Senior High School

PRECALCULUS
Quarter 1- Module 2:
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Precalculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 2: Mathematical Induction
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior High School

PRECALCULUS
Quarter 1- Module 2:
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

What This Module is About……………………………………………………………5

Module Content………………………………………………………………………...5
What I Need to Know…………………………………………………………………..5
How to Learn from this Module……………………………………………………….5
Icons of this Module……………………………………………………………………6
What I Know (Pretest)…………………………………………………………………7

Lesson 1 – Series
What I Need to Know………………………………………………….10
What’s In………………………………………………………………..10
What’s New ……………………………………………………………11
What Is It……………………………………………………………….13
What’s More……………………………………………………………17
What I Have Learned…………………………………………………18
What I Can Do…………………………………………………………19
Additional Activities……………………………………………………20

Lesson 2 – Sigma Notation

What I Need to Know…………………………………………………21
What’s In……………………………………………………………….21
What’s New …………………………………………………………...22
What Is It……………………………………………………………….23
What’s More…………………………………………………………...29
What I Have Learned…………………………………………………31
What I Can Do………………………………………………………...31
Additional Activities…………………………………………………...32
Notes to the Teacher…………………………………………………32

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………..33
Assessment: (Post-Test)…………………………………………………………….35
Key Answer……………………………………………………………………………38
References…………………………………………………………………………….42

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 What This Module is About

This module covers concepts, ideas, sample exercises and activities that will
provide students challenge to be prepare for the next level of complex and more difficult
theory or concepts in higher subjects of Mathematics. It contains lesson on reviewing
series, sigma notation some proving that use mathematical induction.
In this module, students were task to do activities indicated in What’s More, What
I Have Learned and What I Can Do that help them to put and integrate the things that
they have learned so far in Mathematics. They will develop and explore their skills in
problem solving that applies real – life situations and prove statements by mathematical
induction and other types of proof.
As what other says, that our mind is just like an empty cup that we need to fill in
to have its full content. So, to fill this empty cup we should do our part and do what we
supposed to do to make it full. They also say that Mathematics is a difficult subject but
learning Math with an open mind, patience, hard work and a little love you will be amaze
to see that Math is FUN.

Module Content

The following are the lesson contained in this module:

Lesson 1 – Series
Lesson 2 – Sigma Notation

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Illustrate a series (STEM_PC11SMI-Ih1)

2. Differentiate a series from a sequence (STEM_PC11SMI-Ih-2)
3. Use the sigma notation to represent a series (STEM_PC11SMI-Ih-3)
4. Apply the use of sigma notation in finding series

How to Learn from this Module

To attained the goals mentioned above, the students should do the following
task:
• Make time to read the module to learned the concepts and ideas embedded in
the module
• Carefully follow the instructions stipulated in each of the activities included in
the lessons

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 • Answer all the given tests and activities in the module
• Search for answers from the internet for any misconceptions of ideas and
• Inquire teacher for any questions and queries to clarification

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

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 What I Know

Directions: Read the following questions comprehensively. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Which of the following item illustrates a sequence?

A. 1, 2, 4, 8, ... C. 12 + 22 + 32 + … + 102
B. – 1 + 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 D. 1+0 .1+0 .001 + 0.0001

2. Which of the following item illustrates a series?

A. 3,5,7,9,11, ... C. 12 + 22 + 32 + … + 102
1 1 1 1
B. 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , … D. 1, 0.1, 0.001, 0.0001

3. What kind of sequence is 5, 7, 9, 11, 13?

A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
B. Harmonic D. Fibonacci

4. Find the 7th term of the sequence 1, 2, 6, 24, …

A. 9,000 C. 5, 040
B. 720 D. 120

5. What kind of sequence is 1, 5, 25, 125, 625?

A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
B. Harmonic D. Fibonacci

6. Find the least positive two-digit term of the sequence

−18, −14, −10, −6, …
A. 2 C. 10
B. 14 D. 20

7. If x + 2, 3x + 1, 6x – 2 form an arithmetic sequence, what is x?

A. 1 C. 2
B. 3 D. 4

8. What kind of sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …?

A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
B. Harmonic D. Fibonacci
1 1 1 1
9. What kind of sequence is 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , …?
A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
B. Harmonic D. Fibonacci

10. Find the sum of the arithmetic series: 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36
A. 167 C.176
B. 177 D.168

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11. If 2x + 3x + 4x + 5x + … + 41x = 1,720, what is x?
A. 4 C. 3
B. 2 D. 1

12. How many boxes of milk are needed in Gaisano grocery store display
if they want to set up a stack of 15 boxes at the base of the triangle and
one box at the top?
A. 180 boxes C. 120 boxes
B. 30 boxes D. 15 boxes

13. Express the sum using sigma notation: – 3 + 8 – 17 + 32

A. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘−1 (𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 ) C. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 (2𝑘 + 𝑘)
B. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 (𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 ) D. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 (𝑘 2 + 3)

14. Evaluate the sum of ∑6𝑛=2 10 − 5𝑛.

A. 50 B. – 50 C. 55 D. – 55

15. Evaluate ∑6𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 2𝑘

A. – 8 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10
3 4 5 6
16. Express the sum 2 + + + + using sigma notation
2 3 4 5
5 𝑘+1 5 (𝑘+1)(−1)𝑘
A. 𝛴𝑘=1 C. 𝛴𝑘=1
𝑘 𝑘
5 𝑘 5 2+𝑘
B. 𝛴𝑘=1 𝑘+1 D. 𝛴𝑘=1 𝑘

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17. For the series 𝛴𝑛=1 4𝑛, find the number of terms in the series.
A. 7 terms C. 16 terms
B. 8 terms D. 9 terms
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18. For the series 𝛴𝑛=4 (𝑛 + 1), find the number of terms in the series.
A. 4 terms B. 13 terms C. 6 terms D. 5 terms
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19. For the series 𝛴𝑛=4 (−4𝑛), find the first and the last term.
A. –12, – 32 B. 0, 3 C. –8, –11 D. –16, –28

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20. For the series 𝛴𝑛=1 (𝑛 + 4), find the first and the last term.
A. 5, 8 B. – 3, 1 C. 5, 9 D. 4, 20

21. Use summation notation to write the series 49 + 54 + 59 + … for 14

terms.
14 14
A. 𝛴𝑛=1 (49 + 5𝑛) C. 𝛴𝑛=1 (44 + 5𝑛)
13 44
B. 𝛴𝑛=1 (44 + 5𝑛) D. 𝛴𝑛=1 (49 + 5𝑛)

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22. Use summation notation to write the series 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … for 10
terms.
10 10 10 10
A. 𝛴𝑛=0 2𝑛 B. 𝛴𝑛=1 (𝑛 + 2) C. 𝛴𝑛=1 𝑛 D. 𝛴𝑛=1 2𝑛
23. Use summation notation to write the series 6.6 + 15.4 + 24.2 + … for
5 terms.
5 4
A. 𝛴𝑛=1 (−2.2 + 8.8𝑛) C. 𝛴𝑛=0 (−2.2 + 8.8𝑛)
4 5
B. 𝛴𝑛=0 (8.8 + 6.6𝑛) D. 𝛴𝑛=1 (8.8 + 6.6𝑛)

∞
24. Expand 𝛴𝑛=0 2𝑛.
A. 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 C. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10
B. 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … D. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + …

4 (8.8𝑛 − 2.2).
25. Find the sum of notation 𝛴𝑛=0
A. 79.2 B. 46.2 C. 118.8 D. 77.0

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 Lesson
SEQUENCE and SERIES
1
What I Need to Know

Sequence and series are important concepts in many branches of

Mathematics. Its applications are numerous in the different fields, this include
biology, physics, investments, accountancy, and arts. Many of the
mathematical problems can be related to sequence and series.

In this lesson, we will illustrate what is a series and can differentiate a

series from a sequence. We will also review the definitions and different types
of sequences and series.

What’s In

Suppose you have this pattern below:

How many dots have you observed for each figure?

What would be the next figure looks like? Can you guess what the pattern is?
How many dots would you need to build the 20th triangle?

Problems like this form patterns called sequence and finding the total
number of dots needed to form each triangle involve finding their sum and
such sum is called a series.

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Recall the following definitions:

A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive

integers or the set {1, 2, 3, ..., n}.

A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence.

If a sequence is finite, we will refer to the sum of the terms of the
sequence as the series associated with the sequence. If the
sequence has infinitely many terms, the sum is defined more
precisely in calculus.

What’s New

Activity 1:

Identify the following items as sequence or series. Write smaller case letter s
for sequence and capital letter S for series on the space provided before each
number.

____ 1. 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 +…+ 18

1 1 1 1
____ 2. 1, , , , … ,
2 3 4 8

____ 3. – 15, – 9, – 3, 3, ….

____ 4. – 15 – 9 – 3 + 3 +…. +

____ 5. 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, …

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 Activity 2: Maze Puzzle

Maria and her family transferred to a new place outside the city. She love the
place very much. She was even so excited to go to her new school and to meet new
friends. Her school is just a walking distance away from her new home.
Today is her first day to her new school. She tells her parent that she wants
to go to school on her own. She was planning to go to school by foot. She walked
and walk and even ask some people she passed by. Where is my school? Am I lost?
Where do I go now? Maria spouted… Can anyone help me find my school?

Instruction: Answer the following items in the box to help Maria find her way to
her new school. You can use coloring materials to color the path up to the
finish line.

START
1.What is the next 2. For the 3.What is the sum
term of the sequence 2, -6, 18, -40 of the sequence?
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sequence below? -54, 162 find its 3,5,7,9,11, ...
3,5,7,9,11, ... sum.

15 122 35

1 1 1 1 6. Find the sum

4. Is 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , … 5. Is 1+0 .1+0 .001
of the sequence
a sequence? + 0.0001 an
N illustration of a -40 2, -6, 18, -54.
sequence?

122
Y Y

7. Find the 5th Finish Line

term of the 8. The ellipsis dot
sequence w/ the 24 indicates that the Y
general term of an sequence/series is
= 5n – 1. infinite.

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 What is It

A "series" is what you get when you add up all the terms of a
sequence; the addition, and also the resulting value, are called the "sum" or
the "summation". For instance, "1, 2, 3, 4" is a sequence, with terms "1", "2",
"3", and "4"; the corresponding series is the sum "1 + 2 + 3 + 4", and the value
of the series is 10.
A sequence is a list of numbers (separated by commas), while a series
is a sum of numbers (separated by “+” or “−” sign). As an illustration,
1 1 1 1 1 1 7
1, − 2 , 3 , − 4 is a sequence, and 1, − 2 , 3 , − 4 = 12 is its associated series.

The sequence with nth term is usually denoted by {an}, and the
associated series is given by
S = a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an

Difference between sequence and series:

Sequence
Set of elements that follow a pattern
Order of elements is important
Finite sequence: 1,2,3,4,5
Infinite sequence: 1,2,3,4, …
Series
Sum of elements of the sequence
Order of elements is not so
important
Finite series: 1+2+3+4+5
Infinite Series: 1+2+3+4+…

A finite series is the sum of the first n terms of a sequence. It is also

referred to as the nth partial sum of a sequence. An infinite series is the
sum of all the terms of an infinite sequence.

TYPES OF SEQUENCE AND SERIES

An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term after
the first is obtained by adding a constant (called the common difference)
to the preceding term.

If the nth term of an

arithmetic sequence is an and the
common difference is d, then

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The associated arithmetic series with n terms is given by

A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each term

after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a
constant (called the common ratio).

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 A sequence whose reciprocals form an arithmetic
sequence is called a harmonic sequence.

A sequence which is not either arithmetic nor geometric

sequence is called the Fibonnaci sequence. The next term after
the first two terms is obtained by adding the two preceding terms.
The nth term of a Fibonacci sequence can be obtained by the
formula:
an = a n – 1 + a n – 2 for n > 2

Example: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, …

Example 1.1. Find the sum of all multiples of 5 between 1 and 100.

Solution: a1 = 5 an = 100 d=5

First, we determine how many multiples of 5 (n) there are between 1 and
100.

Use the formula, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

100 = 5 + (n – 1) 5
100 = 5 + 5n – 5
100 = 5n
20 = n
𝑛
To find the sum, we use the formula, 𝑠𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
2

20
Sn = 2 (5 + 100)
S20 = 420

Example 1.2. Find x so that x – 1, 2x – 2, and 3x + 6 are terms of a geometric

sequence.

Solution: Let r the common ratio of the geometric sequence

Since r1 = r2 then we have,
2𝑥−2 3𝑥+6
=
𝑥−1 2𝑥−2
(2𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 − 2) = (3𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 1)
4x2 – 8x + 4 = 3x2 + 3x – 6

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 4x2 – 8x + 4 – (3x2 + 3x – 6) = 0
x2 – 11x + 10 = 0
(x – 10)(x – 1) = 0
x = 10, 1

Let’s try x = 10, the sequence is 9, 18, 36 - geometric sequence

x = 1, the sequence is 0, 0, 9 – not geometric sequence.

Therefore, the value of x that make the terms a geometric sequence is 10.

Example 1.3. A family saves Php 1000 in January, Php 1200 in February,
Php 1400 in March and so on. How much will they save in one year?

Solution: Find S12

1000, 1200, 1400, …
n = one year = 12 months
d = Php 200

𝑛
Use the formula, 𝑠𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ]
2
12
S12 = 2 [2(1000) + (12 − 1)200
= 6 [2000 + 11(200)]
= 6 (2000 + 2200)
S12 = Php 25, 200 is the amount of money they will save in
one year.

Example 1.5. Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence, and
give their associated series.
a. (- 2n)n b. 5n – 2

Solution: We denote the nth term of a sequence by a n, and S = a1 + a2 + a3 +

… + an

a. an = (- 2n)n
First five terms: a1 = [- 2(1)]1 = - 2, a2 = [- 2(2)]2 = 16, a3 = - 216, a4 =
4096, a5 = - 100000
Associated series: S = - 2 + 16 – 216 + 4096 – 100000 = - 96106

b. an = 5n – 2
First five terms: a1 = 5(1) – 2 = 3, a2 = 5(2) – 2 = 8, a3 = 13, a4 = 18,
a5 = 23
Associated series: S = 3 + 8 + 13 + 18 + 23 = 65

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 What’s More

Activity 3

Write A if the sequence is arithmetic, G if it is geometric, H if it is harmonic, F

if Fibonacci, and O if it is not one of the mentioned types.
1 1 1 1 1
_______ 1) 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, ... _______ 6) 5 , 9 , 13 , 17 , 21 , …
_______ 2) 16, 25, 36, 49, ...,100 _______ 7) √3, √4, √5, √6, …
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
_______ 3) 1, 5 , 25 , 125 , 625 , … _______ 8) 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 , …
1 2 3 4
_______ 4) 3 , 9 , 27 , 81 , … _______ 9) 3, 8, 13, 18, …, 48
1 1 1 1 1
_______ 5) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, … _______ 10) 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6

Activity 4

Find the first five terms and the Sn of each of the defined sequence.

1. 3𝑛+1 3. 𝑛2 + 5𝑛 + 6
3−2𝑛
2. 4. (𝑛 − 1)2
𝑛+1

Activity 5: Problem Solving

Solve the following word problems involving sequence and series

1. A stack of soap boxes displayed in a grocery store has 12 boxes

in the bottom row, 11 boxes in the second row, 10 in the next row,
and so on. How many boxes are in the stack?

2. Manuel Anselmo receives offers from two companies. Company A

pays ₱180,000 yearly with raises of ₱ 24,000 a year. Company B
pays ₱ 240,000 yearly with raises of ₱ 10,000 a year. If you were
Manuel which offer are you going to take? Explain.

17
 3. A ball tossed to a height of 4 meters rebounds to 40% of its
previous height. Find the distance the ball has traveled when it
strikes the ground for the fifth time.

4. A professional basketball player signs a contract with a beginning

salary of Php 3M for the first year and an annual increase of 5%
per year beginning in the second year. What is the athlete’s salary
for year 5 of the contract?

5. Find the sum of all multiples of 6 between 1 and 100.

6. Find x so that x – 12, x + 4, 4x – 8 are terms of a geometric

sequence.

What I What I Have Learned

Activity 6

A. Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase to make each
statement true.

1. The terms in an arithmetic seq uence have a common

_______________, while those of a geometric sequence have a
common _________.
2. The domain of a sequence is the set of ___________ integers.
3. The common ratio is computed by ____________ each term by
the term preceding it.
4. The ellipsis dot indicate that the sequence is _____________.
5. Each term of an arithmetic sequence is computed by ________
the preceding term by the common difference.
6. The sum of a finite sequence is called ____________ sum.
7. The notation a 1 refers to the ____________ of the sequence.
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 8. The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is referred
to as the _____________________.
9. The nth term of a geometric sequence is given by the expression
______________.
10. If |𝑟| ____ 1, then the infinite geometric series does not hav e
a sum.

B. Find the indicated sum of each series.

1. 2 + 4 + 8 + …; S 1 5
9 27
2. 3+2+ +⋯
4

4 8 16
3. 2 + 3 + 9 + 27 + ⋯

4. 3 + 11 +19 + … + 227

5. 𝑎𝑛 = 7𝑛 − 3; 𝑆12

What I Can Do

Performance Task:

There are numerous interesting facts about the Fibonacci

Sequence. For example, one can create a beautiful tile design
using the sequence. For your task, create a tile design using
squares whose sides are successive Fibonacci numbers in
length. Use a graphing paper and coloring materials for your
output.

19
 Additional Activities

Mathematical Reasoning

Compute the ratios of consecutive terms of the Fibonacci sequence and

show that the farther the sequence is extended, the more it approximates a
geometric sequence whose common ratio is 1.6. (Hint: Watch the video below)

Watch a video through YouTube link below entitled “The

Magic of Fibonacci Numbers | Arthur Benjamin”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjSHVDfXHQ4

20
 Lesson
SIGMA NOTATION
2
What I Need to Know

In this lesson we look at ways of using sigma notation, and establish

some useful rules. In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital
that you undertake plenty of practice exercises so that they become second
nature.
After reading this text, and/or viewing some video tutorial on this topic,
you should be able to define sigma notation, use/write sigma notation to
represent a series, identify the properties of sigma notation and calculate sums
using the properties of sigma notation.

What’s In

Have you ever devised a tool or found an ingenuous way of doing things
that helped simplify your work?
Suppose you have to find the sum of all multiples of 2 from numbers 1 up to
100. Then you will write,
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 18 + …. + 100.
You will be writing a long list of numbers until you reach to the last number
which 100. But if we can see pattern with the sequence it will be convenient to
denote this sum into a shorter and more concise way possible.

21
 In the previous lesson, we discussed series which means the sum of
the sequence denoted by the expression a 1 + a2 + a3 + … + an. A more concise
way to express the sum a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an is to use the summation
notation or sigma notation.

What’s New

Activity 1:

Find the words below from the grid – they run in straight and diagonal lines, in
any direction. The leftover letters spell out a mathematical quote/saying.

➢ Notation
➢ Limits
➢ Summation
➢ Sigma
➢ Lower S A M A T H E M O
➢ Upper A U T I C I A N N
➢ Greek S A M R E L I K O
➢ Index I E A M P A I N I
➢ Property
G T E R A O R M T
➢ Sum
M L I M I T S U A
A A O P O E I S T
X T I W R S A O O
E M A K E E R G N
D K E R P R O F P
N P R O P E R T Y
I A T T U E R N S

Math Quote:

22
 What is It

Sigma notation is a way of writing a sum of many terms, in a concise

form. A sum in sigma notation looks something like this:

Note:
Any letter can be
used for the index
of summation.
The letters
𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 are
commonly used.

The uppercase Greek letter Σ (sigma) indicates that a sum is being

taken. The variable 𝑖 is called the index of the summation. The numbers at the
top and bottom of the Σ are called the upper and lower limits of the summation.
For example, we have this notation:
5
∑ 3𝑘
𝑘=1

In this case, the upper limit is 5, and the lower limit is 1. The notation
means that we will take every integer value of k between 1 and 5 (so 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5) and plug them each into the summand formula (here that formula
is 3k). Then those are all added together.
∑5𝑘=1 3𝑘 = 3(1) + 3(2) +3(3) + 3(4) + 3(5) = 45.

Speaking Mathematically,
∑5𝑘=1 3𝑘 is read as “the sum of 3k a k goes from 1 to 5”

Writing and Evaluating Sums in Sigma Notation

Example 2.1. Write each summation, and evaluate the series if possible.
𝑛
4 𝑗
2.1 ∑𝑘=2(𝑘 + 8) 3. ∑
𝑗=1 4

23
 6
5 𝑘−2
2.2 ∑ⅈ=0 2ⅈ +1 4. ∑
𝑘=0 𝑘+2

Solution: We apply the definition of sigma notation.

7
1. ∑𝑘=2(𝑘 + 8) = (2 + 8) + (3 + 8) + (4 + 8) + (5 + 8) + (6 + 8) + (7 + 8)

= 75
5
2. ∑ⅈ=0 2ⅈ+1 = 20+1 + 21+1 + 22+1 + 23+1 + 24+1 + 25+1 = 126
𝑛
𝑗 𝑗1 𝑗2 𝑗3 𝑗𝑛
3. ∑ = + + + ⋯+
𝑗=1 4 4 4 4 4

6
𝑘−2 0−2 1−2 2−2 3−2 4−2 5−2 6−2
4. ∑ = 0+2 + 1+2 + 2+2 + 3+2 + 4+2 + 5+2 + 6+2
𝑘=0 𝑘+2
−2 1 0 1 2 3 4 9
= − 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 70
2

Example 2.2. Write the following series using sigma notation.

1. 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17
1 1 1 1
2. + 8 + 16 + 32 + ⋯
4

3. 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎6 + 𝑎8 + ⋯ + 𝑎20
4 9 16 25 81
4. +4+ + + ⋯ + 10
3 5 6

Solution:
1. Observe that the terms in the series are the product of 2 and the positive
integers 2,3,4,5, and so on increased by 1, expressed as 2k + 1. Note
that 1 is not included in the series. Thus, k starts from to 2 and ends
with 8. Therefore, the corresponding sigma notation is denoted by,
8
∑ (2𝑘 + 1)
𝑘=2

2. General term can be expressed as 2(−ⅈ)

Since, the series is an infinite series then the terms are infinite.
Where 𝑖 starts with 2 to infinity. Thus,

∑∞
ⅈ=2 2
−ⅈ

3. 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎6 + 𝑎8 + ⋯ + 𝑎20 = 𝑎2(1) + 𝑎2(2) + 𝑎2(3) + 𝑎2(4) + ⋯ + 𝑎2(10)

= ∑10
ⅈ=1 𝑎2ⅈ
10
4 9 16 25 81 (𝑘−1)2
4. + + + +⋯+ =∑
3 4 5 6 10 𝑘=3 𝑘

24
 The sigma notation of a sum expression is not necessarily unique. For
example, the last item in the preceding example can also be expressed in
sigma notation as follows:
8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1+ + + + + + + =∑ 𝑘−1
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 𝑘=1 2
However, this last sigma notation is equivalent to the one given in the example.

RULE: PROPERTIES OF SIGMA NOTATION

Here are some important properties of sums expressed in summation

notation.
Property Example
𝑛
∑𝑘=1 𝑐 = cn 8
∑𝑘=1 5 = 5(8) = 40

∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑐𝑎𝑘 = 𝑐 ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 3

∑𝑘=1 2𝑘 2 = 2(1)2 + 2(2)2 + 2(3)2 = 28
3
c any real number 2∑𝑘=1 𝑘 2 = 2(12+22+32) = 2(14) = 28

3 3
Conclusion: ∑𝑘=1 2𝑘 2 = 2 ∑𝑘=1 𝑘 2
𝑛 ( 3
𝛴ⅈ=1 𝑎ⅈ ± 𝑏ⅈ ) ∑ⅈ=1(𝑖 2 − 𝑖) = (12 – 1)+ (22 – 2)+ (32 – 3)
=8
𝑛 𝑛 3
= 𝛴ⅈ=1 𝑎ⅈ ± 𝛴ⅈ=1 𝑏ⅈ ∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 2 − ∑3ⅈ=1 𝑖 = (12+22+32) – (1+2+3)
= 14 – 6 = 8

TELESCOPING SUM PROPERTY:

𝐧 [𝒇(𝒊 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒊)] = 𝒇(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒎)
𝚺ⅈ=𝐦

SUM OF THE POWERS OF THE INTEGERS

Now, we're going to look at the sum of the whole number powers of the
natural numbers.

Sigma Notation = Closed Form Expanded

1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 (n times)

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n

25
 1 + 4 + 9 + ... + n2

1 + 8 + 27 + ... + n3

1 + 16 + 81 + ... + n4

1 + 32 + 243 + ... + n5

Note: The summations must begin with 𝑖 = 1 in order to use the given formulas.

Proof

We have
𝜮𝒏𝒌=𝟏 𝒄𝒂𝒌 = 𝑐𝑎1 + 𝑐𝑎2 + 𝑐𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑎𝑛
= 𝑐 (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ 𝑎𝑛 )
= 𝒄 𝜮𝒏𝒌=𝟏𝒂𝒌 □
We have
𝜮𝒏𝒊=𝟏 (𝒂𝒊 + 𝒃𝒊 ) = (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 ) + (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ) + (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 ) + ⋯ + (𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 )
= (𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 ) + (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛 )
= 𝜮𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒂𝒊 + 𝜮𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒃𝒊 □
We have
𝜮𝒏𝒊=𝒎 𝒄 = 𝑐(𝑛 − 𝑚 + 1)
= 𝑐 + 𝑐 +𝑐 +⋯+𝑐
= 𝒄(𝒏 − 𝒎 + 𝟏) □
A special case of the above result which you might encounter more
often is the following:
𝜮𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒄 = 𝒄𝒏
Proof.
n [𝑓(𝑖 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑖 )] = [𝑓(𝑚 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑚)] + [𝑓(𝑚 + 2) − 𝑓(𝑚 + 1)] +
Σⅈ=m
[𝑓(𝑚 + 3) − 𝑓(𝑚 + 2)] + … + [𝑓 (𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑛)]

26
Note that the terms, 𝑓(𝑚 + 1), 𝑓 (𝑚 + 2),…, 𝑓(𝑛), all cancel out. Hence, we
have
n
Σⅈ=m [𝑓(𝑖 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑖 )] = 𝑓 (𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑚) □

15 (
Example 2.3. Evaluate 𝛴ⅈ=1 8𝑖 − 4)
15 ( 15 15
Solution: 𝛴ⅈ=1 8𝑖 − 4) = 𝛴ⅈ=1 8𝑖 - 𝛴ⅈ=1 4
15 15
= 8 𝛴𝑖=1 𝑖 - 𝛴ⅈ=1 4
15(16)
=8 – 4(15)
2
= 960 – 60
= 900

𝑛
Example 2.4. Derive a formula for 𝛴ⅈ=1 𝑖 2 using a telescoping sum with terms
𝑓 (𝑖 ) = 𝑖 3

Solution. The telescoping sum property implies that

𝑛

∑[𝑖 3 − (𝑖 − 1)3 ] = 𝑛3 − 03 = 𝑛3
ⅈ=1
On the other hand, using expansion and the other properties of summation,
we have
𝑛 𝑛
∑ⅈ=1[𝑖 3 − (𝑖 − 1)3 ] = ∑ⅈ=1(𝑖 3 − 𝑖 3 + 3𝑖 2 − 3𝑖 + 1)
𝑛
= 3 ∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 2 − 3 ∑𝑛ⅈ=1 𝑖 + ∑𝑛ⅈ=1 1

𝑛 𝑛(𝑛+1)
= 3 ∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 2 − 3 ⋅ +𝑛
2

Equating the two results above, we obtain

𝑛
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
3 ∑ 𝑖2 − 3 ⋅ + 𝑛 = 𝑛3
2
ⅈ=1
𝑛

6 ∑ 𝑖 2 − 3𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) + 2𝑛 = 2𝑛3
ⅈ=1
𝑛

6 ∑ 𝑖 2 = 2𝑛3 − 2𝑛 + 3𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
ⅈ=1
= 2𝑛(𝑛2 − 1) + 3𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
= 2𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 + 1) + 3𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)[2(𝑛 − 1) + 3]
= 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)

27
Finally, after dividing both sides of the equation by 6, we obtain the desired
formula
𝑛 n(n+1)(2n+1)
∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 2 = □
6

𝑛
Example 2.5. Prove that ∑ⅈ=1 3𝑖 2 − 𝑖 − 2 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 − 1)
Solution.
Distribute summation,
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
∑ⅈ=1 3𝑖 2 − 𝑖 − 2 = 3 ∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 2 − ∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 − ∑𝑛ⅈ=1 2
Use properties of summation,
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1)
∑ⅈ=1 3𝑖 2 − 𝑖 − 2 = 3 − − 2𝑛
6 2
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 𝑛(𝑛+1) 4𝑛
= − −
2 2 2
𝑛
Factor out then simplify
2
𝑛
= [(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1) − (𝑛 + 1) − 4𝑛]
2
𝑛
= [2𝑛2 + 3𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 − 1 − 4𝑛]
2
𝑛
= [2𝑛2 + 2𝑛 − 4] Factor out 2
2
2𝑛
= [𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 2]
2

= 𝑛(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 − 1) □

150
1 1
Expand 2.6. Evaluate ∑ {ⅈ+4 − ⅈ+5}
ⅈ=25

Solution
150
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∑ {ⅈ+4 − ⅈ+5} = (29 − 30) + (30 − 31) + (31 − 32) + ⋯ + (152 − 153) +
ⅈ=25
1 1 1 1
( − )+( − )
153 154 154 155
This is a telescoping sum. Group like terms and cancel
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + (30 − 30) + (31 − 31) + (32 − 32) + ⋯ + (152 − 152) +
29
1 1 1 1 1
(153 − 153) + (154 − 154) − 155
1 1
= + 0 +0 + 0 +…+ 0 +0 + 0 −
29 155
155−29 𝟏𝟐𝟔
= = 𝟒𝟒𝟗𝟓
4495

28
Example 2.7. Find the sum of ∑100
𝑘=15(3𝑘 − 2)

Solution.
100
Distribute summation sign, ∑100 100
𝑘=15(3𝑘 − 2) = 3 ∑𝑘=15 𝑘 − ∑𝑘=15 2

Change first 𝑖 = 15 𝑡𝑜 𝑖 = 1 so that we can use the property

100
100 14
3 ∑𝑘=15 𝑘 − ∑100
𝑘=15 2 = 3(∑ 𝑘 − ∑𝑘=1 𝑘) − ( ∑100 14
𝑘=1 2 − ∑𝑘=1 2 )
𝑘=1
100(100+1) 14(14+1)
=3[ − ] - [2(100) – 2(14)]
2 2

= 3(5050-105) – 172
= 14663

What’s More

Activity 2

Write each series using sigma notation.

1. – 8 – 18 – 32 – 50 – 72 – … – 200
2. 3√3 + 5√3 + 7√3 + ⋯ + 39√3
9 27 81 243
3. 3 + 2 + + +
4 8 16
2)
4. (10 − 1 + (10 − 22 ) + (10 − 32 ) + ⋯ + (10 − 72 )

Activity 3
Expand each summation.
∞
2 𝑘
1. ∑ 10 (5)
𝑘=0
11
3−2ⅈ
2. ∑
ⅈ=3 ⅈ+1
3
3. ∑ 5 + √4ⅈ
ⅈ=0
12
1
4. ∑ (4)𝑘−1
𝑘=1 2

29
Activity 4
Use the properties of sigma notation to evaluate the following summations.

1. ∑60
ⅈ=1(5𝑖 − 3)

32
2. ∑𝑘=1(𝑘 − 1)2

3. ∑𝑛ⅈ=1(1 + 2𝑖 )

6
4. ∑𝑘=1 2𝑘 3

15 5
5. ∑𝑘=1 𝑘 2 + ∑𝑘=1(4𝑘 2 + 3)

Activity 5

Do the task as instructed for each of the following item:

1. Evaluate the summation using the properties of sigma notation

99
1
∑
√𝑖 + 1 + √ 𝑖
ⅈ=1
𝑛
2. If ∑ⅈ=1(𝑖 + 1)2 = 𝑎𝑛3 + 𝑏𝑛 + 𝑐𝑛 + 𝑑 , what is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑?
2

3. If ∑30 30
ⅈ=1 𝑓 (𝑖 ) = 70 and ∑ⅈ=1 𝑔 (𝑖 ) = 50,

30
3𝑔(ⅈ)−𝑓(ⅈ)+7
what is the value of ∑ ?
ⅈ=1 2

4. If 𝑠 = ∑100 200
ⅈ=1 𝑖 , express ∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 in terms of s.

𝑛
5. If 𝑠 = ∑𝑛 2 2
ⅈ=1 𝑎ⅈ , does it follow that ∑ⅈ=1 𝑎ⅈ = 𝑠 ?

30
 What I Have Learned

Activity 6
State whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE. W rite your answer
before each item.

_______ 1. The lower limit of the summation should begin with 𝑖 = 0

to use the properties of summation.
3
_______ 2. ∑ⅈ=1(𝑖 2 − 𝑖) = (12 – 1) + (22 – 2) + (32 – 3) is equivalent
3
to ∑ⅈ=1 𝑖 2 − ∑3ⅈ=1 𝑖 = (12 + 22 + 32) – (1 + 2 + 3)

_______ 3. Sigma notation is also called as summation notation.

5
9 27 81 243 3(3𝑖 )
_______ 4. The sigma notation for 3 + 2 + + + is ∑ 𝑖
4 8 16 ⅈ=1 2
3
_______ 5. The expanded form of ∑ 5 + √4ⅈ is 6 + 7 + 9 + 13.
ⅈ=0

_______ 6. To write the expression in a series to a more concise

form use sigma notation.
_______ 7. The upper limit of the summation will give you the first
term of the series.
_______ 8. Any letter can be use as the index of summation.
_______ 9. Summand is the lower limit of the summation.
_______ 10. Sigma is a Greek letter which means “the product of”.

What I Can Do

Activity 7
Derive a formula for 𝜮𝒏 𝟑
𝒊=𝟏 𝒊 by using a telescoping sum with terms

𝒇(𝒊) = 𝒊𝟒 .

31
 Additional Activities

For further understanding of sigma notation and its

properties:
Watch the following videos below through YouTube link
➢ “Sigma notation for sums | Sequences, series and
induction | Precalculus | Khan Academy”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jwXThH6fg4
➢ “Properties of Sigma Notation”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rf8Rd2Ar_aE

For online Practice Quiz on Sigma Notation visit through the

following links:
➢ https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/algebra/algebra-
ii/sequences-and-series/quiz-summation-notation
➢ https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-
integration-new/ab-6-3/e/sigma-notation
➢ https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/58f4f92e2d002410001b9925/sig
ma-notation

Notes to the Teacher

You may require your students to take the online Practice Quiz on the links
provided

32
SUMMARY
A sequence is a set of numbers that are arranged
in a specific order.
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which
the difference between any two consecutive terms
is a constant which is called the common
difference.
A geometric sequence is a sequence in which the
ratio of any two consecutive terms is a constant called the common ratio.
A harmonic sequence is a sequence whose reciprocals form an arithmetic
sequence.
A series is the indicated sum of the terms of a sequence.
An arithmetic series is the indicated sum of an arithmetic sequence.
A geometric series is the indicated sum of a geometric sequence.
The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅
The nth term of a geometric sequence is 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏 – 1
𝒏
The sum of an arithmetic series is 𝒔𝒏 = 𝟐 (𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏 )

The partial sum of a geometric series is

𝒂𝟏 (𝒓𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝑺𝒏 = , 𝒓≠𝟏
𝒓−𝟏
𝒂𝟏
If |𝑟| < 1, the sum of an infinite geometric series is 𝑺𝒏 = 𝒓−𝟏

If |𝑟| > 1, the sum of an infinite geometric series does not exist.
The Fibonacci sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …
Sigma notation is also known as summation notation and is way to represent
a sum of numbers. It is especially useful when the numbers have a specific
pattern or would take too long to write out without abbreviation.
Sigma (𝜮), pronounced syg-mah, is the Greek letter that in math means “the
sum of”
Limits of a sum are written above and below the sigma, and describe the
domain to be used in the series calculation
Summand is an expression being summed. It directly follows the sigma
symbol.

33
Index of summation tells you where to start the sum and gives the lower
limit of the summation. Sometimes the index starts at a number other than 1.
The upper limit of the summation tells you where to end.
Properties of Sigma Notation:
𝑛
𝛴ⅈ=1 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝛴𝑘=1 𝑐𝑎𝑘 = 𝑐 𝛴𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝛴ⅈ=1 (𝑎ⅈ ± 𝑏ⅈ ) = 𝛴ⅈ=1 𝑎ⅈ ± 𝛴ⅈ=1 𝑏ⅈ

TELESCOPING SUM PROPERTY:

𝐧 [𝒇(𝒊 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒊)] = 𝒇(𝒏 + 𝟏) − 𝒇(𝒎)
𝚺ⅈ=𝐦

SUMS & POWERS OF INTEGERS:

Sigma Notation = Closed Form Expanded
1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 (n times)

1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n

1 + 4 + 9 + ... + n2

1 + 8 + 27 + ... + n3

1 + 16 + 81 + ... + n4

1 + 32 + 243 + ... + n5

34
 Assessment (Post – test)

Directions: Read the following questions comprehensively. Encircle the letter

of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following item illustrates a sequence?

A. 1, 2, 4, 8, ... C. 12 + 22 + 32 + … + 102
B. – 1 + 1 – 1 + 1 – 1 D. 1+0 .1+0 .001 + 0.0001

2. Which of the following item illustrates a series?

A. 3,5,7,9,11, ... C. 12 + 22 + 32 + … + 102
1 1 1 1
B. 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , … D. 1, 0.1, 0.001, 0.0001

3. What kind of sequence is 5, 7, 9, 11, 13?

A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
C. Harmonic D. Fibonacci

4. Find the 7th term of the sequence 1, 2, 6, 24, …

A. 9,000 C. 5, 040
B. 720 D. 120

5. What kind of sequence is 1, 5, 25, 125, 625?

A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
B. Harmonic D. Fibonacci

6. Find the least positive two-digit term of the sequence

−18, −14, −10, −6, …
A. 2 C. 10
B. 14 D. 20

7. If x + 2, 3x + 1, 6x – 2 form an arithmetic sequence, what is x?

A. 1 C. 2
B. 3 D. 4

8. What kind of sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …?

A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
B. Harmonic D. Fibonacci
1 1 1 1
9. What kind of sequence is 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , …?
A. Arithmetic C. Geometric
B. Harmonic D. Fibonacci

10. Find the sum of the arithmetic series: 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36
A. 167 C.176
B. 177 D.168

35
11. If 2x + 3x + 4x + 5x + … + 41x = 1,720, what is x?
A. 4 C. 3
B. 2 D. 1

12. How many boxes of milk are needed in Gaisano grocery store display
if they want to set up a stack of 15 boxes at the base of the triangle and
one box at the top?
A. 180 boxes C. 120 boxes
B. 30 boxes D. 15 boxes

13. Express the sum using sigma notation: – 3 + 8 – 17 + 32

A. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘−1 (𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 ) C. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 (2𝑘 + 𝑘)
B. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 (𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 ) D. ∑4𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 (𝑘 2 + 3)

14. Evaluate the sum of ∑6𝑛=2 10 − 5𝑛.

A. 50 B. – 50 C. 55 D. – 55

15. Evaluate ∑6𝑘=1 (−1)𝑘 2𝑘

A. – 8 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10

3 4 5 6
16. Express the sum 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 using sigma notation
5 𝑘+1 5 (𝑘+1)(−1)𝑘
A. 𝛴𝑘=1 C. 𝛴𝑘=1
𝑘 𝑘
5 𝑘 5 2+𝑘
B. 𝛴𝑘=1 𝑘+1 D. 𝛴𝑘=1 𝑘

8
17. For the series 𝛴𝑛=1 4𝑛, find the number of terms in the series.
A. 7 terms C. 16 terms
B. 8 terms D. 9 terms

9
18. For the series 𝛴𝑛=4 (𝑛 + 1), find the number of terms in the series.
A. 4 terms B. 13 terms C. 6 terms D. 5 terms

7
19. For the series 𝛴𝑛=4 (−4𝑛), find the first and the last term.
A. –12, – 32 B. 0, 3 C. –8, –11 D. –16, –28

5
20. For the series 𝛴𝑛=1 (𝑛 + 4), find the first and the last term.
A. 5, 8 B. – 3, 1 C. 5, 9 D. 4, 20

21. Use summation notation to write the series 49 + 54 + 59 + … for 14

terms.
14 14
𝐴. 𝛴𝑛=1 (49 + 5𝑛) C. 𝛴𝑛=1 (44 + 5𝑛)
13 44
𝐵. 𝛴𝑛=1 (44 + 5𝑛) D. 𝛴𝑛=1 (49 + 5𝑛)

36
22. Use summation notation to write the series 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … for 10
terms.
10 10 10 10
𝐴. 𝛴𝑛=0 2𝑛 B. 𝛴𝑛=1 (𝑛 + 2) C. 𝛴𝑛=1 𝑛 D. 𝛴𝑛=1 2𝑛

23. Use summation notation to write the series 6.6 + 15.4 + 24.2 + … for 5
terms.
5 4
𝐴. 𝛴𝑛=1 (−2.2 + 8.8𝑛) C. 𝛴𝑛=0 (−2.2 + 8.8𝑛)
4 5
𝐵. 𝛴𝑛=0 (8.8 + 6.6𝑛) D. 𝛴𝑛=1 (8.8 + 6.6𝑛)

∞
24. Expand 𝛴𝑛=0 2𝑛.
A. 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 C. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10
B. 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + … D. 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + …

4 (8.8𝑛 − 2.2).
25. Find the sum of notation 𝛴𝑛=0
A. 79.2 B. 46.2 C. 118.8 D. 77.0

37
 Answer Key

Pre – test / Post – test

1. A
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. A
17. B
18. C
19. D
20. C
21. C
22. D
23. A
24. B
25. D

Lesson 1: Sequence and Series

Activity 1
1. S
2. s
3. s
4. S
5. s

38
Activity 2: Maze Puzzle
1. 13
2. 122
3. 35
4. Y
5. N
6. – 40
7. 24
8. Y

Activity 3
1. A
2. O
3. G
4. O
5. F
6. H
7. O
8. G
9. A
10. H

Activity 4
1. 𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑛+1
𝑎1 = 31+1 = 32 = 9, 𝑎2 = 32+1 = 33 = 27, 𝑎3 = 33+1 = 34 = 81,
𝑎4 = 243, 𝑎5 = 729
𝑆5 = 9 + 27 + 81 + 243 + 729 = 1089

3−2𝑛
2. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛+1
3−2(1) 1 3−2(2) 1 3−2(3) 3
𝑎1 = = 2 , 𝑎2 = = − 3 , 𝑎3 = = −4,
1+1 2+1 3+1
7
𝑎4 = −1, 𝑎5 = − 6
1 1 3 7 11
𝑆5 = 2 − 3 − 4 − 1 − 6 = − 4

3. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 + 5𝑛 + 6
𝑎1 = 12 + 5 ⋅ 1 + 6 = 12, 𝑎2 = 22 + 5 ⋅ 2 + 6 = 20,
𝑎3 = 32 + 5 ⋅ 3 + 6 = 30, 𝑎4 = 42, 𝑎5 = 56
𝑆5 = 12 + 20 + 30 + 42 + 56 = 160

4. 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)2
𝑎1 = (1 − 1)2 = 02 = 0, 𝑎2 = (2 − 1)2 = 1, a3 = 4, a4 = 9, a5 = 16
𝑆5 = 0 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30

39
Activity 5: Problem Solving
1. A total of 78 soap boxes are in the stack.
2. Company A offers the greater total amount of yearly salary.
3. The ball has traveled about 13.2 meters by the 5 th time it hits the
ground.
4. The athlete’s salary for year 5 of the contract would amount to
Php 3, 828, 844. 69
5. Sn = 186
4
6. x = and 20. By substituting the values of x to the expressions, both
3
values will give terms of geometric sequence

Activity 6
A.
1. difference, ratio
2. positive
3. dividing
4. infinite
5. adding
6. partial
7. first term
8. arithmetic series
9. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
10. ≥
B.
1. 65, 534
2. No sum
3
The infinite geometric series does not have a sum since r = which is
2
greater than 1.
3. 6
4. 3335
5. 510

Lesson 2: Sigma Notation

Activity 1: Word Hunt
Math Quote: A mathematician, are like a painter or a poet,
Is a maker of patterns

Activity 2
10
1. ∑ⅈ=2 −2(𝑖 2 )
18
2. ∑ (3 + 2𝑖 )√3
ⅈ=0

40
 4 4
3𝑘+1 3(3𝑘 )
3. ∑ or ∑
𝑘=0 2𝑘 𝑘=0 2
𝑘

7
4. ∑ⅈ=1(10 − 𝑖 2 )

Activity 3
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3
1. 10 (5) + 10 (5) + 10 (5) + 10 (5) + ⋯
3−2(3) 3−2(4) 3−2(5) 3−2(11)
2. + + + ⋯+
3+1 4+1 5+1 11+1
3. (5 + 0
√4 ) + (5 + √41 )+(5 + √42 ) + (5 + √43 )
1 1 1 1 1
4. (4)0 + (4)1 + (4)2 + (4)3 + ⋯ + (4)11
2 2 2 2 2

Activity 4
1. 8,970
2. 10,416
3. 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 or 𝑛(𝑛 + 2)
4. 882
5. 1475

Activity 5
1. 9
2. 4
3. 145
4. 2s + 100,000
𝑛
5. No. If s = ∑2ⅈ= 𝑎ⅈ = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 , then ∑ⅈ=1 𝑎ⅈ2 = 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 , while 𝑠 2 = 𝑎12 +
2𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑎22

Activity 6
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. FALSE
10. FALSE

Activity 7
𝑛 2 (𝑛 + 1)2
4

41
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43
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44
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