and Central
America
Europe and India/Pakistan/Indonesia
Neo-colonies
 Capitalism fuels World Economy

Old concept: Capitalism is the existence of

persons or firms producing for sale on the
market with the intention of obtaining a profit.
Capitalism today: a system gives priority to the
endless accumulation of capital: it means that
people and firms are accumulating capital in
order to accumulate still more capital, a
process that is continual and endless.
Ex. Henry Sy and SM Holdings
(Malls, Banking, education,
real estate, etc)
G8 controls 50% of world
economy (CA, FR, DE, IT, JP,
RU*, UK, US, EU)
The capitalist system therefore ensures that
the economic status quo is maintained
Capitalist system requires a very special
relationship between economic producers
and the holders of political power.
Capitalists need a large market and need
a multiplicity of states, so that they can gain
the advantages of working with states but
also can circumvent states hostile to their
interests in favor of states friendly to their
interests. Only the existence of a multiplicity
of states within the overall division of labor
assures this possibility.
contemporary globalization is equated primarily
with TNCs
Ex: MNCs/TNCs based in countries that
are bastions of democracy like US and
Western European states continue to
work with China and other states even
with a poor human rights record to
maintain the capitalist system – it
ensures that the division of labor is
undisturbed
 II
CONCEPTUALIZING WITHOUT DEFINING
 DISTINCTIONS
GLOBAL NORTH (GN)
• Also referred to as the More
Economically Developed
Countries (MEDC’s) are those
considered richer and more
developed regions of the
world.
GLOBAL SOUTH (GS)
• Also referred to as the Less
Economically Developed
Countries (LEDC’s) are those
considered poor and less
developed regions of the
world. Some fast rising GS
countries are now being
called as “Emerging
Economies”.
 “Has a powerful
political function”

“Changing geopolitical
circumstances means
these terms each have
specific historical
nuances”
• The term “global south” and similar categories are relevant
to the study of globalization; (as a result of large scale
political projects –MAY SERVE AS RHETORICAL ANCHORS IN
A GRAMMAR THAT REPRESENTS GLOBAL DIFFERENCE
• Levander and Mignolo (2011) “the important question may
not be “what the global south is” but rather “for whom
and under what conditions the global south becomes
relevant”
• Sparke (2007) – The Global South is everywhere , but it is
also somewhere and that somewhere , located at the
intersection of entangled political geographies of
dispossession and repossession.
 GLOBAL SOUTH IS…
• Both a reality and provisional work in progress
– Examine how actors on the ground, particularly from
the global south itself, mobilize the concept
– Should not be defined a priori, but rather articulated
in the context of provisional and mutable processes of
political praxis. Allows us to historicize it and be
mindful
– Concomitantly, the global south can be located in
between the objective reality of global inequality and
the various subjective experiences to these.
– There is no uniform global south and academic
analysis is in a better position to document its
articulation rather than set its ontological limits
 Emphasizing the STATE
• Former colonial entities are almost categorizable as
states in an international system of governance.
• Terms like 3rd world, developing world, global south
are all ways to represent interstate inequalities
• The term interstate is crucial because we are discussing
imbalances of aggregate economic and political power
between states.
• Focus on the state and interstate dynamics creates a
methodological narrowing, which ignores the richness
of non-state politics.
 WHAT IS HIDDEN WHEN WE
EMPHASIZE THE STATE?
• There are forms of power inequality that cannot be
reduced to discussions of state politics
• Not all of the formal colonial entities are states (IP’s)
• The process of globalization places into question
geographically – bound conceptions of poverty and
inequality
– Increase and intensification of global flows spread both poverty
and affluence.
– Spaces of underdevelopment in developed countries may mirror
the poverty of the global south and spaces of affluence in the
developing world mirror of the global north.
– Various forms of inequality cut across national boundaries and
Marx was correct to claim “the proletariat has no country”
– There is a global south in the global north and vice versa
 Reasons why insist on analyzing state
and interstate inequalities?
• Decolonization process produced states now recognized as
sovereign under the system of international law promoted by
UN.
• Solutions to problems produced by globalization are largely
forwarded and articulated on a state level.
• The state remains the main mechanism for social transfers,
making it the strongest vehicle for social redistribution
• State’s ability to protect the environment. The global
environmental crisis is a reflection of interstate inequality
• Phenomena largely considered as transnational are the results
of state policies
• State as an important unit of analysis
• In the global south, the struggle for
autonomous governance is largely waged
as a struggle to democratize the state in
order to make it responsive to the needs
of the people on the ground rather than
the demands of external power.
 NORTH AND SOUTH DIVIDE

• UNDP’s Human Development Index

– Global North – 64 countries who have high HDI
– Global South – 133 countries

GNI per capita - Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers
plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of
primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
 Human development index in
THE southeast asiaN REGION
COUNTRIES 2013 HDI RANK 2016 HDI RANK 2019 HDI RANK
SINGAPORE 9 5 9
BRUNEI 30 30 43
MALAYSIA 62 59 61
THAILAND 89 87 77
INDONESIA 108 113 111
PHILIPPINES 117 116 106
VIETNAM 121 115 118
TIMOR LESTE 128 133 131
CAMBODIA 138 143 146
LAO PDR 139 138 140
MYANMAR 150 145 145
Source: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORTS 2014,2017, 2019
Factors that affect the Development of
the Global South
a. élite behavior within and between nation
states;
b. integration and cooperation within
'geographic' areas
c. and the resulting position of states and
regions within the global world market and
related political economic hierarchy
The Rise of the Global South
 ASIAN
REGIONALISM
Globalization and
the Asia Pacific and
South Asia
By: Ehito Kimura
 LEARNING GOALS:
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be
able to know:
1. how does the region is considered as an OBJECT
influenced by globalization;
2. how does the region is adjudged as a SUBJECT
pushing globalization forward; and
3. how do we consider the region as an
ALTERNATIVE to globalization?
INTRODUCTION:
Acceleration of
GLOBALIZATION
TWO (introduced and led by
Western countries)

PROCESSES
Emerging influence
IN TENSION: of Asia as a
GLOBAL FORCE
INTRODUCTION:
Acceleration of
GLOBALIZATION
(introduced and led by Western neither of the
countries)
TWO is
Emerging influence of ABSOLUTE
Asia as a
GLOBAL FORCE
Why would we consider ASIA
as an emerging Global
Force?
-the center of gravity of the global
economy is shifting to Asia; and
-play a larger role in global economic
leadership.
How regionalism can
benefit Asia?
-Regional cooperation, effectively
structured and implemented, is a powerful
new tool in Asia’s policy arsenal.
-It can help Asia address regional
challenges as well as provide stronger
foundations for its global role.
How can we achieve
this?
COOPERATION
Yet the challenge of
cooperation should not be
underestimated; it will require
trust, innovation, and
compromise—and, most likely,
time.
How Asian regionalism
can benefit the world?
So long as Asia’s economies continue to
integrate not just with each other, but also
with the rest of the world, sustained Asian
dynamism, strengthened by regional
cooperation, could bolster Asia’s role as a new
and stabilizing engine of global economic
growth.
Framework:
Part I: Externalist view illustrating the way in which the
region has been affected by globalization.
Part II: Generative view showing how the region is an
active agent pushing the process of globalization
forward.
Part III: A perspective view showing how the region can
be understood as posing an alternative to
globalization.
AN EXTERNALIST VIEW
OF
GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization
•a process that transforms the Asia
Pacific and South Asia.
•a force for good bringing economic
development, political progress, and
social and cultural diversity to the
region.
Portuguese - Melaka in 1511
Spaniards –Philippines-1521
Dutch – East Indies -17th century
British -South Asia, Burma and the Malay
peninsula
French -Indo-China -19th century
 ECONOMY
❑ Opening to world market
❑ increasing globalized economic
system and benefitted from
export oriented growth policies
❑ Southeast Asian ‘tigers’
close ties between the state and
business elite
autonomous decision-making
structure
rise of manufacturing
 POLITICS
❖ Substantial fall in authoritarian regimes with
a corresponding rise in democratic regimes.
This has been attributed to a number of
factors including rising middle classes, a more
globally connected world, and the end of the
Cold War (Huntington, 1991).
 CULTURE
▪ Globalization is a form of
cultural Westernization summed
up in the term ‘McWorld’ ,
MTV-ization’ or ‘Hollywoodization
(Barber, 2003, Banks, 1997).
 ASIA AS THE
SUBJECT
OF
GLOBALIZATION
What are the PROOFS?
-spice trade
- China’s unprecedented
maritime fleet,
early 15th century under
Zeng Ho as far as Africa
What are the PROOFS?
- Colonies in Asia influenced the
west
- Japanese development in the
1950’s, 1960’s, 1970’s
- globalized key parts of the world.
at present, China is one of the
world’s importer of raw materials.
What are the PROOFS?
- availability of Chinese goods
and loans for consumptions
- India’s textile and low
wage sector
- source of international
migrant labor and domestic
helpers
What are the PROOFS?

-adoption of ‘Open
regionalism’/open
membership in Asian
organizations-APEC
What are the PROOFS?
- • source of wide variety of
cultural phenomena
e.g. Hello Kitty, anime,
Pokemon, Power Rangers,
Kung-fu, Bollywood, K-Wave
(K-pop, Gangnam style)
 Asian Region as an
alternative to Globalization

Asia is a source of resistance to

GLOBALIZATIO
[Read: Western Powers]
N
 Examples

EAST ASIAN CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE

(1930s-1940s)

“ASIA for ASIATICS”

Japan, Manchukuo, Outer Mongolia, China, Burma,
Philippines, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Laos, Thailand as
members of the Sphere (Beasley, 2000 as cited by Kimura, 2014)
 Examples

“ASIAN VALUES”
(Mid to late 1990s)
“Asia has culturally distinct characteristics that make it
different from Western liberal democracies”(Kimura, 2014
citing Mohamed Mahathir)

In a democratic framework, the Asian way is reaching

consensus on national goals, which is in contrast with the
Western values where every individual can do what he
likes… (Langlois, 2001 as cited by Kimura, 2014)
 Examples

“ASIAN VALUES”
(Mid to late 1990s)
“Asians tend to respect authority, hard work, thrift, and
emphasize community over the individual”(Kimura, 2014)

“Concepts such as individual rights, political liberalism, and

democracy are Western concepts, antithetical to the Asian
tradition”(Kimura, 2014)
 Examples

“ASIAN REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS”

ASEAN + 3 = ASEAN, China, Japan,

Korea
 Examples
ASEAN + 3 SECOND JOINT STATEMENT ON EAST ASIA
COOPERATION of 2007 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, n.d.)
“Plus Three Process would remain as the main vehicle towards the
long-term goal of building an East Asian community, with ASEAN as
the driving force
“…The future scope of ASEAN Plus Three cooperation would
include, but not be limited to, the following areas: (1) Political and
Security Cooperation; (2) Economic and Financial Cooperation; (3)
Energy, Environment, Climate Change and Sustainable
Development Cooperation; (4) Socio-cultural and Development
Cooperation; and, (5) establish an ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation
Fund”
 Examples

“ASIAN REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS”

Jemaah Islamiyah (JI)

 Examples
JEMAAH ISLAMIYAH (Islamic Congregation)

“Alleged goal… is to create an Islamic state in Indonesia followed

by a pan-Islamic caliphate incorporating Malaysia, Singapore,
Brunei, and the Southern Philippines” (ICG, 2002b as cited by
Kimura, 2014)

“…JI articulated an alternative vision of political and social

organization in the region, one that clashes directly with the
paradigm of globalization” (ICG, 2002b as cited by Kimura, 2014)
 Examples

“EMERGING LOCAL MOVEMENTS”

Santi Suk in Thailand (2009)

“…Created their own currency, bia [loosely translated as merit],
and operates through a ‘central bank’ located within the village
(Hookway, 2009 as cited by Kimura, 2014)

“The currency can be used to purchase various commodities but

cannot be used outside of participating villages and cannot be
exchanged for Thailand baht” (Kimura, 2014)
 Examples

“EMERGING LOCAL MOVEMENTS”

Lok Samiti in India

“…Advocates local village level education and development and
campaigns against the Coca Cola bottling plant in Mehdiganj”
(Kimura, 2014 citing Lok Samiti)