Chapter: Computer Virus

Computer virus 02
What does computer virus do? 02
What a virus can do? 03
What a virus cannot do? 03
Warning signal 03
Advantages of virus 03
Disadvantages of virus 04
Types of virus 04
 Program virus
 Boot virus
 Macro virus
 Melfare
Types of antivirus 05

Chapter: Operating system

Operating system 06
Function of operating system 06
 Memory management
 Processor management
 Device management
 File management
 Other important activities
Types of operating system 07
 Batch OS
 Distributed OS
 Multitasking OS
 Network OS
 Real OS

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A computer virus is a software program. A
computer virus is a type of malware that are
very harmful and can seriously damage the
hardware, software or the information
stored. Virus has the ability to makes copies
of itself, and to attach itself to other program
or files. Viruses are harmful. They can range
from displaying irritating messages to make
all the documents inaccessible or even delete
them. Viruses generally latch on a host file
and when they execute they infect other files
or program. Boot sector, resident, Macro
viruses and file infector are some examples of
viruses.
A virus may or may not be destructive. In
some cases, viruses can erase data or corrupt
programs on the computer. Viruses are
written by expert computer programmers
and intended to run on computer systems
without the user’s knowledge.
In the same way that biological viruses enter
our body and attack certain cells, computer
viruses enter a computer system and attach
themselves to an item like the startup area
(boot record) or an executable file (a file with
a. exe extension).
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A virus tries to take control of the computer
system it has infected. It must copies of itself
and tries to carry out the often harmful tasks
that it is programmed to do. This process can
happen so quickly that the user is not even
aware that a virus is present in the computer.
Some viruses are programmed to activate
themselves at a certain date/time. Such
viruses check the system clock continuously,
and create havoc when the set time or date
arrives.
Viruses can
also infect
new files
created on
the infected
computer, or
the contents
of USBs
(Or any removable storage media) that
are inserted into such a computer. They
attach copies of themselves to these
new files and/or files on the storage
media.
 Characters not appearing on the screen when
typed, then it is possible that a virus has
affected the programs that control the
Different viruses
display or the keyboard. If you are unable to
do different
open files, probably a virus is responsible. The
things. A
computer’s hard disk is not physically
computer virus
damaged, but the data and program stored
could be capable
on it may be corrupted or damaged.
of any of the
following: Here are some of the most common signs of
 It can infect executable program files such a virus attack:
a word processors, spreadsheet, and
 The computer runs slower than
operating systems.
normal.
 It can infect disks by attaching itself to
 Applications take longer to load or do
special program on the hard disk, called
not work properly.
boot record. These are the program that
 Unusual error messages appear on
the computer uses to start itself up.
the screen.
 It can infect files that are attached to email
 You notice change in size.
messages or copied to disks and USBs. In
this manner, it can spread from one  You notice
computer to another. that the
hard disk
has more
files than it
There are certain had earlier.
things no program can
do. A computer virus is  The computer restarts on its own.
a program; hence, it cannot do the following:  You see distorted menus and dialog
boxes
 It cannot infect files on write-protected
discs, such as CD-ROMs.
 It cannot infect computer hardware such as
monitors and keyboards. It infects only Computer viruses have no
software. advantages except to the
creator (though it is not
recommended that you
make one). The creator can make it do
anything, such as getting personal
information, or taking control of a person's
When you experience
machine. However, if the creator is tracked,
strange behavior such there are serious consequences.
as screen distortion or

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 Viruses can cause many problems on
your computer. Usually, they display pop-
up ads on your desktop or steal your
information. Some of the more nasty ones
can even crash your computer or delete
your files.
 Your computer gets slowed down.
 Some the application won’t start.
Software that is created specifically to help detect,
prevent and remove malware (malicious
software). Antivirus is a kind of software used to
prevent, scan, detect and delete viruses from a
computer.
In modern worlds there are many advantages of
antivirus some are following:
 Protection from viruses and their
transmission
 Block spam and ads
 Defense against hackers and data thieves
 Ensures protection from removable devices
 Protects your data and files
 Supercharge your PC
 Firewall protection from spyware and
phishing attacks
In modern world there are many disadvantages of
antivirus some are following:
 System Slowdown. Using an antivirus
program means that a lot of resources from
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the memory and the hard drive is being used.
 No Complete Protection.
Computer viruses can be categorised in different
ways. One of them is by their infection targets. If
we group viruses by their target, we can divide
viruses into the following categories.
PROGRAM VIRUS:
In more technical terms, a computer virus is a type
of malicious code or program written to alter the
way a computer operates and is designed to
spread from one computer to another. A virus
operates by inserting or attaching itself to a
legitimate program or document that supports
macros in order to execute its code.
BOOT VIRUS:
A boot virus (also known as a boot infector, an
MBR virus or DBR virus) targets and infects a
specific, physical section of a computer
system that contains information crucial to the
proper operation of the computer's operating
system (OS).
MACRO VIRUS:
A macro virus is a computer virus written in the
same macro language as the software it infects —
common victims include Microsoft Excel and
Word. Because they target software rather than
systems, macro viruses can infect any operating
system. So a macro virus can infect a PC or Mac.
MALWARE
Malware is intrusive software that is designed to
damage and destroy computers and computer
systems. Malware is a contraction for “malicious
software.” An example of common malware
includes viruses, worms, Trojan viruses, spyware,
adware, and ransomware.
The following is necessary for an antivirus program
to be effective:

 It should run in the background at all times

 It should be kept updated so it recognizes
new versions of malicious programs.
 The user should run full disk scans
periodically this checks all the files on a
computer system
 It should have the capability to scan email
attachments and files as they are
downloaded from internet.

Some popular antivirus programs are:

 McAfee Virus Scan

 Norton Antivirus
 Kaspersky Antivirus
 Quick Heal Total Security
 Microsoft security essentials
 Avast

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An Operating
System (OS) is
an interface
between
computer user
and computer
hardware. An,
operating system is a software which performs all
the basic tasks like file management, memory
management, process management, handling
input and output, and controlling peripheral
devices such as disk drives and printers.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux
Operating System, Windows Operating System,
VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
OPERATING SYSTEM:
An operating system is a program that acts as an
interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of
programs.
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Following are some of important functions of an
operating System.
 Memory Management
 Processor Management
 Device Management
 File Management
 Security
 Control over system performance
 Job accounting
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other software and
users
MEMORY MANAGEMENT:
Memory management refers to management of
Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory
is a large array of words or bytes where each
word or byte has its own address.
Main memory provides a fast storage that can be
accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be
executed, it must in the main memory. An
Operating System does the following activities for
memory management −
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what
part of it are in use by whom, what part
are not in use.
 In multiprogramming, the OS decides
which process will get memory when and
how much.
 Allocates the memory when a process
requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process
no longer needs it or has been terminated.
PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT:
In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides
which process gets the processor when and for
how much time. This function is called processing
scheduling. An Operating System does the
following activities for processor management.
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of
process. The program responsible for this
task is known as traffic controller.
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is
no longer required.
DEVICE MANAGEMENT:
An Operating System manages device
communication via their respective drivers. It
does the following activities for device
management −
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program
responsible for this task is known as
the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device
when and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
FILE MANAGEMENT:
A file system is normally organized into
directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions.
An Operating System does the following activities
for file management −
 Keeps track of information, location, uses,
status etc. The collective facilities are
often known as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources
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OTHER IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES:
Following are some of the important activities
that an Operating System performs −
 Security − By means of password and
similar other techniques, it prevents
unauthorized access to programs and
data.
 Control over system performance −
Recording delays between request for a
service and response from the system.
 Job accounting − Keeping track of time and
resources used by various jobs and users.
 Error detecting aids − Production of
dumps, traces, error messages, and other
debugging and error detecting aids.
 Coordination between other softwares and
users − Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, assemblers and
other software to the various users of the
computer systems.
Following are
the types of
operating
system.
 Batch OS
 Distributed OS
 Multitasking OS
 Network OS
 Real-OS
BATCH OS:
Batch OS is the first operating system for
second-generation computers. This OS does not
directly interact with the computer. Instead, an
operator takes up similar jobs and groups them
together into a batch, and then these batches
are executed one by one based on the first-
come, first, serve principle.
Advantages of batch OS:
 Execution time taken for similar
jobs is higher.
 Multiple users can share batch
systems.
 Managing large works becomes
easy in batch systems
. time of CPU as they get in a single system. The
DISTRIBUTED OS:
A distributed operating system is a recent
advancement in the field of computer
technology and is utilized all over the world that
too with great pace. In a distributed OS, various
computers are connected through a single
communication channel. These independent
computers have their memory unit and CPU and
are known as loosely coupled systems. The
system processes can be of different sizes and
can perform different functions. The major
benefit of such a type of operating system is that
a user can access files that are not present on his
system but another connected system. In
addition, remote access is available to the
systems connected to this network.
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Advantages of distributed OS:
 Failure of one system will not affect
the other systems because all the
computers are independent of each
other.
 The load on the host system is
reduced.
 The size of the network is easily
scalable as many computers can be
added to the network.
MULTITASKING OS:
The multitasking OS is also known as the time-
sharing operating system as each task is given
some time so that all the tasks work
efficiently. This system provides access to a
large number of users, and each user gets the
tasks performed are given by a single user or by
different users. The time allotted to execute one
task is called a quantum, and as soon as the time
to execute one task is completed, the system
switches over to another task.
Advantages of multitasking OS:
 Each task gets equal time for
execution.
 The idle time for the CPU will be the
lowest.
 There are very few chances for the
duplication of the software.
NETWORK OS:
Network operating systems are the systems that
run on a server and manage all the networking
functions. They allow sharing of various files,
applications, printers, security, and other
networking functions over a small network of
computers like LAN or any other private
network. In the network OS, all the users are
aware of the configurations of every other user
within the network, which is why network
operating systems are also known as tightly
coupled systems.
Advantages of network OS:
Of such applications are very strict. Such systems
are built for life-saving equipment like
parachutes and airbags, which immediately need
to be in action if an accident happens.
Soft real-time OS:
The soft real-time OS is the operating system for
applications where time constraint is not very
strict.
In a soft real-time system, an important task is
prioritized over less important tasks, and this
priority remains active until the completion of

 New technologies and hardware can
easily upgrade the systems.
 Security of the system is managed
over servers.
 Servers can be accessed remotely
from different locations and systems.
REAL-TIME OS:
Real-Time operating systems serve real-time
systems. These operating systems are useful
where many events occur in a short time or
certain deadlines, such as real-time simulations.
the task. Furthermore, a time limit is always set
for a specific job, enabling short time delays for
future tasks, which is acceptable. For Example,
virtual reality, reservation system, etc.
Advantages of real-time OS:
 It provides more output from all the
resources as there is maximum
utilization of systems.
 It provides the best management of
memory allocation.
 These systems are always error-free.

Types of the real-time operating system are:

Hard real-time OS:

The hard real-time OS is the operating system

for mainly the applications in which the slightest
delay is also unacceptable. The time constraints

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