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FISHERIES- NABARD EXAM

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 Table of Contents
Sector of Fisheries can be divided as:................................................................................ 4
Marine: ........................................................................................................................... 7
1. Pelagic fish:...................................................................................................................... 7
1. Pelagic coastal fish ................................................................................................................................7
2. Oceanic pelagic fish...............................................................................................................................7
o Coastal fishes ................................................................................................................... 8
o Oceanic fish ..................................................................................................................... 8
1. Demersal fish ........................................................................................................................................8
2. Deep-sea fish.........................................................................................................................................9

Inland : ............................................................................................................................ 9
1. Riverine Fisheries ..................................................................................................................................9
2. Estuarine Fisheries ............................................................................................................................. 10

Aquaculture:...................................................................................................................10
Extensive fish farming system ................................................................................................ 11
Semi-intensive fish farming system ........................................................................................ 11
Intensive fish farming system ................................................................................................. 12
Integrated aquaculture system ................................................................................................................... 12

Fish farming with agriculture ..........................................................................................12

• Post-harvest fisheries ..............................................................................................13
Different methods exist to suppress bacterial growth: .....................................................15

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 Fisheries

o Indian fisheries and aquaculture is an important sector of food production, providing

nutritional security to the food basket, contributing to the agricultural exports and
engaging about fourteen million people in different activities.
o Paradigm shifts in terms of increasing contributions from inland sector and further from
aquaculture have been significant over the years.
o With high growth rates, the different facets, viz., marine fisheries, coastal aquaculture,
inland fisheries, freshwater aquaculture, and cold water fisheries are contributing to the
food basket, health, economy, exports, employment and tourism of the country.
o More than 50 different types of fish and shellfish products are being exported to 75
countries around the world.

o Fish and fish products have presently emerged as the largest group in agricultural
exports from India, with 13.77 lakh tonnes in terms of quantity and Rs. 45,106.89 crore
in value. This accounts for around 10% of the total exports and nearly 20% of the
agricultural exports, and contribute to about 0.91% of the GDP and 5.23% to the Ag -
GVA of the country.
o With over 2.4 lakh fishing crafts operating along the coast, 7 major fishing harbours,
75 minor fishing harbours and 1,537 landing centres are functioning to cater to the
needs of over 4.0 million fisher folk.
o For promoting aquaculture, 429 Fish Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs) and 39
Brackish water Fish Farms Development Agencies (BFDAs) were established in the
country.
o The annual carp seed production is to the tune of 40 billion fry and that of shrimp is
about 54 billion PLs, with increasing species diversification in the recent past.Besides
large-scale freshwater food fish culture, ornamental fish culture and high value marine
fish farming are gaining importance in the recent past.

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 Sector of Fisheries can be divided as:

Fisheries

Capture Fisheries Culture Fisheries

Fresh Brackish Marine

Ornamental Cold water
Water Water Cage
Marine Inland Aquacultur Aquacultur Aquacultur Fish Aquacultur
Culture e
e e e

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 Fisherie Resources

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 Terminologies
→ Aquaculture – also known as aquafarming, it is the controlled growth of aquatic
species.
→ Pisciculture – aquaculture practice involving finned fish.
→ Extensive aquaculture – managed aquaculture dependent on the local natural setting,
such as a pond or coastal sea area.
→ Intensive aquaculture – managed aquaculture controlled through human engineered
means, such as managing water quality and sources of food.
→ Fish farm – locations used to grow populations of aquatic organisms, primarily fish.
→ Fish Hatchery – one form of a fish farm, managed with the intent of resupplying native
wild populations in natural environments.
→ Ornamental fish – are small fish, such as koi, which are typically grown to be kept in
aquariums or small landscape ponds.
→ Culture tanks – Artificial holding areas used to rear fish farm stocks.
→ Fish husbandry – the breeding and rearing of fish for a variety of reasons.
→ Anadromous fish – migratory fish that live in salt water but breed in fresh water.
→ Catadromous fish – migratory fish that live in fresh water but breed in salt water.
→ Amphidromous fish – migratory fish that live in both fresh and salt water, independent
of breeding.
→ Potamodromous fish – migratory fish that move within fresh water only.
→ Oceanodromous fish – migratory fish that move within salt water only.

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 → Genotyping – determining the genetic makeup of a fish or stock or the purpose of
managing the efficiency of aquaculture production.
→ Fish meal – commercially processed food source used in fish farming as a source of
protein for the fish stock.
→ Fry – Development stage of fish immediately after the larvae stage, at an age of less
than a week.
→ Fingerling – Development stage of fish following the fry stage and continuing into the
first three to four months of life.
→ Yearling – Development stage of fish following the fingerling stage and lasting until
approximately one year of age.
→ Brood stock – fish of any particular species which are raised for reproduction purposes.

Capture Fish :
Marine:
1. Pelagic fish:

• These fishes live in the pelagic zone of ocean or lake waters - being neither close to the
bottom nor near the shore - in contrast with demersal fish, which live on or near the
bottom, and reef fish, which are associated with coral reefs.
• The marine pelagic environment is the largest aquatic habitat on Earth, occupying 1,370
million cubic kilometres (330 million cubic miles), and is the habitat for 11 percent of
known fish species.

Marine pelagic fish can be divided into:

1. Pelagic coastal fish

2. Oceanic pelagic fish.

o Coastal fish inhabit the relatively shallow and sunlit waters above the continental shelf,
while oceanic fish (which may well also swim inshore) inhabit the vast and deep waters
beyond the continental shelf.
o Pelagic fish range in size from small coastal forage fish, such as herrings and sardines, to
large apex predator oceanic fishes, such as the Southern bluefin tuna and oceanic sharks.
o They are usually agile swimmers with streamlined bodies, capable of sustained cruising on
long distance migrations.
FISHERIES- NABARD EXAM WWW.ANUJJINDAL.IN SUCCESSRBI@ANUJJINDAL.IN
 o The Indo-Pacific sailfish, an oceanic pelagic fish, can sprint at over 110 kilometres per
hour.

Coastal fish (also called

neritic or inshore fish)
inhabit the waters near the Oceanic fish inhabit the
coast and above the continental
oceanic zone, which is the deep
shelf. Since the continental
shelf is usually less than 200 open water which lies beyond
metres deep, it follows that the continental shelves.
coastal fish that are not Oceanic fish (also called open
ocean or offshore fish) live in
demersal fish are usually
the waters that are not above
epipelagic fish, inhabiting the the continental shelf.
sunlit epipelagic zone. Coastal
epipelagic fish are among the
most abundant in the world.

o Coastal fishes include forage fish as well as the predator fish that feed on them. Forage
fish thrive in those inshore waters where high productivity results from the upwelling
and shoreline run off of nutrients.
o Some are partial residents that spawn in streams, estuaries and bays, but most complete
their life cycle in the zone.

o Oceanic fish can be contrasted with coastal fish, which do live above the continental
shelf. However, the two types are not mutually exclusive, since there are no firm
boundaries between coastal and ocean regions, and many epipelagic fish move between
coastal and oceanic waters, particularly in different stages in their life cycle.
o Oceanic epipelagic fish can be true residents, partial residents, or accidental residents.

1. Demersal fish : live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes (the demersal zone).
They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel
or rocks. In coastal waters they are found on or near the continental shelf, and in deep
waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along the continental rise.

o They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as abyssal depths or on
the abyssal plain, but they can be found around seamounts and islands. The
word demersal comes from the Latin demergere, which means to sink.
o Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live
and feed away from the bottom in the open water column.
o Demersal fish fillets contain little fish oil (one to four percent), whereas pelagic fish
can contain up to 30 percent.

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 Types:

o Demersal fish can be divided into two main types: strictly benthic fish which can rest
on the sea floor, and benthopelagic fish which can float in the water column just above
the sea floor.

2. Deep-sea fish : fish that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters, that is
below the epipelagic or photic zone of the ocean. The lantern fish is, by far, the most
common deep-sea fish. Other deep sea fish include the flashlight fish, cookie cutter
shark, bristle mouths, anglerfish, and viperfish.
o Only about 2% of known marine species inhabit the pelagic environment.
o Deep-sea organisms generally inhabit bathypelagic (1000m-4000m deep) and
abyssopelagic (4000m-6000m deep) zones.

Inland :

1. Riverine Fisheries
The Inland water bodies have been divided into five riverine systems and their tributaries
extending to a length of about 29,000 km in the country – Indus, Ganges, Bramhaputra,
East flowing riverine system and West riverine system.

The Ganga river system supports a large number of commercially important fish
species including :
o Major carps (Labeo. rohita: L.Calabasu, Catla catla and Cirrhinus mrigala)
o Minor carps ( Labeo fimbriatus; L.bata; Cirrhinus. reba)
o Catfishes (Wallago. attu ; Mystus. aor; M.tengara, Clarias. batrachus;
Heteropneustes fossilis)
o Cluipeiods, murrels (Channa species)
o Feather backs (Notopterus. notopterus; N.chitala), mullets (Mugil corsula)
o Fresh water eel (Anguilla) and prawns (Macrobrachium malcolmsonii; Palaemon.
Lamarii).

Apart from these fishes, the others like Pangasius; silonia silondia; Gudusia
chapra; Bagasius. bagasius; Eutropichthys. vacha are also found in the river system.

1. Reservoir: Culture based Fisheries of small reservoirs

o The man made water bodies created by obstructing the surface flow or erecting a dam
of any description, on a river, stream or any water course called reservoirs.
o The small reservoirs have an area of <1000 ha. Culture based fisheries technology
was particularly important for open waters like small reservoirs.
o Fish yield of these reservoirs, where the management is on the basis of culture-based
fisheries is dependent on a number of parameters, such as growth rate, natural mortality
and fishing mortality.

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 2. Estuarine Fisheries
o Majority of the flowing waters on the earth finally reach the sea. Exceptions to this are
small rivers, and brooks in inland areas that either join the seasonal standing waters, or
themselves dry up after flowing for certain distance.
o Near to the cost even small brooks, channels and streams join the sea after traversing
small distances.
o At and near the juncture where the river joins sea, a unique aquatic environment is
created having the characteristics of both the marine and freshwaters virtually an
admixture of these two environments. This water mass is usually called as a buffer zone
or ecotone.

Aquaculture:

FISHERIES- NABARD EXAM WWW.ANUJJINDAL.IN SUCCESSRBI@ANUJJINDAL.IN

 Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic
organisms such as fish, crustaceans,
mollusks, and aquatic plants.
Aquaculture involves cultivating
freshwater and saltwater populations
under controlled conditions, and can be
contrasted with commercial fishing,
which is the harvesting of wild fish.

Successful aquaculture takes into

consideration the biology of the
aquatic species such as feeding, water
flow and temperature needs, and disease
prevention and engineering design like
water source and water quality study,
pond and tank containment systems,
water filtration and aeration.

• Common products of aquaculture are catfish, tilapia, trout, crawfish, oysters, shrimp,
and salmon, and tropical fish for aquariums.

On the basis of intensity of input and stocking density aquaculture is categorised as follows.

Semi- Intensive Integrated

Extensive
intensive fish aquaculture

Extensive fish farming system

• The extensive fish farming system is the least managed form of fish farming, in which little
care is taken.
• This system involves large ponds measuring 1 to 5 ha in area with stocking density limited
to only less than 5000 fishes/ha.
• No supplemental feeding or fertilisation is provided. Fish depends only on natural foods.
Yield is poor (500 to 2 ton/ha), and survival is low.
• The labour and investment costs are low, and this system results in minimum income.

Semi-intensive fish farming system

• Semi-intensive fish culture system is more prevalent and involves rather small ponds (0.5
to 1 hectare in an area) with higher stocking density (10000 to 15000 fish/ha).

FISHERIES- NABARD EXAM WWW.ANUJJINDAL.IN SUCCESSRBI@ANUJJINDAL.IN

 • In this system, care is taken to develop natural foods by fertilisation with/without
supplemental feeding. However, the major food source is natural food. Yield is moderate
(3 to 10 ton/ha), and survival is high.

Intensive fish farming system

An intensive fish farming system is the well-managed form of fish farming, in which all
attempts are made to achieve maximum production of fish from a minimum quantity of water.
This system involves small ponds/tanks/raceways with very high stocking density (10-50
fish/m3 of water). Fish are fed wholly formulated feed. Proper management is undertaken to
control water quality by use of aerators and nutrition by use of highly nutritious feed. The yield
obtained ranges from 15 to 100 ton/ha or more. Although the cost of investment is high, the
return from the yield of fish exceeds to ensure the profit.

Integrated aquaculture system

Fish farming with agriculture

In the fish integrated agriculture system, fish culture is integrated with agricultural crops such
as rice, banana and coconut, thereby producing fish and agricultural crops. Agriculture based
integrated systems include rice-fish integration, horticulture-fish system, mushroom-fish
system, Seri-fish system.

Biotechnology And Its Applications In Aquaculture And

Fisheries

Biotechnology: The application of scientific and

engineering principles to the processing of materials by
biological agents to provide goods and services. It
involves the use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or
yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to
perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes.
Using bacteria that feed on hydrocarbons to clean up an
oil spill is one example of biotechnology.

• Due to the Increase in public demand for seafood and decreasing natural marine habitats,
it has encouraged scientists to study ways that biotechnology can increase the production
of marine food products, and making aquaculture as a growing field of animal research.
• Biotechnology allows scientists to identify and combine traits in fish and shellfish to
increase productivity and improve quality.

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 • Scientists are investigating genes that will increase production of natural fish growth factors
as well as the natural defence compounds marine organisms use to fight microbial
infections.
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is the best available biotechnological tool for
the induced breeding of fish.
• GnRH is the key regulator and central initiator of reproductive cascade in all
vertebrates.

Transgenesis or transgenics may be defined as the

introduction of exogenous gene / DNA into host genome
resulting in its stable maintenance, transmission and
expression.

• The technology offers an excellent opportunity for modifying or improving the genetic
traits of commercially important fishers, mollusks and crustaceans for aquaculture.
• The first transgenic fish was produced by Zhu et al. (1985) in China.
• An increased resistance of fish to cold temperatures has been another subject of research
in fish transgenics for the past several years.
• Some marine teleosts have high levels of serum antifreeze proteins (AFP) or glycoproteins
(AFGP) which effectively reduce the freezing temperature by preventing ice-crystal
growth.
• Chromosome sex manipulation techniques to induce polyploidy and uniparental
chromosome inheritance have been applied extensively in cultured fish species.
• Polyploidy individuals possess on or more additional chromosome sets for producing
sterile fish for aquaculture and fisheries management.
• Biotechnological tools such as gene probes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are
showing great potential in the area of controlling diseases among fishes. Gene probes and
PCR based diagnostic methods have developed for a number of pathogens affecting fish
and shrimp.

Post Harvest Technology

• Post-harvest fisheries culminates all steps, process and/or activities

immediately after catch, handling and transportation, processing and distribution
of fish an fishery products where if control is not applied post-harvest losses will
occur.
The need for proper handling and processing of fish is important both for the fishing industry
and for the consumers.

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 Improvement of the processing and handling of fish in terms of
quality, product range and volume results in increased economic
activity and employment.

It is also one way of stabilizing fish marketing by providing an

outlet for surplus and peak catch even during emergency harvest,
thereby ensuring high fishing activities and stable prices.

It can also contribute to the efforts related to nutritional

goals.

Handling
• The quality of fish depends on how it is handled from the time it is taken out from the
water until it reaches the kitchen.
• Fish landed is usually subjected to rough handling treatments.
Transportation:

• Fresh fish transported to far distances must be packed with ice to ensure freshness when
they reach the consumers.
• Proper packing of fresh fish with ice means arranging the fish and ice alternately in the
container to maintain chilling temperature.
• It is attained with the ratio of 1 kg of ice to 2 kg of fish.
• The more sophisticated method of the transportation is the refrigerated truck or
Insulated Van.
• When transporting fish within the region, wholesalers pack them in ice. Upon reaching
their destination, fish are repacked with ice and sold to retailers and eventually to
consumers.
• The latest practice of transporting live marketable fish.
Processing/ Value addition:

• Fish spoils very quickly within 12 hours after being harvested.

• This due to the high ambient temperature that is ideal for bacterial growth.
• To prevent contamination of the fish, proper hygiene must be ensured.
• Contamination can come from people, soil, dust, sewage, surface water, manure, or
spoiled foods.
• Poorly cleaned equipment, domestic animals, pets, vermin or unhygienically
slaughtered animals can also be the cause.

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 • To prevent spoilage of the harvested fish, either the bacteria present in them must be
killed or their growth must be suppressed.
• In India, approximately 67 per cent of the total fish production is consumed in fresh
form.
• Nearly 6 per cent is used for reduction into fishmeal.
• Altogether 23 per cent is consumed in processed and preserved form that includes 16
per cent used for drying, 7 per cent for freezing and less than one-half per cent for
canning- almost all of these under medium and small- scale sectors.

Different methods exist to suppress bacterial growth:

Salting

Drying
Methods

Smoking

Fermentation

cooling/Freezing

Canning

• To support the development of fisheries and aquaculture, the country needs essential
infrastructure.
• Harvesting activities with well-equipped fishery vessels, shore based facilities, cold
chains and transport for marketing linkages up to retail outlets.
• The intermediary input producing sectors such as seed, feed and equipment and the
operational automation would all need the overall support from ancillary industries
such as mechanical engineering, refrigeration, electronics etc.

Infrastructure

 Infrastructure development at the culture phase – providing tools and techniques to the
culturists.
 Post-harvest infrastructure such as storage facilities, ice plants, cold chains, roads and
transportation etc.

 Affective marketing system in identified aquaculture areas are the key requirements for
the development of this sector.

FISHERIES- NABARD EXAM WWW.ANUJJINDAL.IN SUCCESSRBI@ANUJJINDAL.IN

  This would ensure high profit margins to the producers enabling faster fisheries and
aquaculture development.

Domestic Marketing

• The fishermen as primary producer needs to be paid remunerative prices on one hand
and make fish products available to the consumer at reasonable rates on the one other.
• Wholesale fish markets are very few and retailing disorganized. Apart from six
wholesale fish markets in Calcutta and one in Delhi, fish wholesale takes place at
wholesale cum-retail markets in all the consumption centres.
• Due to lack of storage and preservation facilities, a bulk of inland catch is marketed in
fresh condition.
• Overcrowding and unhygienic handling of fish is a common sight at these markets.

Export
• Fishery sector has been one of the major contributors foreign exchange earnings
through export.
• In recent years, there has been a diversification in export of items like frozen squid,
cuttle-fish and variety of other fishes.
• Japan continued to be the major market, importing around 45% of the sea food from
India followed by European Union in the recent past.
• Prospects of export lie in diversified fishing, products and markets. Tuna and
Cephalopods have been identified as potential export candidates.
• The trade in frozen fish, fish fillets and Surimi is promising and the industry is to be
adequately geared and equipped to handle and export them in value added packages.
• Freshwater species, such as major carps too have a potential market, especially in
West Asia.
• Modernisation of the processing facilities to meet international standards is of primary
importance for the industry

Quality Control
• The hygiene and sanitation conditions in most of the harbours and fish landing centres
are below the normal specifications.
• This is partly due to inadequacies in the design and construction of the facilities and
partly due to poor maintenance.
• Special design approaches should be adopted to meet the requirements of standards
laid down by Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and ISO
9000.
• If these requirements are not met in the immediate future, the marine products exports
may face trade restrictions, since most of the importing countries have stringent
hygiene and sanitary conditions.

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FISHERIES- NABARD EXAM WWW.ANUJJINDAL.IN SUCCESSRBI@ANUJJINDAL.IN
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