PHYSICAL EDUCATION

CHAPTER VII

PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

- Physiological factors determining Strength

- Physiological factors determining Speed
- Physiological factors determining Endurance
- Physiological factors determining Flexibility

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING STRENGTH

 Size of the muscle

 Body weight
 Muscle Composition
 Intensity of the nerve impulse

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING SPEED

 Mobility of the Nervous System

 Muscle Composition
 Explosive strength
 Flexibility
 Bio- Chemical reserves and metabolic power

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING ENDURANCE

 Aerobic Capacity
 Oxygen Intake  Oxygen Uptake
 Oxygen Transport  Energy reserves
 Lactic Acid Tolerance
 Movement Economy
 Muscle Composition

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING FLEXIBILITY

 Muscle Strength
 Joint Structure
 Age and Gender
 Stretch ability of Muscles
 Internal Environment
 Previous Injury

EFFECTS OF EXERCISES ON CARDIO- VASCULAR SYSTEM

 Immediate effects of exercises

 Long term effects of exercises

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF EXERCISES

  Increase in heart rate
 Increase in Stroke volume
 Increase in cardiac output
 Increase in blood flow
 Increase in blood pressure

LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISES

 Increase in the size of heart  Decrease in blood pressure

 Decrease in resting heart rate  Quicker recovery rate
 Stroke volume increases at rest  Reduced risk of heart diseases
 Increase in cardiac output  Increase in blood volume
 Increased blood flow
EFFECTS OF EXERCISES ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 Strong will power  Unused alveoles become active

 Increase in tidal air capacity
 Decrease in rate of respiration
 Strengthens diaphragm and muscles
 Avoids second wind
EFFECTS OF EXERCISES ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM
 Increase in Endurance
 Increase in size of lungs and chest
 Prevention from Diseases
 Increase in vital air capacity

 Change in shape and size of muscles

 Formation of more capillaries
 Muscle remains in tone position
 Controls Extra fat
 Change in the connective tissue
 Delays fatigue
 Exercise makes the figure beautiful
 Body posture remains correct
 Improves reaction time
 Increase food storage

SPORTS INJURIES

 Sports injuries are common in the field of games and sports

 Sports injuries can be prevented up to some extent if proper research is conducted in the field of
games and sports
 Proper conditioning should be done before taking part in sports competitions
 To play according to the rules and proper officiating can be helpful
 Warm up should be performed before training

CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS INJURIES

1. Soft tissue Injuries 2. Bone Injuries 3. Joint injuries

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

A) CONTUSION D) ABRASION
B) STRAIN E) BRUISES
C) SPRAIN
CONTUSION

- Muscle injury
- A direct hit or without any sports equipment can be the main cause
- An also be due to minor accidents to the skin, such as swelling, bumping into something
- Common in wrestling , kabaddi and boxing etc
- Stiffness and swelling are the common features at the site of contusion
- In some cases muscle become inactive

Prevention :

 Proper warm up should be performed before practice, training and competition

 Condition should have been performed
 Protective equipments should be used in games and sports
 Courts should be clean
 Scientific knowledge about the game is must
 Players should be careful
 Good officiating is must

STRAIN

- Muscle injury
- Mild as well as severe
- Sometimes complete muscle can be rupture
- Severe pain around the rupture
- It may be because of lifting heavy objects or rods in wrong way
- Chronic strains are usually caused by moving the muscles and tendons in repetition.

Prevention :

 Complete warm up before participating  Scientific knowledge of game is must for

 Conditioning should have been performed preventing strain
 Sports equipments should be of good  Players should discontinue to play during
quality state of fatigue
 Players should be careful

SPRAIN

- Ligament injury
- Occur due to overstretching or tearing of ligament
- Many things can cause sprain
- Falling, twisting or getting hit can force a point out of its normal position
- Fracture is also possible along with sprain
- Swelling, inflammation , severe pain and tenderness are common symptoms
- There can be laxity in the ligament

Prevention :

 Warm up is necessary  All the sports equipment should be of good

 Proper conditioning should be done quality
  Players should be careful and alert  Maintain a healthy weight
 Try to eat well balanced diet  Rules of games / sport must be followed
ABRASION

- skin injury
- Occur due to friction with certain equipment or fall over the area where bone is very close to the
skin
- May be caused due to fall on hard surface
- Can occur in kabbaddi, athletics, hockey , football etc
- Mild abrasions are known as grazes or scraps

Prevention

 Proper warm up before training and competition

 Proper condition should be performed
 Sports equipment should be of good quality
 Good officiating is essential
 Players should be careful
 Players should follow rules and regulations
 Don’t push your body beyond current fitness level
 Learn correct techniques before taking part in competition

BRUISES

- May occur in football, hockey and boxing

- Not clearly seen because upper skin remains unaffected
- Inner tissues are damaged
- Blood spreads under the skin because of rupture of blood vessels
- Blood from damaged the skin collects near the surface of the skin resulting in black and blue mark
- Can occur to athletes , weightlifters etc
- Initially bruise maybe reddish and after a few hours it turns into blue and black

Prevention

 Players should perform adequate warm up  Players should not rash

 Players should have good anticipation  Court / playfields should be smooth
power  Players should not play during fatigue
 Players should be careful and alert  Players should use protective equipments
BONE INJURIES

1. Simple fracture : without any wound, bone is broken at one place

2. Compound fracture : skin and muscles are damaged , broken bone comes out through the skin by
tearing it
3. Complicated fracture :a bone is broken & damages the internal organs
4. Green stick fracture: seen in children , because bones are very soft & delicate , bone bent
5. Impacted fracture : when the end of fracture bone enters into other bone
6. Comminuted fracture : when a bone is broken into 3 or more pieces

CAUSES OF A FRACTURE
  Sports events where there is high impact  Sudden fall on hard surface
 Traumatic, forceful & unnatural  Direct strike or hit with any solid sports
movements equipment
 Long distance walking or running  Osteoporosis
Prevention :

 Adequate warm up before participation  Scientific knowledge is essential

 Proper conditioning  Players should be careful and alert
 Players should not continue to play during  Good officiating is essential
state of fatigue  Balanced diet should be taken
 Sports equipment should be of good  Training and competition areas should be
proper quality clear of hazards
JOINT INJURIES

- Dislocation of joints is a main injury

- Can occur in football and hockey etc
- Dislocation of surfaces of bones
- Players usually face the dislocations of joints in their fingers etc

 Dislocation of lower jaw

- It occurs when the chin strikes any other object forcefully.
- May occur when mouth is wide opened.
 Dislocation of shoulder joint
- May occur due to sudden jerk or fall on hard surface.
- End o f humerus comes out from the socket
- Infact when our shoulder dislocates a strong force, such as sudden blow to your shoulder, pulls the
bones in your shoulder out of place.
 Dislocation of hip joint
- Putting maximum strength spontaneously may cause dislocation of hip joint
- End of femur is displaced from the socket.
-
 Dislocation of Wrist

- A miscalculated landing can also cause a dislocated wrist.

- It generally occurs to a person who use his hand to brake his fall.
- It can very painful
- They are common in football, ice sports like hockey and skating.

PREVENTION :

 adequate of warm up  Practice should be discontinued during

 proper conditioning fatigue
 Stretching exercises should be done  Always obey rules and regulations
 Protective equipment  Perform regular exercises
 Players should be careful and alert  Always obey rules and regulations
CAUSES OF SPORTS INJURIES

 Improper Conditioning : for better performance it is necessary to do proper conditioning.

 Improper Warming up: due to improper warming up an athlete or sportsperson may get injured.
  Lack of fitness: fitness does not mean only physical fitness but physiological and psychological
fitness also.
 Lack of sports facilities : Injuries are usually faced by sportsperson wh lack proper sports facilities.
 No use of Protective equipment :If players do not use they may get chances of injury,it is
dangerous to participate in game and sport without proper equipment.
 Practice during the stage of fatigue : It is but natural to get fatigue at the time of practice, if player
continue after fatigue, chance of injury increases.
 Pressure of Competition : player may suffer injuries due to pressure of competition.
 Improper sports equipment : without proper equipment players are at higher risk of injuries.
 Overuse of Muscles : excessive repetition or movements is also main cause of injuries.
 Unscientific way of training : there should be new method of training, old and unscientific way
increase the risk of injuries.
 Carelessness during the exams: During training or game there may be moments where player
remain unconscious about the game. It should not happen as it may result in injuries.

PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

 Proper warming up  Unbiased officiating

 Proper Conditioning  Obeying the rules
 Balance diet  Proper Cooling down
 Proper knowledge of sports and skills  Proper Sports facilities
 Use of Protective equipments  Don’t do overtraining
TIPS FOR PREVENTING SPORTS INJURIES

 Avoid training when you are tired
 Increase your consumption of
carbohydrate
 Increase in training load should be
matched with increase in resting
 Have regular sports massage
 Stay away from infections areas
 Train on different surfaces
 Aim for maximum comfort while
travelling
 Allow a lot of time for warming up
 Training areas should be of clear hazards
 Introduce new activities gradually
 Aim for maximum comfort while
travelling
 Shower and change your dress
immediately after you cool down
 If you experience Pain, stop your session
immediately
 Pay attention to hydration and nutrition

MANAGEMENT OF SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

ABRASION

 First of all clean the affected area with freshwater, pick out dead tissue, gravel that might be sticking
to the area of abrasion
 Use clean as well as sterile gauze to wipe the dirt from the affected part
 After this apply medicinal ointment
 Then visit the doctor
 Dressing should be changed as per the instructions of the doctor

CONTUSION MANAGEMENT

 Cold compression should be used immediately

  If more swelling at the sight of contusion , anti inflammatory medicine should be given
 Is swelling persists, consult the doctor
 For rehabilitation , flexibility exercises should be performed.

LACERATION : an irregular cut in skin from a sharp object or sharped edged sports equipment.

 First of all, control bleeding before anything else

 Once bleeding has stopped, was with warm water and mild soap
 Determine if it require stitches , if yes go to the doctor
 For simple, which do not require stitches , use antiseptic ointment
 Cover it with sterile gauze
 watch the infection and change the dressing regularly
 take painkiller, if pain persists

INCISION : may also occur due to sharp edged objects of sports equipments. arteries or veins may be
cut.

 if wound is not deep, let the blood come out

 in this process germs also come out
 wound should be clean with iodine tincture or spirit
 place a piece of cotton and apply bandage
 dirt should not enter in the wound
 in case of excessive bleeding , keep the bandage tight
 if the wound is deep, consult the doctor

SPRAIN MANAGEMENT

A) Price Procedure : should be followed for 24 to 48 hours after the injury.

P -> Protection : protect the injured area by using a support or wearing shoes
R -> Rest : take rest as much as possible
I -> Ice : should be applied directly on the site of injury as soon as possible
C -> Compression : reducing swelling as well as bleeding
E -> Elevation : keep the injured part above the level of heart to reduce swelling.

B) Mice Procedure :
It stands for Mobilisation , Ice, Compression and elevation
Mobilisation is taking the injured part through its full range of movement , such movement should
be avoided that cause pain.
Ice -> ice should continue for a week, after 4 to 5 days , heat pad can be applied
Compression -> same as above
Elevation -> same as above

STRAIN MANAGEMENT

Price Procedure to be followed for 24 to 48 hours:

P -> Protection : protect the injured area by using a support or wearing shoes
R -> Rest : take rest as much as possible
I -> Ice : should be applied directly on the site of injury as soon as possible
 C -> Compression : reducing swelling as well as bleeding , best applied using a firm pad over the
site of injury with a strap around it to hold in a place
E -> Elevation : keep the injured part above the level of heart to reduce swelling

MANAGEMENT OF DISLOCATION:

1. Call medical help immediately

2. Don’t try to move the joint or to place it back in the socket
3. Keep ice on the spot of dislocation to control swelling
4. Sling or splint the affected joint

MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES :

Management of stress fracture : Is a crack bone common injury in high impact sports such as long
distance races or basketball etc.

1. First of all elevate and rest while bone heals itself

2. Apply ice
3. If pain persist , give some pain killers
4. Use splint if immobilization is there
5. After removal of swelling , put partial weight on the affected area
6. For 6 to 8 weeks avoid the activity that cause fracture

Management of Green Stick Fracture

1. Require immobilization to make the bone grow back together in proper or natural position.
2. Swelling may be reduced by anti inflammatory drugs.
3. Pain can be relieved by pain killers
4. It takes 8 weeks for complete fracture
5. High impact activities should be avoided

Management of Comminuted Fracture

1. Treatment and management is not an easy job

2. Immobilization above and below the fracture area should be maintained with the help of plasters
3. For pain management pain killers should be given
4. Physical therapy should be used to treat completely

Transverse Fracture: It is a break of a part of one of the bones of the spine. It is shapped like a wing.

Management of Transverse Fracture

1. If the injury is limited to a break of a transverse process with no other injury, hospital care is not
necessary.
2. Medication for pain control should be given.
3. Limit the various activities.
4. Multiple fractures of backbone can be damage to spinal cord and may require operation.
5. Complete rest should be given
6. After that affected person should not join the activity
7. Neck and back braces may also be helpful in reducing pain and increasing mobility.
8. Exercise should be done to improve motion and to strengthen back.
Oblique Fracture : occurs when the bone is broken diagonally to the axis of the bone. Occur at the
humerus or femur bone, i.e., in long bones of our body.

Management of Oblique Fracture :

1. Method of treatment depends on the amount of damage to the bone.

2. If the damage is minimum a plaster cast may be used to treat the fracture.
3. If damage is extensive , metal rods and screws are used to hold the bone in place.

Impacted fracture : When the end of a fractured bone enters into other bone, it is called impacted
fracture

Management of Impacted fracture :

1. If the damage is not too severe, a splint sling may be sufficient to hole the fractured bone in place so
that it heal correctly.
2. If it involves only a few bone fragment and the damage is not too significant , immbolisation may be
enough to treat it.
3. The minimum of affected part should be minimized for quiet some time even after a splint is
removed.
4. These fractures usually take more time to heal.
5. In more severe cases, surgery is required.

FIRST AID

- First help given to the wounded or accident victim before the arrival of the doctor
- It is the aid which is provided to the injured in case of an accident or injury or sudden illness
- It enables the trained persons to render the help to preserve life, promote recovery of the injury until
the arrival of the doctor.
- In other words it is an immediate and temporary care given to a victim of an accident or sudden
illness before the services of a physician is obtained.

AIM OF FIRST AID

The main aim is to try to save the precious life of the wounded person or victim.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

- To preserve life: To preserve life or to save the life of the victim or wounded person is the

significant objective of first aid.

- To alleviate pain and suffering : Pain is natural in any type of accident. Pain becomes bearable in

case of fracture or dislocation of joint during accident.

- To prevent the condition from worsening: Till the wounded person or victim does not get help of a

doctor, to prevent the condition from worsening becomes another objective.

- To promote recovery: The main objective of first aid is to start the process of recovery as possible.
- To procure early medical aid: To procure early medical aid is one of the most important objectives.

In fact there may be certain situations where there is a dire need for medical assistance.