Proposal Milestone One: Draft of Literature Review (100 points)

Description: The main text of this assignment is a Draft of Literature Review in which you

present a synthesized summary of each research article listed within the References section.

While writing summaries, start with research articles (resources) that provide background

information for your research topic, then move to resources that help you define variables of

interest, and finally to resources that have investigated somewhat similar problems, but indicate a

gap in the research. Use separate paragraph for the summary of each resource. Please paraphrase

the ideas in the summaries. Refrain from using direct quotes. Provide in-text or parenthetical

citations in APA style. You may find summaries of resources either by reading the Abstract or

the Conclusion section. The References section must include at least 15 research articles or other

scholarly resources (published in the last 15-20 years) listed in APA style.

Instructions: Please write your name and research topic in the spaces provided below. Your

research topic must be written with clarity and should contain 15 or less words. Prepare this

assignment in APA style. Specifically, use 1 inch margin all around, 12-point Times New

Roman font style, and double line-spacing. Please begin the Draft of Literature Review on the

second page. After you are done with the summaries of resources, start References section on a

new page.

Name:

Research Topic:

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 Draft of Literature Review

Summary 01: From data 2009 and 2014 of National Surveys on Drugs showcases that 8.7 million

teenagers living with one parent, parent has a substance misuse record. It is alarming for society.

Summary 02: The clear indication on the number of teenagers are affected by the substance

misuse of the parents is not available for the less amount of research availability. Government

and organizations should put more effort into this case.

Summary 03: Parents can help their children to avoid the risks of substance misuse by making

them aware of the benefit of good health and drugs are not friendly for good health.

Summary 04: The survey reveals the behavior and attitude of 8th, 10th, and 12th-grade students

towards substance use. It is a graphical representation of substance use from 2017 to 2019.

Summary 05: Teenagers tend to use drugs mainly for curiosity. Also, various factors such as

hardship, dysfunctional family, depression, and so on can lead them to take drugs.

Summary 06: Teenagers who are involved in drug abuse can have a long-term effect on their

brain as this is the period when the brain develops.

Summary 07: The portrayals of drugs in the films, video songs, and others impacting teenagers

negatively by attracting them towards drug abuse.

Summary 08: The fastest-growing drugs are class I and Class II substances, and the main victims

are teenagers.

Summary 09: Teenagers are unaware of the associated social and health risks in terms of

substance misuse.

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Summary 10: Drug abuse is common in US teenagers. To avoid this society, family, and

government needs to take proper action.

Summary 11: The youths of America were at the highest risk in 1979 in terms of drug abuse.

Summary 12: The teenagers, involved in substance misuse, face challenges in the case of mental

and physical illness. Addiction results in the destruction of overall health and well-being.

Summary 13: Substance abuse within the teenage community can result in creating problems

such as challenges at educational institutes, deteriorating health issues, unhealthy relationships,

motor accidents, and problems to the family. 

Summary 14: To protect the teenager’s mental and psychical health from drug abuse can be

done through proper and effective measures adopted and implemented by the respective

authorities.

Summary 15: Prevention of drug use among youth is possible. It can be done through certain

prevention activities by family, media, society, and government.

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References

Lipari, R. N., and Horn, S. L. (2017, August 24). Children living with parents who have a

Substance disorder. Smahsa.gov.

https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_3223/ShortReport-

3223.html#:~:text=Children%20Living%20with%20Parents%20Who%20Have%20a

%20Substance%20Use%20Disorder&text=About%201%20in%2010%20children,year

%20illicit%20drug%20use%20disorder.

Child Welfare and Alcohol & Drug Use Statistics. (n.,d.). National Center on Substance Abuse

And Child welfare. https://ncsacw.samhsa.gov/research/child-welfare-and-treatment-

statistics.aspx

Teen Substance Use & Risks. (2020, February 10). CDC.gov.

https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/features/teen-substance-use.html

Stats & Trends in Teen Drug Use with Interactive Chart. (n.,d.). National Instirute on

Drug Abuse. https://teens.drugabuse.gov/teachers/stats-trends-teen-drug-use

Renzoni, C. (2021, January 12). Drug Use in High School. The Recovery Village.

https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/teen-addiction/drug/high-school-drug-use/

Juerjens, J. (2020, November 20). Teen drug abuse. Addiction Center.

https://www.addictioncenter.com/teenage-drug-abuse/

Adolescent Substance Use: America’s #1 Public Health Problem. (2011, June 07). Partnership

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 To end Addiction. https://drugfree.org/reports/adolescent-substance-use-americas-1-

public-health-problem/

Rise in Prescription Drug Misuse and Abuse Impacting Teens. (n.,d.). SAMHSA.
https://www.samhsa.gov/homelessness-programs-resources/hpr-resources/rise-
prescription-drug-misuse-abuse-impacting-teens

Teens: Alcohol And Other Drugs. (2018, March 07). AACAP.

https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-
Guide/Teens-Alcohol-And-Other-Drugs-003.aspx

Swendsen, J., Burstein, M., Case, B., Conway, K. P., Dierker, L., He, J., & Merikangas, K. R.

(2012). Use and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs in US adolescents: results of the
National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Archives of general
psychiatry, 69(4), 390–398. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1503

Banken JA. (2004).Drug abuse trends among youth in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci,
;1025:465-71. doi: 10.1196/annals.1316.057. PMID: 15542750.

High-Risk Substance Use Among Youth. (2020, October 22). CDC.

https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/substance-use/index.htm

Substance Use/Misuse. (n.,d.). Youth.gov. https://youth.gov/youth-topics/substance-abuse

Preventing Drug Use among Children and Adolescents. (n.,d.). National Institute on

Drug Abuse. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/preventing-drug-use-among-

children-adolescents/chapter-1-risk-factors-protective-factors/when-how-does-drug-

abuse-start-progress

Drugs and Young People. (n.,d.). Medline Plus.

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 https://medlineplus.gov/drugsandyoungpeople.html

Case 1: Dr. Brown is a cardiologist who noticed that many of her patients who suffered from a
heart attack also work at or near the coal mining factory. She decides to conduct a study to
determine if there is a difference in heart attack risk between his patients who work near the
factory versus those patients who do not.

Study Design

 Dr. Brown aims to determine the relationship between a disease in a defined population.
Although there is no given period of time, it was specified that he wants to know only the
difference of risk, not the development of a disease from a given exposure. This means that
Dr. Brown aims to know the prevalence of the disease (heart attack) on each defined
population; thus, a cross-sectional study is appropriate for this.

Exposure and Source Population

 A cross-sectional study can help Dr. Brown analyze the association between a putative risk
factor and health outcome by selecting subjects that are representative of a population.
o Risk factor: Exposure to coal mining factory
o Health outcome: Heart Attack
o Subject A: People residing near a coal mining factory
o Subject B: People not residing near a coal mining factory

Data Gathering Strategies

 The subjects who will be selected for the study must be a representative of a given population
so that the findings can be considered valid. For example, if Dr. Brown wants to know the
prevalence of heart attack among adults aged 40-60 y/o living in a town near a coal mining
factory, then Dr. Brown must collect a random sample of all adults aged 40-60 y/o living in
that town.
 Dr. Brown must collect a sample size that is sufficiently large enough to estimate the
prevalence of a health outcome with adequate precision. Calculation of sample size can be
achieved by statistical program such as Epi Info.

Limitations of Cross-sectional Study

1. It can not identify the direction of etiologic association. In other words, it is unable to
determine whether the outcome followed exposure in time or exposure resulted from the
outcome.

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 2. The estimates of prevalence may be biased by the exclusion of cases in which death or
recovery are rapid.
3. It is not suitable for studying rare diseases.

Explanation:
Reference:
https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/e-learning/epidemiology/practitioners/introduction-study-
design-css
 
Case 2 : Dr. Smith wants to identify factors that may be contributing to the overall
low colorectal cancer screening rates for men and women in the City of Norfolk. He decides to
review the records of anyone who was eligible for screening, then identify individuals who actually
received screenings between January 2015 and December 2019. 

What is the appropriate study design for each case? Provide sufficient rationale to support
your statement about the study design.

For this case, a retrospective cohort study design is appropriate when conducting this study. Since
Dr. Smith, the prinicipal researcher wanted to identify factors that may be contributing to the overall
low colorectal cancer screening rates for men and women between January 2015 and December
2019, this falls under the retrospective cohort study design. It is important to remember that in
retrospective study design, which is a longitudinal cohort study commonly used in medical and
psychological research, investigators jump back in time to identify a cohort of individuals at a point
in time before they have developed the outcomes of interest, and they try to establish their exposure
status at that point in time. They then determine whether the subject subsequently developed the
outcome of interest. In this case, Dr. Smith jump back to January 2015 to December 2019 to identify
a cohort of individuals at a point in time, which refer to those who actually received screenings for
colorectal cancer.
 
Define the exposure and source population for each case. Provide a strategy on how data
should be collected.
The source population of this case is all the individuals who actually received screenings on
colorectal cancer between January 2015 and December 2019 in the City of Norfolk. The exposure of
this case is not clearly identified, but should be established as this is important for a retrospective
cohort study design. Example of exposure for those individuals who received screenings on
colorectal cancer would be those whose diet composed mainly of high fat or smoked or charcoaled
meat, which is an important risk factor of developing this type of cancer. In collecting data with this
study design, supposed that Dr. Smith would want to investigate on the hypothesis that consumption
of high fat charcoaled red meat increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer, the screened
individuals who actually consumed high fat charcoaled red meat be the exposed group, while
individuals who did not but still screened constitute the "unexposed" group. Then records on their
screening from January 2015 to December 2019 would be checked and investigated if these
individuals in exposed and unexposed group developed colorectal cancer.
 
Identify at least three limitations to each study design and how these limitations may affect
possible results.

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1. One potential limitation of a retrospective cohort study design is that there are times when the
exposure status is not clear when it is necessary to go back in time and use whatever data is
available, especially because the data being used was not designed to answer a health
question. Even if it was clear who was exposed to high fat charcoaled red meat based on the
health records collected, it would also be important to take into account other differences that
could have influenced morbidity or the confounding variables.
2. In a retrospective cohort study, selection bias occurs if selection of exposed & non-exposed
subjects is somehow related to the outcome, in which in our case, the development of
colorectal cancer. Also, if some records were lost, then that would be a limitation of this
study design.
3. Lastly, retrospective cohort study designs are prone to recall bias or misclassification bias,
which is a systematic error due to incorrect categorization. In this limitation, subjects are
misclassified with respect to their exposure status or their outcome.