o : Lecture 6 Prekial Di Coren biakion idence Funckions of two variables Sea eee ttf rrneeananeLsErPECPEEE Pee eeeee A function € of bwo variables 1s a cule thal assigns bo each ordered pair of veal numbers (Cony) ina sek Da Unique ceal number denoted by FOo4) The owt Dis the domein of F ard ibs fange 9 the sel of values that C bakes on Wwe aswell woke 7a FOo4) “The variables x and y we independent variables and Z 8 Ue dependent variable. Exarmgle Find the domain and fange. of O04) = Vay The dorniin of F is D= i Gy) | 1-22 y*20f = ZGay) | ry? < 415 bat i5, Uhe domain of Dis He disk wilh cenler (0,0) and radius 3. “The cange of 4 is Lz lz- Very Hy EOS Since Ne S3 on D The fange is 9 zlosz2s33 I [o,3]2 Te a P+ x74 P= 2", Factial Derivatives The partial deavatve of wep with respecl bo x is cebned as et Hine ee tet eee DK hao Sri, be pactial cbrivative of ee is defined as Foc, yeh) = FCoy) h Rule fee Frochas Packial | Deewatives oF | ql with oe 27 Fes) 1 To fad 2 , cegaed ye 4 constant and differen Liate Peary) with seopeck bo x To Find 2, regard x as a constant Foxy) with ceopect bo 4 Example 1 = Ox + 2xy? Rad BE and 2E. and dif€erentsate 32» Example 2 ow i Oo 45 3e a. ; Gad ao ann a ae. He aa 7” a nx (Reel that 9 aloe) Evemge 3 JP Foo) = vin (25) > ceulate 2e and oa Bro ty CRS) On 2. -& cos( x a4 Qry)* iy Example 4 es : Find Be and 22 f ze debine implicitly as a bunctica of x and 4 by the equalica I ab aye +2? + Gaye = Treok ay congtet and — differentiate imphicibly eee 24 Ber 22 4 6 : gent out + ang + OyP + 62422 = © Qe — Bho Sye _ (xt+2y2) Bz t+exy San J Simihacly Byr + 3z ae éxz + oe =O oF 27 (y2+2xe ) B+ 2x4Example 5 7 Ox, 2: 2 24 Te N= rcos@ , 4= romO, Bod 3? a > 2 4 ? 2, 2e) 26 an ) 24 > Bx? ay m lems of © and 6. 2x. ws Ox. _16ino er 26 BM. sin@ 2. reese rs xy oe Be Qx => 2. xX . rcwee Ox ax * [—s = cos O Wwe2o. 2 7 oy dP BE = Ae reine | gino = ben (4 O= ban (2 2. Le x12 2 =9 2 -4rsine 2 ~sing ax Ir x ry? 7 = 26 Lai = 2% cose Sie = 58 = §C0S@ 39 lr x oy? rs = [Note BE A 2x j sine im BC we ave keeping ax 4 constant , while in 2s we que breaking @ as constont |? Haghe = Ocder Part Denvalover Je Cis a function cf two vanubles, Hen its packial chawakives ia and fy are aso Rinctions of two varialéles, $0 we cin consider | their parbal cerivakives which are called the second vecder’ derivatives of P; Cai |ites af) = ae . Sx \ox Due (eit oe). Be ay * 35 By ) A ay" x 2 af ae ae By Nox )- 349% oF a Pale Example See second -0rder ipa) cevvatives of F if Find the Px 4) = = _xX4 a) 2k. yy) - 2 = = a t x -4)* (-4)* FL xG-uery 2 9 a ay tne _ Quy ae " = 22) 23" "ay 6) ” GegP at. = (y)*2x - 2x7°H-4) Qoe(t-4) - 227 Fey” ecw) © PE = ny (x-y)?geet ae essed (as = ees By Oy = Ae-9)"- 2y°-y) 4)" = By) = 297 ia itac oe Gey Gag Notice beat nea DxOy i Bas ws othis case. C kira *s Theoret Suppese Cis bBred on a domain D Let contains the pent (a,b). TP Ue fanclicns Fry end Ex are beth Gntinucus on D , then by (a,b) = Fe (a,b)y RK 2 ckial D Fleeakal Equal ions» 1) Laplace °s Equa ion 27a + % LO Ox ay Sclutions of ths equation are called harmonic functions, Example Show hat ulay) = sing is a harmonic function Que e*sing Be = e%cee ¥) - 3 Qu x, 2 x Sort © on Qu. -e sinu Ox i Perec 5 # ' Qt : aa zi a a e*siny - eng -O Coin io a harmonic Funckion . 2) The Wave Equabion Du 3 a? Fu aw ax Example Verity that ulxyt) = gin at) gushes the wave equation. Be = @5(x-at) ae 2 -acos(xt-at) 3; EB ae. -sin(x-at) au a7 5:0 (eat) = a7 Du Sue Sin(x-at) saliohes the wave equation3) The Heat Equation au. WU OE Ont Tt aan be shown that under cefain bansbrmation s He nobel -piize wines Black - Scheles eyuation an be converted bo a leat equetien . Foe a difRrentiable fainction ef” one variable ys PO), we deboe he diferental ce bo be an independant variable . The diffeotial of 4 is then dened as dy = PGddx For a diPerentiabe fintion of two variables 2-4) , we define the differentials dx and de le be inelependlent vacabls Then, te difenbial dz | also called the bola) differents) Heo: deGoed by dz = dx + Kay 2 do De dy ee* Eramgle IP z= Fuy) oxt+ 3xy -47, Ed the difeential dz. ») TP x changes fom 2 bp 2.05 and 4 changes from 3 bo 2-%6, Compare the wolues of Qz and de. (a) dz = Bede + 2 dy 7 Qxr3y)dx ng (3x-24) dy ) x22 dx2005 =dx 4-3 dy 2-004 = oy dz [bers 20)]}605)+ [ae -28)](-6 ou)] = 0-65 Nz- C(2-05)2-%6) — Fl2,3) 2 [owsy focey (0) 6907] - [at 2096) -34] = 0-6hut. (2 aw dz but dz is easier bo compute.) ae gerest ) be a Rinckion Zs E (a4, pst) 5 the betel cht Ferenbiel dz | VS deboed as a d2z 22 dx + Da dy + Da dp +--- Badk Ox ay op DE fEHES Eee cee ee eeeMore Moe _C han Rule Get: that 2= oy) is a dfGenliable Function of x and 4, whee x. 9) and ye hk) are. both difFerentiable ee of bo Suppese Then 2 is a diffrotiable Bunckion of &E and the total cervatwe of z web b is given b eo dz, ek 4 dy a dt Ox dk ay de #1 | da eee See E t Example Te z= x24 + Buy", whee x=sn2b and gacesl , find d = when L-0. dz _ 2 SBR + SH oo. + (2+ 1244?) (sin t) When t=O » X= sn020 qantas 1 dz de iS =« @Q+0 = 6© Gee 2: Suppae that 22 Any) is a AfRebiable Fanction of x and 4 ube 2 G05)t) and y= blot) we difteratiable oD s and bt. Theo Funckicns z 3 2. ww x - NS ay “Se A we Eromple 4 Te 2= e%5iny whee %=St? and yest : find 2 and 22 Ob. Oz ae, 2 2s bn oe + By Se =(c"biny )(*) + e*eoy (2st) = Le sin(st) + ste cos(s*t) 92 22x 4 BD or ox ot Bye (sing) (2ts) + ©" cosy (s*) = Dsk o** sin(s*t) + 57e* cos(s"t)EK and zerssink Example 2 Te daxy +e? uhere 2 coe , yee Bnd the value of ae uhen 722,521, +20 iG J\™N x Ss z /\\ IN WN Por rsk rok Du Ox 4 Du dy 4 Qu Be Dx Do xy Bt Dus = bey (re) + Ge +2428) (2120") + 3y'2"¢ sink) OS r=2,521, L20 Xe2 5 ye 2e2, 2 = 4 (6)(2) (2) + (16+ 20%0)) (20200) + 3(4)(0) = 126.464 = 1942 @—— z=0 Example 3 a (ort) = P64, BS?) and Cis dhferenbiable, Show that 4 sakishes the ae b 294 92 20 os ‘DE f x \ 2 le xest? , ye 252 gots PO) / 23. B+ BB 5 5s Be ax BE (-2t) + 24 (2t) i) as bas as 24 05) +2 ace) = OxExample 5 Te z= PGoy) whee x= reese , y= rine yshow that Oey We. Dey 1 Oey 12 z Dy ay Dr t? 3? © Or i atid NEE fe 6 6 De, Q2 x 4 D2 24 Dr «Oe Br a5 Or Oe = CHO Bey gi or. Ox 22. 22 x 4 De Dy 20 9x BO 24 Hee eerie 22 = -rsin@ 22 4 r@se@ Dz eS Sele (1) and (2) simultoneous sly Be BE and Ze (i)xces@ = b9ine(2) "9 cose 9% = (o5*@ QE + SinOcos@ 22 or Ox ay tsin@ az 2. oe 56 2 z ar = sine 22 + sin@ cos ae Uksine + @)x Lee Sino DE = 5 ) De ir Ea Sin® cos gz + sin © Ze 4050 & = -bind 50 22 + sO BE : Bx” Brag 4 Te 2 = May) has continuous second-order partial deivokives aide 2 Lerr4+5% and y= Qs , God @) i . by Ea _ / /\ ee @) 22. De de 4 D2 Dy ar x or 24 9F = 2e DE 4+ 2s De ax my b 2% 2 2 (a3 Meee Oe ar x 35 = 298 422 32 oz Ox De 3) 752 ze Now, 2 f2z\_ De \ an 2@ 2 2(%)- 2B) + 2(2)m oe - Se 2) + ze a 2 = 22» 2: Of 2 i 3) 3 a 2 ae ay 33) 38 = HO) +2 Bz (25) ede oe 222 4 het Dx Bey Woe 4 byes Pe 4 hs? 2” axe B49 Boy ay a +b De 4 Br De 4 bs? De eee ae© 22 _ Sin@ O2 or rc 36 2 ~ sine 2 ) (8B - 208 2 cr C36 = C30 D(c58 De \ _ coe of si 2 si 3 =) — ese 2 / sine = ss a 2 cc) or ce +sine c ¢ iS) Sine 9D: O\ ~F~ Vv sls ) C96 3D 6 7) . 52 (we 3) = ©9°6 % Sin@ Da ce i fetaa et |. 2 2) 7 22( (=)] = C056 = oe + ee 33 (228) ] = Oce5Q D% Sin@eose 2% tf 2°26 3) = 2 so 32) ere oe aGe | - Sn Oces@ + Ein Ocos® Oz r 8r2e sine | sine 2 (2 z)4 22 Qe (#)), = | me a6 (06 2 = 3n6 [sino 272 22(2) ace [: =P 502 30 \ or = $n?6 Pz 4 Sinocose oz 367 r OeD2 . 090 PB _ 2smeuso 7% + 9in'@ 2 + sme Dy mt ee) r Or 7 Bp* + 2WwnO cose az 36 De ‘Sin 2 + @se 2 Sin 22 + C0S@ De aye cr 36 = ee 4 2Q9in@cos® 2 4 cos%o + 05° Dz r 296 c “ Be% °° Dezg Abpplaticns of _ Fartial Diffecentiation Miaréienum and Minimum Values Debibien Al ackion of two variables has a local maximum ak (ayb) if Floyds Flas) when Coy) is mar (ash) TP Flag) 2 Clash) when Gasy) 19 near (a,b), then € has @ local vmiimum ak (a,b). Theorem Te F has a lecel maximum or minimum at (a,b) and the fst -order pactal cbrvatives of F exisk there , then loess) E (a,b) Flaw 2° and F(ab) 2 2, : 4 en layy™ A pot (asd) called a cribied point of FF (a,b) =O and flo») =O, oc iP bbe one of Lhe partial atives of F ate Conkinuous 00 4 ad pactial dor Lek Elab) <0 and Fob)-0 Suppexe the sco ane with center (a,b) and Suppose lee ay. Dla) = Pexlasb) GG) — [y(b)] Cee (4b) 20, then lab) is @ local minimarn Cg (ayb) o and by TE D>O and © Te DO | BY G,-)-2 >0 P Cy-Nelis a local minimum - Dloo)= -%6 <0 , (0,0) 6 a saddle peink Dy!) = iny-K So ‘i Palys 2n>0 PQs) = 1 a5. aq local minimum .® Example 2 Find the shortest distane Grom te pent (1,0,-2) bo the plane x+Q44z2 by The distance fom ain point (uy,z) be the pont Gi,0,2) io de | Geil y%+ (242)° Since Z= 4-x- 24 on the planes , ds | Ge y* +(6-2-29)* We minimize J by rovnimmizing dl? = (ya) * + ym (6-1-24)* = Puy) b> 20-1) #~ 2(6-X-24) = Qe-2— 2 +2x+Zy = hx 4 hy Ih =O fy = 44 - (6-424) 24- 2h +hxt8y = hx+ 1Oy-2u =O hx bly 2 iy a + 10g= 24 642 10 Y> Ya Xe aS 4 Cobsal Rint s (#2) fe eH De wd)-4* 20, Fx FO a = =10 ERE) sa lecal minima Psy Sherbet Distance = (-1)" +) +(6- © 2|@-Gy a - 3 SxConstained Optimization Ftoblems and _lagiange Muller... , eee is a finckion of thee variables 4 aad be gradient vector dencled by VE a5 dened by VE = Ox = Oj oe - ge | 7 oxo at 2F Example Te COyy,2) - xsi 4 > find Ue gyedent: of e. ve. | oye) x 2cos(yz) xy coslyz)To fod Lhe mnarirnum and sinionum values of Flrry,2) Subpck bo the consteaint gloye) ek; (2) Fod all values of 64,2 y and A such bal VFGoy)2) = AV\Ooyo2) qloyy2) = Kk and tb) Evaluate F at all pe Le peinls Goy,2) Lat ccesull from Shep @). “The lagesk oP Ubese vallues He maximum value of Py the smallest i& the minimum value of F Example 1 A company produces 5O unts of a cerlan apphance weekly bub Gan make Hem in 3 diferent meds A,B and. Te % 94 andl z ae the number of units produced of rmedels A,B and ie reopeekwely and au fy and Fy ae te Corwespon ding pices (demand fanctoons) Pos 20-0-5x Fy= 30-054 f= 50-2 determine OY and z such that Lolal revenue 15 maximized TR = xPy + yy +28 Foxy2)* 20x - 0.527 + Boy - 0-5y? + S02 ~ 2 We have bo maximize “TRE subject bo Ue constraint: ty #2250 GloyseJexrgr2VF = aah Wy = | 50-22 ' VP=2V4 <> 20-xX=2> => x= 20-9 30-4 = 2 y= 20-2 50-222 2 Z= 25-3) A+Y+2 = 5O 20-2 +30-2425- 44-50 ~$2 = 50-50-25 A= -2542 _ 10 =: Example _2 A echangular box without a hd is bo be ynade Gorm lm* OF cardbeacd » Find the maximum volume of such ¢ oe Mox Ve xyz Sb Quz4 2y2 oxy 2-2 & PGoy,2) = xye G4?) a 2x24 2yz ry mE: 4: 2a +y 224% y aay Yee AQz+y ) ABs (2242) xy A(2x+2y) xyz=) (2x2 roy) (i) > 4y2= » (2yz + xy) @) xyz= (2x24 252) 6) 242 +2yz mn) ti Since AFO,@ Qezt xy | e aya + xy 2 = Uz = x4 (sine 240) eee 2x2 G2 xy = 2xz x22 xz = x(x-22)-0 x=22ze Substitute sn ek) 2l22)2 + 2(22)2 + 22(22)- 12 ar2Id 221,422,422 20) = nf Mocsimum Volume =Methed of? Lagange Mulliphers br Two Geosteinks Hee Mox or Min Flay, 2) sk gloy,2 ek hOoy,2) = c Then Solve the Equations Wee nV + fH Vh 4loy,2) -k Ly hloyz)ec Example Find Ue maximum value of the Finction Foy 2)2 21244 3a on Ue curve of intersection of the plane x-y42=1 and the cuylincer ary s | Max FOoy,2)= L424 +32 sk go, 2)- X—yr2 =] h(Gyed- > yal VF - PVs + i) [: | f] +f | 3 ' © | =A+2xp N32 => Xe ep 25-74 24H Ne3 = 24s. Y 32 => Ye ap By X-ytze | ht Beals eB! wayrs | if pe fe + a X23 2NH eae ye £ SAT a= tA