IRRIGATION AND

DRAINAGE
ENGINEERING
MARVIN M. CINENSE
IF YOU FAIL TO PREPARE,
YOU PREPARE TO FAIL.…
Please prepare the following before
we start:
• Calculator
• Sheets of paper
• Ballpen or pencil
• Other things that you think you need during the
review proper (etc…)
The moisture content of the soil when
the gravitational water has been
removed.
a. Available water
b. Field capacity
c. Permanent wilting point
d. Readily available moisture

B – Field capacity
• Schematic representations of field capacity and permanent wilting
point soil moisture content
It is the ratio of the dry weight of soil
particles to the weight of an equal
volume of water.
a. Particle density
b. Bulk density
c. Real specific gravity
d. Apparent specific gravity

D - Apparent specific gravity

 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑔 𝑐 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (1 𝑔 𝑐 𝑐

𝑂𝐷𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑔
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑐𝑐
One hundred thousand two hundred and fifty
(1,250) cubic meters of water was delivered
to a 10 ha farm for the month of June in which
consumptive use is estimated at 8 mm/day.
The effective rainfall for the period was 150
mm. What is the irrigation efficiency?
a. 32%
b. 87%
c. 72%
d. 52%
C – 72%
Effective Rainfall, ER = 0.15m x 10 ha x 10,000 m2/ha
= 15,000 m3

Consumptive Use, CU
CU = (0.008 m/day) x 30 days x 10 ha x 10,000 m2/ha
= 24,000 m3

Irrigation Efficiency, Ea = (CU – ER)/Wf

= (24,000 – 15,000)m3 / 1,250 m3
= 72%
These are pipelines built on or near the
ground surface to convey water across wide
depressions?
a. Inverted siphons
b. Siphons
c. Laterals
d. Flumes

D – flumes
Evapotranspiration in an 8 ha farm is 7
mm/day and percolation losses is 2 mm/day.
What is the design discharge of a canal to be
able to deliver a 5-day requirement of the
farm in 24 hours if irrigation efficiency is
75%?
a. 150 m3/hr
b. 200 m3/hr
c. 175 m3/hr
d. 140 m3/hr
B - 200 m3/hr
Q = Ad/t
Q = [(8 ha x 10,000 m2/ha) (7 mm/day + 2 mm/day)
(1m/1000mm) (5 days)] / (24 hrs x 0.75)
Q = 200 m3/hr
Subsurface drain system wherein laterals join
the submain on both sides alternately.
a. Gridiron
b. Herringbone
c. Parallel drain system
d. Double main system

B – herringbone
How much water should be applied to a 6 ha
farm where the rooting depth is 80 cm, if it is
in its permanent wilting point? Volumetric
moisture contents are 0.15 and 0.32 for
permanent wilting point and field capacity,
respectively.
a. 7,200 m3
b. 6,120 m3
c. 15,360 m3
d. 8,160 m3
D – 8,160 m3
Vol. = (FC – PWP)(D)(A)
= (0.32 - 0.15)(0.8m)(60,000 m2)
= 8,160 m3

Pv = AsPd Pd = 100 (FW-ODW)/ODW

d = PvD/100 = PdAsD/100
What is the depth of water in a trapezoidal
channel with a side slope of 2 and carrying a
2.5 m3/s water flow? The channel’s bottom
width is 1.5 meters and the flowing water has
a velocity of 0.8 m/s.
a. 1 m
b. 1.2 m
c. 0.93 m
d. 0.82 m

C – 0.93 m
Q = AV or A = Q/V
A = 2.5 m3/s / 0.8 m/s = 3.125 m2
A = by + zy2 : 3.125 = 1.5y + 2y2
solving for y = 0.93 m
How many sprinklers with spacing of 7m x 7m
are needed to irrigate a rectangular piece of
land 125 m x 190 m if the laterals are set
parallel to the longer side of the field?
a. 503
b. 504
c. 486
d. 485

C – 486
Number of Laterals, N = 125/7 = 17.86 or 18

Number of Sprinklers/lateral, S = 190/7 = 27.142 or 27

Total number of sprinklers = N x S = 18 x 27 = 486

If the impeller speed of a centrifugal pump is
increased from 1800 rpm to 2340 rpm, the
resulting power will be how many times the
original?
a. 1.690
b. 2.197
c. 1.091
d. 1.140

D - 2.197
 3
2340
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
1800

2.197 𝑃1 = 𝑃2
Darcy’s law states that the flow of water
through a porous medium is?
a. Proportional to the medium’s hydraulic
conductivity
b. Inversely proportional to the length of
flow path
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

C – both a & b
One liter per second is equal to?
a. 16.85 gpm
b. 15.50 gpm
c. 15.85 gpm
d. 17.35 gpm

C – 15.85 gpm
It is the ratio of the volume of voids to the
total volume of the soil.
a. Void volume
b. Bulk density
c. Porosity
d. Void density

n = Vv/VT

C – porosity
A soil sample was obtained using a cylindrical
soil sampler with a 4-inch diameter and 10-
inch height. After oven-drying, the sample
weighed 2,470 grams. What is the soil’s bulk
density.
a. 12 g/cc
b. 1.1 g/cc
c. 1200 kg/m3
d. 1.3 kg/m3

C – 1200 kg/m3
Vb = Ah = (πd2/4)(h)
= [π(4 in x 2.54 cm/in)2/4] x (10 in x 2.54 cm/in)
= 2,059.3 cm3

BD = ODW/Vb
= 2,470/2,059.3
= 1.2 g/cc = 1200 kg/m3
It is the water retained about individual soil
particles by molecular action and can be
removed only by heating.
a. Permanent wilting point
b. Hygroscopic water
c. Hydrophobic water
d. Microscopic water

B – hygroscopic water
Compute for the brake horsepower of a pump
needed to pump-out a fluid (ρ = 1.3 g/cc) at a
rate of 300 gpm with a total head of 6 meters.
Assume pump efficiency of 60%.
a. 2.5 hp
b. 3.0 hp
c. 3.5 hp
d. 5.0 hp

C – 3.5 hp
Specific weight of water, γ
γ = (1.3g/cm3)(kg/1000g)(2.2 lbs/kg)[(2.54)3 cm3/in3]x(1728 in3/ft3)
γ = 81 lbs/ft3

BHP = (300 gal/min x 1 ft3/7.48 gal x 81 lbs/ft3 x 6m x 3.28 ft/m) /

(33,000 ft-lbs / min-hp x 0.60)
= 3.23 hp
A 16-ft thick confined aquifer with hydraulic
conductivity of 500 ft/day was tapped by a 4-
inch diameter shallow tube well. With a
radius of influence of 2000 ft, determine the
maximum discharge of the STW in lps.
Assume an allowable drawdown of 10 ft.
a. 16.85
b. 17.55
c. 5.59
d. 6.59
B – 17.55
Q = 2πkt(he – hw) / ln(re/rw)
Q = 2π(500 ft/day)(16 ft)(10 ft) / ln[2000 ft/(2/12 ft)
Q = 53,515.8 ft3/day
Q = 53,515.8 ft3/day x 1m3/ (3.28)3ft3 x 1000 li/m3 x 1
day/86400 sec
Q = 17.55 li/sec
It refers to the composite parts of the
irrigation system that divert water from
natural bodies of water such as rivers,
streams and lakes.
a. Main canal
b. Diversion canal
c. Irrigation structures
d. Headworks

D – headworks
It is a measure of the amount of water that
the soil will retain against a tension of 15
atmospheres.
a. Readily available moisture
b. Permanent wilting point
c. Available moisture
d. Field capacity

B – PWP
Given a shallow tubewell with maximum
discharge of 15 lps and a total dynamic head
of 7 meters. Determine the power rating of
the primemover for the pump if pump and
primemover efficiencies are 60% and 55%,
respectively.
a. 4.0 hp
b. 3.5 hp
c. 4.5 hp
d. 5.0 hp
C – 4.5 hp
Rated HP = 15 li/sec x 1m3/1000 li x 62.4 lbs/ft3 x 7 m x 3.28ft/m
550 ft-lbs/sec-hp x 0.6 x 0.55
= 4.17 hp , say 4.5 hp
What is the discharge in each sprinkler nozzle
to irrigate a rectangular piece of land 150m x
180m if the laterals are set parallel to the
longer side of the field. Sprinkler spacing is
6m x 6m, irrigation water requirement is 150
mm and irrigation period is 6 hours.
a. 0.250 lps
b. 0.375 lps
c. 0.500 lps
d. 0.125 lps
A – 0.250 lps
Q = 6m x 6m x 0.15m/6hrs x 1hr/3600sec x 1000li/m3
Q = 0.250 lps
The International Soil Science Society
describes sand as a soil particle with a
diameter of
a. 0.02 to 2 mm
b. 0.2 to 2 mm
c. 0.002 to 0.02 mm
d. 0.002 to 0.2 mm

B – 0.2 to 2 mm
Ten m3/hr is equal to
a. 2.78 lps
b. 44.03 gpm
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

C – both a & b
Determine the irrigation interval for a farm
with soil root zone having a field capacity of
200 mm and a wilting point of 105 mm.
Assume that the consumptive use for August
is 7.5 mm/day with no rainfall and the
allowable moisture depletion is 75%.
a. 11 days
b. 9 days
c. 4 days
d. 7 days
B – 9 days
Iint = (FC – WP)(AMD) / CU
= ((200 – 105)mm x 0.75) / 7.5 mm/day

Iint = 9.5 days or 9 days

What is the depth of water in a trapezoidal
channel with a side slope of 2 and carrying a
3.2 m3/s water flow? The channel’s bottom
width is 1.5 meters and the flowing water has
a velocity of 0.85 m/s.
a. 1.8 m
b. 1.79 m
c. 1.05 m
d. 1.04 m

C – 1.05 m
Q = AV
A = Q/V = 3.2 m3/s / 0.85 m/s = 3.765 m2
A = by + zy2
3.765 = 1.5y + 2y2
Compute for y = ?
The localized lowering of the static or
piezometric water level due to pumping.
a. Groundwater decline
b. Drawdown
c. Subsidence
d. Depression

B – drawdown
Any convenient level surface coincident or
parallel with mean sea level to which
elevations of a particular area are referred
a. Datum
b. Elevation
c. Horizontal surface
d. Slope

A – datum
What is the design discharge of a canal to be
able to deliver a 7-day requirement of a 5-ha
farm in 12 hours if the irrigation requirement
is 8 mm/day?
a. 65 m3/s
b. 6.5 m3/s
c. 0.65 m3/s
d. 0.065 m3/s

D – 0.065 m3/s
Q = (5 ha x 10,000 m2/ha x 8 mm/day x
(1m/1000mm) x 7 days) / 12 hrs x 1hr/3600sec

Q = 0.0648 m3/s = 0.065 m3/s

It is a geologic formation which transmits
water at a rate insufficient to be economically
developed for pumping.
a. Aquifer
b. Aquiclude
c. Aquifuge
d. Aquitard

B – aquiclude
Determine the maximum total head at which
a 5-hp centrifugal pump can extract water at
a rate of 25 lps if pump efficiency is 65%.
a. 25.32 ft
b. 32.48 ft
c. 33.39 ft
d. 35.12 ft

B – 32.48 ft
BHP = γQH/EP or H = (BHP)(E )/γQ (γ = 62.4 lbs/ft3)

H = 5 hp x 0.65 x 550 ft-lbs/sec-hp x 1ft/62.4 lbs

25 li/sec x 1m3/1000 li x (3.28)3 ft3/m3

H = 32.48 ft
It is the ratio of the dry weight of the soil to
the weight of the water with volume equal to
the soil bulk volume.
a. Particle density
b. Bulk density
c. Real specific gravity
d. Apparent specific gravity

D - ASG
It accounts for the losses in an irrigation
system from the water source and prior to
delivery of water into the field ditches.
a. Evaporation
b. Application efficiency
c. Diversion efficiency
d. Conveyance efficiency

D – Conveyance efficiency
A geologic formation that contains water but
do not have the capacity to transmit it.
a. Aquifuge
b. Aquifer
c. Aquitard
d. Aquiclude

D – Aquiclude
Aquifuge - An impermeable body of rock which contains no
interconnected openings or interstices and therefore neither absorbs nor
transmits water.
Aquiclude - Any geological formation that absorbs and holds water but
does not transmit it at a sufficient rate to supply springs, wells, etc.
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or
unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater
can be extracted using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers
and the characterization of aquifers is called hydrogeology. Related terms
include aquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer,[1]
and aquiclude (or aquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area
underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the
aquifer pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.
Compute the land soaking requirement for a
soil (depth of root zone = 60 cm) with residual
moisture content of 18% by weight, bulk
density of 1,320 kg/m3 and porosity of 50%.
Standing water for planting is 20 mm.
a. 177.44 mm
b. 157.44 mm
c. 253.44 mm
d. 273.44 mm

B – 157.44 mm
What is the recommended value for standing
water during land preparation.
a. 5 mm
b. 10 mm
c. 15 mm
d. 8 mm

B – 10 mm
Farm water requirement minus the
application losses is the.
a. Diversion water requirement
b. Farm irrigation requirement
c. Application efficiency
d. Land preparation water requirement

B – Farm irrigation requirement

What is the root zone depth of a farm with
land soaking requirement of 90 mm if the soil
porosity is 45%, residual moisture content is
18% (by weight) and bulk density is 1,250
kg/m3?
a. 35 cm
b. 40 cm
c. 45 cm
d. 60 cm

B – 40 cm
This results from overlapping radii of
influence of neighboring wells.
a. Drawdown
b. Groundwater decline
c. Well interference
d. Drawdown curve

C – well interference
In furrow irrigation, the rate of water
application should be ____ the intake rate of
the soil.
a. Less than
b. Greater than
c. Equal to
d. Not related to

A – less than
The International Soil Science Society
describes sand as a soil particle with a
diameter of
a. 0.02 to 2 mm
b. 0.2 to 2 mm
c. 0.002 to 0.02 mm
d. 0.002 to 0.2 mm

A – 0.02 – 2.0 mm
The localized lowering of the static or
piezometric water level due to pumping
a. Groundwater decline
b. Drawdown
c. Subsidence
d. Depression

B – drawdown
For a 10m x 10m sprinkler spacing, what is
the design sprinkler throw for a 50% overlap?
a. 15 m
b. 7.5 m
c. 8.0 m
d. 5.0 m

B – 7.5 m
5m 2.5m
Four liters per second is equivalent to
a. 14.4 m3/hr
b. 63.41 gpm
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

C – Both a & b
Irrigation method is used for row crops
wherein only a part of the surface is wetted
a. Basin flooding
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Border irrigation
d. Border-strip flooding

B – furrow irrigation
It refers to the composite parts of the
irrigation system that divert water from
natural bodies of water such as rivers,
streams and lakes
a. Main canal
b. Diversion dam
c. Irrigation structures
d. Headworks

D - headworks
It is a measure of the amount of water that
the soil will retain against a tension of 15
atmospheres
a. Readily available moisture
b. Permanent wilting point
c. Available moisture
d. Field capacity

B - PWP
The infiltration equation based on the
exhaustion process is the
a. Lewis-Kostiakov’s
b. Horton’s
c. Philip’s
d. Darcy’s

B – Horton’s
Determine the irrigation interval for a farm
with soil root zone having a field capacity of
200 mm and a wilting point of 140 mm.
Assume that the consumptive use is 6 mm/day
with no rainfall and the allowable moisture
depletion is 75%
a. 8 days
b. 9 days
c. 7 days
d. 10 days
C – 7 days
Int = (FC-WP)(AMD)/CU
= ((200-140)mm x 0.75)/6 mm/day
= 7.5 or 7 days
What is the design discharge of a canal to be
able to deliver a 6-day requirement of a 6-ha
farm in 9 hours if the irrigation requirement is
8 mm/day?
a. 88.9 m3/s
b. 8.89 m3/s
c. 0.889 m3/s
d. 0.0889 m3/s

D – 0.0889 m3/s
Q = Ad/t
Q = (6 ha x 10,000 m2/ha x 0.008 m/day x 6 days x
1hr/3600 sec) / 9 hrs
Q = 0.0889 m3/sec
The amount of drainage water to be removed
per unit time per unit area is the
a. Drainage requirement
b. Drainage coefficient
c. Drain spacing
d. Drainage volume

B – drainage coefficient
In Hooghoudt’s drain spacing formula, it is
assumed that
a. The water table is in equilibrium with
the rainfall or irrigation water
b. The drains are evenly spaced
c. Darcy’s law is valid for flow through
soils
d. All of the above

D – all of the above

A mathematical expression for the
macroscopic flow of water through a porous
system
a. Steady state groundwater flow
equation
b. Darcy’s Law
c. Laplace’s equation
d. Scobey;s equation

B – Darcy’s Law
It is the soil moisture constant describing the
amount of moisture retained by the soil
against a suction pressure of 1/3 atmosphere
a. Field capacity
b. Hygroscopic water
c. Permanent wilting point
d. Saturation point

A – field capacity
Run-off is the difference between the gross
depth of irrigation water and the
a. Net depth requirement
b. Crop evapotranspiration
c. Depth that infiltrated
d. Water use rate

A – net depth requirement

It is the type of sprinkler irrigation system
where the number of laterals installed is
equal to the total number of lateral positions
a. Hand move system
b. Periodic move
c. Special type
d. Set system

D – set system
In a drip system, the allowable pressure
variation in a lateral with minimum and
average head of 1.51 and 1.38 meters,
respectively is
a. 0.185 psi
b. 0.462 psi
c. 0.370 psi
d. 0.130 psi

B – 0.462 psi
A soil with root zone depth of 1.2 meters has
24% initial volumetric moisture content,
volumetric field capacity and permanent
wilting point of 30% and 15%, respectively
and 50% allowable moisture depletion. The
initial depth of water in the soil is
a. 43.2 mm
b. 270 mm
c. 288 mm
d. 360 mm
C – 288 mm
Pv = d/D
Initial depth, d = Pv x D
d = (0.24) (1.2 m x 1000 mm/m) = 288 mm
In previous Problem, when the soil reaches
_____, irrigation should be done
a. 43.2 mm
b. 270 mm
c. 288 mm
d. 360 mm

B – 270 mm
 FC = .3 x 1,200 = 360 mm

}
AMD = .5(FC-WP) = (0.5)(360-180) = 90 mm

90 mm
WP = .15 x 1,200 = 180 mm

WP + AMD = 180 + 90 = 270 mm

In previous Problem, natural drainage occurs
when the soil water reaches or exceeds a
depth of _______.

a. 43.2 mm
b. 270 mm
c. 288 mm
d. 360 mm

D – 360 mm
 FC = .3 x 1,200 = 360 mm

}
AMD = .5(FC-WP) = (0.5)(360-180) = 90 mm

90 mm
WP = .15 x 1,200 = 180 mm

Since FC is 360 mm, then natural drainage will occur

when the soil water reaches FC or 360 mm
It is a surface irrigation system where the
area is subdivided by dikes and water flows
over these dikes from one subdivision to
another.

a. Border irrigation
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
d. Corrugation irrigation

C – basin irrigation
Distribution control structures placed across
an irrigation ditch to block the flow
temporarily and to raise the upstream water
level.

a. Turnouts
b. Checks
c. Culverts
d. Weirs

B – checks
Using Scobey’s equation for friction loss, a
lateral with 10 sprinklers has a reduction
coefficient of

a. 0.3766
b. 0.100
c. 0.200
d. 0.3964

D – 0.3964
Scobey’s Formula:
Hf = [ksLQ1.9 /(d4.9)]1.45 x 10-8
d = ft, L = ft, Q = gpm, H = ft
Which is not a component of the impact arm
of an impact sprinkler?
a. Nozzle
b. Counterweight
c. Vane
d. Spoon

A - nozzle
A 20-ft thick confined aquifer with hydraulic
conductivity of 400 ft/day was tapped by a 4-
inch diameter shallow tube well. With a
radius of influence of 2,500 ft, determine the
maximum discharge of the STW in liters per
second. Assume an allowable drawdown of
12 ft?
a. 22.17
b. 20.57
c. 62.71
d. 25.63 B – 20.57
 2πkt(he – hw) 2π(400 ft/day)(20 ft)(12 ft)
Q= =
ln(re/rw) ln(2,500/.17)
= 67.52 ft3 /day

67.52 ft3 x m3 x day x 1000 li

= 20.57 lps
day (3.28)3 ft3 86,400 sec m3
In surface irrigation, the ratio between the
gross amount of irrigation water and the net
requirement of the crop is the
a. Application efficiency
b. Deep percolation
c. Seepage
d. Runoff

A – APPLICATION EFFICIENCY
It is an orderly sequence of planting crop in
an area for a 365-day period
a. Cropping pattern
b. Crop combination
c. Crop sequence
d. Cropping schedule

A – Cropping pattern
A 21.6 mm/day water requirement is
equivalent to

a. 23.8 gpm/ha
b. 0.9 lps/ha
c. 2.5 lps/ha
d. 14.3 gpm/ha

C – 2.5 lps/ha
21.6 mm x m x 10,000 m2 x day x 1000 li
day 1000 mm ha 86,400 sec m3

= 2.5 lps/ha
In a 5 ha area, it was determined that the soil
volumetric field capacity and permanent wilting
point are 25% and 15%, respectively. Crop
consumptive use is 5 mm/day, application
efficiency is 80% and irrigation application rate
is 32 m3/hr. The allowable soil moisture
depletion is 60%, apparent specific gravity is 1.2
and the depth of root zone is 0.8 m. The net
depth of irrigation water to be applied is
a. 80 mm
b. 48 mm
c. 24 mm
d. 36 mm B – 48 mm
dnet = (AMD)(FC-WP)(D)
= (.6)(.25-.15)(800mm) = 48 mm
In previous problem, the gross depth of
irrigation water to be applied is
a. 100 mm
b. 60 mm
c. 64 mm
d. 38 mm

B – 60 mm
dgross = dnet /Ea
= 48/.8 = 60 mm
In previous problem, the irrigation interval, in
days is
a. 10
b. 5
c. 9
d. 4

C – 9 days
Int = dnet /CU
= (48 mm)/(5 mm/day) = 9.6 or 9 days
In previous problem, the irrigation period, in
hours is
a. 93
b. 47
c. 230
d. 94

D - 94
Irrigation period = Adgross /Q

5 ha x 10,000 m2 x .06 m
ha = 93.75 hrs
32 m3/hr
The head in an emitter discharging 4 liters of
water per hour and with discharge coefficient
of 0.798 and exponent of 0.5 is
a. 6.4 m
b. 5.0 m
c. 10 m
d. 1.8 m

25 m
In furrow irrigation, it is the difference
between the depth of water that infiltrated
and the net depth requirement

a. Runoff
b. Application losses
c. Deep percolation
d. Seepage

C – deep percolation
A rectangular piece of land 180m x 240m is laid
out with one-sided sprinkler irrigation system.
Laterals are set parallel to the longer side of the
field. Sprinkler spacing is 6m x 6m, irrigation
water requirement is 150 mm and irrigation
period is 6 hours. Laterals are set on only one
side of the mainline. The sprinkler discharge is

a. 0.50 lps
b. 0.375 lps
c. 0.250 lps
d. 0.125 lps
C – 0.250 lps
 (6m) x (6m) x (.15 m) x hr x 1000 li
Q= = 0.25 lps
6 hrs 3600 sec m3
In previous problem, determine the number of
lateral positions
a. 30
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60

A - 30
 240 m

180 m

No. of lateral positions = 180/6 = 30

In previous problem, determine the number of
sprinklers/lateral
a. 30
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60

c - 40
 240 m

180 m

No. of sprinkler/lateral = 240/6 = 40

The field in previous problem is installed with
hand-moved system and 2 sets of laterals can
be installed per day. Calculate the minimum
number of laterals that can be installed per
set if there are 5 operating days per irrigation
interval
a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 1
C–3
No. of laterals/set = total no. of laterals/5days
= 30/5 = 6 lat/set
Since there are 2 sets of laterals, then the minimum no.
of laterals per set = 6/2 = 3 laterals
In-line canal structure designed to convey
canal water from a higher level to a lower
level, duly dissipating the excess energy
resulting from the drop in elevation
a. Drop
b. Flume
c. Weir
d. None of the above

A – drop
Longitudinal Section of a Vertical Drop (Source: PAES 606:2016 )
Longitudinal Section of a Rectangular Inclined Drop
(Source: PAES 606:2016 )
Longitudinal Section of a Baffled Apron Drop
(Source: PAES 606:2016 )
Amount of rainwater that falls directly on the
field and is used by the crop for growth and
development excluding deep percolation,
surface runoff and interception
a. Average rainfall
b. Effective rainfall
c. Rainfall depth
d. None of the above

B – effective rainfall
Applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler
irrigation designed to dissipate pressure and
to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of
water at a constant rate that does not vary
significantly because of minor differences in
pressure
a. Drippers
b. Emitters
c. Nozzle
d. None of the above
B – emitters
Closed conduit designed to convey canal
water in full and under pressure running
condition, to convey canal water by gravity
under roadways, railways, drainage channels
and local depressions
a. Siphon
b. Inverted siphon
c. Elevated flumes
d. None of the above

B – inverted siphon
• Inverted siphons – closed conduit designed to convey canal water
in full and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by
gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local
depressions.
– for crossing wide deep hollows, depressions, or canyons through
them under pressure.

Cross-section of a proposed inverted siphon at a river showing the outline of the conduit
(Source: PAES 606:2016 )
Amount of water required in lowland rice
production which includes water losses
through evaporation, seepage and percolation
and land soaking
a. Land soaking water requirements
b. Land preparation water requirements
c. Irrigation water requirements
d. None of the above

B – land preparation requirements

Portion of the pipe network between the
mainline and the laterals
a. Connector
b. Valve
c. Manifold
d. None of the above

C – manifold
Constant flow depth along a longitudinal
section of a channel under a uniform flow
condition
a. Normal depth
b. Critical depth
c. Uniform depth
d. None of the above

A – normal depth
Water flow that is conveyed in such a manner
that top surface is exposed to the atmosphere
such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage
channels, culverts, and pipes under partially
full flow conditions
a. Open channel flow
b. Canal flow
c. Pipe flow
d. None of the above

A – open channel flow

Tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at
a depth that is usually less than 15 m for the
purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil
surface whose pumps are set above the water
level
a. Shallow tubewell
b. Deep well
c. Pipe
d. None of the above

A – shallow tubewell
Ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension
of the channel wall
a. Slope
b. Channel gradient
c. Side slope
d. All of the above

C – side slope
Slope of the water surface profile plus the
velocity head in open channels
a. Energy grade line slope
b. Water surface slope
c. Channel bottom slope
d. Hydraulic grade line slope

A – energy grade line slope

Slope of the free water surface in open
channel
a. Energy grade line slope
b. Water surface slope
c. Channel bottom slope
d. Hydraulic grade line slope

D – Hydraulic grade line slope

Occurs when flow has a constant water area,
depth, discharge, and average velocity
through a reach of channel
a. Normal flow
b. Critical flow
c. Uniform flow
d. Varied flow

C – uniform flow
Accounting of water inflows, such as
irrigation and rainfall; and outflows, such as
evaporation, seepage and percolation.
a. Water cycle
b. Water balance
c. Water flow
d. All of the above

B – water balance
Area which contributes runoff or drains water
into the reservoir.
a. Watershed
b. River network
c. Streams
d. All of the above

A - watershed
Diameter of the circular area wetted by the
sprinkler when operating at a given pressure
and no wind.
a. Wetted diameter
b. Wetted perimeter
c. Diameter of throw
d. All of the above

A – wetted diameter
Portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in
contact with the flowing water.
a. Wetted diameter
b. Wetted perimeter
c. Diameter of throw
d. All of the above

A – wetted perimter
Moisture left in the soil before the initial
irrigation water delivery which describes the
extent of water depletion from the soil when
the water supply has been cut-off.
a. Current soil moisture content
b. Residual moisture content
c. Allowable moisture depletion
d. None of the above

B – residual moisture content

Pressure required to overcome the elevation
difference between the water source and the
sprinkler nozzle, to counteract friction losses
and to provide adequate pressure at the
nozzle for good water distribution.
a. Average pressure
b. Design pressure
c. Pressure requirement
d. None of the above

B – design pressure
An overflow structure built perpendicular to
an open channel axis to measure the rate of
flow of water.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
d. None of the above

A – weir
Types of Weir, Description and Discharge Evaluation
Types of Weir, Description and Discharge Evaluation
In-line structure with a geometrically
specified constriction built in an open channel
such that the center line coincides with the
center line of the channel in which the flow is
to be measured.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
d. None of the above

B – flume
Types of Flumes, Description and Discharge Evaluation
Types of Flumes, Description and Discharge Evaluation
Measuring device with a well-defined, sharp-
edged opening in a wall through which flow
occurs such that the upstream water level is
always well above the top of this opening.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
d. None of the above

C – orifice
Types of Orifices, Description and Discharge Equation
Determine the seepage and percolation
losses within the canal if the difference in
flow rates at 200-meter distance is 2 m3/s.
a. 1 liter/s-m
b. 0.1 m3/s-m
c. 0.01 m3/s-m
d. None of the above

C – 0.01 m3/s-m
A device with individual scales on the rods to
provide data to plot furrow depth as a
function of the lateral distance where data
can then be numerically integrated to develop
geometric relationships such as area verses
depth, wetted perimeter versus depth and
top-width verses depth.
a. Infiltrometer
b. Profilometer
c. Penetrometer
d. None of the above B – profilometer
Profilometer
Application of water by gravity flow to the
surface of the field.
a. Surface irrigation
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
d. None of the above

A – surface irrigation
Method of irrigation where water runs
through small parallel channels as it moves
down the slope of the field.
a. Surface irrigation
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
d. None of the above

B – furrow irrigation
Recommended slope for furrow irrigation
method.
a. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
b. 2.0% to 5.0%
c. ≤ 0.1%
d. None of the above

A – 0.05% to 3.0%
a. 0.05 % to 3.0 %  Furrow
b. 2.0% to 5.0%  Border
c. ≤ 0.1%  Basin
What should be the depth of water to be
applied if the needed water depth is 6 mm
and the application efficiency is 75%.
a. 4.5 mm
b. 6.0 mm
c. 8.0 mm
d. None of the above

C -8.00 mm
What should be the net depth of water to be
applied if the depth of soil to be irrigated is
600 mm. The soil has a FC of 28%, PWP of
14% and the allowable moisture depletion is
50%.
a. 36 mm
b. 42 mm
c. 50 mm
d. None of the above

B – 42 mm
What should be the irrigation frequency if the
depth of water needed is 42 mm. The
potential ET is 7.6 mm/day and the crop
coefficient is 0.95.
a. 4 days
b. 6 days
c. 8 days
d. None of the above

B – 6 days
 𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐸𝑇𝑎 = 0.95 𝑥 7.6 𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎 = 7.22 𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝐸𝑇𝑎

42 𝑚𝑚
𝐼𝑓 = 𝑚𝑚
7.22
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑰𝒇 = 5.82 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 𝟔 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔
What is the maximum sprinkler spacing, in
square pattern, if the average wind speed is 5
km/hr and below?
a. 55%
b. 50%
c. 45%
d. None of the above

A – 55%
What should be the sprinkler precipitation
rate if the sprinkler spacing is 6m by 6m. The
sprinkler discharge is 210 lph at 3 bars
pressure with 14 meter wetted diameter.
a. 4.2 mm/hr
b. 5.8 mm/hr
c. 6.3 mm/hr
d. None of the above

B – 5.8 mm/hr
A trapezoidal channel has a base width of 6
meters and a side slope of 1H:1V. The channel
bottom slope is 0.0002 and the Manning
roughness coefficient is 0.014. What is the
depth of flow if Q = 12.1 m3/s?
a. 1.5 m
b. 1.3 m
c. 1.7 m
d. 1.1 m

A – 1.5 m
 𝐴 = 𝑦 (𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦
𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦 1 + 𝑧 2
1
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅 2 3 𝑆 1 2
𝑛

2 3
1 𝑦 (6 + 1𝑦
12.1 = 𝑦 (6 + 1𝑦 0.00021 2
0.014 6 + 2𝑦 1 + 12

By trial and error:

𝑦 = 1.5 𝑚
A trapezoidal channel has a base width of 6
meters and a side slope of 1H:1V. The channel
bottom slope is 0.0002 and the Manning
roughness coefficient is 0.014. What will be
the state of flow if the depth of flow is 1.5 m?
a. Critical
b. Sub-critical
c. Supercritical
d. Laminar

B – sub-critical
 𝑉
𝐹= 𝐷 = 𝐴/𝑇 𝑇 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦
𝑔𝐷

𝐴 = 𝑦 𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 = 1.5 (6 + 1 1.5 = 11.25 𝑚2

11.25
𝑇 = 6 + 2 1.5 = 9𝑚 𝐷= = 1.25 𝑚
9

𝑄 12.1
𝑉= = = 1.076 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 11.25

1.076
𝐹= = 0.307 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 0.307 < 1,
(9.81 (1.25
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍
What is the required power if the needed
system capacity is 25 m3/hr and the total
dynamic head is 40 meters. The pump
efficiency is 60%.
a. 3 hp
b. 5 hp
c. 7 hp
d. None of the above

C – 7 hp
Determine the nominal pipe diameter for the
20 m3/hr flow if the allowable velocity in pipe
is 2 m/s.
a. 50 mm
b. 63 mm
c. 75 mm
d. None of the above

B – 63 mm
Q = AV
Q = (πD2/4) V
D = (4Q/ πV)1/2 ;
allowable V = 2 m/s = 7200 m/hr

Dm= (4 x 20/ π x 7200)1/2

Dm = 59 mm
Any barrier constructed to store water.
a. Reservoir
b. Dam
c. Tank
d. None of the above

B – dam
Volume of water stored in reservoir between
the minimum water level and normal water
level.
a. Active storage
b. Dead storage
c. Storage capacity
d. None of the above

A – active storage
Maximum elevation the water surface which
can be attained by the dam or reservoir
without flow in the spillway.
a. Maximum storage elevation
b. Dam crest elevation
c. Normal storage elevation
d. None of the above

C – normal storage elevation

Part of water impounding system that stores
the runoff.
a. Watershed
b. Reservoir
c. Dam
d. None of the above

C – dam
What is the critical depth for a grassy
triangular channel with 2H:1V side slopes and
a 0.5% slope when the flow is 3.00 m3/s?

a. 1.23 m
b. 1.36 m
c. 0.86 m
d. 0.78 m

C – 0.86 m
 3 2
𝐴 𝑄
=
𝑇 𝑔

Where: A = flow area (m2, ft2)

T = top width of flow (m, ft)
Q = channel flow rate (m3/s, ft3/s)
g = gravitation acceleration (m/s2, ft/s2)
What should be the state of flow on previous
Problem if the channel is actually flowing at a
depth of 1.2 m?
a. Critical
b. Sub-critical
c. Supercritical
d. Laminar

The critical depth is 0.86 m. The actual flow depth of 1.2 m is greater
than the critical depth, so the flow is subcritical
B – sub-critical
A trapezoidal channel carrying 400 cfs is built
with nonerodible bed having a slope of 0.0016
and n = 0.025. Determine the depth of water, y
if b = 20 ft and z = 2
a. 3.36 ft
b. 2.87 ft
c. 5.72 ft
d. 4.13 ft

A – 3.36 ft
 0.025 𝑥 400
𝐴𝑅2 3
= = 167.7
1.486 0.0016

Where:
𝐴 = 𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 𝑦

𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 𝑦
𝑅=
𝑏 + 2𝑦 1 + 𝑧 2
Substituting A and R in the above equation:
5/3
𝑏 + 𝑧𝑦 𝑦
2/3
= 167.7
𝑏 + 2𝑦 1 + 𝑧 2

5/3
20 + 2𝑦 𝑦
2/3
= 167.7
20 + 2𝑦 1 + 22

𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 𝒇𝒕
On previous problem, determine the cross-
sectional area, A of the channel.
a. 72.36 ft2
b. 89.78 ft2
c. 63.56 ft2
d. 83.92 ft2

𝐴 = 20 + 2 𝑥 3.36 𝑥 3.36 = 89.78𝑓𝑡 2

B – 89.78
On previous problem, determine the best
hydraulic section?
a. y = 3.36 ft; b = 3.74 ft
b. y = 4.52 ft; b = 6.26 ft
c. y = 6.60 ft; b = 7.62 ft
d. y = 7.81 ft; b = 9.76 ft

C – y=6.6 ft; b=7.62 ft

For Best Hydraulic Section (Trapezoidal section):
𝐴 = 3𝑦 2
1
𝑅= 𝑦
2
Since section factor, 𝐴𝑅2 3 = 167.7
Simplify and compute for y;
Then 𝒚 = 𝟔. 𝟔 𝒇𝒕
The water area, 𝐴 = 3(6.6 2 = 75.45𝑓𝑡 2
Since the best hydraulic trapezoidal section is the half hexagon, the
side slopes are 1 on 3/3. Computing for bottom width, b:
𝐴 74.45 3
𝒃 = − 𝑧𝑦 = − 6.6 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟐 𝒇𝒕
𝑦 6.6 3
 CHANNEL GEOMETRY

Wetted Hydraulic Top Width Hydraulic

Flow Area (A) 𝐀 𝑨
perimeter (P) Radius (R=𝐏 (T) Depth (D=𝑻)

𝐛𝐲
by b + 2y b y
𝐛 + 𝟐𝐲

𝐛 + 𝐳𝐲 𝐲 𝐛 + 𝐳𝐲 𝐲
(b + zy )y b + 2y 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 b + 2zy
𝐛 + 𝟐𝐲 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 𝐛 + 𝟐𝐳𝐲

𝒛𝒚𝟐 𝟏
zy2 2y 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 2zy 𝒚
𝟐𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝟖 𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝑻𝟐 𝒚 𝟑𝑨 𝟐
𝑻𝒚 𝑻+ 𝒚
𝟑 𝟑𝑻 𝟐𝑻𝟐 + 𝟖𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒚 𝟑
 𝑣12 𝑣22
𝑧1 + 𝑦1 + 2𝑔 = 𝑧2 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑔 + ℎ𝑓 ; hf =0
𝑣12 𝑣22
𝑧1 + 𝑦1 + = 𝑧2 + 𝑦2 + ; constant
2𝑔 2𝑔
Specific energy
𝑣2
E= y + 2𝑔

𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑄2
D1cos θ

𝑄
E= y + ; v=𝐴 E= y + ; v=𝐴2
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑑𝐸 𝑄 2 𝑑𝐴 𝑣 2 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝐴
=1− 2 1− ; = 𝑇 ;𝐷 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑔𝐴 𝑑𝑦 𝑔𝐴 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑇
𝑑𝐸 𝑣 2𝑇 𝑣2 𝑣
=1− =1− ; = 1; 𝐹 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑔𝐴 𝑔𝐷 𝑔𝐷
𝐴3 𝑄 2
𝑄2 𝐴 𝐴3 𝑔 = 𝑄𝑇; =
𝑣 2 = 𝑔𝐷; =g 𝑇 𝑔
𝐴2 𝑇
 Specific energy
𝑣2 𝑣 𝐴3 𝑄 2
E= y + 𝐹= ; =
2𝑔 𝑔𝐷 𝑇 𝑔

BEST HYDRAULIC SECTION