ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS SOLVED

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) 2. Which statement gives a clear picture of

1. Which statement is not correct?
a) Conservatives wanted to bring
change through a slow process.
(bLiberals were in favour of the
uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
(c) Radicals supported women's
sufiragette movements.
a) Liberals did not believe in universal
adult franchise.
socialists?
(a)They were in favour of accumulation
of wealth.
(b) They wanted to encourage capitalist
enterpreneurship.
(c They wanted to give employment only
to the talented.
(d) They were against private property.
 3. What per cent of the Russian empire's | 13. Who were kulaks in Russia?
population earned their living from (a) Rich farmers (b) Poor farmers
agriculture? (c) Low-paid workers in factories
(d Muslim leaders
(a) 40 (b) 60
(c) 70 (d) 85 14. Who started collectivisation programme
4. When was the Russian Social Democratic in Russia?

Workers Party founded? (a) Stalin (b) Lenin

(a) 1898 (b) 1889 (c Kerenskii () Trotskii
(c) 1887 (d) 1801 15. What is associated with the 1905
5. Who were jadidists within the Russian Revolution?

empire? (a) Fall of Tsarist autocracy

(a) Muslim reformers (b) Dismissal of the fourth Duma
(b) Muslim workers (c) Bloody Sunday
(c) Buddhist reformers (dAll of these.
(d Buddhist cultivators Ans. 1. (b) 2. ( 3. (d) 4. (a)
6. When did the First World War break out? 5. (a)6. ( 7.
8. (c(c)
(a) 1941 (b) 1911 9. (a) 10. (c 11. (b)
12. (c)
(c 1914 (d) 1918 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (c)
7. Which countries were together called the
Central powers?
Il. Very Short
Answer Type Questions

(a) France, Britain and Russia Q1. What type of a nation did liberals
(b) Germany, France and Britain want?
(c Germany, Austria and Turkey Ans. Liberals wanted a nation which
(c) Britain, Russia and Turkey tolerated all religions.
8. Which statement is not correct about the Q2. What did liberals oppose?
Imperial Russian Army? Ans. Liberals opposed the uncontrolled
(a) It was the largest armed force in the power of dynastic rulers.
world during the First World War. Q3. How can you say that the liberals were
(b) It was known as the Russian steam not democrats?
roller' Ans. The liberals were not democrats as
(c It never supported the they did not believe in universal adult
revolutionaries. franchise, that is, the right of every
(a) It played an important role in the citizen to vote.
downfall of the Tsarist power. Q4. What type of a nation did radicals
9. In which year was the monarchy brought want?
down in Russia? Ans. Radicals wanted a nation in which
(a) 1917 (b) 1907 government was based on the majority
( 1905 (a 1901 of a
country's population.
10. Who was the leader of the Bolshevik Q5. Mention one difference between
Party? liberals and radicals.
(a Leon Trotskii (b) Kerenskii Ans. Unlike liberals, radicals
(cVladimir Lenin (d) None of these. opposed the
privileges of great landowners and
11.What was the period of the civil war in
wealthy factory owners.
Russia? Q6. What changes came to be seen in the
(a) 1918-1919 (b) 1918-1920 attitude of the conservatives
(c 1917-1919 (d 1918-1921 by the
12.What were the
nineteenth century?
pro-Tsarists called? Ans. By the nineteenth century, they
(a) Reds (b) Greens
(c Whites accepted that some changes were
(c)Blues invitable but believed that the
42
SoCIALScIENCE-IX past
 had tobe respected and
had to be brought about
change should be disciplined and should
by a slow control the number and quality
process. of its members. But Mensheviks
o7. Mention two problems that enmerged thought that the party should be
due to industrialisation.
open to all.
Ans.() Unemployment became common. Q17. What were the two causes that made
( Housing and sanitation were problems the Russian autocracy unpopular.
since towns were growing
What did
rapidly. Ans.[) The Tsarina Alexandra's German
o8. liberals and radicals believe
in? origins.
(in Her poor advisers, especially a monk
Ans. They firmly believed in the value called Rasputin.
of individual effort, labour and
enterprise.
Q18.
What were the three demands
popularly known as Lenin's "April
Q9. Who were socialists?
Theses?
Ans. Socialists were those people who were Ans.() The war to be brought to a close.
against private property, and saw it as (i Land to be transferred to the peasants.
the root of all social ills of the time.
ii Banks to be nationalised
Q10. How, according to Karl Marx, could Q19. What was the new name given to the
the conditions of workers
improve? Bolshevik Party?
Ans. According to Karl Marx, the conditions
Ans. It was the Russian Communist Party.
of workers could improve only when
Q20. Mention two important events that
they themselves would fight against took place in Russia in 1917.
capitalist exploitation. For this, they Ans.() Abdication of the Tsar.
had to construct a radically
socialist| (i Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.
society where all property was socially Q21. Mention two achievements of
controlled. the
Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917.
Q11. What was the Second International? Ans. () Most industries and banks were
Ans. The Second International was an nationalised.
international body which was formed (i Land was declared social property
by socialists to co-ordinate their and peasants were allowed to seize
efforts. the land of the nobility.
Q12. Name the religion practised by the | Q22. Who was the ruler of Russia at the
majority of Russians at the time of the time of the Bolshevik Revolution of
Revolution. October?
Ans. Russian Orthodox Christianity Ans. Kerenskii was the ruler of Russia at
Q13. Which were prominent industrial the time of the October Revolution.
areas in Russia? Q23. The Bolsheviks introduced a process
Ans. Prominent industrial areas in Russia of centralised planning in Russia.
were Petersburg and Moscow. Mention two of its achievements.
Q14. Who was the ruler of Russia in 1914? Ans.() Centralised planning led to
Ans. In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II was the ruler economic growth in Russia. Industrial
of Russia. production increased.
Q15. What was the status of political (i) New factory cities came into being.
parties in Russia before 1914? Q24. What did Stalin do to develop modern
Ans. All political parties were illegal in farms?
Russia before 1914. Ans. He eliminated well to do peasants,
Q16. Mention one difference between known as Kulaks, took away land
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. from them and established state
Ans. Bolsheviks thought that the party controlled large farms.

SocIALISM IN EUROPE AND THE RusSIAN REvoLUTION 43

 Q25. What the chief motive of
was
Stalin behind his collectivisation
programme?
Ans. His chief motive was to incrcase
production to avert acute problem of | Ans. Karl Marx was dead against capitalism
grain supplies in Russia.
Q26. What was the new name given to St.
Petersburg?
Ans. The new name given to St. Petersburg
was Petrograd.
I. Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. Mention any three differences between
liberals and radicals.
Ans.
() Liberals wanted a nation which
tolerated all religions. In contrast,
radicals wanted a nation in which
government was based on the majority
of a country's population.
(i Liberals did not believe in universal
adult franchise. They felt men of
property mainly should have the vote.
But radicals opposed the privileges of
great landowners and wealthy factory
owners.
(ii Liberals did not want the vote
for women. On the other hand,
many radicals supported women's
suffragette movement
Q2. How did socialists view private
property ?
Or
Why were socialists against private
property?
Ans) Socialists were against private
property. They saw it as the root of all
social ills of the time.
(t) They argued that individuals owned
the property that gave employment
but the propertied were concerned
only with personal gain and not with
the welfare of those who made the
property productive.
(ii So, if society as a whole rather than
singleindividuals controlled property,
more attention would be paid to
collective social interests.
44
SocALSCIENCE-IX
| (iv) Socialists wanted this change nd
campaigned for it
03. Why did Karl Marx want to
overthrow
capitalism?
He argued that industrial socicty was
based on capitalism. Capitalists
owned the capital invested in tuctories
and the profit of capitalists was
produced by workers. The conditions
of workers could not improve as
long as this profit was accumulated
by private capitalists. Hence, it
is essential to overthrow private
capitalists. This would finally destroy
the rule of private property. Marx
wanted the workers to construct a
|
radically socialist society where all
property was socially controlled. This
was the only way through which they
would free themselves from capitalist
exploitation.
Q4. Describe in brief the Russian empire
in 1914.
Ans. The Russian empire in 1914 was
ruled by Tsar Nicholas lI. Besides the
territory around Moscow, the Russian
mpire included current day Finland,
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts
of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. It
stretched to the Pacific and comprised
today's Central Asian states, as well
as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
The majority religion was the Russian
Orthodox Christianity but the empire
also included Catholics, Protestants,
Muslims and Buddhists.
Q5. How were workers in Russia a divided
social group? What was unique about
them? HOTS
Ans. Workers in Russia were divided
by skill. Metal workers considered
themselves aristocrats among otlher
workers. Their occupation demanded
more training and skill. Women made
31 per cent of the factory labour
force by 1914, but they were paid less
than men. Divisions among workers
showed themselves in dress and
 manners too. Some workers formed result, there were labour shortages
associations to help members in and small workshops producing
times of unemployment or tinancial ssentials were shut down. Large
hardship. supplies of grain were sent to feed
Despite divisioris. workers did unite to the army. Thus, bread and flour
strike work when they disagreed with became scarce for the people in the
enployers abou dismissals of work cities.
conditio8. This was a unique thing
in them Q8. Explain Lenin's 'April Theses'
Or
Q6. How were the Bolsheviks different
Explain the main demands of 'April
irom the Mensheviks? Give three
points. Theses' HOTS
Ans. After the downfall of the monarchy
Ans.
in Russia in February 1917, the
Bolsheviks Mensheviks Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin
returned to Russia from his exile in
() They were led ( They were led 1917. He felt that it was time
by Vladimir by Alexander April
Lenin. for Soviets to take over power. He put
Kerenski. three demands which were known as
( They They Lenin's April Theses'. They were:
constituted a represented ( The war (First World War) be brought
majority of the a minority to an end.
socialists. group. (in Land be transferred to the peasants.
(ii) The banks be nationalised.
(ii They thought (ii They, on the
that in a other hand, When Lenin came to power he became
repressive thought that active to bring changes. Banks were
society like the party nationalised in November 1917. This
Tsarist Russia, should be open meant that the government took over
the party to all. ownership and management. Land
should bbe vas declared social property and
disciplined and peasants were allowed to seize the
should control land of the nobility. In March 1918,
the number despite opposition by their political
and quality of allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with
its members. Germany at Brest Litovsk.
Q9. What steps were taken by the
Q7. How did the First World War affect the Bolsheviks to make Russia a socialist
industry in Russia?
society?
Ans. The First World War badly hit the Ans. The steps taken by the Bolsheviks to
Russian industries. Russia's own make Russia a socialist society were:
industries were few in number and () The Bolsheviks kept industries
the country was cut off from other
and banks nationalised. They
suppliers of industrial goods by permitted peasants to cultivate the
German control of the Baltic Sea.
land that had been socialised. The
Industrial equipment disintegrated Bolsheviks used confiscated land to
more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere
demonstrate what collective work
1nEurope. By 1916, railway lines could be.
began to break down. Able-bodied
(in) A process of centralised planning
men were called up to the war. As a was introduced. Officials assessed

SoCIALISM IN EUROPEAND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 45

 how the economy could work and set | Q12. What were the different notions
ons of
targets for a five-year period. On this liberals, radicals and
conservatives
basis they made the Five Year Plans. regarding
the new formation of
the
The government fixed all prices to Government in Russia?
promote industrial growth during Or
HOTS
the first two plans' - 1927-1932 and State different ideas each of
one
1933-1938. Centralised planning liberals, radical and conservatives.
led to economic growth. Industrial Ans. Liberals. They opposed the
production increased. New factory uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
cities came into being They wanted to safeguard the rights of
(ii An extended schooling system was individuals against governments. They
developed and arrangements were argued for a representative, elected
made for factory workers and peasants parliamentary government, subject
to enter universities. to laws interpreted by a well trained
Cheap public
health care
was-provided.
Model livingg judiciary that was independent of
quarters were set up for workers. rulers and officials. However, they
Q10. How did peasants react to Stalin's did not believe in universal adult
collectivisation programme? How were franchise. They felt of property
men
they treated? HOTS mainly should have the vote.
Ans. Stalin's collectivisation Radicals. Unlike liberals, they
programme
enraged peasants. They were not opposed the privileges of great land-
ready to cultivate in collective farms. owners and wealthy factory-owners.
Hence, they resisted the authorities They were not against the existence
and destroyed their livestock. Between of private property but disliked
1929 and 1931, the number of cattle concentration of property in the
fell by one-third. As they resisted hands of a few.
collectivisation, peasants argued that Conservatives. Earlier, in the
they were not rich and they were not
eighteenth century, conservatives had
against socialism. They merely did not been generally opposed to the idea of
want to work in collective farms.
change. By the nineteenth century,
Those, who resisted collectivisation, they accepted that some changes were
were severely punished. Many were inevitable but believed that
deported and exiled. past had
be
respected and change had to be
to
Q11. How were Russian peasants different
from other European
brought about by a slow process.
peasants?[HOTS | Q13.
Ans. () In Russia, peasants wanted the
What are the vision
of Robert Owen and
Louis Blanc related
land of the nobles to be given to them.
Explain.
to
Cooperatives?
Frequently, they refused to pay rent HOTS
and even murdered landlords. Thuas,
Ans.() Robert Owen was a leading
they did not respect nobles. But in
English manutacturer who sought
to construct
Europe, peasants respected nobles cooperative
community
called New Harmony in Indiana
and fought for them.
He felt that the (USA)
(2) Russian peasants were different from also government should
other European peasants in another help such
cooperatives and
way. They pooled their land together encourage.
(i Louis Blanc was also a
nationalist who
periodically and their commune (min) wanted the
divided it according to the needs of government to encourage
individual families. cooperatives and replace capitalist
46
SoCIAL ScIENCE-IX enterprises. According to him, the
 cooperation should be formed with
the cooperation of the people and its
profit should be divided as per the
work done by members.
014. Describe the condition of the working
women during the years from 1900 to
1930 in Russia.
HOTS
Ans. Condition of the working women in
Russia:
(a Working women took active part in the
revolution and often inspired their male
co-workers.
(i Women made up 31% of factory
labour.
(ii They were paid less than their male
counterparts.
(iv) During February Revolution, the
women workers led the way to strikes.
() 22nd February was called International
Women's Day.
015. The Imperial Rusian Army came
to be known as the 'Russian steam
roller'. It was the largest armed force
in the world. When this army shifted
its loyalty and began supporting
the revolutionaries, Tsarist power
collapsed.
On the basis of above mentioned
circumstances define the term shift
of loyalty?
Ans.( Patriotism: By shifting its loyalty
to the revolutionaries, the Imperial
Russian army did a great work. It
showed that the welfare of the nation
was of prime importance.
(i) National integration: The Russian
army's action encouraged national
integration.
(17) Unity: The Russian soldiers wereAns.
united and they began to support the
revolutionaries unitedly.
based
(v) Team work: Their action was
on team work.
V. Long Answer Type Questions
Q1. What situation did Russia face during
the First World War?
Ans. () Russia faced a very tough situation
World War. The war
during the First
SoCIALISM IN
on the 'eastern front' differed from
at on the 'western front.
In the west, armies fought from
(i)
trenches stretched along eastern
France.
(i In the east, armies moved a good
deal and fought battles leaving large
casualties.
(iu) Defe ats were and
shocking
demoralising. Russia's armies lost
badly in Germany and Austria
between 1914 and 1916.
() There were over 7 million casualties by
1917. As they retreated, the Russian
army destroyed crops and buildings
to prevent the enemy from being able
to live off the land.
(v) The destruction of crops and buildings
led to over 3 million refugees in
Russia. The situation discredited the
government and the Tsar. Soldiers did
not wish to fight such a war.
(vi) Russia's industries were badly
affected. The country was cut off from
other suppliers of industrial goods by
German control of the Baltic Sea.
(vi) By 1916, railway lines began to break
down. There was acute shortage of
read and flour in cities. Riots at
bread shops were common by the
winter of 1916.
Q2. How was Kerenskii's provisional
government overthrown by the
Bolsheviks in October 1917?
Or
Why did the Karenskil government tall
in Russia?
(1 There was severe conflict between
Kerenskii's provisional government
and the Bolsheviks. Lenin feared
that Kerenskii would set up a
dictatorship. In September, he began
discussions for an uprising against
the government. Bolshevik supporters
in the army, soviets and factories were
brought together.
(i On 16 October 1917, Lenin persuaded
Bolshevik
the Petrograd Soviet and the
RussIAN REVOLUTION 47
EUROPE AND THE
 workers were killed and about 300
to a socialist seizure wounded. This incident came to be
Party agree
to
revolutionary
of power. A military known as Bloody Sunday.
Committee w a s by the
appointed The incident had a great significance
Trotskii to organise
Soviet under Leon in the history of Russia, because
the event w a s
the seizure. The date of it started a series of events that is
kept a secret. known as the 1905 Revolution. Strikes
24 October.
i) uprising began
The on
took place all over the country and
to Kerenskii's
Military men loyal universities closed down. Lawyers,
seized the buildings
of
gOvernment
doctors, engineers and other middle
two Bolshevik newspapers. They
telephone class workers established the Union of
to take over
were s e n t
the Unions and demanded a Constituent
and telegraph offices and protect
Assembly. This led to the creation
Winter Palace.
Committee of Duma or an elected consultative
(t The Military Revolutionary
acted swiftly. It ordered its supporters Parliament in Russia. The workers

to seize government oftices

and arrest finally formed an organisation known
ministers. Late in the day, the ship as 'Soviet' or 'Council'. This was the
Aurora shelled the Winter Palace. Petrograd Soviet. These workers
Other vessels sailed down the Neva played a n important role in the
and took over various military points. downfall of the Tsarist autocracy in
By nightfall, the city was under the Russia in 1917.
committee's control and ministers had
Q4. What was the global impact of the
surrendered. Russian Revolution? HOTS]
(u) The Bolshevik action approved by
was
Russia became the first country to
Ans. (
the All-Russian Congress of Soviets establish a communist state. Soon
in Petrograd. Uprisings took place in after it, communist parties were
other cities too. And by December, the
formed in many countries.
Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow
(in The Bolsheviks encouraged colonia
Petrograd area.
peoples to follow their experiment.
Q3. What do you know about Bloody
(ii Many non-Russians from outside
Sunday? What is its significance in
the USSR participated in the
the history of Russia? HOTS Conference of the Peoples of the East
Ans. Russian workers were deeply
dissatisfied because in 1904, prices
(1920) and the Bolshevik-founded
of essential goods rose so quickly Comintern, an international union
that real wages declined by 20 per of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties.
cent. Their grievances aggravated Some received education in the
when four members of the Assembly USSR's Communist University of the
of Russian workers were dismissed Workers of the East.
at the Putilov Iron works. They went (iv) Socialism became popular by the time
on strike demanding a reduction in of the outbreak of the Second World
the working day to eight hours, an War.
increase in wages and improvement By the end of the twentieth
in working conditions. When the the international reputation
century,
of the
procession of workers reached the USSR as a socialist
Winter Palace it was attacked by the declined though it was
country had
police and the Cossacks. Over 100 that socialist ideals recognised
still
SoCIAL ScIENCE-IX
enjoyed
48