NOTRE DAME OF JOLO COLLEGE

HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT

NURSING PROGRAM
____________________________________________________________________________________
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(LECTURE)

Prepared by:
ADAWEEYA S. ADJU, RPh.
SHARWENA S. SADJAIL, RPh.

CHEMICAL BONDING

Learning Objectives

At the end of the activity the students should be able:

1. To know and differentiate the two types of bond.
2. To apply electronic configuration in the formation of chemical bond.
3. To learn on how bonds are formed and predict the formula of the compound that
forms chemical bond
4. To identify the different types of compounds.
5. To Learn and write the different chemical compounds.
6. To learn and understand the different types of chemical reactions.

Why do atoms combine? This perhaps is one of questions asked by students. Atoms normally
attract other atoms to form compounds. Compounds can only be formed if atoms of different elements
will be united by chemical bonds. The chemical bonds constitute the forces that hold them.

Another reason of their union is to gain stability because according to the octet configuration, an
atom can gain stability if they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell. In other words, bonding involves
either sharing or transferring electrons to satisfy the octet rule.

There are two types of bond

1. Ionic Bond
2. Covalent Bond

Before bonds can be predicted, valence electron must be identified and used to identify the atoms that
form compound shared or transfer its electron in the outermost shell. In this case designating dots to
represent electron in the outermost shell is necessary.

Topic 1: LEWIS DOT NOTATION

 Lewis Dot notation is a way of describing the outer shell (also called the valence shell) of an
atom's electrons. Dots are drawn around the elements symbol to represent the electrons in the valence
shell of the atom. For example, Helium, which has two electrons in its valence shell, would be written as:

He has two electrons in an s orbital.

Al has 2 electrons in an s orbital and 1 in a p orbital

The three dots around the symbol stand for the three electrons.

Al has 3 valence electrons (1s 22s22p63s23p1). You can determine this by writing out the electron
configuration or simply by the Roman numeral III at the top of the family on the periodic table containing
Al. The dots are placed on all four sides of the symbol before repeating dots on a side. An example of this
is the carbon atom which only has four electrons in its valence shell.

Note: C always makes four bonds; so one electron is promoted from the s orbital to the p orbital and C is
represented as this:

Atoms will always promote electrons so they can make more bonds, thus increasing stability.

When the number of electrons in the valence shell is more than four electrons the dots are written as pairs
on the side until all the electrons are accounted for. Examples are Fluorine and Sulfur.

Topic 2: TYPES OF COMPOUND

A. Ionic compounds
- Composed of positive and negative ions.
- Usually formed form a metal and non-metal.
- These elements are not attached to one another.
Ex. NaCl, CaBr2, KI
IONIC BONDING

An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed by the electron attraction between positive and negative
ions. Ionic bonds are made when an electron from the valence shell of one atom is transferred to the
valence shell of another atom. The atom that lost an electron becomes a positive ion and the atom that
gains the electron becomes a negative ion.

Ionic charges
 Group I  1+
 Group II  2+
 Group III  3+
 Group IV  4+
 Group V  3-
 Group VI  2-
 Group VII  1-
 Group VIII  no charge (stable)

Examples:

Ionic Bond: NaCl

Total Number of Electrons: 8

B. Molecular compounds
- Are made of covalent bonds where the electrons are shared between two non-metals.
Ex. SO2, CCl4

Take note:
Your ability to name compounds and write formulas hinges on your ability to recognize
whether a compound is ionic or molecular.

COVALENT BONDS

Covalent Bonds are chemical bonds formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms.
The nuclei of two different atoms are attracting the same electrons. Therefore, unlike ionic bonds where
an electron is moved from one atom to another the electrons are shared.
Covalent Bond: HCl

Total Number of electrons: 8

Covalent Bond: CO2

Total Number of electrons: 16

Carbon does not follow the octet rule unless double bonds are formed.

Multiple Bonds are sometimes found in molecules so that the molecules satisfy the octet rule. A
single bond (which was discussed earlier) is when a single pair of electrons is shared between the two
atoms. A double bond is when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. A triple bond is when
three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. (Notice a trend?) Double and triple bonds mostly
occur when the elements Carbon(C), Nitrogen(N), Oxygen(O) and Sulfur(S) are involved. An example of
a molecule with double bonds is Carbon Dioxide (CO 2). Notice that each element ends up with eight
electrons around it.

There are two forms of covalent bonds:

Polar Bonding

When two different nonmetallic element of moderate difference in electronegativity share

electrons.
Example:
1. HCl
2. HBr

Non Polar Covalent Bond

When two atoms of the same degree of electronegativity combines, it results to Chemical bond.
Example:
 1. O2
2. H2

Identifying ions in the formation of bonds.

Two forms of ions

Cations are ions that give off its electron during the formation of
bond.
Anions are ions that receives electron during the formation of
chemical bonds.

Ex: Mg + Cl
Mg (2e) + Cl (7e)

During the union 2 chlorine atoms are needed to form the bond of compound MgCl 2. Since
magnesium donates its electron, magnesium will obtain a +2 charge and chlorine atoms receive 1electron
for each chlorine atom thus gaining -1 charge.

Topic 4: CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Before a systematic method of naming different chemical substances was established, various
compounds were named after people, places, or things. Some examples would be washing soda (sodium
carbonate, which is used for softening wash water), and Glauber's salt (sodium sulfate, discovered by J.R.
Glauber). Because of the vast number of compounds known to man, numbering into the millions, a
system of naming was devised to prevent total confusion from occurring. Chemical nomenclature is the
systematic naming of chemical compounds.

There are three types of compounds:

a. Binary Compounds ---------------------- NaCl: Sodium chloride

b. Ternary Compounds -------------------- KOH: Potassium hydroxide
c. Quaternary Compounds/ ------------- (NH4)2SO4: Ammonium sulfate
Polyatomic Compounds

Topic 5: NAMING COMPOUNDS

In naming compounds, you have to remember that compounds are composed of positive charge
ion (cation) and negatively charged ion (anion). The positively charged ion is written first before the
anion.

[CATION+] [ANION-]

There are rules in naming compounds. These are as follows

Binary molecular compounds

- Binary means two (2) elements
 - Molecular means two (2) non-metals
- NO ionic charges are present.
How to name: Prefixes are used to show how many atoms are present in each molecule.

Ex. CO2(Carbon dioxide)

Rules:
• Both Carbon and Oxygen are non-metals, so we make use of prefix “Di” which means
2.

• ALL binary compounds end in “ide”.

Or it follows this pattern:
Prefix + Element root + ide

• Exceptions to the use of Greek prefixes are molecular compounds containing

HYDROGEN.
-Many of these compounds are called either by their common, nonsystematic names or by
names that do not specifically indicate the number of H atoms present.
Ex. NH3 (Ammonia)
CH4 (Methane)

Binary ionic compounds

- Binary means two (2).
- Ionic means a metal and a non-metal.

How to name:
o Charges must balance so compound charge is neutral.
First word = CATION
Second word = ANION name with “ide” ending
 Ex. NaBr (Sodium Bromide)
MgF2 (Magnesium Fluoride)
o Take note that prefixes are not used in these compounds!

Source: Wikipedia.

Polyatomic Ions
- Are ions which consist of more than
one (1) atom.

Ternary ionic compounds

- Ternary means three (3) different elements.
- Usually contain polyatomic ions.
- Ionic means cation and anion.
How to name:
o Write the first word/element whether it is cation or anion.
o Second word are usually polyatomic ion.
o NO PREFIXES USED!
Source: Wikipedia.

Naming with transition metals

o First word = CATION
Second word = ANION
o You need to know what charge is on the transition metal if more than one
exists.
STOCK SYSTEM
- For cations having more than one charge, the charge must be given in the name (in
Roman numerals).
- Examples:

Source: Wikipedia.

Rules:
• Name the first element + indicate the number of charges using roman numerals (if you prefer
Systematic name) and or use the suffixes “OUS” (low charge) or “IC” (High charge) for
common name + element root name of the second word + ends in “ide”
Examples:
Cu2O = Copper (I) Oxide  SYSTEMATIC NAME
Cuprous Oxide  COMMON NAME

Topic 6: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

Chemical reaction is a description of the fate of two reactants upon combination. In a chemical
reaction you will observe gas being released, substance being dissolved, or a solid substance (precipitate)
formed from two clear liquids while chemical equation is the chemist’s shorthand process of describing
the course of a chemical reaction.
Chemical reaction: When you heat a small amount of mercury (II) oxide in a test tube, the
amorphous orange compound turns brown, then black and finally disappears. Moisture is also observed
near the mouth of the test tubes. The grayish substance left clinging in the middle portion of the test tube
is mercury, and the moisture seen is oxygen.
Chemical equation:
Mercury (II) oxide --- heated-- Mercury and Oxygen
HgO- Hg + O2
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

When we dig deeper into the study of chemistry, we find that there are several different types of
reactions. There are several different ways to classify these reactions, mainly based on the patterns of
similarity among them. There are 5 basic types of reactions we will be studying, and the way they are
classified is based on how atoms or groups of atoms are rearranged during a particular reaction. These
reactions are:

1. Combination reactions
2. Decomposition reactions
3. Displacement reactions
4. Metathesis reactions
5. Combustion reactions

 Combination Reactions A + B - AB
A combination reaction is a reaction in which two substances combine to form a third substance.
A simple example would be where two elements react to form a compound of the elements.

 Decomposition Reactions AB-- A + B

A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a single compound reacts to give two or more
substances. In order to decompose a compound, it is often necessary to raise the temperature.

 Single Displacement Reactions A + CB - AB + C

Displacement reactions (sometimes referred to as single replacement reactions) are reactions in

which an element reacts with a compound displacing an element from it. An example of this would be
when a copper metal strip is dipped into a solution of silver nitrate. When this happens, crystals of silver
metal are produced.

 Metathesis Reactions AB + CD - AD + CB

A metathesis reaction is a reaction that appears to involve the exchange of parts of the reactants.
Metathesis reactions are also referred to as double-replacement reactions. When the reactants in the
reaction are ionic compounds in solution, cations and anions of the compounds are the parts exchanged.

 Combustion Reactions

So far, all the reactions which we have studied have been classified by the type of atom
rearrangement that happens in the reaction. Combustion reactions are different in that they are
characterized by the fact that one of the reactants is always oxygen. A combustion reaction is a reaction of
a substance with oxygen, usually with the rapid release of heat to produce a flame. Organic compounds
burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor. Here is the chemical reaction involving
butane burning in air to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor.